Chapter Four Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects
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Xiang Dialects Xiāng Fāngyán 湘方言
◀ Xiang Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Xiang Dialects Xiāng fāngyán 湘方言 Mandarin 普通话 (putonghua, literally “com- kingdom, which was established in the third century ce, moner’s language”) is the standard Chinese but it was greatly influenced by northern Chinese (Man- language. Apart from Mandarin, there are darin) at various times. The Chu kingdom occupied mod- other languages and dialects spoken in China. ern Hubei and Hunan provinces. Some records of the vocabulary used in the Chu kingdom areas can be found 湘 汉 Xiang is one of the ten main Chinese Han in Fangyan, compiled by Yang Xiong (53 bce– 18 ce), and dialects, and is spoken primarily throughout Shuowen jiezi, compiled by Xu Shen in 100 ce. Both works Hunan Province. give the impression that the dialect spoken in the Chu kingdom had some strong local features. The dialects spoken in Chu were influenced strongly he Xiang dialect group is one of the recognized by northern Chinese migrants. The first group of mi- ten dialect groups of spoken Chinese. Some 34 grants came into Hunan in 307– 312 ce. Most of them million people throughout Hunan Province came from Henan and Shanxi provinces and occupied speak one of the Xiang dialects. Speakers are also found Anxiang, Huarong, and Lixian in Hunan. In the mid- in Sichuan and Guangxi provinces. Tang dynasty, a large group of northern people came to The Xiang dialect group is further divided into New Hunan following the Yuan River into western Hunan. The Xiang (spoken in the north) and Old Xiang (spoken in the third wave of migrants arrived at the end of the Northern south). -
THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING JANUARY 11Th, 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] CALL to ORDER Chairman Mark N
THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING th JANUARY 11 , 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] CALL TO ORDER Chairman Mark N. Fox called the meeting to order at 11:34AM. OPENING PRAYER Prayer by Arthur Tom Mandan. ROLL CALL Present: Councilwoman Monica Mayer, Councilman Cory Spotted Bear, Councilman Mervin Packineau, Chairman Mark N. Fox, Councilman Frank Grady, Councilman Randy Phelan, Councilman Fred Fox. Quorum established. I. APPROVAL OF AGENDA Motion: Councilman Randy Phelan moved to approve the agenda. Councilman Cory Spotted Bear seconded the motion. Vote: 6 Ayes. 1 – Not Voting. Motion carried. Chairman Mark N. Fox – Aye Councilman Randy Phelan – Aye Councilman Fred Fox – Aye Councilman Mervin Packineau – Not Voting Councilman Frank Grady – Aye Councilman Cory Spotted Bear – Aye Councilwoman Monica Mayer – Aye II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES December 5th, 2017 Special Meeting Minutes December 18th-19th, 2017 Regular Meeting Minutes Motion: Councilman Randy Phelan moved to approve the December 2017 minutes subject to corrections. Councilman Fred Fox seconded the motion. Vote: 6 Ayes. 1 – Not Voting. Motion carried. Chairman Mark N. Fox – Aye Councilman Randy Phelan – Aye Councilman Fred Fox – Aye Councilman Mervin Packineau – Not Voting Councilman Frank Grady – Aye Councilman Cory Spotted Bear – Aye Councilwoman Monica Mayer – Aye January 10th, 2018 Special Meeting Minutes 1 | P a g e - Office of the Executive Secretary THREE AFFILIATED TRIBES TRIBAL BUSINESS COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING th JANUARY 11 , 2018 MINUTES [CLOSED SESSION CONTENT EXCLUDED] III. SPECIAL GUESTS & ELDERS TAT_20180111+1144_01d38ad18cc9da84.mp3 A. Nueta, Hidatsa, Sahnish (NHS) Language and Culture Education Board - Evelyn Lone Bear & Bernadine Young Bird Read a prepared statement into the record in the Hidatsa Language. -
Post-Focus-Compression (PFC) in Tibeto- Burman Languages: Is PFC a Genetic Feature?
