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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template HUMAN SKELETAL HEALTH AND DIETARY ASSESSMENT OF METAL AGE CENTRAL THAILAND: THE IMPACT OF CHANGING SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AND REGIONAL VARIATION By CHIN-HSIN LIU A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2012 1 © 2012 Chin-hsin Liu 2 To my parents, Mr. Ken-chih Liu and Mrs. Hsiu-chen Lin 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation is truly a composite effort by a large number of people around the globe. As a cliché it may be, I could not have accomplished anything remotely resembles this scale on my own. Coming from an Asian family, gratitude is never taken for granted but always expressed implicitly. As my graduate career is coming to an end, I no longer feel a subtle thank-you is sufficient for everyone’s effort in helping me through various stages of my life in the past decade. During the decision-making period before coming to the University of Florida, my committee chair Dr. John Krigbaum’s enthusiastic and caring personality was exuded thoroughly in the emails to me. For an international student about to embark a lengthy and stressful graduate career, his encouragement provided great comfort. Over the years, his scholarship, people skill, young spirit, and extremely kind heart have been my biggest inspirations. He is the go-to person during crises and it is comforting to know that (almost) everything would be alright after talking to John. I am forever grateful for his tireless mentorship, editorial eyes, and brilliant ideas. From him, I learned to be creative, flexible, and in his favorite term, “pushing the envelope”. There are not enough thank-you’s to express my appreciation to him. Also in the Department of Anthropology, Dr. Michael Warren introduced me to the intricacies of forensic anthropology and human osteology. His wealth of knowledge and gracious mentoring style are invaluable both to my research and teaching experience. Dr. James Davidson, an expert in historical mortuary archaeology, offered a fresh perspective into my prehistoric investigation of mortuary behavior. His meticulous scholarship and peculiar sense of humor are always inspiring. Dr. Guo-long Lai in the Department of Art History offered his profound knowledge in East and Southeast Asian 4 prehistory that broadened my dissertation to a greater regional context. His thoughtful and first-hand advice to my career planning is also greatly appreciated. In Thailand, numerous friends and colleagues generously offered their time, knowledge, and warm friendship that helped me throughout episodes of field trips in the Kingdom of Smile. My research could not have been successful without the collaborative effort from the Faculty of Archaeology, Silpakorn University in Bangkok. Having been traveling to Thailand regularly since 2005, Dr. Thanik Lertcharnrit invited me to participate in his 2007 field season in Promtin Tai where he opened the door of Thai archaeology for me. He has been helpful in providing the Promtin Tai information and arranging travel logistics when I took trips to the field. Professor Surapol Natapintu has been tremendously kind of being one of my core collaborators and answering my long list of inquires even when he was highly demanded by the administrative and teaching obligations. Dr. Rasmi Schoocondej is an invaluable source of good ideas giving me sound advice and connecting me with other Thai colleagues. Professors Prasit Auetrakulvit and Saiyan Prainchanjit and Ms. Santhawee Niyomsap (“P’Joy”) aided in the logistics and administrative procedures. Dr. Podjanok Kanjanajuntorn in Thammasat University offered scholarly discussion, encouraging words, and a face of familiarity when visiting Bangkok. This research project is approved by the National Research Council of Thailand. Khun Praphid Phongmas in Office of Fine Arts (Bangkok) and Dr. Pakpadee Yukongdi in the 4th Regional Office of Fine Arts (Lopburi) of the Thai Fine Arts Department provided administrative assistance. I thank Khun Manita Kueunkun, Director of the 5 Somdet Phra Narai National Museum in Lopburi, for granting me access to the Museum’s storage rooms. As a foreign researcher, I am thankful for my army of field crew and friends associated with Silpakorn University who made my fieldwork possible and my stay in Thailand even more enjoyable. They are Cholawit Thongcharoenchaikit (“Moh”), Chonchanok Samrit (“Ung”), Praewchompoo Chunha_urai (“Pink”), Tawanrat Chainarapipat (“Ung”), Nitcha Suthammawiwat (“Mind”), Nongchanai Tarugsa (“Tai”), Grittiyaporn Pativetvithul (“Gin”), Issaraporn Rittichai (“Pang”), Chudamas Arwenia Sravasti Suvarnklang (“Cass”), Sai Klang Jindasu (“Klang”), Rheut Nakchuen (“Mu”), Apirat Chehlao (“Lee”), Narumon Joonjaroen (“Apple”), Natnipoon Rattanarungruang (“Noon”), Muyhua Asawasoontrarangkul (“Hua”), and Sachipan Srikanlaya (“Fon”). Spending precious holidays with me for long fieldwork with rudimentary accommodations and dining at a maggot-infested local (and the only) eatery could not have been fun, yet they managed with humor and grace. They strived to meet my pressing travel schedule and demand of difficult translations of site reports/field notes. They provided warm company and supplied endless laughter. They taught me to take the time to enjoy the little things in life, to let the uncontrollable matters resolve on their own, and to behave in proper “Thai ways”, however they were defined. I am especially grateful for Natnipoon Rattanarungruang’s translation efforts, Pira Venunan’s insight in the archaeometallugical studies in central Thailand, and Tanongsak Lerdpipatworakul’s detailed explanation on the excavation of Ban Pong Manao burials. Khob khun mak ma to all! 6 While in rural Thailand, villagers Mr. Suwan Tritos and his family at Promtin Tai and Mr. Somsuan Buranapong at Ban Pong Manao provided essential logistic assistance that I could not have gone without. As I mostly stayed in community temples when visiting the sites, I am indebted to the abbots for accommodating our stay and keeping an eye out for our safety. Since this research project involves multiple sites, the collaboration with various site directors and researchers is essential. Among them, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to Dr. Vincent C. Pigott for his constructive input to my research and for coordinating the collaborative efforts among the researchers associated with the Thailand Archaeometallurgy Project (TAP). Via Dr. Pigott’s arrangement, Professor Anagnostis Agelarakis and Ms. Stefanie Valsamopoulos (Adelphi University) generously facilitated my sampling of the Non Mak Lak skeletal material held in the laboratory there. I thank Professor Agelarakis for kindly granting me access to his unpublished data on Non Mak La materials. I wish to thank Dr. Judy C. Voelker (Northern Kentucky University) who graciously supplied me with a preliminary chronology and burial sequence for Non Mak La. The study of the site is a work in progress and the data remain unpublished at this time. Drs. Roberto Ciarla and Fiorella Rispoli (Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, Rome, Italy) kindly granted me access to the human skeletal remains from the Noen Din location in their Kao Sai On area excavation, as part of the Thai-Italian Lopburi Regional Archaeology Project (LoRAP). I would also like to thank Dr. Rispoli for her assistance with her newly modified central Thai chronology, which remains unpublished at this time. Their field crew member Khun Narong Saikongdee accompanied me when I collected the Noen Din data in the Somdet Phra Narai National 7 Museum. Dr. Chureekamol Onsuwan Eyre (University of Pennsylvania) has been informative regarding research permit procedures and Ban Mai Chaimongkol burial chronology. Dr. Saam-Lee Noonsuk (Cornell University) translated several crucial pages from Ban Mai Chaimongkol reports. I am grateful for Drs. Nancy Tayles and Sian Halcrow (University of Otago, New Zealand) for meticulously lifting the human burials from the Promtin Tai excavation pits and providing their field notes. Alison Carter (University of Wisconsin-Madison) shared data and interpretation of her analysis on Promtin Tai beads. I am thankful for her friendship that made me realize I am not alone working in this particularly complex geographic region. Wesley Clarke (Ohio University) compiled a list of Dvaravati Period burial sites. As for Khok Phanom Di materials, per Dr. Tayles’s permission, Dr. Christopher King generously transferred the human skeletal samples to me for stable isotope analysis. Drs. R. Alex Bentley (Bristol University) and Nancy Tayles clarified the provenience of the dental data in their 2007 publication. After meeting her for the first and only time, Dr. Michelle Toomay Douglas kindly sent me crucial references on Khok Phanom Di excavation. I am appreciative of Professor Charles Higham’s advice on central Thai chronology. This dissertation project was funded by the 2009-2010 East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History Dissertation Fellowship awarded by Henry Luce Foundation, represented by the American Council of Learned Societies. Additional travel funds came from Office of Research, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Graduate Student Council, all of which are affiliated with the University of Florida. Faculty members (Drs. Ken Sassaman, Allan Burns, Susan 8 deFrance) and office staff (Karen Jones, Juanita Bagnall, Patricia King, Pamela Freeman) in the Department
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