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The Shahnama; THE SHAHNiMA OF FIRDAUSl DONE INTO ENGLISH BY ARTHUR GEORGE WARNER, M.A. AND EDMOND WARNER, B.A. " The homes that are the dwellings of to-day Will sink 'neath shower and sunshine to decay, But storm and rain shall never mar what I Have built the palace of my poetry." FlEDAOSf VOL. I LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. L DEYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W. 1905 and reproduction are reserved The rights of translation of HANSON &* Co. '> Printed by BALLANTYNE, At the Ballantyne Press (3) TRUBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES. TO HIS SISTER CAROLINE WARNER THIS WORK IS DEDICATED BY HER SURVIVING BROTHER PREFACE THE interest with which I used to look forward to the publication of this work, the preparation of which afforded us innumerable happy hours, has been saddened for me of late by the death of my elder brother and senior partner in the undertaking. It was begun some twenty years ago when he was the Incumbent of St. Mary's, Tothill Fields, Westminster, and had but scanty leisure. It was continued and carried far toward completion in more favourable circumstances after his presentation by the Grocers' Company to the living of St. Mary le Bow, Cheapside, in 1887. From early days my brother was devoted to the study of Oriental languages. His proficiency in Hebrew won him at Oxford the Pusey and Ellerton Scholarship in 1862 and the Kennicott in 1863. He was also a good Arabic and Syriac scholar. During his twenty-one laborious years first as Curate and then Incumbent at Westminster he I never , think, forewent for long his favourite branch of study, and I may add that we were engaged in revising a passage in our joint translation almost to within an hour of his sudden death from a wholly unsuspected heart- affection in April 1903. He is, I think, fondly remembered by many. Such viii 'PREFA CB memories are in the nature of but but things fleeting ; the written word remains, and I am fain to hope that by the publication of this work I may be raising to him an inconspicuous perhaps but lasting monument. To the vast majority of English readers the Shah- nama seems hardly to be known even by name a fact not to be wondered at, considering how few references are made to it in current literature, and that this is actually the first attempt to give the subject-matter of the great Persian Epic at large in English. It has therefore seemed desirable that the translation should be accompanied by explanatory matter in the forms of Introduction, Note, and Argument. To prepare these has fallen to my lot, and I am accordingly responsible for the many faults of commission and omission that will be only too obvious to the eyes of scholars and experts in this branch of the subject. I am also responsible with my brother for the translation generally, and for its final form throughout. His share, had he lived, would have been larger and more important than mine, but his untimely death will tend to equalise our labours. On reviewing our work as a whole, I venture to hope that the English reader will gain from it a very fairly correct idea of the subject-matter of Firdausi's greatest achievement, and will at least learn from the Introduction and Introductory Notes where to turn for more scholarly and authoritative informa- tion on the subject. I take this opportunity of thanking the Delegates of the Clarendon Press for their kind permission to PREFACE ix make such illustrative extracts as I needed from those volumes of the Sacred Books of the East Series which contain the translations of the Zandavasta and Pahlavi Texts by the late Professor Darmesteter and the late Dr. E. W. West respectively. These transla- tions, with their introductions and notes, are most valuable to the student of the Shahnama. I have also to thank my sister, Caroline Warner, and my nephew, George Redston Warner, for occasional help. I hope to publish our translation a volume at a time, as circumstances permit. EDMOND WARNER. ELTHAM, February 1905. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. : LAND AND PEOPLE . 