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Offshore Drilling and Arctic Traditional Food Security

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Offshore Drilling and Arctic Traditional Food Security MSc Thesis- M. Brockington; McMaster University- Global Health-1453246 OFFSHORE DRILLING AND ARCTIC TRADITIONAL FOOD SECURITY MSc Thesis- M. Brockington; McMaster University- Global Health-1453246 OFFSHORE DRILLING: AN EMERGING ISSUE IN ARCTIC FOOD SECURITY A REVIEW BY MEGHAN BROCKINGTON, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science McMaster University © Copyright by Meghan Brockington, December, 2015 McMaster University MASTER OF SCIENCE (2015) Hamilton, Ontario (Global Health) TITLE: Offshore Drilling: An Emerging Issue in Arctic Food Security AUTHOR: Meghan Brockington, B.A. (University of South Carolina) SUPERVISOR: Dr. John Eyles SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Dr. Christina Moffat and Dr. Niko Yiannakoulias NUMBER OF PAGES: vii, 71 2 Abstract Background: Due to global climate change, the melting of arctic ice has increased geopolitical interest in the land due to newly accessible oil reservoirs on the continental shelf. With the imminent rise in offshore gas drilling, this presents an additional threat to Arctic food security. Indigenous populations living in the circumpolar north face many challenges in accessing adequate and nutritional food sources. One of the most significant factors impacting food security is the availability of traditional food. Objectives: To critically examine existing data and literature to discuss the impact of offshore gas drilling on traditional marine food sources. Additionally, the cultural, spiritual and physical health aspects of traditional food consumption will be determined. Methods: Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework was adopted to examine the effects of offshore drilling activities on marine fauna. Furthermore, a literature review was used to determine the significance of traditional food to Canada Arctic Aboriginals. Conclusions: Offshore drilling activities may impact the four dimensions (access, availability, utilization and stability) of food security, therefore threatening food security in the Canadian Arctic. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to send a big thank you to my supervisor Dr. John Eyles for the constant guidance and encouragement. I would also like to thank him for giving me the freedom to pursue my research interests throughout this thesis. This process and freedom has allowed me to develop the knowledge that I think will help me in my future endeavors. I would also like to thank my supervising committee, Dr. Niko Yiannakoulias and Dr. Christina Moffat for providing me with feedback and for helping me with the direction of my thesis. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my friends and family. My friends for understanding when I didn’t reply to texts and bailed on plans and my family for encouraging me and supporting me, not only throughout this thesis but throughout life. A special thanks needs to be said to Andrew Zikic for listening to my frustrations and complaints and for reminding me that I could finish when I wanted to quit. 4 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Acknowledgements…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………iiv Table of Contents………….…………………………………….………………………………………………………………………..v List of Tables and Figures………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….vii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….viii Declaration of Academic Achievement……………………………………………………………………………………….ix 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Rationale and Research Questions ................................................................................................. 2 2.1.1. Research questions ........................................................................................................... 3 3. Population distribution and characteristics ..................................................................................... 4 3.1.1. Population distribution ....................................................................................................... 4 3.1.2. Aboriginal Social Determinant Health Gaps: An Overview .......................................... 5 3.1.3. Economic structure ............................................................................................................ 7 3.1.4. Food Insecurity and Nutrition Transition ......................................................................... 9 3.1.4.1. Definition of Food Security .................................................................................................... 9 3.1.4.2. Arctic Food (In) security ........................................................................................................ 9 3.1.5. Nutrition transition ............................................................................................................ 10 4. Increasing Resource Development in the Arctic ......................................................................... 11 5. The Social and Environmental Cost of Oil and Gas Production ............................................... 15 6. Traditional Food ................................................................................................................................ 17 6.1.1. Value of Marine Food Resources .................................................................................. 17 6.1.2. Physical health and Traditional Food ............................................................................ 20 6.1.3. Nutritional Transition in the Canadian Arctic ................................................................ 20 6.1.4. Obesity and Diet-Related Chronic Disease: A rising epidemic ................................. 22 6.1.5. Cultural and Spiritual Health and Traditional Food ..................................................... 25 6.1.6. The role of traditional food in Arctic food security ....................................................... 27 6.1.7. Summary ........................................................................................................................... 27 7. Oil spills, Chemical Discharge, Produced Water and Seismic Testing .................................... 28 7.1.1. Seismic testing in a Marine Environment ..................................................................... 29 7.1.2. Contaminants .................................................................................................................... 31 7.1.3. Oil Spills ............................................................................................................................. 32 5 8. Scoping Review Methods ............................................................................................................... 34 8.1.1. Search terms and databases .......................................................................................... 35 8.1.2. Assessment and analysis (charting, collating and summarizing the data) .............. 36 9. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 37 9.1.1. Description of Studies ...................................................................................................... 37 9.1.1.1. Countries ............................................................................................................................... 37 9.1.1.2. Species .................................................................................................................................. 38 1. Identification ....................................................................................................................................... 39 3. Eligibility .............................................................................................................................................. 39 4. Included............................................................................................................................................... 39 4. Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 39 9.1.1.3. Themes .................................................................................................................................. 40 9.1.2. Effect of Seismic Testing on the Marine Environment ................................................ 40 9.1.2.1. Hearing Impairment.............................................................................................................. 41 9.1.2.2. Behaviour Change................................................................................................................ 43 9.1.2.3. Singing Activity ..................................................................................................................... 44 9.1.3. Effect of Contamination and Chemical Discharge on the Marine Environment ...... 44 9.1.3.1. Bioaccumulation and Human Risk ..................................................................................... 44 9.1.3.2. Hydrocarbons and Marine Sediments ............................................................................... 46 9.1.4. Effect of Oil Spills on the Marine Environment ............................................................ 48 9.1.5. Other ..................................................................................................................................
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