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APPENDIX 1 Oil Spill Incidents in Harbours and Restricted Waters Comparable to Port Metro Vancouver

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APPENDIX 1 Oil Spill Incidents in Harbours and Restricted Waters Comparable to Port Metro Vancouver APPENDIX 1 Oil Spill Incidents in Harbours and Restricted Waters Comparable to Port Metro Vancouver Virginia Tupper and Janice Edmonds, North Shore NOPE May 20, 2015 This report summarizes major oil spill incidents from 1990 to 2015 in harbours and restricted waters comparable to Port Metro Vancouver. It was prepared as part of North Shore NOPE’s (No Pipeline Expansion) submission as intervenors to the National Energy Board hearings on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project (TMEP). This is by no means an exhaustive list of all oil spills that have occurred in harbours and restricted waters over the past twenty- five years. Instead examples have been chosen to demonstrate what could happen in Port Metro Vancouver waters if the proposed expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline is approved. Readers are directed to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation 2014 Statistics Report (1), to the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) annual Maritime Accident Reviews (56), to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada Marine Investigation Reports (57) to the Centre for Tankship Excellence (58) and to the List of Oil Spills from Wikipedia (59) for further examples of marine oil spills. The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) uses the term Inland/Restricted Waters to refer to oil spill incidents in ports or harbours, as opposed to Open Water. The ITOPF 2014 Statistics Report summarizes worldwide oil tanker spill incidents from 1970-2014. (1) Port Metro Vancouver (PMV) is the largest port in Canada and is the fourth largest tonnage port in North America. See Figure 1 for a map of areas under PMV jurisdiction. PMV describes their port as being “…recognized internationally as a beautiful and clean port, home to hundreds of species of fish, birds and marine mammals and more than 2.3 million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.” (2) The TMEP would increase the number of oil tankers in the PMV from the current 60 to 408 per year, making 816 transits of the harbour, to get to and from Westridge Marine Terminal (WMT). 1 Figure 1: Jurisdictional Map of Port Metro Vancouver (2) WMT is located east of the Second Narrows Bridge. Aframax tankers, 245 m long, 44 m across the beam and with a draft of 11.6 m, would be used to transport diluted bitumen (dilbit) from WMT to ports in Asia and the US. The volume of dilbit transported would increase from the current 300,000 barrels per day to 890,000 barrels per day. (64) 2 According to the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) “Bitumen is a thick, molasses-type product that is found in regions around the world, but more locally in the oil sands regions of northern Alberta, Canada.” (65) Bitumen is too thick to flow through a pipeline so it is thinned with a product called a diluent, “…typically either light crude, such as ‘synthetic crude’, or ‘condensate’, which is extracted from the ground along with natural gas.” (65) The Concerned Professional Engineers (CPE), an independent group of registered professional engineers, describe condensate in their webpage About Dilbit: “Condensate is composed of hydrocarbons such as propane, butane, pentane or other hydrocarbons with additional carbon atoms. The condensate may contain additional impurities such as hydrogen sulphide (which is very corrosive), methyl, ethyl, as well as aromatics like benzene toluene and ethylbenzene. Some of these components, like benzene, are known carcinogens.” (66) CPE reviewed publications on hazards posed by condensate and summarized that condensate is “Toxic, with possible long- term effects to the aquatic environment and wildlife. Toxic to humans, with recommendations to avoid exposure, skin contact and not breathing the vapors; cause of eye damage, nausea, dizziness and headaches” (66) Oil tankers in transit to and from WMT must pass beneath 2 bridges at the Second Narrows, which forms “…a natural bottleneck of water in Burrard Inlet, between the main port area of Vancouver to the west and the Central portion of Vancouver harbour to the east.” (3) Both bridges, the Ironworker’s Memorial and the CN Railway Bridge have height, width and draft restrictions for vessels transiting them. They were built in 1968 and 1969 respectively. The following tables are organized to provide examples of oil tanker incidents that have occurred internationally under categories as relevant as possible to Port Metro Vancouver. The original units used for the volume of oil spilled have been maintained in this document rather than converting them to cubic metres. 