1990 The Human Genome Project offi cially begins amid forecasts 1983 1986 that the project could be 1994 Kary B. Mullis develops the Applied Biosystems completed in 15 years from its 1997 2000 The fi rst breast cancer 2002 2004 1977 polymerase chain reaction commercializes the fi rst 1990 starting date, at a cost of “Dolly,” a sheep, is At a White House ceremony, Human Genome Applied Biosystems introduces the 3730 DNA Applied Biosystems teams with gene, BRCA1, is discovered. 2006 Teams at Harvard (PCR), a technique that enables automated DNA sequencer, US $3 billion. the fi rst mammal to be Project and Celera leaders jointly announce Analyzer and the Applied Biosystems Northrop Grumman and Cepheid of Applied Biosystems acquires University and the U.K. scientists to rapidly amplify Model 370A. cloned from an adult. their working drafts of the human genome 3730xl DNA Analyzer, expected to improve Sunnyvale, California, to detect Agencourt Personal Genomics, 1953 Medical Research Council DNA. He will receive the 1993 sequence, which would be published the data quality and increase productivity by a Bacillus anthracis during the anthrax a private developer of The molecular structure (MRC) independently develop Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his following year in Science and Nature. factor of two or more compared to current contamination case of the U.S. Postal next-generation sequencing of the DNA molecule is methods for sequencing DNA. accomplishment. technology platforms. • NHGRI launches Service. • The fi nished human genome technologies. discovered. Frederick Sanger will later be the International HapMap Project with the sequence is published, reducing the awarded the Nobel Prize for goal of mapping all of the common estimated number of human his work. genetic variations in the human genome. protein-coding genes from 35,000 to only 20,000-25,000.

A History of Innovation in Genetic Analysis

1981 Applied Biosystems founded, and begins to provide innovative 1984 tools for the genetic Alec Jeffreys of the gold rush. University of Leicester 1972 introduces technique for The fi rst gene is DNA fi nger-printing to sequenced at the identify individuals using 2003 2005 University of Ghent and RFLPs, enabling genetic Researchers sequence the severe Applied Biosystems launches the fi rst recombinant fi ngerprinting to enter acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) a global initiative to identify DNA molecule is the courtroom the virus using Applied Biosystems and track infectious diseases, 2007 2001 Applied Biosystems launches created by scientists at following year. DNA analyzers, enabling the rapid starting with the “avian fl u” Applied Biosystems the SOLiD™ System, its Stanford University. development of a diagnostic test and strain of Infl uenza A Subtype human identifi cation technology next-generation sequencing vaccine. • The 50th anniversary of the H5N1. • The Genographic is used to identify 9/11 platform leveraging clonal 1998 discovery of the DNA double helix is Project is launched: a fi ve-year World Trade Center victims. cluster sequencing and other 1989 DNA sequencing becomes widely celebrated. genetic anthropology study to industrial scale with the novel technologies to perform Myriad scientifi c achievements in genomics, biotechnology, and much of today’s The gene map historical human launch of the ABI PRISM® highly parallel sequential responsible for cystic migration patterns by 1995 3700 DNA Analyzer, which ligation reactions to generate fi brosis, one of the collecting and analyzing understanding of molecular biology would not have been possible without The Flavr Savr tomato, the fi rst genetically would enable the Human four gigabases of mappable most common inherited DNA samples from hundreds engineered food product, is approved for Genome Project to be data per run. diseases is identifi ed. 1993 of thousands of people across DNA sequencing and genetic analysis technology. Here are a few highlights of these The Huntington disease market. • Applied Biosystems introduces completed years ahead fi ve continents. gene is identifi ed, ending systems that automate and standardize of schedule. the decade-long search. DNA-based technology for forensic many advances and the discoveries that they enabled. investigation. • DNA fi ngerprinting using PCR becomes accepted in court as reliable forensic evidence and is brought to public attention in the O.J. Simpson trial.