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The Islamic World in Contemporary and Historical Perspective

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The Islamic World in Contemporary and Historical Perspective The Islamic World in Contemporary and Historical Perspective Świat islamu w perspektywie współczesnej i historycznej Мир ислама в современной и исторической перспективе The Islamic World in Contemporary and Historical Perspective Świat islamu w perspektywie współczesnej i historycznej Мир ислама в современной и исторической перспективе Edited by Izabela Kończak Magdalena Lewicka Agata S. Nalborczyk Politologia Izabela Kończak – University of Łódź, (Faculty of International and Political Studies, Department of Middle East and North Africa, 90-131 Łódź, 59a Narutowicza St.) Magdalena Lewicka – Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, (Faculty of Humanities, Department of Oriental Studies, 87-100 Toruń, 3 Fosa Staromiejska St.) Agata S. Nalborczyk – University of Warsaw, (Faculty of Oriental Studies, Department for European Islam Studies, 00-927 Warsaw, 26/28 Krakowskie Przedmieście St.) REVIEWER Katarzyna Pachniak INITIATING EDITOR Witold Szczęsny TYPESETTING Bożena Walicka PhD TECHNICAL EDITOR Mateusz Mach COVER DESIGN Beata Chruścicka AGENT PR Cover image – pixabay.com/Jörg Peter © Copyright by authors, Łódź - Kraków 2020 © Copyright for this edition by University of Łódź, Łódź - Kraków 2020 © Copyright for this edition by Agent PR, Łódź - Kraków 2020 Published by Łódź University Press First edition W.09033.18.0.M Publisher’s sheets 15; printing sheets 15 ISBN 978-83-8220-219-9 e-ISBN 978-83-8220-220-5 AGENT PR ISBN 978-83-64462-45-0 Łódź University Press 90-131 Łódź, 8 Lindleya St. www.wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl e-mail: [email protected] phone (42) 665 58 63 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 M. Yonous Jami, İsmail Gökdeniz, Religion and Politics in Islam ............... 15 Wail Ismail, Muhammad Hijab al-Huqbani, The Absence of a Debate Strategy for the Reality of the Teaching of Islamic Science in Education High Schools in Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................ 21 Giorgia Perletta, The Rise and Decline of the Iranian Hardliners: Why Ahmadinejad’s Group Shifted from Power to Opposition ................................. 35 Elnara Garibova, Democracy, Secularization, and Parliamentarism in the Muslim East: The History of 100th Anniversary of Reforms ............................ 47 Patryk Bukowski, The Muslim Religious Minority in the Republic of Serbia and Its Impact on the Bilateral Relations of the Republic of Serbia with Neighboring States .................................................................................................... 61 Oleg Yarosh, Sufi Communities in the West: Charisma and Institutionalization .. 73 Dorit Gottesfeld, Ronen Yitzhak, The Unknown Aspect of Israeli-Jordanian Relations from 1948 to 1967 .................................................................................... 83 Md Sazedul Islam, The Muslim Minority in the Perspective of Hindu Nationalism ............................................................................................................... 93 Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fraś, Prześladowania w raju. Antymuzułmańskie rozruchy na Sri Lance i ich geneza ..................................................................... 101 Jakub Gustaw Gajda, Republika islamska jako współczesna forma ustroju na przykładzie Iranu i Afganistanu ................................................................... 115 Marcin Krawczuk, Rękopisy amharskie w piśmie arabskim (ağäm) jako świadectwo kultury literackiej muzułmanów etiopskich ................................ 125 Aleksandra Grąbkowska, Obraz islamu w słoweńskich dziennikach „Delo” i „Dnevnik” w pierwszym tygodniu po atakach terrorystycznych na World Trade Center i Pentagon na tle historii kontaktów Słoweńców z muzułmanami ..................................................................................................... 139 Aleksandra M. Różalska, Ofiary czy terroryści? Wizerunki uchodźców na okładkach polskich prawicowych tygodników opinii ................................ 155 6 Andrzej Stopczyński, Czeczenia w polskiej prasie w latach 90. XX wieku. Na przykładzie analizy wybranych opiniotwórczych tygodników ............... 169 Katarzyna Wasiak, „Swoi” czy „obcy”? Uchodźcy czeczeńscy w Polsce ...... 179 Arzu Sadykhova, Европейский ислам Тарика Рамадана: новый европейский мазхаб? .................................................................................................................... 193 Sergey Chirun, Проблемы и технологии взаимодействия государства и институтов ислама: опыт России и Евросоюза .................................... 203 Galina Miškinienė, Женский вопрос на страницах периодики литовско- -польских татар в межвоенный период ....................................................... 