INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES SPRING 2016 International Journal of Indonesian Studies ISSN 2203-4692 Volume 1, Issue 3, Spring 2016 Perempuan-perempuan Surokonto Wetan (The Women of Surokonto Wetan) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES SPRING 2016 Frontpiece: Artist: Dewi Candraningrum Perempuan-perempuan Surokonto Wetan Kendal yang mempertahankan tanahnya dari tukar guling tanah Kendeng Rembang oleh PT Semen Indonesia dan PERHUTANI merupakan salah satu dari setidaknya 1 milyar penduduk yang sekarang mengalami persoalan ketahanan pangan dalam kondisi ‘tanpa tanah’. Sementara agrikultur mengalami kerusakan tak terawat akibat terampasnya akses petani dan penggarap atas lahan, sawah dan perkebunan. Masyarakat internasional memiliki tanggung jawab dengan mempertimbangkan kembali inisiatif investasi-investasi dengan memperhatikan konteks redistribusi dan keadilan atas lahan yang berkelanjutan dan aman bagi warga. Pemerintah Jawa Tengah khususnya dalam tataran mikro, terkhusus Kabupaten Kendal, memiliki tanggung jawab untuk mencegah ancaman ketahanan pangan, gizi dan kesehatan keluarga dalam kasus pengambilalihan lahan dari warga Surokonto Wetan ini. Perempuan- perempuan Surokonto Wetan telah dua tahun ini menanam Lesung dalam rahimnya. Lesung adalah metafora dan simbol penumbuk padi sebagai lumbung pangan unit keluarga. Lesung adalah vital bagi ketahanan pangan sebuah negara. Seyogyanya negara mengembalikan Lesung itu pada para perempuan. Hanya dengan cara itulah ketahanan pangan di Indonesia dapat dijamin. The women of Surokonto Wetan who are defending their land from the process of Kendeng Rembang land’s quid pro quo (tukar guling) by two state owned corporations (PT Semen Indonesia and PERHUTANI) are just few of the world’s one billion landless people who are facing food insecurity. With the country’s agricultural sector is experiencing irreparable damage with farmers and farm workers being snatched from their access to land, rice fields and plantation, the government of Central Java Province, especially of Kendal Regency, is responsible for preventing threats to the food self-sufficiency and nutrition supply and health of the deprived families in the acquisition of land from the Surokonto people. The international community also has the moral obligation to reconsider their investment initiatives in regards to sustainable and safe land redistribution and justice for local people.The women of Surokonto Wetan “have planted a lesung (a rice mortar)” in their wombs for the last two years. A lesung, a traditional tool for pounding rice grains, is a metaphorical symbol of a family unit’s food basket and vital for Indonesia’s food self- sufficiency. It is therefore the state’s duty to return the Lesung soon to the women. Only in this way may the process towards the nation’s food sovereignty be ensured. 2 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES SPRING 2016 CONTENTS From the Editor Yacinta Kurniasih 4 RESEARCH ARTICLES Religious Ceremonies in Balinese Society: A Case Study of a Cremation Ritual in Tabanan Anom Rajendra & Nicholas Temple 5 Re-inventing Tabloid Journalism in Indonesia Diyah Hayu Rahmitasari 23 Code-switching and English Language Variations among Indonesian Facebookers Billy Nathan Setiawan 41 Structuralism in Eastern Indonesia: An Origin for a Theory in the Social Sciences Yancey Orr and Raymond I. Orr 59 “Au ume ma au ena”: my house and my mother: An investigation of environmental health and the traditional use of the ume kbubu in relation to maternal and neonatal mortality conditions in South Central Timor Nicholas Metherall, Jauhari Effendi, Geoff Dews, Sandra Frans, Willhelmus Mella, Jimmy Pello, Claudya Dhaja, Ananias Besh 73 Living adat Law, Indigenous Peoples and the State Law: A Complex Map of Legal Pluralism in Indonesia Mirza Satria Buana 104 The Impact of Information Communication and Technology on Students' Academic Performance: Evidence from Indonesian EFL Classrooms Arzal 120 ESSAYS Poetic Reaction to Political Excess: W.S. Rendra, Peacock and People’s Poet Moira Neagle 131 The Socio-Political Factors of the Emergence of Teaching English in Postcolonial Indonesia Dewi Candraningrum 154 The FIQH Paradigm and the Moderate Theory of Secularization: Abdurrahman Wahid on Islam, Democracy and the Republic of Indonesia Saefur Rochmat 188 The Influence of Walter Benjamin on Benedict Anderson Anthony Taylor 202 3 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES SPRING 2016 From the Editor: Yacinta Kurniasih [email protected] The International Journal of Indonesian Studies [IJIS] is proud to present its Spring Issue, 2016. It has been another difficult but also productive year for our fledgling journal and, again, we are always extremely grateful for