Post-focus-compression (PFC) in Tibeto- Burman Languages: Is PFC a Genetic Feature? Bei Wang [email protected] Minzu University of China Acknowledgement Yi Xu (University College London) Qifan Ding (Mandarin), Liu Lu (Bai), Qingyi Song (Tujia), Xueqiao Li (Bai), Yuanyuan Zhang (Wu, Gulin), Xiaxia Zhang (Lasha Tibetan, Qiang), Fanglan Li (Nanchang), Qian Wu (Li, Hainan Tsat), Baofeng Wang (Buyi), Shaobo Sun (Mogolian, Jing), Ling Wang (Deang, Wa, Ando Tibetan), Wei Lai (Shanghai), Miaomiao Yang (Hmong), Sisi Chen (4 Wu dialects), Qiaoyun Yin (Deang), Chao Wang (Xian), Qubi Erlian (Lolo), Erkbulan (Kazakhstan) National Social Science Foundation of China (18BYY079) National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 60905062) Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China (NCET-12-0584) “111” Project of Minzu University Contents Post-focus-compression (PFC) in Beijing Mandarin and Taiwanese Worldwide Distribution of PFC Distribution of PFC in Tibeto-Burman Languages General Discussion on the origin of PFC Focus is to highlight part of a sentence against the rest of the sentence as motivated by a particular discourse situation. Focus can be realized prosodically. (Bolinger, 1958; Eady & Cooper, 1986; Ladd, 1996; Xu, 1999, 2005 among many others) Initial Focus Medial Focus Final Focus 250 Initial Focus: Who is stoking the kitten? ) 200z H Medial Focus: What is mom doing on the kitten? ( Neutral 0 Final Focus: What is mom stoking? 150F Neutral Focus: What do you see? 100 Ma Monol maingual Beimojing Mandarimaon mi 50 mother stoke kitten Normalized time Post-focus-compression (PFC): F0 and intensity is compressed in post-focal words. -
US Department of the Interior (DOI) Closed Office of the Inspector
Description of document: US Department of the Interior (DOI) closed Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigations (various), 2003-2007, including several investigations of Native American tribes and businesses Requested date: 25-May-2007 Released date: 05-June-2009 Posted date: 08-June-2009 Title of documents Office of Inspector General Office of Investigations U.S. Department of the Interior, Report of Investigation Date/date range of document: 24-April-2003 – 10-January-2007 Source of document: U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Inspector General Attn: Sandra Evans, FOIA Officer 1849 C Street, N.W. MS-4428-MIB Washington, D.C. 20240 Fax: (703) 487-5406 Email: [email protected] The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. -
The Morpho-Syntax of Aspect in Xiāng Chinese
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38Th Annual Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference Program
38th Annual Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference June 7-9, 2018 Linguistics Department Northeastern Illinois University Chicago, Illinois Welcome! The Linguistics Department at NEIU is proud to host the annual meeting of Siouanists. NEIU Linguistics last hosted the conference in 2008. We’re happy to have everyone back and appreciate your long travel here to participate. Thanks to all for coming and thanks especially to our ongoing pursuit of things Siouan. And enjoy Chicago while you’re here. The conference is over two and a half days, ending early Saturday so that those who wish will have some time to check out the City of the Big Shoulders (although today it’s better known for finance, services and Lollapalooza). Talks during those days are broken up by lunch, breaks and a business meeting Friday. There are also several Open Forum sessions during which anyone can bring up issues of interest to Siouanists and Siouan communities, our activities, our goals and how we can all better communicate and collaborate. As for food: Coffee and snacks are provided during the sessions. Lunch Thursday, you’re all on your own, but there are a number of restaurants on Bryn Mawr just a few blocks east of campus, as well as the university cafeteria in the Student Union, just north of the Library. Dinner Thursday, you’re on your own. Within a few miles of NEIU there are Andersonville and Lincoln Square, two areas with lots of eating options. Lunch Friday is being hosted by the Linguistics Department, in the Student Union. The 38th Annual Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference would not have been possible without the contributions of many volunteers. -
Standard and Variation in the Use of Sentence-Final Particles: a Case Study Based on Speakers of Mandarin and Min Varieties
