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A Geo-Referenced Visual Guide to 69 Chilean Volcanoes Nevados De Putre, Volcán Taapacá

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A Geo-Referenced Visual Guide to 69 Chilean Volcanoes Nevados De Putre, Volcán Taapacá Land of the living Mountains A geo-referenced visual guide to 69 Chilean volcanoes Nevados de Putre, volcán Taapacá. 18.08ºS 69.43ºW Nevados de Payachata, vn. Parinacota. 18.17ºS 69.15ºW The Parinacota volcano is the southernmost and youngest Holocene eruptive activity has subsequently reconstruct- of a pair forming the Nevados de Payachata (Ayamara: Two ed the Parinacota stratovolcano, which contains a pristine, sisters) volcanic group along the Chilean-Bolivian border. 300-m-wide summit crater and youthful lava flows on the The symmetrical, 6.348 m. Parinacota (Flamigo lake) western flanks. Taapacá complex volcano (5.861 m picture right) is part side and Nevados de Putre itself on the west. A lava flow from the youngest eruptive phase was Ar-Ar volcano forms a twin volcano with the dominantly Pleis- Although no historical eruptions are known from Pari- of the Nevados de Putre volcanic chain, which towers to the The town of Putre is built on top of debris-avalanche de- dated at about 38.000 years (Wörner et al., 2000). tocene, 6.222 m. Pomerape volcano, which towers above a nacota, Helium surface-exposure dates have been obtained NE over the northern Chilean of town of Putre. posits from Taapacá. The Nevados de Putre volcanic center to the WSW also low saddle to the NE. for eruptions during the past two thousand years, both from The elongated volcanic massif consists of a dacitic lava- Taapacá was considered to be of probable Holocene age displays vigorous hot springs and solfataras. Collapse of Parinacota less than 8.000 years ago produced the main cone and the Ajata group of satellite cones and lava dome complex. It overlies Pleistocene ignimbrite deposits and contains hot springs and sulfur deposits that were mined a 6 cu km debris avalanche that traveled 22 km. to the west flows on the south and SW flanks. and trends roughly E-W, with Taapacá located on the eastern from 1933 to 1956 (González-Ferrán, 1974, 1995). and blocked drainages, forming Lake Chungará. Nevados de Quimsachata. 18.37°S 69.05°W Volcán Guallatiri (active). 18.72ºS 69.14ºW Volcán Acotango, along with Volcán Humarata to the Cerro Capurata straddle the Chile-Bolivia boundary along lava flow on its northern flank suggests Holocene activity One of northern Chile’s most active volcanoes, Guallatiri complex, with the active vent situated at its southern side. Intense fumarolic activity with “jet-like” noises continues, north and Cerro Capurata to the south, comprises the Ne- a roughly N-S line. (de Silva and Francis 1991). Humarata, with a summit crater is a symmetrical ice-clad stratovolcano at the SW end of the Thick lava flows are prominent on the lower northern and and numerous solfataras extend more than 300 m down the vados de Quimsachata volcanic group. The 6.052-m-high Acotango stratovolcano is the central breached to the ESE, and Capurata, a complex of lava domes Nevados de Quimsachata volcano group. western flanks of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic volcano. west flank. Quimsachata means Three in the Andean Aymara language, and highest of the three stratovolcanoes. It is in a fairly ad- and associated pyroclastic-flow deposits, may also have been The 6.071-m-high Guallatiri lies just west of the border Minor explosive eruptions have been reported from Gual- and 5.730-m-high Humarata, Acotango, and 5.990-m-high vanced stage of dissection, but a morphologically youthful active during the Holocene. with Bolivia and is capped by a central dacitic dome or lava latiri since the beginning of the 19th. century. Cerro Paniri. 21.08ºS 68.25ºW Cerro del León, Cerro Toconce. 21.08ºS 68.25ºW Cerro Paniri is a complex stratovolcano located about 30 The summit of 5.946-m-high Paniri contains three craters Cerro del León is a 5.760-m-high andesitic stratovolcano The massive Chao lava dome and flow is the world’s larg- 1991). The eruption of less than 1 cu km of dacitic pyroclastic km SE of San Pedro volcano and forms, together with Cerro separated by about 4 km, along a NW-SE trend. which lies immediately north of the Toconce composite vol- est of its type. The 14.5-km-long dacitic lava flow has dis- flows preceded the initial lava extrusion, which formed the de León and Cerro Toconce, part of the 65 km-long San Between Paniri and Cerro de León, 13.5 km to the SE, cano (5.435 m). González-Ferrán (1995) considered El León tal margins that are 350-400 m high and features dramatic 22 cu km compound main flow. Pedro-Linzor volcanic chain. lies the gigantic Chao lava dome. to be of Pleistocene-Holocene age. 30-m-high flow ridges on its surface. Eruption of a small amount of rhyolitic airfall and growth This chain is characterized by extensive rhyodacitic-to- The age of andesitic-to-dacitic Paniri was considered to The volcano is flanked by two massive dacitic lava domes, The age of the flows was considered to be post-glacial of a pumice cone was followed by effusion of the final 3 cu rhyolitic ignimbritic fields and voluminous domes of dacitic- be Pleistocene-Holocene (González-Ferrán, 1995). 