Piperno Temporalities and Fractures in Post-Napoleonic Italy Final
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For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY by Martina Piperno A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Italian Studies University of Warwick, School of Modern Languages and Cultures March 2016 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ………………………………………………...... p. 4 Declaration …………………………………………………………... p. 5 Abstract ……………………………………………………………… p. 6 Abbreviations ………………………………………………………... p. 7 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………. p. 8 1. The Main Research Questions. Vico’s Legacy, Vico’s ‘Heir’…………… p. 8 2. Existing Scholarship and Its Gaps………………………………………... p. 11 3. Diffraction as a Methodological Framework……………………………... p. 18 4. Diffractive Mapping. Organization of the Material in this Work………… p. 29 Chapter 1. FROM NAPLES TO VENICE AND LOMBARDY The Oblique Paths of Vico’s Interpretation(s) (1708-1815) ……… p. 35 1. 1 – Naples 1708: An Italian Response to the ‘Querelle Des Anciens et des Modernes’……………………………………..………………………… p. 36 1. 2 – Venice 1763: Translating and Mediating the Ancient World……….. p. 48 1. 3 – Vico in Lombardy (1800-1815): Post-Revolutionary ‘Vichismo’ and the Revision of Italian Identity……………………………………………… p. 58 Chapter 2. MILAN Classicism and Romanticism, Tradition and Innovation, History and Philology (1808-1827) ………………………………………….. p. 76 2. 1 – Was Vico ‘Classicist’ or ‘Romantic’?................................................... p. 78 2. 2 – Between Giordani and Borsieri: Rethinking Philology………………. p. 98 Chapter 3. RECANATI Fallacy, Forgery, Logic and Mythology in Leopardi (1815-1822) .. p. 113 2 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY 3. 1 - Mytho-logein: Vico and Leopardi as Mythologists………………… p. 115 3. 2 - Towards ‘Alla Primavera’: Leopardi’s Itineraries in Myth (1815- 1818)………………………………………………………………………… p. 122 3. 3 - ‘Alla Primavera’: About (Un)Poetic Logic…………………………… p. 139 Chapter 4. FLORENCE Studying the Ancient as the Other (1827-1828) …………………… p. 153 4. 1 - Florence 1827-1828: Restoration, Resurrection, Re-foundation……… p. 154 4. 2 - Zibaldone 4311-4417: Leopardi Inside Homer’s System…………….. p. 175 Chapter 5. NAPLES Recourse, belief, and poetry among ‘i nuovi credenti’ (1832-1840) p. 188 5. 1 - Rereading Vico in Post-revolutionary Naples: History, Progress, Perfectibility………………………………………………………………… p. 190 5. 2 - ‘Cantare la religione civile’: Vico’s Ideas in Poetry………………….. p. 205 5. 3 - Regress, Disbelief and Fable in Leopardi’s Last Works……………. p. 211 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………. p. 223 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. p. 240 3 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Fabio Camilletti and Dr. David Lines for the continuous support of my Ph.D. study and research, for their patience, motivation, and knowledge. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I would also like to thank other members of staff of the Italian Section of the School of Modern Languages and Cultures of the University of Warwick: Dr. Alessandra Aloisi, Dr. Jennifer Burns, Prof. Ann Caesar, Dr. Giacomo Comiati, Dr. Alessio Cotugno, Prof. Simon Gilson, Dr. Anna Pegoretti, and Dr. Loredana Polezzi for their insightful comments and encouragement, but also for the questions which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. I thank all my fellow Ph.D. students at the School of Modern Languages for their friendship, stimulating discussions, and help. In particular I thank Matt Coneys, Elisabeth Wallmann, Georgia Walls, and Kate Willman for helping me correct my dissertation. I thank my MA supervisors from La Sapienza University of Rome, Prof. Novella Bellucci and Prof. Franco D’Intino, for having introduced me to the study of the Ottocento and for supporting me in every stage of my research. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents Franco and Michela and my little sister Laura for supporting me spiritually throughout my life far from home. This dissertation is dedicated to them. Last but not least, I thank Francesco for being beside me all the time, for having shared with me an important part of this long adventure in a new country, for his patience and his love. 4 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY DECLARATION This dissertation does not include material used before or which the author has published. This thesis is the candidate’s own work. This thesis has not been submitted for a degree at another university. 