The Roman Theocracy and the Republic, 1846-1849

^ney //n-ivm'iU^ ,-^ ^ c/6..y/io>^^ ^y^' wen^ 7/fm rr.jt/i/ </ l(f////</•/mi THE ROMAN THEOCRACY AND THE REPUBLIC .S«a_ The Roman Theocracy and The Republic 1846-1849 BY R. M. JOHNSTON Hontion MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I9CI jill rights reserved j1(?7^^ HE:NRY morse STePHCNS- — —— CONTENTS CHAPTER I Some Antecedents of the Roman Theocracy PAGE The Papacy and the Roman Empire— Continuity of traditions—Struggle be- tween North and South—Rise of Italian nationalism—Strength and weakness of the Popes—Character of the Italians — Conditions in the States of the Church—Secret Societies—The Memorandum of 183 1 Papal justice—Finance—Administration—The rule of the Theocracy Death of Gregory XVI I CHAPTER n The Election of Pius IX The Amnesty The Conclave summoned—Nationalist influences —The Primato and Ultimi Cast—The Bishop of Imola—His personality and opinions—The Papal election—Lambruschini and Micara—Proclamation of Pius IX—His first acts —The Amnesty—Popular enthusiasm— Metternich's foreboding . 29 CHAPTER HI Italian Sentiment and Parties Unrest of the Peninsula—Kingdom of Sardinia—The Austrian provinces and regime—The writers — Double current of nationalist sentiment— Mazzini and the Gio-vane Italia—Rise and fall of his popularity— Gioberti— His correspondence with Mazzini—The Primato—A remarkable prophecy Balbo—D' Azeglio—His interview with Charles Albert —Antagonism of democrats and Albertists . -41 511196 — ri THE ROMAN THEOCRACY CHAPTER IV Early Months of the Pontificate—The Congress of Genoa PAGE Popularity of Pius —Difficulty of his position—The Gregorian party opposes him— Gizzi State Secretary—First attempts at reform—Sanfedist agitation — Failure of crops Scientific Congresses Nationalist — — enthusiasm . 55 CHAPTER V The Jesuits and the People Opposing forces—Europe and the Jesuits—Rossi's mission and success—Popular opinion— Ciceroacchio—The Italian League—The Press—The Council of State—The first Ministry—Cardinal Antonelli—Civic guards—The San- fedist conspiracy—Tumults—Ferretti succeeds Gizzi—Austria occupies Ferrara ...... 65 CHAPTER VI The Affair of Ferrara Austria and Italy—Metternich—England and Canning—France under Guizot —Austrian alarm and policy—Reports of Menz— Hesitations of Metternich —Radetzky occupies Ferrara— Diplomatic aspect — Effects of the Austrian move— Palmerston's views—Gregorian influence at Vienna—Ferretti's policy—The Customs Union Treaty—Death of Father Graziosi—Speech of Pius at the opening of the Consulta ....... 70 CHAPTER VII The Papal Constitution Lord Minto at Rome—The winter of '46-'47—Revolt of Palermo—Grant of a Constitution by Ferdinand II--His example followed by Charles Albert —And by the Grand Duke Leopold —Progressive steps of Pius Motu propria of December 30th—Scenes in the Corso-Reconstruction of the Ministry— Popular excitement—Resignation of Ferretti—A foolish proclamation —Admission of laymen to office—Grant of a Constitution General considerations—Its provisions 05 — —— AND THE REPUBLIC vii CHAPTER Vni War in Lombardy PACK Fall of Metternich—State of Lombardy—Unrest of Milan—Insurrection Radetzky defeated — Charles Albert's position—His character and policy The democratic party—Genoa—Sardinian army mobilized —Change of Government at Paris—Its effect at Turin—French and Italian republicans — Mazzini's energy— His influence at Milan—The Societa Nazionale Italiana—The Sardinians cross the frontier V Italia fara da se—A lost opportunity . , . -113 CHAPTER IX Expulsion of the Jesuits—The Pope's Abandonment of the National Cause Excitement in Rome—Insults to Austria—Outcry against the Jesuits—Their Expulsion —Its effect on Pius—Financial embarrassments — Warlike measures—Troops for the frontier—Papal benedictions— League negotiations—Hesitation of Pius and of Charles Albert—General Durando on the Po—His address to the troops — Operations about the Quadrilateral The Allocution of April 29th—General dismay—Pius gives way—Anto- nelli's methods—Change of ministry ....... 128 CHAPTER X Progress of the War Mamiani—The Papal army in Venetia—Its retreat before Nugent—Effect of the Allocution—Democratic propaganda—Mazzini at Milan—Conflict of ideals—The " guerra reale " — Fusion of northern Italy with Sardinia Mamiani and reform—His views on the temporal power—Papal constitu- tional methods—Antonelli's position— Gioberti's visit to Rome—His meeting with Ciceroacchio—Elections—Opening of Council of deputies Speech of Mamiani—The Prince of Canino—Roman eloquence—Anni- versary of the Amnesty— Papal balance sheet—Durando holds Vicenza Victory of Goito and fall of Peschiera—Radetzky's bold strategy—Capitula- tion of the Pontifical army— Defeat of Charles Albert at Custozza—He abandons Milan—Armistice of Salasco 147 — viii THE ROMAN THEOCRACY CHAPTER XI The Fabbri Ministry PAGE Relations of Pius and Mamiani— Pellegrino Rossi— His character and career His unpopularity—Austrians invade Papal territory— Public agitation Change of Ministry—Fabbri's qualifications—Austrian severities—Bologna attacked—Marshal Welden defeated — Popular movement— Disorder Mission of Farini—Last decree of Fabbri's Ministry—Rossi called to power 167 CHAPTER Xn Rossi's Ministry, and his Assassination The new Ministry—First measures—League negotiations — Position assumed by Rossi—His motives discussed —Views of the Sardinian Government —Rossi's arguments—Administrative measures—Garibaldi—Zucchi sent to Bologna—The meeting of the Chamber—Assassination of Rossi . 