everyone’s patience. A number of important steps have been taken including obtaining SCOPUS accreditation as well as imminent listing on the Open Access Journal’s database. We have also reviewed and revised the IJIS Style Guide and request future contributors read and follow these guidelines exactly. Close adherence to the Style Guide will streamline the review and ultimately the publication process. We cannot thank enough our reviewers. Without their contribution, it would be impossible to continue this project. The efficient review of papers is largely what has hindered timely publication of IJIS 3. Those reviewers who have stayed true to their word and reviewed and returned papers in a reasonable timeframe are making a genuine contribution to fostering contemporary and innovative Indonesian scholarship, which is what IJIS is all about! Thank you so much. Of course, given recent developments in Indonesia regarding the importance of publishing in English in international, peer-reviewed journals such as IJIS, we are confident of a bright future for IJIS. As well, the role of reviewing for journals such as IJIS is also well recognised and so we again invite reviewers from all disciplines to contact us. But, again, please do not offer to review unless you can commit to a 6 week turn around. It is simply not fair to the authors to have their scholarship waiting so long and losing its currency. Again, we are very appreciative of the artistic contribution made by Dewi Candraningrum. Special thanks also to Elisabet Titik Murtisari (Satya Wacana University) for her wonderful support, advice and guidance. Finally, we ask for your support firstly in disseminating news of IJIS’s Spring Issue through your networks; second, in constructive critique of this collaborative project; third, and most importantly, contributing your work for publication in future issues. Yacinta Kurniasih Special Acknowledgements: Nasya Bahfen Made Hery Santosa Ribut Wahyudi Richard Curtis David Mitchell Graeme MacRae 4 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES SPRING 2016 Religious Ceremonies in Balinese Society: A Case Study of a Cremation Ritual in Tabanan Anom Rajendra and Nicholas Temple. Biodata: Anom Rajendra is a PhD candidate in the Department of Architecture at University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom. He is also a lecturer at Udayana University in Bali. Email: [email protected] Biodata: Nicholas Temple is a Professor of Architecture and Director of the Centre for Urban Design, Architecture and Sustainability (CUDAS) at the University of Huddersfield, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper considers the cremation ceremony in the context of the life of the inhabitants of a Balinese community, tracing relationships between ritual itinerary and topography, and highlighting tensions and conflicts that have emerged between these ritual traditions and recent developments in tourism. The unique feature of the cremation ceremony is not only its procession, and particular architectural forms, but also the accompanying festival events that parade from the house of the deceased to the cemetery. In the investigation, we will explore the historically important site of the Tabanan Palace that forms the geographical and symbolic focus of the ceremony and the route of the procession in the context of the cremation service with its community of participants/onlookers. The processions, and their related rituals, have long been recognised as an integral part of the civic life of the community, which is increasingly being jeopardised as a result of the impact of commercial use. The investigation asks if the preservation of these ceremonies can exist in harmony with these recent developments, without undermining the still vibrant traditional practices of Balinese society. Keywords: Religious ceremonies, cremation ritual, Tabanan Palace Introduction Balinese society today is intimately connected to the long historical development of Hinduism in Bali which was first identified in the eighth century along with the visit to Bali of Rsi Markandya, a Brahmin Hindu saint from India (Wikarman, 1997: 14-6; Ardhana, 2002: 59-60). The Hindu religion has inspired people to live in organised and harmonious communities, backed up by their own laws and creeds. Traditional communities still exist within this social structure, which are of three types: desa pakraman, banjar, and sekehe. Desa pakraman denotes a village in which a local community is defined by a sacred and political space and governed by certain taboos, ritual protocols, and laws, whilst banjar refers to a social community/ organisation within the village based on mutual needs especially in religious activities (Sutjaja, 2009: 37). Finally, sekehe denotes an organised group,