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El Género Muhlenbergia (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae

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El Género Muhlenbergia (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm CaldasiaGiraldo-Cañas 31(2):269-302. & Peterson 2009 EL GÉNERO MUHLENBERGIA (POACEAE: CHLORIDOIDEAE: CYNODONTEAE: MUHLENBERGIINAE) EN COLOMBIA1 The genus Muhlenbergia (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Muhlenbergiinae) in Colombia DIEGO GIRALDO-CAÑAS Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. [email protected] PAUL M. PETERSON Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. [email protected] RESUMEN Se presenta un estudio taxonómico de las especies colombianas del género Muhlenbergia. Se analizan diversos aspectos relativos a la clasificación, la nomenclatura y la variación morfológica de los caracteres. El género Muhlenbergia está representado en Colombia por 14 especies. Las especies Aegopogon bryophilus Döll, Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Lycurus phalaroides Kunth y Pereilema crinitum J. Presl se transfi eren al género Muhlenbergia. El binomio Muhlenbergia cleefi i Lægaard se reduce a la sinonimia de Muhlenbergia fastigiata (J. Presl) Henrard. Las especies Muhlenbergia beyrichiana Kunth, Muhlenbergia ciliata (Kunth) Trin. y Muhlenbergia nigra Hitchc. se excluyen de la fl ora de Colombia. Se presentan las claves para reconocer las especies presentes en Colombia, así como también las descripciones de éstas, sus sinónimos, la distribución geográfi ca, se comentan algunas observaciones morfológicas y ecológicas, los usos y los números cromosómicos. Del tratamiento taxonómico se excluyen las especies Muhlenbergia erectifolia SwallenSwallen [[== Ortachne erectifolia (Swallen)(Swallen) CClayton]layton] y Muhlenbergia wallisii Mez [= Agrostopoa wallisii (Mez) P. M. Peterson, Soreng & Davidse]. Palabras clave. Aegopogon, Lycurus, Muhlenbergia, Pereilema, Chloridoideae, Poaceae, Gramíneas neotropicales, Flora de Colombia. ABSTRACT A taxonomic study of the Colombian species of the genus Muhlenbergia is given. The aspects related to the classifi cation, nomenclature, and morphological variation are discussed. The genus Muhlenbergia is represented in Colombia by 14 species. The following new combinations and new names are made: Muhlenbergia bryophilus (Döll) P. M. Peterson, Muhlenbergia cenchroides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) P. M. Peterson, Muhlenbergia pereilema P. M. Peterson, and Muhlenbergia phalaroides (Kunth) P. M Peterson. Muhlenbergia cleefi i Lægaard is reduced as synonym of Muhlenbergia fastigiata (J. Presl) Henrard. Muhlenbergia beyrichiana Kunth, Muhlenbergia ciliata (Kunth) Trin., Muhlenbergia erectifolia Swallen [= Ortachne 1 Contribución derivada del proyecto “Estudios sistemáticos en gramíneas de Colombia: Parte II.”, de la Dirección Nacional de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. 269 El género Muhlenbergia en Colombia erectifolia (Swallen)(Swallen) CClayton],layton], Muhlenbergia nigra Hitchc.,Hitchc., aandnd Muhlenbergia wallisii Mez [= Agrostopoa wallisii (Mez) P. M. Peterson, Soreng & Davidse] are excluded from this study. Keys to recognize the species that inhabit Colombia are given, as well as description of the species, synonyms, geographical distribution, morphological and ecological observations, uses, and chromosome numbers. Key words. Aegopogon, Lycurus, Muhlenbergia, Pereilema, Chloridoideae, Poaceae, Neotropical grasses, Flora of Colombia. INTRODUCCIÓN El género Muhlenbergia está delimitado por sus espiguillas unifloras (muy raramente La subfamilia Chloridoideae comprende bifl oras), solitarias, pareadas o fasciculadas cerca de 140 géneros y unas 1420 especies (en este caso entonces dispuestas en grupos (Watson & Dallwitz 1992, Clayton et al. 2008, de tres o raramente en grupos hasta de cinco Peterson et al. en imprenta), principalmente espiguillas), con la flor desarticulándose representados en las regiones tropicales y completa, en las que la lema, la pálea y las subtropicales de ambos hemisferios; éstos glumas caen juntas en la madurez o con son frecuentes en ambientes abiertos de desarticulación por encima de las glumas; suelos salinos y de condiciones xéricas y sus lemas son 3-nervias (muy raramente subxerofíticas, así como en áreas típicamente 5-nervias) y uni o tri-aristadas, las páleas ruderales (Watson & Dallwitz 1992, Van den son similares a las lemas y éstas son 2- Borre & Watson 1997, Hilu & Alice 2001, nervias; por su parte, las inflorescencias Liu et al. 2005a, 2005b, Peterson et al. 2007, son generalmente panojas o raras veces son en imprenta). A esta subfamilia pertenece el espigadas o racemosas unilaterales; las hojas género Muhlenbergia Schreb., el cual cuenta poseen una lígula membranácea que puede con unas 176 especies, en su mayoría del ser