3 Table 1: Tanker Incidents in Harbours and Restricted Waters: SPILL YEAR REGION VOLUME CAUSE/IMPACT Eagle Otome January Port Arthur 450,000 Tanker lost power, pilot could not steer and 2010 Texas gallons Light collided with towing vessel and the two Double Hulled (Sabine crude barges it was pushing. Oil Tanker Neches 264 meters Waterway) 15’ by 8’ (2.4 m) hole in Eagle Otome’s starboard cargo tank. References: 4, 5 Waterway closed for 4 days. Workers in and Figure 2, 3 around port & residents for 28 blocks evacuated due to reports of noxious fumes, thought initially to be hydrogen sulphide. Evacuation order lifted at 6pm, 8.5 hours after incident 12 km of shoreline along waterway oiled; Keith Lake wetland bird preserve oiled 25 day clean up. Only 32% of oil recovered; $3.2 M cleanup costs Tasman Spirit July Karachi 27,000 tonnes Oil tanker grounded in the access channel to Oil Tanker 2003 Harbour, crude oil Karachi harbour. Hull was perforated. Most Single hull Pakistan of cargo tanks ruptured. 27,000 tonnes of crude oil were spilled; References: 13,000 tonnes were recovered then vessel 6, 7 split in two due to swells. Reports of nausea, headaches, dizziness. 17 schools closed for 1 week Severe pollution of 14 km of Clifton Beach, main tourist beach Dead fish as well as finless porpoises found on the beach. Green turtle nesting sites disturbed. Sea Empress Feb Milford 72,000 tonnes Oil tanker grounded on rocks at entrance to Oil Tanker 1996 Haven light crude oil harbour Single hull Passage, Human error cited: misjudgment of tidal 274 m Wales currents; communication breakdown between pilot and commanding officer. References: 8, 9, 10 5-7% of the oil reached the shore and spread over a 200 km shoreline Over 1000 workers involved in clean-up not counting those trying to save wildlife 5000 of the 15,000 population of Common Scoter Ducks in the area were killed 4 The total cost of the cleanup operation was approximately £60M Carla Maersk March Houston Ship Unknown Collision with 623 ft bulk carrier in heavy Chemical tanker 2015 Channel volume. Was fog. 200 m carrying Residents warned to shelter in place indoors. 216,000 MTBE can make drinking water unusable. Reference: barrels of (2nd crash in a week in Houston ship 21 MTBE channel: 445 ft tanker collided with 892 ft Gas additive container ship 5 days earlier.) Hebei Spirit Dec Taean, South 11,000 tons Runaway barge struck super tanker moored VLCC 2007 Korea Crude oil offshore. Single hull 120 tourist beaches oiled. 1000 salt water 322 m farms for oysters, abalone and kelp ruined. Tourism dropped 86%. Only 30% of References: fishermen are back to work 11, 12 Lengthy delays in compensation to 126,000 Figure 4 victims have led to at least 1 suicide. Scientists say ecosystem will take at least 20 years to heal $2.8 Billion sought in compensation Kirby Barge March Texas City 170,000 Barge struck by 585 ft bulk carrier. One of Oil tank barge 2014 Galveston gallons the barge’s six fuel tanks was breached. Oil Bay, Texas Marine Fuel spread 12 miles coating shoreline with traces found 200 miles down coast on North Padre References: Island. 100 vessels stranded. Channel not 22, 23 reopened for 5 days. Cost $7M/day. Cruise ship passengers stranded at port or at sea. Fishing banned, 129 birds, 32 reptiles, 16 mammals died Failure to wait for fog to pass and poor communication among other causes were cited. 5 Figure 2: Workers onboard the Eagle Otome after collision with a barge, Photo by Dave Ryan/Associated Press, Houston Chronicle, January 26, 2010. Figure 3: Eagle Otome double dull tanker punctured by a barge 2010 Port Arthur Spill, Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org 6 Figure 4: Workers cleaning up Hebei Spirit oil spill December 2007, Taean, South Korea sbmotorparts.com/oxdhyii/Hebei-Spirit Table 2: Tanker Incidents Due to Human Error A 2006 report by Elise deCola and Sierra Fletcher from Nuka Research and Planning Group outlines the risks of oil spills due to human error (61). In the executive summary they state: “Human Factors- either individual errors or organizational failures- have been reported to cause as much as 80% of oil spills and marine accidents.” They note that, despite improved technologies, oil spills and accidents still occur due in part to human and organizational errors. Fatigue was found to be one of the top three causes of marine accidents by R. Gordon in his 1998 study: The contribution of human factors to accidents in the offshore oil industry (62) DeCola and Fletcher reviewed published studies that suggest: “In fact, technological improvements may increase accident rates due to increased complexity of the system, skills- or knowledge based lapses in operator abilities, or risk compensation behavior at the individual or organizational level. Increased automation often leads to reduced manning levels, which can increase 7 the number and complexity of job tasks assigned to each operator while simultaneously removing or reducing the operator’s ability to bypass or override automated systems in an emergency.”(60) Here are two examples of oil spills due to human error: Cosco Busan Nov San Francisco 53,000 gallons Container ship under conduct of a pilot Container ship 2007 Bay Fuel oil struck one of the towers of the San 274 m Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.
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