J. Logemann Indonesiës Terugkeer Tot De Grondwet Van 1945 In: Bijdragen

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J. Logemann Indonesiës Terugkeer Tot De Grondwet Van 1945 In: Bijdragen J. Logemann Indonesiës terugkeer tot de grondwet van 1945 In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 115 (1959), no: 3, Leiden, 209-231 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 06:40:41AM via free access INDONESIË'S TERUGKEER TOT DE GRONDWET VAN 1945 Non ridere, non lugere, neque detestari, sed intelligere. I 1 et Spinozawoord, dat van Vollenhoven plaatste aan het hoofd | I van een voordracht over het ons vreemde adatrecht van Java, is zeker ten volle van toepassing op de beschouwing der ons vreemde constitutionele ontwikkelingen, die Indonesië doormaakt. Men zou erbij mogen voegen: non timere. Ik ben allerminst blind voor het menselijk al te menselijke, dat zich ginds uitbundig doet gelden. Uiteindelijk echter zullen andere factoren dieper en langer doorwerken. Daarom mag niet worden nagelaten te pogen het gebeuren zakelijk te beschrij- ven en te verstaan. Dat elke poging slechts gebrekkig zijn kan, zij van tevoren toegegeven. Het verschijnsel, dat een revolutie na veertien jaren poogt terug te keren tot haar uitgangspunt, ten einde daaraan het oorspronkelijk élan en de oorspronkelijke eensgezindheid te ontlenen, aan wier verloren- gaan men de huidige crisis wijt, lijkt als wensdroom niet uitzonderlijk. Maar anderzijds lijkt de kans op realisering zulk een utopie, dat het voor de hand ligt zich af te vragen, of achter dit streven geen andere bedoelingen verscholen gaan. Nochtans geloof ik in de oprechtheid der regeringsvoorstellen; ik geloof in de oprechtheid van de President, wanneer hij zegt geen dictatuur na te streven. Maar ik geloof, dat de kern van zijn opvattingen, zo goed in 1945 als in 1959, geraakt wordt in het korte woord van Sun Yat Sen, door hem geciteerd in de rede, waarin hij op 22 april 1959 de regeringsvoordracht bij de Constituante inleidde, dat „Parliamentary democracy is not good for revolution".1 En een ontgoochelde Constituante — representatie der politieke partijen — is bereid gebleken in dit vonnis te berusten — zowel de meerderheid (ofschoon dan niet de vereiste twee derde meerderheid) als het overgrote deel der minderheid. Immers de aanvaarding van het 1 Res Publica, sekali lagi Res Publica, blz. 58. Dl. 115 . 14 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 06:40:41AM via free access 210 J. H. A. LOGEMANN. regeringsvoorstel om terug te keren tot de grondwet van 1945 is alleen afgestuit op geschil omtrent de plaats van de Islam in het staatsbestel. Voor de kerngedachte om de ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid en het parlementaire stelsel te vervangen door het presidentiële systeem (in zoverre verwant aan dat der U.S.A.) bestond een grote meerderheid. Er zijn er niet zo heel velen in of buiten Indonesië, die niet toegeven, dat het stelsel der parlementaire democratie er heeft gefaald. Twee vragen rijzen hier. Welke waren de oorzaken van dat falen? Hoe kon men in 1945 zo licht afstappen van het presidentiële stelsel, dat in de grondwet van dat jaar was aangenomen? Van de voorgeschiedenis van de grondwet van 1945 is bitter weinig bekend. Schrijvers als Muhammad Yamin en Soepomo, die daarbij een grote rol gespeeld moeten hebben, wijden er nauwelijks aandacht aan. Wat de uitwendige feiten betreft gaf G. M. Kahin in zijn boek over Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia het een en ander (blz. 121 e.v.), doch eerst A. G. Pringgodigdo bracht in Madjalah Hukum dan Masjarakat van mei 1958 een samenhangend overzicht. Maar ook hij blijft aan de buitenkant. Hij,vermeldt weliswaar, dat de notulen der straks te noemen commissies grotendeels door de Nederlanders ver- nietigd zijn bij de bezetting van Jogjakarta op 19 december 1948, maar het is niet aan te nemen, dat van de inhoud' der discussies en stem- mingen dier lichamen niet meer te reconstrueren zou zijn dan het weinige, dat hij geeft. Hier ligt nog een taak voor de Indonesische geschiedschr ij ving. Een eerste ontwerp van constitutie moet gemaakt zijn in het Lichaam tot het onderzoek van stappen ter voorbereiding van de onafhankelijk- heid (Badan untuk menjelidiki usaha-usaha persiapan kemerdekaan), ingesteld op 29 april (volgens Kahin op 1 maart) 1945. Pringgodigdo schijnt althans niets af te weten van een voorbereidende commissie, die volgens Kahin reeds in januari 1944 zou zijn ingesteld en die een ontwerp aan de Badan penjelidik zou hebben nagelaten. (Kahin blz. 121, noot 26). De Badan penjelidik bestond uit 60 leden, onder presidium van dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat, en een aantal Japanse dwarskijkers. Het is in dit lichaam, op 28 mei 1945 geïnstalleerd, dat Sukarno op 1 juni zijn gedachten over de Indonesische staatsfilosofie introduceerde (gedrukt onder de titel Lahirnja Pantja Sila). Sukarno was ook voorzitter van een soort werkcommissie van 8 man. Volgens het verhaal van Pringgodigdo liet hij dit comité op 22 juni vergaderen met de te Djakarta aanwezige leden van de Badan penjelidik en uit dat gezelschap een commissie van negen aanwijzen, die blijkbaar Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 06:40:41AM via free access INDONESIË'S TERUGKEER TOT DE GRONDWET VAN 1945. 