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An Appraisal of Richmond's Civil War Centennial Commemoration

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An Appraisal of Richmond's Civil War Centennial Commemoration Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Interpreting the War Anew: An Appraisal of Richmond’s Civil War Centennial Commemoration Brandon Butterworth Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2916 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Brandon P. Butterworth 2012 All Rights Reserved Interpreting the War Anew: An Appraisal of Richmond‟s Civil War Centennial Commemoration A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. by Brandon P. Butterworth Bachelor of Arts, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Director: John T. Kneebone, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia December 2012 Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dr. John T. Kneebone for his guidance, recommendations, and most importantly, his patience as I have worked to complete this thesis. In addition to Dr. Kneebone, I am grateful to Dr. Ryan Smith and Dr. John Coski for their thoughtful consideration on this project. Also, I appreciate the insight of the staff of the Library of Virginia, who helped immensely as I compiled research for this project. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Jessica for her patience and reassurance as I worked to complete the Master of Arts program at Virginia Commonwealth University. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………...iv Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One: Establishing a Modern Day Commemoration……………………………………..8 Chapter Two: Triumphs and Travails………………………………………………………….. 31 Chapter Three: With Eyes Toward the Future—the Legacy of the RCWCC…………………...61 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..70 iii Abstract INTERPRETING THE WAR ANEW: AN APPRAISAL OF RICHMOND‟S CIVIL WAR CENTENNIAL COMMEMORATION By Brandon P. Butterworth, M.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Major Director: Dr. John T. Kneebone, Ph.D., Associate Professor, History Department In existence from 1959 to 1965, the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee was formed for the purpose of planning and executing Richmond‟s Civil War centennial commemoration. In this thesis, the author will examine the history of the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee (RCWCC) and its efforts to develop a new historical narrative of Richmond and the Civil War. This paper will assess Richmond‟s previous attempts to commemorate the Civil War and will argue that the RCWCC contributed to the advancement of Richmond‟s Civil War narrative by de-emphasizing past Confederate celebration attempts led by heritage groups and advancing a “reconciliation” narrative. Furthermore, this thesis will examine Richmond‟s current attempt to commemorate the Civil War sesquicentennial and explore the influence of the RCWCC on this effort. Lastly, this paper will consider the future prospects for Civil War commemoration in Richmond. iv Introduction Writing in an editorial entitled “The Opportunity of ‟61-‟65” in the Richmond News- Leader, James J. Kilpatrick recognized the unique opportunity rapidly approaching the former capital of the Confederacy. The year 1961, then two years away, would mark the beginning of the centennial of the Civil War and generate great interest in the events that once ripped the nation asunder. Richmond had much to offer, argued Kilpatrick, and the city must be prepared to capitalize on the occasion. The News-Leader‟s controversial editor wrote, “The South has something to say to these visitors from elsewhere in the Union. There are deep and meaningful lessons to be drawn from the terrible conflict waged for Southern independence—lessons in history, in law, in the meaning of defeat. The important thing is for Richmond to get started, now, on active planning, fund-raising, the preparation of a calendar of events, designed to draw visitors from throughout the country.”1 However, after four years of commemoration and almost as many years of planning by the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee, many of Richmond‟s residents were left trying to determine exactly what their city had commemorated. A well-intentioned endeavor to remember the Civil War was hindered by conflicts that the centennial planners did not anticipate or understand. As the group‟s timing collided with the rise of the civil rights movement, their efforts to commemorate the past seemed awkward, at times even archaic. Genuine attempts at learning lessons in history and the law, as Kilpatrick suggested, seemed like opportunities to 1 “The Opportunity of 61-65,” Richmond News-Leader, 30 April 1959. 1 highlight fragile relations between the races and perceived inequities in the legal system, rather than on constitutional questions, such as state sovereignty, secession, and nullification. As Richmond now grapples with its past during the sesquicentennial of the American Civil War, this paper plans to assess Richmond‟s Civil War centennial commemoration and determine what impact this commemoration had on shaping the city‟s collective memory of its role in the event. No location and no group of people deserve greater consideration than those residents of the former Confederate capital. For them, the war and its legacy were real and enduring. The centennial should have been a major moment in time. Yet, centennial events failed to sustain the interests of many Richmond natives, prompting questions regarding the role, or lack thereof, of the centennial commemoration in shaping public memory. By examining Richmond‟s commemoration activities, particularly those of the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee, I hope to determine how that group affected public memory of the war in Richmond. Talks about how the city of Richmond would address the Civil War centennial began in earnest in the late 1950‟s. As the anniversary neared, the city‟s desire to direct the focus of commemorations and to capitalize on possible financial windfalls increased. In 1959, Richmond City Council created the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee and appointed its first seven members. In subsequent years, the committee‟s members changed as did the number of seats on the committee.2 Appointed by Richmond‟s mayor, the Honorable Scott Anderson, in April of 1959 were J. Ambler Johnston, chairman of the RCWCC, C. Hobson Goddin, the committee‟s vice-chair, Robert W. Waitt, Jr., committee secretary, the Honorable Robert C. Throckmorton, member of Richmond City Council, and Dr. William H. Stauffer. The five—all white men—were joined by 2 Hereafter I will refer to the Richmond Civil War Centennial Committee as the RCWCC. 2 two press members, Fletcher Cox, Jr. of the Richmond News-Leader and Rush Loving, Jr. of the Richmond Times-Dispatch. During the centennial years, the committee‟s composition changed. Robert Waitt became executive secretary of the committee. A full-time paid position, the executive secretary of the RCWCC was responsible for implementing the will of the committee, as well as for fulfilling the committee‟s daily functions. Several resignations were tendered, including those of William Stauffer, Fletcher Cox, and Rush Loving. New members, such as Miss India W. Thomas and Mr. Saul Viener were appointed as replacements. Thomas, a Richmond fixture, grew up in and around the Confederate Museum (now the Museum of the Confederacy,) almost since the organization‟s inception. At the time of her appointment, she was a regent of the Confederate Museum. Yet, amidst this turnover on the committee, one thing remained constant. J. Ambler Johnston always anchored the committee as its chairman from the group‟s inception until its disbandment in 1965. By profession, Johnston was an engineer and co-owner of the Richmond business, Carneal and Johnston, a well-known local architectural firm. Though an amateur historian, he was consciously aware of the significance of Richmond‟s centennial efforts to Richmond‟s residents, as well as for the future. Speaking in 1960 to a gathering of civic groups, Johnston stated, “At its inception, this committee adopted as its premise the preservation of the history of Richmond during the tragic years of 1861-1865 and the commemoration of that era. We early decided to refrain from celebrations, re-enactments, exaltation and commercialization but to concentrate on collecting, portraying the Richmond of 1861-1865, publishing and distributing 3 maps, brochures, pictures, literature which may be passed on to the future and which, if not done now, would be lost forever.”3 In this, the RCWCC did an admirable job. Yet, from its inception, the committee was mired in controversy. The RCWCC hoped to establish an expansive history of Civil War Richmond and its place in a larger “reconciliation” narrative. The group was sometimes at odds internally, but always externally. At times, they were outflanked by organizations on both sides of the political spectrum. Their enemies were heritage groups, civic organizations, city officials, state officials, and newspaper
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