Micropropagação De Bupleurum Spp. E Avaliação Da Atividade Anti-Inflamatória Dos Seus Óleos Essenciais

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Micropropagação De Bupleurum Spp. E Avaliação Da Atividade Anti-Inflamatória Dos Seus Óleos Essenciais DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA Micropropagação de Bupleurum spp. e avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória dos seus óleos essenciais. Pedro Miguel Pereira Correia 2013 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA Micropropagação de Bupleurum spp. e avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória dos seus óleos essenciais. Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Jorge Manuel Pataca Leal Canhoto (Universidade de Coimbra) e da Professora Doutora Lígia Maria Ribeiro Pires Salgueiro Silva Couto (Universidade de Coimbra) . Pedro Miguel Pereira Correia 2013 ii Aos meus pais e ao meu irmão, apesar de distantes estão sempre presentes. À Ana. iii Agradecimentos Ao terminar este trabalho não posso deixar de agradecer às pessoas que por diversas formas tornaram possível a sua concretização. Em primeiro lugar quero agradecer aos meus orientadores, ao Doutor Jorge Canhoto e à Doutora Lígia Salgueiro, pela disponibilidade, apoio e orientação. À Doutora Mónica Zuzarte, pela ajuda constante durante todo o trabalho e sobre tudo pela paciência, simpatia e incentivo. Ao Doutor Dias e ao Doutor Augusto Dinis, pela ajuda em assuntos relacionados com microscopia. À D. Eulalia Rosa, pela simpatia e por todo o auxílio prestado. Ao Sr. Arménio Matos pela ajuda nas colheitas de material vegetal. Ao Sr. José Brasão pela realização de cortes histológicos. Aos meus colegas de laboratório pela boa disposição, companheirismo, ajuda e amizade. Por fim aos Doors, ao Jimmy Page, ao Hendrix etc... pela virtuosidade e inspiração e ao Rui Costa pela ajuda motivacional na reta final do trabalho. iv ÍNDICE RESUMO......................................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................x ABREVIATURAS.........................................................................................................xii 1. INTRODUÇÃO.........................................................................................................1 1.1. Contextualização do trabalho ...........................................................................2 1.2. Género Bupleurum.............................................................................................3 1.2.1. Caracterização, distribuição geográfica e importância económica............3 1.3. Metabolitos secundários ....................................................................................5 1.3.1. Óleos essenciais ........................................................................................8 1.3.1.1. Atividade anti-inflamatória .........................................................10 1.4. Cultura in vitro .................................................................................................12 1.4.1. Proliferação de meristemas......................................................................14 1.4.2. Embriogénese somática ...........................................................................15 1.5. Objetivos............................................................................................................18 2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS....................................................................................19 2.1. Material vegetal................................................................................................20 2.2. Óleos essenciais.................................................................................................21 2.2.1. Extração dos óleos essenciais .................................................................21 2.2.2. Atividade anti-inflamatória .....................................................................21 2.2.2.1. Linha celular.................................................................................21 2.2.2.2. Inibição da produção de NO.........................................................22 2.2.2.3. Viabilidade celular.......................................................................22 2.3. Culturas in vitro................................................................................................23 2.3.1. Meio de cultura........................................................................................23 2.3.2. Desinfeção do material vegetal................................................................23 2.3.3. Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum..................................................24 2.3.3.1. Germinação de sementes..............................................................24 2.3.3.2. Cultura de embriões zigóticos......................................................25 2.3.3.3. Proliferação de meristemas..........................................................25 v 2.3.4. Bupleurum gerardi...................................................................................26 2.3.4.1. Germinação de sementes..............................................................26 2.3.4.2. Proliferação de meristemas..........................................................26 2.3.4.3. Floração in vitro...........................................................................26 2.3.5. Bupleurum fruticosum..............................................................................26 2.3.5.1. Proliferação de meristemas..........................................................26 2.3.6. Embriogénese somática............................................................................27 2.4. Microscopia.......................................................................................................27 2.4.1. Caracterização das estruturas secretoras..................................................27 2.4.1.1. Microscopia ótica.........................................................................28 2.4.1.1.1. Cortes histológicos...........................................................28 2.4.1.1.2. Caracterização histoquímica............................................28 2.4.1.2. Microscopia eletrónica de varrimento ........................................29 2.4.2. Caracterização da floração in vitro..........................................................30 2.5. Análise estatística.............................................................................................30 3. Resultados.................................................................................................................31 3.1. Extração dos óleos essenciais...........................................................................32 3.2. Avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória.......................................................32 3.2.1. Óleo essencial de Bupleurum fruticosum I (BFI) ....................................33 3.2.2. Óleo essencial de Bupleurum fruticosum II (BFII) .................................35 3.2.3. Óleo essencial de Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum I (BRI)........36 3.2.4. Óleo essencial de Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum II (BRII)......38 3.3. Culturas in vitro................................................................................................39 3.3.1. Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum..................................................39 3.3.1.1. Germinação de sementes..............................................................39 3.3.1.2. Proliferação de meristemas .........................................................40 3.3.1.3. Proliferação de meristemas provenientes da germinação de embriões zigóticos..............................................................................41 3.3.2. Bupleurum gerardi...................................................................................42 3.3.2.1. Germinação de sementes..............................................................42 3.3.2.2. Proliferação de meristemas..........................................................42 3.3.2.3. Floração in vitro...........................................................................43 vi 3.3.3. Bupleurum fruticosum..............................................................................47 3.3.3.1. Proliferação de meristemas..........................................................47 3.3.4. Embriogénese somática............................................................................49 3.4. Estruturas secretoras.......................................................................................50 3.4.1. Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum..................................................51 3.4.2. Bupleurum fruticosum..............................................................................51 3.4.3. Bupleurum gerardi...................................................................................54 4. DISCUSSÃO............................................................................................................55 4.1. Extração dos óleos essenciais...........................................................................56 4.2. Atividade anti-inflamatória.............................................................................57 4.3. Culturas in vitro................................................................................................58 4.3.1. Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum .................................................59 4.3.2. Bupleurum gerardi...................................................................................61
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