2,6 cu km Chillahuita to the SE and 26 cu km Chao to the (Guest 1981, pers. comm.), but Argon-Argon dates indicate km of lava. to-rhyolitic composition (de Silva, 1989). NW, in the saddle between Cerro del Leon and Paniri. only that it is less than 100,000 years old (de Silva and Francis, Volcán Linzor. 22.18ºS 67.95ºW El Volcán. 22.33°S 67.97°W Volcán Linzor is a 5680-m-high stratovolcano along the This andesitic volcano was considered to be Pleistocene- Chile/Boliva border, located west of Laguna Colorada and Holocene age by González-Ferrán (1995). El Volcán (R) is one of several stratovolcanoes located upper part are andesitic-to-dacitic. El Volcán was considered north of the El Tatio geothermal field. The volcano forms east of the vigorous Geisers del Tatio geothermal field. Lava by González-Ferrán (1995) to be of Pleistocene-Holocene part of the San Pedro-Lizor volcanic chain. flows at the base of the volcano are dacitic, while those at the age. La Hoyada de los Geyseres del Tatio geothermal field 22.33ºS 68.01ºW A chain of dominantly Pliocene-to-Pleistocene volcanoes Although no Holocene eruptions are known from El Tatio, extensive sinter terraces. Geothermal energy exploration was including Volcán Linzor, Cerro Deslinde, Cerro El Volcán, it was included in the Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the first tried in the 1960’s, while recent efforts have met – after Cerros del Tatio, and Volcán Tatio is flanked on the west by World (Casertano, 1963) based on this geothermal activity. failed exploratory drilling – with fierce opposition from the a depression that contains some of the most dramatic ther- The 30 sq km geothermal field contains 85 fumaroles and local population, mainly because el Tatio is one of the top mal features of the Andes. solfataras, 62 hot springs, 40 geysers, 5 mud volcanoes, and attractions of nearby San Pedro de Atacama. Volcán Tatio, cerros de Tatio. 22.43ºS 68.01ºW Cerros de Tocorpuri (or Volcán Tocorpuri) is a 5.808-m The complex lies at the virtual centre of an intricate vol- The Chile-Bolivia border swings around the eastern rim of -high stratovolcano complex on the Chile-Bolivia border. canic chain that borders the high plain around the Machuca the 1,4-km-wide crater that truncates the summit of Cerros de Cerros de Tocorpuri. 22.43ºS 67.92ºW A youthful-looking rhyolitic lava dome, Cerro la Torta, lies humedal or wetland and includes the Tatio geothermal field, Tocorpuri; the crater lies wholly within Chilean territory. at its western foot, in a depression between Tocorpuri and the Volcán Tatio, Volcán Putana and the Saire Cabur volcanic The complex was considered by González-Ferrán (1995) northernmost Cerros de Tatio and Volcán Tatio. complex, among others. to be of Pleistocene-Holocene age. Cerro la Torta (Cake Hill). 22.44ºS 67.95ºW Volcán Putana (active). 22.57ºS 67.87ºW Volcán Putana, also known as Jorgencal or Machuca, is part of a large, roughly N-S-trending volcanic complex that covers an area of 600 sq km. Vigorous fumarolic activity is visible at the 5890-m-high summit of Putana volcano from long distances, while its large solfarata (yellow) can be clearly seen in the inset image. The main edifice, which formed primarily by lava effusion, consists of accumulated postglacial dacitic lava domes and flows mantling an older pre- Holocene volcano. The circular, roughly 5 cu km Cerro la Torta was erupted Potassium-Argon dating indicates only that it is less than a The youngest basaltic andesite lava flows are viscous and rarely extend from a central vent and is surrounded by a flat-topped sur- million years old. more than 3 km. face with wrinkled flow ridges. The flow terminates in steep, talus-covered margins about A major eruption of unspecified character was reported in the early 19th It has been considered to be of Holocene age due to its 150 m high. Lava extrusion was preceded by minor silicic century (Rudolph, 1955; Guest 1981, pers. comm.), although González-Ferrán youthful morphology, but its age is not known precisely and explosive eruptions. (1995) indicated that no historical eruptions had occurred. Valle Arcoiris (Rainbow Valley). 22.64ºS 68.24ºW Although Rainbow Valley can not be found in any volcanic catalogue, according to certain locals it is a collapsed caldera or magma chamber, which explains the presence of sometimes strangely shaped and multicoloured igneous rock formations that give the location its name.
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