5 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY ABSTRACT This dissertation discusses whether Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837) can be considered a philosophical heir of Giambattista Vico (1668-1744), as some scholars retain, despite the fact that there is no evidence that Leopardi read Vico’s New Science or other works until late (1828); too late to demonstrate a direct influence of the philosopher’s thought on the deepest nexuses of Leopardi’s reflection. This dissertation clarifies how Leopardi responded to Vico-related questions characterizing the culture of his time through an innovative methodology that looks at the diffraction of Vico’s ideas in Bourbon Restoration Italian culture. This work aims to paint a dynamic picture of Italian nineteenth- century polycentric culture through a geographical organization of the material; it in fact tackles the diffusion of Vico’s works and ideas from Naples to Venice (Chapter 1), to Milan (Chapter 2), to Leopardi’s hometown Recanati (Chapter 3), to Florence (Chapter 4), and again to Naples (Chapter 5). Not only does this work shed new light on the existence of a Vico-Leopardi philosophical lineage, but it also present an original study of perceptions of time and history and of the dichotomy ancient/modern in Post-Napoleonic Italian culture. 6 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY ABBREVIATIONS I quote from: Giacomo Leopardi, Canti , critical edition by Franco Gavazzeni (Florence: Accademia della Crusca, 2009); Giacomo Leopardi, Operette morali , critical edition by Ottavio Besomi (Milan: Mondadori, 1979), indicated as OM; Giacomo Leopardi, Epistolario , critical edition by Franco Brioschi and Patrizia Landi, 2 vols (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1998), indicated as Epistolario , and from Giacomo Leopardi, Zibaldone (critical edition by Giuseppe Pacella, Milan: Garzanti, 1991), indicated as Zib . and followed by the page number in the manuscript. Quotations from other texts by Leopardi are given from Lucio Felici and Emanuele Trevi’s edition of Leopardi’s Tutte le poesie e tutte le prose (Rome: Newton Compton, 2003, abbreviated as TPP). As far as the New Science is concerned, I quote from Giambattista Vico, La Scienza Nuova (1744) , edited by Paolo Cristofolini and Manuela Sanna (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2013); the quotations are marked NS and followed by the number of paragraph. 7 TEMPORALITIES AND FRACTURES IN POST -NAPOLEONIC ITALY : LEOPARDI AND VICO ’S LEGACY INTRODUCTION Il en est des livres comme du feu dans nos foyers, on va prendre ce feu chez son voisin, on l’allume chez soi, on le communique à d’autres, et il appartient à tous. Voltaire, Mélanges 1. The Main Research Questions: Vico’s Legacy, Vico’s ‘Heir’ This dissertation tackles a long-term propensity in Italian thought: the tendency to negotiate tradition and innovation, ancient and modern, continuity and fracture. 1 This cultural pattern is particularly evident if we take into account a fundamental vector of the Italian philosophical tradition, connecting Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) and his seminal system with the culture of Bourbon Restoration Italy, and in particular with the thought of Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837). This work therefore approaches the resurfacing of Vico’s thought in Post- Revolutionary Italy and its perceived influence in the period as a prism for understanding the peculiarities of that context and its main cultural dynamics. The resurfacing and the widespread success in the nineteenth century of Vico’s Scienza nuova (1744) and other works, 2 which were conceived in a very 1 Roberto Esposito, Pensiero vivente: origini e attualità della filosofia italiana (Turin: Einaudi, 2010), p. 24. See also chapter II, Potenza dell’origine . 2 Apart from the New Science , nineteenth-century readers were particularly responsive to Vico’s De antiquissima Italorum sapientia (1710); but also Vico’s autobiography (‘Vita scritta da sé medesimo’, 1723-28) and De nostri temporis studiorum ratione (1708-09) turned out to be relevant to this research. Occasionally, I have made references to Vico’s poems and letters, published posthumously. 8 INTRODUCTION different environment, in large part rejected and forgotten after their publication (except in some specific contexts, as explained