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“Not Fat, Maybe Thick, Not Too Skinny”: Resisting and Reproducing Health and Beauty Discourses in Urban Jamaica

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“Not Fat, Maybe Thick, Not Too Skinny”: Resisting and Reproducing Health and Beauty Discourses in Urban Jamaica “Not fat, maybe thick, not too skinny”: Resisting and Reproducing Health and Beauty Discourses in Urban Jamaica by Claudia C.E. Barned A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Claudia C.E. Barned, July, 2017 ABSTRACT “Not Fat, Maybe Thick, Not Too Skinny”: Resisting and Reproducing Health and Beauty Discourses in Urban Jamaica Claudia Barned Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Dr. Kieran O’Doherty This dissertation critically analyzes the ways in which urban Jamaican women position themselves within culturally available discourses on health and beauty. Forty-One Jamaican women from the Kingston and St. Andrew area of Jamaica were interviewed about their conceptualizations of health and beauty. I examine varied meanings of health, and identify the dominant and subversive health discourses (the healthism discourse, obesity epidemic discourse and slim-thick healthy body discourse) that are available to Jamaican women. Using a feminist post-structuralist framework, I analyze how Jamaican women take up, resist and partially resist these discourses. I then describe the characteristics of a beautiful body in Jamaica. I identify a light-skinned beauty ideal and demonstrate the pervasiveness of this conceptualization of beauty. I also illustrate how Jamaican women refer to Jamaica’s history of colonialism and slavery as explanations for modern-day conceptualizations of beauty in Jamaica. I show how notions of beauty intersect with socially constructed categories of race and class and discuss the intersection of gender, race, and class in relation to the subjectivities of urban Jamaican women. I conclude by considering the need for more inclusive ways of thinking and speaking about women’s bodies in Jamaica and beyond. Dedicated to: Jason Brian Dominic Karl Alliman (R.I.P) and My mother, Marie Barned iii Acknowledgments I would like to first express gratitude to the Jamaican women who so kindly and openly shared their thoughts, feelings and experiences with me. To each woman that I personally interviewed, I learned something from each and every one of you. Your willingness to share your own struggles and triumphs, and to offer your thoughts and emotional experiences in your own body journey was inspiring. Thank you for letting me into your homes, lives, and relationships; without you this research would have been impossible. A special thank you to my advisor, Dr. Kieran O’Doherty, to whom I am so grateful. This has been quite a journey, and I have come a long way thanks to your advice and support. I am so thankful for your patience, and encouragement over the past 4 years. I have been lucky to receive not only your valuable feedback but your guidance as an outstanding academic role model. I would also like to thank Dr. Linda Wood for her willingness to help, her constructive feedback (especially her attention to detail), and her continued guidance throughout the many iterations of this document. To my committee members, Dr. Carla Rice and Dr. Tracy McFarlane, it has been such an honour and privilege to work with you. Thank you for your invaluable help and for challenging me to think about my work in deeper ways. Your feedback, guidance, and support is most valued and appreciated. I would also like to thank Dr. Garth Lipps for his continued support throughout this journey, and for encouraging me to apply to the AS PhD program 5 years ago. To Kristie-Lyn Serota, Kajalaxy Thavendran and Ryan Miller, thank you for your help with data collection and transcription. I am so grateful for the time and effort devoted in helping me along this journey. I am extremely grateful to my friends and family who have supported, encouraged, and iv motivated me throughout my years of doctoral work. To Kelly-k King, thank you for keeping me sane, for bearing the brunt of my frustrations and for reminding me of what is important. Thanks also to Rashelle Litchmore, Sara Crann, Karla Stroud, Sadie Goddard-Durant and Scott Cassidy for your ongoing support and friendship. To Christopher Nolet, thanks for tolerating my frustrations during times of great stress, for encouraging me to keep at it when I was feeling overwhelmed, and for reminding me to have fun along the way. Finally, thank you to my mother and father, who have always instilled the value of education. Thank you for your unconditional love and support throughout this journey and beyond. Thanks for constantly encouraging, and guiding me to believe that I am worthy and able to succeed in life. vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One: Introduction................................................................................................... 1 Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................2 Jamaica’s Historical Context ........................................................................................................4 Jamaica’s independence from Britain............................................................................................... 7 Skin tone hierarchies in Jamaica ....................................................................................................... 7 Colourism, Colonialism and Blackness in the Caribbean ............................................................ 11 Hegemonically Defined Beauty Norms and Black Resistance ...................................................... 12 Caribbean beauty standards ............................................................................................................ 14 Understandings of the body in rural Jamaica. ............................................................................... 15 Caribbean resistance to Eurocentric ideals of beauty. .................................................................. 16 Brown Bodies, Black Beauty Shame and Bleaching .................................................................... 18 Browning ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Black beauty shame .......................................................................................................................... 19 Skin bleaching in Jamaica ................................................................................................................ 22 Objectives and Research Questions ............................................................................................ 29 Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 31 Poststructuralism ........................................................................................................................ 31 Subjectivity. ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Identity and Discourse ...................................................................................................................... 33 Power .................................................................................................................................................. 35 Feminist Poststructuralism ......................................................................................................... 36 Feminist Poststructuralist Perspectives on the Body ................................................................... 38 Situating the Current Study ........................................................................................................ 40 Chapter Three: Dominant Health Discourses ..................................................................... 43 Knowledge, Discourse and Power ............................................................................................... 43 Dominant Discourses on Health .................................................................................................. 47 Healthism Discourse. ........................................................................................................................ 48 Obesity Epidemic Discourse. ............................................................................................................ 52 Constructions of Health and the Body ........................................................................................ 56 Healthism Discourse. ........................................................................................................................ 56 Obesity epidemic Discourse.............................................................................................................. 67 Chapter Four: Method ....................................................................................................... 73 Participants ...............................................................................................................................
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