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La Cina Guarda Ad Ovest Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Lavoro, Cittadinanza Sociale, Interculturalità Tesi di Laurea La Cina guarda ad Ovest Relatore Prof. Pietro Basso Correlatore Prof. Fabio Perocco Laureando Iva Lalevic Matricola 810278 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 INDICE Introduzione 1.Da socialismo a socialismo di mercato 1.1 Ricostruzione, Transizione e “dominio di un solo uomo” 1 1.2 Great Leap Forward e Rivoluzione Culturale 10 1.3 Effetti delle politiche maoiste a livello regionale 18 1.4 Deng Xiaoping e la nascita del socialismo di mercato:1976-1992 26 1.5 Management reform e Dual Track System 29 1.6 ZES e strategie di sviluppo: prima la costa 31 1.7 Gap regionali e settore agricolo 37 2.Trasformazioni sociali e migrazioni inter-provinciali, 1949-1995 2.1 Nascita del sistema dello hukou e suo sviluppo nel periodo maoista 43 2.2 Migrazioni inter-provinciali, 1955-1982 54 2.3 Riforme del sistema hukou, anni ‘80 e ‘90 60 2.4 Prima generazione di mingong 66 2.5 Migrazioni inter-provinciali, 1982-1995 69 3.Disuguaglianze territoriali e priorità politiche negli anni Novanta 3.1 Promessa di Deng Xiaoping e propaganda politica 77 3.2 Disuguaglianze di reddito nelle aree rurali e urbane, 1988-1995 82 3.3 Avvicinamento alla Western Development Strategy e al WTO, 1996-2000 94 3.4 Disuguaglianze di reddito nelle aree rurali e urbane, 1995-2002 100 3.5 Inequality of Regional Economic Development, 1991-2001 115 4.Western Development Strategy 4.1 Magical Turning Point 123 4.2 Quest of equality 135 4.3 Foreign, State and Infrastructure investments 158 4.4 Sustainable development 174 4.5 Tackling the nationalities issue 188 5.Unity is strenght 5.1 Weiquan, 1999-2008 200 5.2 Crisi economica e situazione dei lavoratori, 2008-2009 213 5.3 Lotte, 2008-2013 220 5.4 Seconda generazione di mingong e recenti migrazioni 229 Conclusioni 236 Bibliografia 242 INTRODUZIONE La ricerca nasce da un desiderio personale di analisi ed approfondimento delle dinamiche economiche e sociali recentemente riscontrabili in Cina. Dopo avervi trascorso alcuni mesi a conclusione del precedente percorso di studi in Istituzioni Economiche e Giuridiche dell’Asia Orientale a Cà Foscari, ho ravvisato il bisogno di intraprendere una laurea magistrale in grado di fornire le competenze e gli strumenti per un’analisi più critica degli insegnamenti appresi nel corso di studi precedente. Ritengo che tale necessità sia scaturita proprio dal primo scorcio di Cina “reale” che ho avuto l’opportunità di carpire durante il succitato viaggio. Indirizzata verso una carriera di traduttrice nell’ambito commerciale, ho iniziato un percorso intenso e progressivo che mi ha portato a visitare le realtà simbolo della disparità sociale e del conflitto di classe del paese: le fiere, i luoghi di produzione e i quartieri popolati dai mingong e dalla povertà cui il “socialismo di mercato” li ha condannati. Catapultata in tale realtà, che tanto si discostava dalla mia ingenua e preconfezionata idea di Cina, ne rimasi scossa. Dopo aver visitato Shanghai, Pechino, Qingdao, Xi’An e Hong Kong tornai in Italia soggiogata dall’inquietudine, per me assolutamente desueta, di voler rivedere completamente i miei obbiettivi nonché il mio futuro professionale. Da quel momento ho ritenuto imprescindibile la comprensione delle dinamiche sociali che caratterizzano questa fase storica, e dunque l’approfondimento delle grandi questioni sociali come la migrazione, i diritti umani e la cittadinanza attiva. Se infatti, nella prima parte del mio percorso accademico posso dire di aver studiato la Cina, sento di aver appreso nella seconda le chiavi di lettura per la comprensione tanto della Cina, quanto di me stessa e del Mondo. Tali sono le ragioni che mi hanno spinto a produrre questa ricerca: riavvicinarmi alla Cina con un nuovo approccio, senza più alcuna aspirazione a tradurre contratti convenienti per qualcuno, bensì con la voglia di contribuire affinché se ne scrivano altri importanti per tutti. Oggi con più consapevolezza e con un maggior interesse vedo la Cina come un paese- kaleidoscopio da conoscere in tutte le sue sfaccettature, e nello specifico, il caso delle migrazioni interne. Esso è emblematico per comprendere le implicazioni sociali e la portata delle nuove disuguaglianze, che non sono un fenomeno limitato all’Europa, ma interessano sia i Paesi del Sud del mondo che le nuove potenze economiche. Infatti, le situazioni vissute dai mingong sono sempre più tipiche nel “villaggio globale” generato dall’economia di mercato, e non vanno interpretate come condizioni esclusivamente cinesi. La conoscenza del passato millenario della Cina, è fondamentale per comprendere l’evoluzione della scena economica cinese che, a differenza di come potrebbe apparire, ovvero caotica e sregolata, è invece profondamente