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PHAROS4MPAS SAFEGUARDING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE GROWING MEDITERRANEAN BLUE ECONOMY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 4 PART ONE MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTOR: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 7 Front cover: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Strait of Gibraltar © Sylvain Cordier / Biosphoto PART TWO MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTOR: Publication We would like to warmly thank all the people and organizations who were part of the advisory group of this Published in May 2019 by PHAROS4MPAs. INTERACTIONS WITH MPAS 17 publication or kindly contributed in some other way: © PHAROS4MPAs. All rights reserved Robert Turk and Tina Centrih Genov (Institute of the Republic 2.1. How commercial transport activities affect MPAs 18 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other of Slovenia for Nature Conservation), Catherine Piante non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written (WWF-France), Amalia Alberini (WWF-Greece), Panagiota 2.2. Impacts of maritime transport sector on marine ecosystems 26 permission from the copyright holder provided the source is Maragou (WWF-Greece), Julien Le Tellier (UN Environment/ fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale MAP), Sylvain Petit (PAP/RAC), Oscar Esparza (WWF-Spain), 2.3. Shipping and ferries in MPAs: where are they permitted? 31 or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior Theodora Papatheochari and Spyros Niavis (University of written permission of the copyright holder. Thessaly), Atef Ouerghi (RAC/SPA), Wissem Seddik (MedPAN), Eric Charbonnel (Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue), PART THREE Citation of this report: Randone, M., Bocci, M., Castellani, C., Anthony Mastitski (WWF Mediterranean). Laurent, C. (2019). Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MEDITERRANEAN STAKEHOLDERS: growing Mediterranean Blue Economy. Recommendations for Maritime Transport. PHAROS4MPAs project. 64 pages. PREVENT – OR MINIMIZE – IMPACTS OF THE MARITIME Lead author: Mauro Randone (WWF Mediterranean) TRANSPORT SECTOR ON MPAS 33 Our consultant Thetis Spa (Italy): Martina Bocci, Chiara 3.1. MPA managers 34 Castellani, Federico Fabbri, Emiliano Ramieri with cartographic support from Angiola Fanelli 3.1.1. Prevent impacts on marine ecosystems 34 Copy editing: Evan Jeffries (Swim2Birds Ltd) 3.1.2. Minimize impacts on marine ecosystems 40 Cartography: Alessandro Mulazzani (Consiglio Nazionale delle 3. 1.3. Knowledge, training and awareness raising 41 Ricerche - ISMAR) This report is available at: 3.2. Public authorities 44 Design/layout: OneBigRobot https://pharos4mpas.interreg-med.eu 3.2.1. Prevent impacts on marine ecosystems 44 3.2.2. Minimize impacts on marine ecosystems 54 3.2.3. Knowledge, training and awareness raising 56 3.3. Maritime transport companies 57 Financial support 3.3.1. Prevent impacts on marine ecosystems 57 3.3.2. Minimize impacts on marine ecosystems 58 3.3.3. Knowledge, training and awareness raising 60 ACRONYMS 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY 62 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Maritime transport is the backbone of the global Public authorities – from state transport agencies to economy. It’s particularly important in the port authorities – control marine spatial planning and Mediterranean Sea – despite covering less than 1% of can impose a range of measures to prevent accidents the world’s oceans, the Mediterranean carries about and protect ecosystems. Authorities also provide 15% of global shipping. crucial finance for research and technologies that can be widely applied. Cross-border, sub-regional and Worldwide, ocean-related economic activity – the so- regional cooperation are particularly important given called Blue Economy – is growing; and the maritime the scales over which the sector operates. transport sector is expected to continue increasing at a rate of 4% per annum for the next decade. In The maritime transport companies already have line with the global expansion of seaborne trade, access to a large amount of knowledge and shipping activity in the Mediterranean is growing in technology aimed at preventing or minimizing their terms of the number of routes, traffic intensity and environmental impacts, and further investments size of ships. And with this growth come increasing could be made to develop and support innovation. environmental impacts, such as chemical pollution, Companies need to comply with relevant regulations noise pollution and collisions with marine mammals. and should adopt environmentally responsible practices more broadly. These environmental impacts are an issue for the whole of the Mediterranean, but it’s particularly Cross-sectoral work is needed too: MPA managers critical that they’re prevented – or at