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Technical University of Crete Department of Mineral Resources Engineering Master Thesis in Petroleum Engineering

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Technical University of Crete Department of Mineral Resources Engineering Master Thesis in Petroleum Engineering Technical University of Crete Department of Mineral Resources Engineering Master Thesis in Petroleum Engineering Analysis of historical data of accidents in oil production and transportation and their environmental impact. Poutachidis Pavlos Supervisor Prof. Nikolaos Pasadakis Chania, 2020 Contents List of figures ....................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... 6 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Environmental consequences of oil spills ...................................................................................... 10 1.1 Oil type ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Biological characteristics of the area ............................................................................................ 11 1.3 Seasons ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Oil cleanup decisions. ................................................................................................................... 13 2. Long term impact of oil spills ........................................................................................................ 14 3. Socioeconomic consequences of oil spills ..................................................................................... 15 3.1 Cleanup Costs ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Location ..................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Oil Type ..................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Oil Volume ................................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Natural Resources Damages ......................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Other Economic Costs .................................................................................................................. 16 4. Prevention and contingency plans ................................................................................................. 18 4.1 Prevention technologies during drilling operations ...................................................................... 18 4.2 Contingency plans ........................................................................................................................ 23 5. Recovery and response strategies .................................................................................................. 24 5.2 Final disposal ........................................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Response strategy in Greece ......................................................................................................... 30 6. Historical data of Oil spills ............................................................................................................ 32 6.1 Pipeline oil spills .......................................................................................................................... 32 6.1.1 Europe ........................................................................................................................................ 32 6.1.2 USA ........................................................................................................................................... 37 6.2 Spills during production operations ......................................................................................... 39 6.2.1 USA ........................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3 Oil spills from tankers .................................................................................................................. 41 6.3.1 Major Tanker Oil Spills in History ............................................................................................ 41 2 6.3.2 Worldwide trend of oil spill incidents ....................................................................................... 44 6.3.3 Amount of Oil Spills ................................................................................................................. 45 6.3.4 Quantities of Oil Spilt ................................................................................................................ 50 6.3.5 Influence of Large Spills on Quantities of Oil Spilt .................................................................. 52 6.3.6 Tanker Spills versus Seaborne Oil Trade .................................................................................. 53 6.3.7 Causes of Oil Spills ................................................................................................................... 54 6.4 Major spills .............................................................................................................................. 60 7 Legal framework ............................................................................................................................ 65 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 71 References .......................................................................................................................................... 72 3 List of figures Figure 1 – Relief well sketch .................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2 - Classification of response techniques for deep-water blowout accidents. ............. 19 Figure 3 – Blowout preventer system ..................................................................................... 22 Figure 4 – Oil containment booms ......................................................................................... 24 Figure 5 – Oil skimmers ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 6 – Use of chemical dispersant .................................................................................... 26 Figure 7 – Ship mounted modern application spraying equipment (source SINTEF) ........... 26 Figure 8 – Shoreline clean up ................................................................................................. 28 Figure 9 – Controlled in-situ burning assisted by fire booms ................................................ 29 Figure 10 – Changes in the length of the transmission system in Europe during the period 1970-2016 ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 11 – Number of incidents in Europe ........................................................................... 33 Figure 12 – Cumulative number of incidents in Gas pipelines in Europe .............................. 33 Figure 13 – Distribution of incidents (2007-2016) ................................................................. 35 Figure 14 – Distribution of spillage causes for all oil pipelines ............................................. 36 Figure 15 - Number of oil transport pipeline spills in United States [21] .............................. 37 Figure 16 - Amount of oil spilled from U.S. oil transport pipelines [21] ............................... 38 Figure 17 – Incidents occurred in Oil Pipelines and during Rail Transportation: 2002 2016 38 Figure 18 – Number of land-based facility spills ................................................................... 39 Figure 19 - Annual amount of oil spilled from facilities (excluding pipelines) into U.S. waters .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 20 – Worldwide location of significant oil spills ........................................................ 42 Figure 21 – Number of spills (>7 tonnes) from 1970-2018 .................................................... 44 Figure 22 – Location of spill >7 tonnes* from 1970 to 2018 ................................................. 44 Figure 23 – Amount of large spills (>700 tonnes) during the period of 1970-2018 .............. 45 Figure 24 - Worldwide seaborne crude oil trade [35] ............................................................. 46 Figure 25 – Percentage of large oil spill per decade for the period 1970-2018 ...................... 46 Figure 26 – Amount of oil spills larger than 7 tonnes per decade .......................................... 49 Figure 27 – Medium and Large oil spills, indicating the importance of large oil spills ......... 52 Figure 28 – Quantities
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