DOI: 10.26346/1120-2726-166 Standard and variation in the use of sentence-final particles: A case study based on speakers of Mandarin and Min varieties Chiara Romagnoli,a Carmen Lepadatb a Università Roma Tre, Italy <[email protected]> b Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy <[email protected]> Sentence-final particles are widely used in spoken Chinese and have been analyzed from different theoretical perspectives. This study aims at investi- gating the influence of a speaker’s dialectal background on their selection of SFPs in Mandarin Chinese. Two types of sentence completion questionnaires were submitted to 86 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at Fuzhou University, roughly half of whom use – to varying degrees – one of the Chinese varieties spoken in Fujian Province. Data collected from the 72 valid question- naires were analyzed with results showing that dialectal background is a signifi- cant factor in the close-ended item type questionnaire. Keywords: sentence-final particle, Standard Mandarin Chinese, Min varieties. 1. Introduction While all languages display elements labelled particles, the peculiarity of Chinese lies in the diversity of these items both across different varieties and in how an individual particle is employed. Widely used in spoken language, Chinese sentence-final particles (henceforth SFPs) have been investigated from different perspectives and have been described in several works (among others Lü 1942, Chao 1979, Li & Thompson 1981, Chu 2009). While there is no lack of studies on SFPs in Cantonese, Taiwan Southern Min and some other varieties of Chinese (e.g. Fung 2000, Law 2002, Li 2006), less attention has been paid to the influence of regional varieties on the standard language in the selection of SFPs.1 The present study aims to fill this gap by presenting and discussing the data collected from a sample of 72 participants, all native speakers of one or more varieties of Chinese. -
Synchrony and Diachrony of Sinitic Languages: a Brief History of Chinese Dialects
I Synchrony and Diachrony of Sinitic Languages: A Brief History of Chinese Dialects HILARY CHAPPELL l.l Introduction Even though Sinitic languages are spoken by more than one billion people, very little research has been carried out on the synchronic grammar of major languages and dialect groups of Chinese, apart from standard Mandarin or plttdnghuA *Effi, and Cantonese to a lesser extent. The same situation applies to the diachrony of Sinitic languages with respect to the exact relationship between Archaic and Medieval Chinese and contemporary dialects. Since diachronic and historical research reveals important insights into earlier stages of grammar and morphology, it cannot but form a crucial link with syn- chronic studies. First, it can be expected that different kinds of archaic and medieval features are potentially preserved in certain of the more conservative dialect groups of Sinitic. Second, clues to the pathways of grammaticalization and semantic change can only be clearly delineated with reference to precise analyses of earlier stages of the Chinese language. These are two decisive factors in employ- ing both approaches to syntactic research in the one analysis. Indeed, the main motivation behind compiling this volume of studies on the grammar of Sinitic languages (or Chinese dialects) is to highlight the work of linguists who use the two intertwined perspectives of synchrony and diachrony in their research. A corollary of this first view, espoused in this anthology either explicitly or implicitly is that if only standard Mandarin grammar is analysed, then such con- nections between the diachronic and the synchronic state may often be over- looked. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
THE MEDIA's INFLUENCE on SUCCESS and FAILURE of DIALECTS: the CASE of CANTONESE and SHAAN'xi DIALECTS Yuhan Mao a Thesis Su
THE MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DIALECTS: THE CASE OF CANTONESE AND SHAAN’XI DIALECTS Yuhan Mao A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Language and Communication) School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration 2013 ABSTRACT Title of Thesis The Media’s Influence on Success and Failure of Dialects: The Case of Cantonese and Shaan’xi Dialects Author Miss Yuhan Mao Degree Master of Arts in Language and Communication Year 2013 In this thesis the researcher addresses an important set of issues - how language maintenance (LM) between dominant and vernacular varieties of speech (also known as dialects) - are conditioned by increasingly globalized mass media industries. In particular, how the television and film industries (as an outgrowth of the mass media) related to social dialectology help maintain and promote one regional variety of speech over others is examined. These issues and data addressed in the