Il Marocco Dei Fosfati: Politiche E

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Il Marocco Dei Fosfati: Politiche E Università degli Studi di Torino DIPARTIMENTO DI CULTURE, POLITICA E SOCIETA’ Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze Internazionali Tesi di Laurea Magistrale Il Marocco dei fosfati: politiche e discorsi nel governo del sociale Candidata Relatore Beatrice Ferlaino Irene Bono Co-relatori Matricola Béatrice Hibou 737312 Rosita Di Peri A.A. 2017/2018 1 Il tutto è diverso dalla somma delle parti... Gestalt 2 Indice Introduzione……………………………………………………...…pag. 1 1. Il Caravan come governo del sociale.......................................pag. 3 2. L’incontro con il Caravan: campo e disegno della ricerca......pag. 5 3. Il Marocco dei fosfati: il Caravan come progetto, processo e proposta neoliberale...............................................................pag. 10 PARTE 1 Il Caravan come progetto.............................pag. 13 1. Il Caravan nella delega del sociale.....................................pag. 14 1.1 Il Caravan in un contesto di privatizzazione dello Stato......pag. 19 1.2 Imprese responsabili: un modo di ‘fare il sociale’................pag. 23 1.3 Il Caravan come RSI.............................................................pag. 27 1.4 Un momento di festa.............................................................pag. 29 1.5 Un progetto di marketing......................................................pag. 31 2. Il Caravan nel Marocco “sociale”......................................pag. 35 2.1 Il “Re dei poveri” e il Caravan OCP.....................................pag. 36 2.2 Le RSI in un Marocco attento al sociale...............................pag. 41 2.3 La Fondazione OCP : s’engager, partager et agir…….…..pag. 49 2.4 La Fondazione OCP nell’azione sociale...............................pag. 52 2.4.a Didattica e Istruzione.............................................pag. 59 2.4.b La creazione di giovani imprenditori.....................pag. 61 2.4.c Le “città verdi”.......................................................pag. 63 PARTE 2 Il Caravan come proposta............................pag. 70 3. Il Caravan come risultato di un percorso strutturale...................................................................................pag. 71 3.1 La ‘Sala VIP’ in una tenda -prossimità e élitarismo-............pag. 72 3.2 Una proposta moderna -comunicare un’impresa “nuova”-...pag. 76 3.3 Un retaggio da dimenticare -comunicare un’impresa “vecchia”.................................................................................pag.80 3 3.4 Uno Stato nello Stato.............................................................pag. 85 3.5 La strutturazione di un partenariato pubblico-privato............pag.88 3.6 Un’OCP SpA……………...………………………..…….pag. 91 3.7 La trasparenza di un’impresa moderna..................................pag. 96 3.8 Creazione e modifica dell’Office Chérifien.........................pag. 102 4. Il Caravan come esempio di produttività virtuosa......pag. 110 4.1 La produttività di una SpA..................................................pag. 112 4.2 La corsa alle tecnologie e la strutturazione dell’impresa.....pag. 114 4.3 L’impegno ecologico...........................................................pag. 120 4.4 Il principio di “fertilizzazione ragionevole”........................pag. 124 4.5 La Rivoluzione Verde..........................................................pag. 126 5. Il Caravan come esempio di diplomazia economica...pag. 132 5.1 Il Caravan africano.................................................................pag. 135 5.2 La diplomazia economica dell’OCP......................................pag. 141 5.3 Il Caravan in un territorio conteso.........................................pag. 147 PARTE 3 Il Caravan come processo...........................pag. 155 6. Il Caravan come politica di burocratizzazione agricola.......................................................................................pag. 156 6.1 Il Caravan come espressione di un’”eterna modernizzazione”................................................................pag. 159 6.2 Il Caravan come sintesi storica............................................pag. 162 6.3 L’agricoltore/imprenditore proposto dal Caravan...............pag. 167 6.4 Il Caravan nel Plan Maroc Vert e le complesse relazioni con il Ministero dell’Agricoltura...................................................pag. 171 6.5 Il Caravan fra sicurezza alimentare e politica partecipativa..pag. 18 4 7. Il Caravan come espressione di una cultura d’impresa........................................................................................pag. 189 7.1 Il lavoro sulla “cultura OCP” .............................................pag. 192 7.2 Gli ingegneri/manager all’interno dell’OCP.......................pag. 196 7.3 Da ingegneri coloniali a ingegneri neoliberali.....................pag. 200 7.4 I lavoratori OCP fra miniere e paternalismo........................pag. 204 7.5 L’OCP della prima indipendenza e i suoi lavoratori............pag. 208 7.6 Gli ingegneri OCP...............................................................pag. 210 7.7 Maggiori funzioni per un ingegnere più dinamico..............pag. 2014 Conclusioni………………………………………………….....