ancorata alle tradizioni del passato nonché alle lezioni ed ai segni che queste hanno lasciato. Inoltre è di straordinaria importanza perché può fornire degli indizi essenziali per comprendere il percorso futuro del paese: la dimensione e il livello delle sue ambizioni e le politiche strategiche che potranno essere utilizzate per realizzarle. Questa analisi ripercorre le principali trasformazioni economiche e sociali che si sono susseguite in Cina dalla nascita della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, con un particolare focus sulla Western Development Strategy attuata dal PCC nel 1999. L’obiettivo è comprendere sia come le varie politiche economiche adottate nel corso degli ultimi decenni abbiano creato profonde disuguaglianze economiche e sociali, sia se questa nuova strategia riuscirà ad apportare uno sviluppo economico più equilibrato fra le varie aree (regionali, provinciali, urbane e rurali) e più sostenibile nel tempo. Si evince chiaramente dall’analisi condotta infatti, come il governo cinese abbia spostato nel corso degli anni, a seconda delle necessità e delle diverse circostanze, l’attenzione sullo sviluppo di alcune regioni piuttosto che di altre. Dopo uno sviluppo insostenibile nella coast belt, basato sostanzialmente sullo sfruttamento dei lavoratori migranti provenienti dalle aree rurali, la Western Development Strategy propone un piano di safe urbanization che secondo il governo di Pechino consentirà ai migranti di trovare impiego nelle nuove aree urbane costruite nell’ultimo decennio nelle province occidentali. In seguito alla crisi economica, alla transizione demografica (che ha ridotto l’offerta di manodopera nelle province costiere) e all’inflazione, gli anni fra il 2010 e il 2013 hanno visto una sempre maggiore coscienza di classe dei lavoratori migranti, che attraverso azioni di protesta e scioperi, lottano contro le strategie di produzione capitalistica, non accettando più la “race to the bottom” e la prassi di esclusione sociale determinata dal sistema di registrazione hukou. L’aumento del costo della forza lavoro ottenuto grazie ai mass incidents provocati da questo nuovo proletariato in via di definizione, ha causato una progressiva de-delocalizzazione sia nelle aree interne, promosse dalla Western Development Strategy, sia in altre economie in via di sviluppo. Scopo ultimo di questo lavoro è infatti indagare sia se effettivamente la Western Development Strategy (unita all’ultimo Piano Quinquennale) riuscirà a trasformare “l’infinito esercito di riserva” in un ceto medio di consumatori, tanto da creare l’attesa well off sociey, sia come deciderà di comportarsi il governo di Pechino nei prossimi anni per evitare che il popolo cessi di riconoscere il suo mandato celeste. 1. Da socialismo a socialismo di mercato 孟子曰: 天下有道,小德役大德,小賢役大賢; 天下無道,小役大,弱役強。 斯二者天也。 順天者存,逆天者亡。1 1.1 Ricostruzione, Transizione e “dominio di un solo uomo” Il primo ottobre 1949, Mao Zedong annunciava la fondazione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese con capitale Pechino: la nuova Cina sarebbe stata guidata dal proletariato e si sarebbe fondata sulla collaborazione fra mondo operaio e rurale e sull’unione delle diverse classi democratiche. Gli obiettivi del nuovo Stato consistevano in una serie di riforme, quali la trasformazione di un sistema di proprietà fondiaria sostanzialmente feudale in un sistema di proprietà fondiaria collettiva a beneficio dei contadini, la protezione degli interessi economici e dei beni privati delle classi “democratiche” , e più in generale la trasformazione della Cina da paese agricolo in paese industriale. Al momento della fondazione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, non era ancora chiaro quale percorso essa avrebbe effettivamente seguito nell’ambito del processo di ricostruzione del paese. Altro obiettivo che apparve subito prioritario fu quello della riconquista dei territori cinesi periferici, che in generale avevano interrotto i propri rapporti col governo centrale sin dall’epoca della caduta della dinastia mancese.2 1 “Mencius said: When right government prevails in the kingdom, princes of little virtue are submissive to those of great, and those of little worth to those of great. When bad government prevails in the kingdom, princes of small power are submissive to those of great, and the weak to the strong. Both these cases are the rule of Heaven. They who accord with Heaven are preserved, and they who rebel against Heaven perish.” Traduzione e citazione da https://ctext.org Secondo il concetto del tianming 天命, mandato celeste, ripreso da Mencio, il cielo benediceva l'autorità del sovrano giusto e virtuoso conferendogli il mandato di regnare. Il cielo poteva anche ritirare il mandato ad un sovrano corrotto ed ingiusto, conferendolo ad un sovrano più meritevole. Per approfondire il
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