current study have the potential to make a contribution to the current understanding of social dialectology literature - a sub-branch of sociolinguistics - particularly with respect to LM literature. The researcher adopts a multi-method approach (literature review, interviews and observations) to collect and analyze data. The researcher found support to confirm two positive correlations: the correlative relationship between the number of productions of dialectal television series (and films) and the distribution of the dialect in question, as well as the number of dialectal speakers and the maintenance of the dialect under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks to my advisors and all the people who gave me invaluable suggestions and help. -
Vers Une Nouvelle Typologie Des Langues Sinitiques
Vers une nouvelle typologie des langues sinitiques Hilary M. Chappell* INTRODUCTION Cette troisième partie présente trois études approfondies sur la morphosyntaxe et la typologie des langues sinitiques, comprenant des analyses (i) sur la morphologie chinoise fusionnelle, qui reste peu connue et qui touche respectivement la phrase nominale (type dérivationnel privilégié) et la phrase prédicative (type flexionnel privilégié) (Lamarre), (ii) sur la question de la présence - ou absence - d’érosion phonétique, y compris la fusion, dans les processus de grammaticalisation de diverses formes grammaticales (Chen & Wu), et (iii) sur la formation des marqueurs de négation fusionnés et utilisés dans la négation des phrases impératives dans le min méridional de Taïwan (Lien). Il est évident que le fil conducteur qui unit ces trois contributions est le thème du fusionnement qui produit des variantes morphologiques et qui inclut surtout les phénomènes d’alternance tonale et de réduction phonétique, qui sont loin d’avoir été étudiés de manière systématique dans le domaine de la linguistique chinoise, leur étude ayant été laissée jusqu’à aujourd’hui aux dialectologues qui mènent des recherches sur les langues et dialectes en dehors de la langue standard. Les trois articles réunis dans cette troisième partie représentent donc des explorations approfondies sur des questions spécifiques qui concernent la morphologisation et la morphosyntaxe des langues sinitiques. Ce sont assurément des domaines d’intérêt majeurs pour les études typologiques aujourd’hui. La linguistique chinoise telle qu’elle est pratiquée en Chine, mais aussi en Occident, a toujours eu tendance à mettre en avant le mandarin standard, une langue pourtant quasi-artificielle qui a été créée sur la base de la prononciation du dialecte pékinois cultivé, du lexique des dialectes chinois du nord et de la grammaire de la littérature vernaculaire moderne1. -
Unified Language, Labor and Ideology*
Unified Language, Labor and Ideology* Yang You Harvard University Last Updated: Feb. 2018 Abstract Exploring an instance of nationwide language educational reform, the Chinese Pinyin Act Reform of 1958-1960, we estimate the effects of language unification using a difference-in-difference approach by interacting a birth cohort exposure dummy with the linguistic distances between local languages and Putonghua, modern standardized Mandarin. This paper presents five main findings: (1) Putonghua learning exhibits modest short-run negative but long-run positive effects on educational attainment; (2) Putonghua learning increases rural households’ non-agricultural employment; (3) Common language empowers workers to migrate across provinces and language regions; (4) Language unification fosters patriotism, a stronger national identity and a more positive subjective evaluation of China. One plausible channel is that the common language builds national identity by expanding exposure to vocal-based media, namely radio, cell phone and internet; and (5) The post-reform population shows more skepticism of democracy, better subjective evaluation of governance and more support for government intervention over economic liberalism. These changes in ideology and social preference are consistent with the political doctrine of the Communist Party of China. Keywords: Language, Education, Labor market, Ideology, Social Preference JEL Code: I25, I26, L82, N45, O15, Z13 * We thank Michael Kremer for outstanding guidance and support. We are grateful Alberto Alesina, Philipp Ager, Richard Freeman, Edward Glaeser, Lawrence Katz, Andrei Shleifer, Stefanie Stantcheva and seminar participants at the Harvard Development Economics lunch seminar, the Economic History lunch seminar, the Public/Labor lunch seminar, the China Economy Seminar and The Econometric Society Asian Meeting 2017, for their comments and helpful discussions.