ciliada o no y ocasionalmente las hojas Nuevo Mundo (especialmente distribuidas pueden ser auriculadas. El presente aporte en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos de pretende contribuir al conocimiento de la América y México), y con seis especies en rica fl ora neotropical y en especial, al de su el Viejo Mundo, todas endémicas del sudeste diversa aunque escasamente conocida fl ora asiático (Peterson & Herrera Arrieta 2001, agrostológica. Aquí presentamos la revisión Herrera Arrieta & Peterson 2007, Rosales taxonómica de las especies de Muhlenbergia Carrillo & Herrera Arrieta 2009, Peterson para la Flora de Colombia, país en el que el et al. en imprenta). Existen alrededor de género está representado por 14 especies, 145 especies de Muhlenbergia nativas del incluidas las nuevas combinaciones y el nuevo sur de los Estados Unidos de América y el nombre. norte de México, mientras que el género está representado en Centroamérica por 38 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS especies (una endémica) y en Sudamérica por unas 32 especies (diez endémicas) (véanse Estudios exomorfológicos. Las técnicas Peterson & Herrera Arrieta 2001, Herrera utilizadas corresponden a las empleadas Arrieta & Peterson 2007). La mayoría de clásicamente en taxonomía y sistemática las especies de este género son componentes biológicas (Lawrence 1962, Cronquist 1988, de vegetación primaria, que ocupan hábitats Fonnegra 1989, Llorente Bousquets et al. de bosque como de pastizales-pajonales y 1994, Fernández et al. 2005, Lanteri et al. matorrales-arbustales, tanto de condiciones 2005a, 2005b). En este estudio se siguió el húmedas como secas o subxerofíticas. concepto morfológico de especie, con base 270 Giraldo-Cañas & Peterson en las consideraciones de Crisci (1994), como por ejemplo AAU, ANSM, ARIZ, McDade (1995), Wiens & Servedio (2000) y BAA, B-W, CAUP, COAH, COL, CORD, Uribe Meléndez (2008), esto es una especie ENCB, GH, HUA, K, LE, LPB, MEDEL, se defi ne como un conjunto de individuos que MEXU, MICH, MO, NMC, NY, P, PSO, presenta un espectro continuo de variación RSA, TAES, UC, UNLV, US, UTC, VEN, fenotípica y separado de otros conjuntos WIS y WS, abreviados de acuerdo con por discontinuidades morfológicas; en otras Holmgren et al. (1990). Asimismo, se palabras, las especies son hipótesis acerca realizaron varias salidas de campo con el fi n de la discontinuidad de la naturaleza. Por de enriquecer las colecciones de gramíneas y otra parte, cabe destacar que las nuevas observar las plantas en sus hábitats naturales. combinaciones y el nuevo nombre propuestos Así, los muestreos se realizaron en forma están basados en los recientes análisis aleatoria y cualitativa, los que comprendían la moleculares para la subfamilia Chloridoideae, herborización de ejemplares de gramíneas en llevados a cabo por Peterson et al. (en estado reproductivo, con base en los estándares imprenta y en evaluación). de inventarios fl orísticos y de preservación de las muestras (Johnston 1941, Lawrence La terminología de las estructuras morfológicas 1962, Gould & Shaw 1983, 1992, Llorente planas y tridimensionales está basada en los Bousquets et al. 1994, Judd et al. 2002). Las términos propuestos por Font Quer (1993), obras originales de las descripciones de las excepto en lo que tiene que ver con los especies aquí consideradas se tomaron de términos “caña” [= culmo sensu Chase & la bibliografía disponible, del “International Luces de Febres (1972), Sousa & Zárate Plant Name Index Query IPNI” (www.ipni. (1988), Dávila Aranda & Manrique Forceck org), de la base de datos “W3-TROPICOS” del (1990) y Pinto-Escobar (2002)], “panoja” [= Jardín Botánico de Missouri (EE.UU, www. paniculodio sensu Rua (1999), panícula sensu mobot.org) y del Catalógo de las gramíneas Chase & Luces de Febres (1972), Sousa & del Nuevo Mundo (Peterson et al. 2001). Zárate (1988), Dávila Aranda & Manrique Véase Peterson et al. (2001) para una lista Forceck (1990), Gould & Shaw (1992) y Font actualizada de los sinónimos de las especies Quer (1993)], “espiguilla” [= fl orescencia aquí tratadas. Cabe destacar que las palabras sensu Rua (1999), espícula sensu Font Quer holotipo, isotipo, lectotipo, isolectotipo y (1993) y Pinto-Escobar (2002)], “lema” [= otras similares, están escritas de acuerdo lemma sensu Parodi (1964), Chase & Luces con Kiesling (2002: xi), autor que adopta y de Febres (1972) y Nicora & Rúgolo de aconseja la forma sin tilde. Agrasar (1987)], “antecio” [= fl ósculo sensu Chase & Luces de Febres (1972), Sousa & RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Zárate (1988) y Dávila Aranda & Manrique Forceck (1990)], y “cariopsis” [= cariopse Tratamiento taxonómico sensu Nicora & Rúgolo de Agrasar (1987); = cariópside sensu Gould & Shaw (1992) Muhlenbergia Schreb., Gen. Pl. 44. 1789. y Pinto-Escobar (2002)]. Así, se siguió a TIPO:
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