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Survey of Transport Efficiency Policies and Programs in APEC Economies

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Survey of Transport Efficiency Policies and Programs in APEC Economies Survey of Policies and Programs that Promote Fuel-Efficient Transport in APEC Economies The Alliance to Save Energy May 2008 EWG 03/2007A Prepared by: Judith Barry and Angela Morin Allen, Lead Authors Alliance to Save Energy 1850 M Street NW, Suite 600 Washington DC 20036 USA For: APEC Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2008 APEC Secretariat APEC#208-RE-01.10 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations and Units ................................................................................................................................. iv Case Studies ........................................................................................................................................................ v List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................. v Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Increasing Fuel Economy of New Vehicles ............................................................................................ 1 Encouraging Purchase of Fuel-Efficient Vehicles .................................................................................. 2 Improving Operational Efficiency of Existing Vehicles ....................................................................... 2 Reducing Congestion ................................................................................................................................ 3 Boosting Efficiency and Use of Mass Transit ......................................................................................... 3 Urban Design and Planning to Reduce Vehicular Transport .............................................................. 3 Efficient Freight .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Increasing Fuel Economy of New Vehicles ............................................................................................ 6 Fuel Economy Standards for New Vehicles ........................................................................................... 6 Efficient Vehicle Technology .................................................................................................................... 8 Emissions Standards for New Vehicles that Improve Vehicle Fuel Economy ................................ 13 2. Encouraging Purchase of Fuel-Efficient Vehicles ................................................................................ 18 Vehicle Efficiency Labels and Ratings .................................................................................................. 18 Incentives to Purchase Efficient Vehicles ............................................................................................. 20 Efficient Government Fleets ................................................................................................................... 23 Awareness Campaigns ............................................................................................................................ 25 3. Improving Operational Efficiency of Existing Vehicles ..................................................................... 27 Mandatory Vehicle Emissions Inspections ........................................................................................... 27 Retiring Old Vehicles ............................................................................................................................... 31 Tire Pressure ............................................................................................................................................. 34 4. Reducing Road Congestion .................................................................................................................... 35 Congestion Pricing ................................................................................................................................... 35 Maximizing Efficiency of Highway Lanes ........................................................................................... 44 Maximizing Traffic Flow on Surface Roads ......................................................................................... 45 Car Sharing ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Employee Incentives to Reduce Vehicle Traffic................................................................................... 50 Car Pooling ............................................................................................................................................... 50 Van Pooling............................................................................................................................................... 51 Telework .................................................................................................................................................... 51 Mass Transit .............................................................................................................................................. 51 5. Boosting Efficiency and Use of Mass Transit ....................................................................................... 55 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) .......................................................................................................................... 56 Light Rail and Subways .......................................................................................................................... 64 6. Urban Design and Planning to Reduce Vehicular Transport ............................................................ 67 ―Smart Growth‖ and Transit-Oriented Design and Development ................................................... 67 7. Promoting Fuel-Efficient Freight Transport ......................................................................................... 73 Energy Efficient Technologies for Heavy Vehicles ............................................................................. 73 Government Policies and Programs for the Commercial Freight Industry ..................................... 76 8. Cross-Cutting Approach: Taxes on Fuels ............................................................................................ 82 ii Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Mr. Jeffrey Skeer of the US Department of Energy and Mr. Sun Tao of the APEC Secretariat for their thoughtful guidance and support throughout this project. We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations throughout the APEC region whose efforts over the years have provided the program examples we cite here – as well as an even larger number whose work was no less important but omitted due to limited space and resources. Last, many thanks to our colleagues at the Alliance and elsewhere who reviewed, commented, or otherwise advised us in the preparation of this report. Energy efficiency in the transportation sector remains an active field of innovation, and so we welcome comments, suggestions, and additional leads from readers. – Judith Barry – Angela Morin-Allen iii Abbreviations and Units APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperative APU auxiliary power unit BRT bus rapid transit Btu British thermal unit CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy CBD central business district CNG compressed natural gas CO2 carbon dioxide CO carbon monoxide cc cubic centimeters ERP electronic road pricing EU European Union GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas HC unburned hydrocarbons HOV high occupancy vehicle ITS intelligent transport system L liter LPG liquefied petroleum gas km kilometers mpg miles per gallon NOx nitrogen oxides psi pounds per square inch rpm revolutions per minute TOD transit-oriented design/development U.K. United Kingdom U.S. United States VKT vehicle-kilometer traveled iv Case Studies Thailand: Using Emissions Standards and Inspections to Induce Shift from 2-Stroke to 4-Stroke Motorcycles Mexico: Vehicle Inspections Program in Mexico City United States: Electronic Road Pricing for Stretch of Highway in California Korea: Congestion Pricing for Namsan Tunnel in Seoul Singapore: Cordon Electronic Road Pricing Chinese Taipei: Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes Japan: Car Sharing in Fukuoka United States: Washington State Commute Trip Reduction Program China: Expanding Bus Rapid Transit Thailand: Van Transit System in Bangkok Metropolitan Region Japan: Energy Conservation Law Improves Freight Efficiency United States: SmartWay Transport Partnership List of Figures and Tables Figure i Sustainable Road Transport Policies and Programs Identified in this Survey Figure 1 Vehicle production in top ten APEC producers, plus the EU-27 and Brazil Figure 2 Actual and projected fuel economy for new passenger vehicles by economy, 2002–2018 Figure 3 Efficient transmissions: an 8-speed automatic transmission at left and a continuously variable transmission, both by ZF Figure 4 Coefficient
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