…pag. 224 Bibliografia………………………………………………..…...…pag. 233 Interviste………………………….…………………………....…pag. 245 Ringraziamenti .............................................................................pag. 248 5 Introduzione Il Caravan OCP (o la Caravane de l’OCP) è un progetto di sviluppo agricolo ideato dall’Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) e volto ad accompagnare i piccoli agricoltori nella modernizzazione delle loro pratiche di coltivazione. L’iniziativa si realizza in un “villaggio itinerante” che raggiunge le zone rurali e vi si ferma per un periodo compreso fra uno e tre giorni, tempo in cui piccoli e medi agricoltori sono invitati a seguire dei momenti di formazione su diversi aspetti delle pratiche agricole: fertilizzazione, irrigazione, metodi di coltivazione, fitosanitaria e analisi del suolo. Organizzato in partenariato con il Ministero dell’Agricoltura e inserito nella politica nazionale del Plan Maroc Vert (PMV), il Caravan rappresenta un momento di contatto tra tecnici agronomi e contadini. Quest’incontro ha come obiettivo l’incremento della produzione agricola e la diffusione di fertilizzanti chimici, dei quali vengono insegnate modalità e contesti d’uso. L’Office Chérifien des Phosphates è un’impresa privata a capitale pubblico, centrale, fin dall’epoca coloniale, nell’economia nazionale per il controllo dell’estrazione dei fosfati marocchini (le riserve più ricche del mondo); ad oggi l’OCP è la prima impresa del paese ed il principale datore di lavoro nazionale. Attraverso l’osservazione del progetto del Caravan, questo lavoro vuole indagare l’intervento dell’OCP nell’indirizzare la gestione del “sociale” in Marocco e il significato che assume la sua azione in un contesto neoliberale. Il termine “sociale” viene utilizzato per indicare le questioni considerate centrali per migliorare le condizioni di una società o di alcuni gruppi interni a questa, ridefinendo gli equilibri interni allo Stato e producendo il ‘vivere insieme’. Il “governo del sociale” è una formula che può essere interpretata come volontà di indagare il modo in cui i diversi aspetti considerati “sociali” vengono gestiti dalla sfera pubblica e dagli altri attori coinvolti che modificano, influenzano e determinano il vivere comune, la costruzione e la produzione della società. Nel caso del Marocco il “governo del sociale” può anche essere inteso come la volontà di mettere in evidenza la centralità che oggi prende l’aggettivo “sociale” nella gestione della politica, delle relazioni fra organismi privati e amministrazioni pubbliche e -nel nostro caso- il “sociale” parla anche del modo di inserirsi delle imprese nel contesto neoliberale. Nel corso del testo emergerà il ruolo centrale assunto dal “sociale” nel Marocco contemporaneo: al tempo stesso ‘modo e fine’ del governo politico e nuovo orizzonte d’intervento per le imprese. Il “sociale” sembra diventare prioritario anche nelle azioni dell’OCP, impresa che si occupa di gestire i fosfati marocchini e che si propone oggi come attore leader del mercato nazionale e internazionale. L’OCP ha storicamente avuto una grande importanza nello strutturare la società nazionale, accompagna ancor’oggi le politiche governative e la sua strategia commerciale è presentata tanto sul piano nazionale quanto su quello internazionale come impegnata, appunto, nel “sociale”. 1 In un primo momento l’idea della ricerca verteva attorno alla relazione fra i metodi di coltivazione di cereali in Marocco e le agro tecnologie al fine di osservare l’impatto di quest’ultime sulla vita degli agricoltori in un contesto principalmente composto da una dimensione produttiva di sussistenza. Più nello specifico, l’obiettivo del progetto era quello di analizzare la sovranità alimentare dei contadini marocchini, cioè l’autonomia, la libertà e l’indipendenza dei piccoli e medi agricoltori nelle scelte di produzione. Il contesto marocchino, a tale proposito, è interessante perché le politiche agricole ripropongono la modifica delle pratiche di coltivazione dei piccoli agricoltori da oltre cinquant’anni e ricercano una “modernizzazione” dei metodi di produzione basata sull’utilizzo di fertilizzanti e sull’aumento della produttività dei suoli. Mentre cercavo materiale bibliografico per questo tema, mi sono imbattuta nel progetto del Caravan OCP. Mi è sembrato da subito un argomento interessante perché modello, sintetico ma molteplice, delle relazioni
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