215 Moussa Fatahine, The Role of Religious and Intellectual Mechanisms in Algeria in Establishing the National Religious References to Restrain the Religious Market (in Arabic) .......................................................................... 225 About Authors ....................................................................................................... 239 Introduction What is and where is the Islamic World in 2019? If we understand the Islamic World as all Muslim-majority countries, according to the Pew Research Center (2015) we would find 50 such countries with a total popu- lation of over 1.8 billion. The highest percentage (91%) of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, can be found in the Middle East- North Africa (MENA). The starting point of Muslim history would be the prophet Muhammad’s revelation in the 7th century, followed by the Islamic Golden Age (8th–14th centuries), when Muslims were ahead of the rest of the world in the arts, science, philosophy, and technology. This period is still remembered and cherished with pride by both Sunni and Shia Muslims, the two biggest denominations within Islam, which – despite common misconceptions in the West – is not a monolith but splits into different religious schools and branches. The modern era has been marked by the more or less direct colonial domina- tion of European powers which left its legacy in many states belonging now to the Islamic world. Much of today’s turmoil in the MENA region has its roots in the colonial times and the fault lines drawn by the European politicians. However, the blame cannot be wholly assigned to external powers: the list of factors contributing to the Middle East’s present complex and often difficult situation is long and includes many internal issues. In 2019, a kaleidoscope of old and new conflicts in the Middle East appeared. Despite the defeat of the Syrian opposition and the retaking of large swaths of land by pro-regime forces in 2018, the war in Syria is far from over. A fi- nal settlement of the conflict in Yemen is still a distant possibility. Similarly, despite extensive Kuwaiti mediation, there are no indications that the Gulf cri- sis will end in the near future. Israel is working with the US in order to erase the Palestinian question (the US has already recognised Jerusalem as the ca- pital of Israel)1. Washington’s re-imposing of sanctions on Iran made analysts and politcial scientists wonder if the Iran crisis is a prelude to a new war desired by at least a part of the Trump administration or just a “circus”2. 1 M. Kabalan, What will the Middle East look like in 2019?, Al Jazeera, 1 January 2019, https://www. aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/middle-east-2019-181231152428686.html, retrieved 23.07.2019. 2 D. Walsh, Iran Crisis or ‘Circus’? A Weary Middle East Wonders, “The New York Times”, 16 May 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/16/world/middleeast/iran-war-fears.html, retrieved 23.07.2019. 8 Introduction During the Cold War, the situation was simple – basically, the Middle East was divided between the Soviet and US camps. Presently, the divisions are grea- ter and deeper. One may identify three camps: the so-called “resistance” axis of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Hezbollah, supported to a certain extent by Russia and China; the counter-revolution axis made up of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt and Jordan and backed by Israel; and the pro-change axis of Qatar and Turkey3. The outcome of their struggles is unpredictable, yet under today’s circumstances the future of the region does not seem to be bright. Most signifi- cantly, the tenth anniversary of the outbreak of the Arab uprisings is bringing little hope that there will be peace and stability in the Middle East. However, Muslims do not only inhabit the Middle East. They constitute 89% of the total population in Central Asia, 40% in Southeast Asia, 31% in South Asia, 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa, and around 6% in Europe. Their problems vary depending on the time and location. This volume deals with a wide range of issues relating to the history and politics of Muslims. 19 chapters have been divided into four parts: 8 chapters in English, 7 chapters in Polish, 3 chapters in Russian and one chapter in Arabic, thereby giving voice to authors from different corners of the world and from different academic backgrounds. The English part begins with a chapter by M. Yonous Jami and İsmail Gök- deniz who touch upon the very general, yet important, subject of the relation between religion and politics in Islam. Despite the emergent consensus on the right to freedom of conscience and on the need for some sort of separation between church and state, Islam has traditionally
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