179 CHAPTER Xm Civil War—Flight of Pius Cowardice of the deputies—Dismay at the Quirinal—Scenes in Rome— Pius consults Galletti — Popular demonstration—Demands for a democratic Ministry—The Pope declines to accede—Insurrection—The Palace be- sieged —Victory of the people— Protest of Pius—Galletti's Ministry His measures—Conferences at the Quirinal—Flight decided on—Harcourt's preparations—Pius escapes—Antonelli's ruse—Arrival at Gaeta—Dismay in Rome—Position of the democrats—Galletti and the Chamber—Hasty steps of the Romans—And of the Pope— Provisional Government Mamiani attempts compromise—His defeat and resignation—Constituent Assembly decreed . • 193 CHAPTER XIV International Politics at the Close of 1848 Conduct of the war by Sardinia— Perilous situation of Austria— Her fear of France—Ambitions of the Second Republic— Palmerston's attempts at mediation—Negotiations—The democrats and France—Lamartine— Bas- tide—Mazzini—Internal difficulties of France— Prince Louis Bonaparte President— Intervention at Rome considered — Sardinia's difficulties Gioberti in office—His policy— Pius at Gaeta . -213 — AND THE REPUBLIC ix CHAPTER XV Proclamation of the Republic PAGE The Roman Giunta — Anarchic conditions — Proclamation convoking the electors —Papal rejoinder — Gioberti negotiates —Affairs of Tuscany Leopold and the Giovane Italia — Montanelli and the Republicans — Legislation of the Giunta—The elections—Meeting of the Constituent —The debate—Mamiani's resolution — Filopanti's—Canino's speech Proclamation of the Roman Republic ....... 225 CHAPTER XVI Mazziki at Rome—Novara Victory of the Giovane Italia— Character of Mazzini— His letter to Pius Arrival at Rome—Speech to the Assembly—Flight of Leopold—Business of the Assembly—Finance—Condition of the provinces—Resignation of Gioberti—Sardinia resumes hostilities—The battle of Novara—Abdication and end of Charles Albert ......... 238 CHAPTER XVII The Effects of Novara Intrigues at the Papal Court—British policy—Antonelli's views—Sardinia's rebuff at Gaeta—Her success in Paris—Policy of France—Esterhazy's embassy—Antonelli's note to the Powers—Schwarzenberg assents to a Conference—Its first meeting—Effect of Sardinia's defeat—Vote of the French Assembly—Government determines to intervene—French expedi- tion to Explanations . Rome— of Drouin de Lhuys . .250 CHAPTER XVIII Oudinot's Defeat The Triumvirate—Revolt of Genoa—Reaction— Prisons of the Inquisition Anti-clerical legislation —The Roman army—French agents at Rome The French at Civita Vecchia—Negotiations— Proclamations—Advance of Oudinot— He attacks the city —Outflanked by Garibaldi— Defeat of the French ............ 262 — X THE ROMAN THEOCRACY CHAPTER XIX The Mission of De Lesseps PAGE Clerical activity—Allocution of April 20th— Position of French Government —Its theoretical basis—Steps at Gaeta—Their ill success—Debate in the French Assembly—Mission of De Lesseps—Illusory instructions—Arrival at Rome—The French prisoners—Their treatment—Armistice agreed Unsuccessful negotiations — De Lesseps recalled — Invasion of Roman territory by Neapolitans — Fight at Velletri — Garibaldi and Roselli Disorder in Rome—Steps of the Government—Order restored . 277 CHAPTER XX The Fall of the Republic Oudinot reinforced — His operations—Battle of June 3rd — Desperate struggle of the Romans—Trenches opened—Mazzini and the Red Republicans Their rising on June 13th —Victory of Prince Louis Bonaparte's Govern- ment—Oudinot carries the breach—Insubordination of Garibaldi—Apathy of the population —The six days' struggle—Fight at the Porta San Pan- crazio—Success of the French—The Assembly abandons the struggle Resignation of Mazzini— Garibaldi leaves Rome—The Constitution pro- claimed —Oudinot makes his entry— Decrees the fall of the Republic . 297 APPENDIX A Bibliography for the Political History of the Pontifical States, 184.6-49 . .3^7 APPENDIX B Memorandum addressed to the Roman Government by the Allied Powers, advising certain Improvements and Reforms ......... 34' APPENDIX C Manifesto of the People of the Roman States to the Princes and People

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