least minimized can train vessel staff in best practices, while ships – in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which by can assist research by inviting on board scientist definition are areas of great importance for marine observers and carrying out monitoring activities. biodiversity and ecosystems. In certain sensitive MPAs, maritime transport of any kind is forbidden. In many, though, shipping There’s a lot of work to do to improve activity is legally possible, so there’s an urgent need the way in which the maritime for all relevant stakeholders to work together to ensure sustainable transport practices and tools are transport sector interacts with identified and adopted to minimize its impact. Mediterranean MPAs, but solutions This report provides key recommendations for the do exist. Taken as a whole, this main actors in the maritime transport sector to help move towards a sustainable Blue Economy model for report gives a series of practical the Mediterranean. recommendations for what each The three stakeholder groups we focus on are stakeholder group can do to ensure MPA managers, public authorities and maritime increased collaboration and effort to transport companies. Each group has its own priorities, perspectives and powers, but all can make build a new maritime transport system important contributions to a sustainable future for the that respects the precious marine Mediterranean. resources of the Mediterranean. MPA managers are rarely able to impose direct regulations on maritime traffic, but they can do a great deal to promote dialogue with the industry, spread best practice, collect data, raise awareness and coordinate local actions. A strong MPA network is essential. MARITIME TRANSPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 © MAGALI AGREIL-PMCB INTRODUCTION This report proposes a set of recommendations In taking into account the different roles, interests on how public and private stakeholders in the and attitudes of MPA managers, public authorities Mediterranean can work to prevent – or minimize – and the maritime transport sector, we’ve produced the impacts of maritime traffic in Marine Protected practical recommendations for addressing the Areas (MPAs). potential negative interactions between maritime transport and MPAs. Maritime transport is one of the most important elements of the global Blue Economy. It includes the commercial transport of goods (bulk and non-bulk) The PHAROS4MPAs project explores and passengers (ferries), as well land-based activities how Mediterranean MPAs are affected including industrial ports and the related facilities and by activities in the growing Blue services allowing vessels to access them. This is a Economy, and provides a set of practical growing sector, both globally and in the Mediterranean recommendations for regional stakeholders region, with vessels that have being getting larger and on how the environmental impacts of key more specialised, with an increasing trend towards sectors can be prevented or minimized. containerization and mass transport. However, the Encouraging international collaboration across environmental impacts of this growth – in local and MPA networks and cooperation between state, more general terms – are well documented. Oil spills industry and other actors, PHAROS4MPAs and vessel strikes on endangered cetaceans are perhaps aims to enhance MPA management the most visible effects; but underwater noise, chemical effectiveness and improve the conservation contamination, alien species and seabed disturbance of marine ecosystems across the whole of the are also associated with the maritime transport sector, Mediterranean. and all affect MPA conservation objectives. PHAROS4MPAs focuses on the following But alongside these issues, targeted policies, sectors of the Blue Economy: technological progress and advances in science and research offer valuable opportunities for improving the • Maritime transport and industrial ports situation. Through the PHAROS4MPAs project we’ve • Cruise gathered many examples of successful initiatives to • Leisure boating resolve conflicts and mitigate environmental impacts – in the Mediterranean and worldwide. By bringing • Offshore wind farms together different stakeholders and exploring the major • Aquaculture issues experienced in MPAs, our goal is to provide • Recreational fisheries examples of best practice and facilitate information • Small-scale fisheries exchange among MPAs affected by similar pressures. MARITIME TRANSPORT INTRODUCTION 5 PART ONE MARITIME TRANSPORT SECTOR: BACKGROUND INFORMATION CARGO SHIP DOCKED IN THE PORT OF ALGECIRAS (SPAIN) © SUNNY FOREST/SHUTTERSTOCK Future trends in the Mediterranean are likely to be KEY FACTS influenced by other key drivers which include: MARITIME TRANSPORT • Weak oil refining capacity in Europe is the backbone of international trade and the global economy.
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