211 op die zelfde dag nog een preambule voor de grondwet ontwierp. Het is dit commissie-ontwerp, dat later door Muhammad Yamin in zijn boek Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Indonesia als „Piagam Djakarta" is gelanceerd met de kennelijke bedoeling om aan een Indonesische onafhankelijkheidsverklaring in tijd de voorrang te geven boven het Charter der Verenigde Naties (26 juni) en de capitulatie van Japan (15 augustus). Zie genoemd boek blz. 16 en 17. Volgens het verhaal van Pringgodigdo is de preambule ingediend op de tweede zitting van de Badan penjelidik, in handen gesteld van een commissie tot het ontwerpen van de grondwet en als onderdeel daarvan aanvaard op 16 juli 1945. Er was één stem tegen dit complex van voorstellen; op welk punt en waarom ? Alle ontwerpen werden daarna aan het Japanse bewind ter goedkeuring aangeboden. In feite zijn zij in handen gesteld van het door de Japanners nog op 7 augustus ingestelde Comité van 21 Indonesiërs ter voorbereiding van de onafhankelijkheid onder voorzitterschap van Sukarno (Panitya Persiapan Kemerdekaan). Na de capitulatie van Japan breidde de voorzitter dit comité met enkele leden uit en in deze samenstelling aanvaardde het op 18 augustus de tekst van de grondwet 1945.2 In het ontwerp van de Badan penjelidik werden een aantal wijzigingen aangebracht met het oog op — zegt Pringgodigdo — de erkenning door de geallieerden. Men vraagt zich af, of dit ook de motivering is geweest voor die veranderingen, die aan de grondwet het specifiek islamitisch karakter ontnamen en die juist daardoor de niet-aanvaarding van de terugkeer tot 1945 in de Constituante hebben veroorzaakt. Immers, de preambule van de grondwet is identiek met de zogenaamde Piagam Djakarta met supprimering van één clausule, waarin de plicht was vastgelegd van de belijders van de Islam om volgens de godsdienstige wet te leven. Uit het lichaam van de grondwet verdween bovendien de eis; dat de President de Islam moest belijden. Uit dit verhaal zou men moeten opmaken, dat er van een ver- kondiging van de zogenaamde Piagam Djakarta nooit sprake is geweest. De verheffing ervan door Muhammad Yamin tot een historisch document om nationalistische redenen zou geen grond hebben. Maar deze qualificatie is door de regering in 1959 dankbaar overgenomen, omdat zij hoopte — gelijk zijzelf uitsprak — door die erkenning de instemming van de islamitische partijen te verkrijgen met de ongeamen- 2 Volgens Kahin, blz. 138, was de constitutie op 18 augustus niet voltooid en werd de eindredactie overgelaten aan een commissie van zeven, die binnen een week klaar was. Pringgodigdo rept hiervan niet. Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 06:40:41AM via free access 212 J. H. A. LOGEMANN. deerde tekst van de grondwet van 1945. Die hoop is niet in vervulling gegaan. Des te merkwaardiger is het, dat niets verluidt van islamitische bezwaren in 1945. Ik laat dit punt echter rusten. Ik wil onze aandacht bepalen tot de verandering in de regeringsvorm. Omtrent die regeringsvorm vernemen wij alleen, dat de Badan penjelidik met 55 uit 64 stemmen koos voor een republiek. Van discussie over het presidentiële systeem wordt niet gerept. Het verdient in dit verband aantekening, dat Sjahrir geen lid was van de Panitya persiapan. Het blijft met dit al een open vraag, wat precies de genesis is geweest van het merkwaardige systeem, dat in de grondwet van 1945 is neergelegd. (In het kort: geen verantwoordelijke ministers: de President verantwoordelijk aan een met lange tussenpozen zittend Volkscongres). Pringgodigdo maakt het wel waarschijnlijk, dat de hoofdtrekken reeds in het ontwerp van de Badan penjelidik waren vervat en dat men zich al daarin niet verzet heeft tegen een stelsel, dat in de praktijk reeds binnen enkele maanden zou blijken te worden verworpen. Ik heb vroeger al eens opgemerkt het met Muhammad Yamin eens te zijn, dat het instituut van het Volkscongres (madjelis permusjawaratan rakjat) op verwantschap wijst met de denkbeelden van Sun Yat Sen (Proklamasi dan Konstitusi, blz. 139) en dit zou te sterker uitkomen, als de abortieve poging van eind augustus 1945 om een'officiële monolietische politieke partij op te richten de bedoeling zou hebben gehad om, parallel aan de Kuo Min Tang, de tweede, opvoedende phase van Sun's staatsleer te realiseren — waarbij de democratie eerst in de derde phase aan de orde zou komen. Weinig waarschijnlijk lijkt het, dat het afgelasten reeds op 1 september van de op 22 augustus opgerichte organisatie werkelijk zou berusten op de officiële overweging, dat zij overtollig zou zijn en concurreren zou met de overal in oprichting zijnde nationale comité's, alsof zij niet als ruggesteun daarvan bedoeld ware.3 Uit het verdere verhaal van Kahin (t.a.p. blz. 148 e.v.) krijg ik veeleer de indruk, dat men tot de ontdekking kwam, hoe ver de organisatie van een communistische partij reeds was gevorderd, zodat men vrezen moest, dat de eenheids- partij in communistische handen zou geraken.
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