3 CHARTER II. : POET AND POEM 23 CHAPTER III. : TEXT AND TRANSLATION .... 76 LIST OF PREVIOUS TRANSLATORS 87 ' ANCIENT PERSIAN CALENDAR . .88 ' GENEALOGICAL TABLES . 90 ABBREVIATIONS 93 NOTE ON PRONUNCIATION 95 THE SHAHNAMA THE PRELUDE SECT. PAGK 1. Invocation . 100 2. Discourse in Praise of Wisdom 101 of the World 3. Of the Making 102 4. Of the Nature of Man 104 of the Sun 5. Of the Nature 105 6. Of the Nature of the Moon 105 his . 7. In Praise of the Prophet and Companions 106 of 8. On the Compilation the Shahnaina . 108 9. Of the poet Dakiki 109 10. How the present Book was be^un .... 109 11. In Praise of Abu Mausiir, Son of Muhammad . .no 12. In Praise of Sultan Mahmud j 12 CONTENTS THE BEGINNING OF THE HISTORY: THE PISHDADIAN DYNASTY GAltfMART SECT. PAGE 1. The Greatness of Gaiiimart and the Envy of Ahriman ........ 1 1 8 2. How Siyamak was slain by the Div . 1 20 3. How Hiishang and Gaiiimart went to fight the Black Div ..... .121 HtJSHANG- 1. The Accession of Hiishang and his civilising Arts . 122 * 2. How the Feast of Sada was founded . .123 TAHMfJRAS i. Tahmiiras ascends the Throne, invents new Arts, subdues the Divs, and dies . .126 J AMSHfD 1. The Greatness and Fall of Jamshid . -131 2. The Story ol Zahhak and his Father . -135 How Iblis turned Cook 1 3. ...... 37 4. How the Fortunes of Jamshid went to Wrack . .139 ZAHHAK 1. The Evil Customs of Zahhak and the Device of Irma'il and Karma'il ........ 145 2. How Zahhak saw Faridun in a Dream . .147 The Birth of Faridun 3. ....... 150 4. How Faridun questioned his Mother about his Origin 152 of Zahliak the . 5. The Story and Kawa Smith .154 6. How Faridun went to Battle with Zahhak . 159 7. How Faridun saw the Sisters of Jamshid . 161 8. The Story of Faridun and the Minister of Zahhak . 164 9. How Faridun bound Zahhak ..... 166 1. How Faridun ascended the Throne . .174 2. How Faridun sent Jandal to Yaman . .177 CONTENTS xiii (contimied) SECT. PAGE of answered Jandal . 181 3. How the King Yaman of went to the of 4. How the Sons Faridiin King Yaman 183 the Sons of Faridun . 5. How Sarv proved by Sorcery 184 6. How Faridun made Trial of his Sons . .186 his . 7. How Faridun divided the World among Sons 189 8. How Salm grew envious of Iraj 189 9. How Salm and Tur sent a Message to Faridun . 191 10. Ho \v Faridun made Answer to his Sons . 193 11. How Iraj went to his Brothers . .197 12. How Iraj was slain by his Brothers . .199 13. How Faridun received Tidings of the Murder of Iraj 202 14. How a Daughter was Born to Iraj .... 205 1 5. The Birth of Miniichihr 206 1 6. How Salm and Tur had Tidings of Miniichihr . 208 17. How Faridun received his Sons' Message . 209 1 8. How Faridun made Answer to his Sons . .211 19. How Faridun sent Miniichihr to fight Tur and Salm 215 20. How Minuchihr attacked the Host of Tur . .218 21. How Tur was slain by Minuchihr .... 220 22. How Minuchihr wrote to announce his Victory to Faridun 221 23. How Karan took the Castle of the Alans . 223 24. How Kakwi, the Grandson of Zahhak, attacked the Iranians 225 25. How Salm fled and was slain by Minuchihr . 227 26. How the Head of Salm was sent to Faridun . 229 27. The Death of Faridiin 232 MlNfJCHIHR 1. How Minuchihr ascended the Throne and made an Oration 237 of Zal . 2. The Birth . 239 3. How Sam had a Dream touching the Case of his Son ......... 243 4. How Minuchihr took Knowledge of the Case of * Sam and Zal 248 xir CONTENTS MINUCHIHR (continued) SECT. PAOB Zal went back to Zdbulistan . 5. How .251 6. How Sam gave the Kingdom to Zal . -253 visited of . 7. How Zal Mihrab Kabul .256 8. How Rudaba took Counsel with her Damsels . 259 9. How Rudaba's Damsels went to see Zal . 263 10. How the Damsels returned to Rudaba . 267 ' to . 11. How Zal went Rudaba . 270 12. How Zal consulted the Archimages in the Matter of Rudaba ........ 273 to to . 13. How Zal wrote Sam explain the Case 275 14. How Sam consulted the Archmages in the Matter of Zal 278 15. How Sindukht heard of the Case of Rudaba . 280 16. How Mihrab was made aware of Ids Daughter's Case 284 17. How Minuchihr heard of the Case of Zal and Rudaba 288 1 8. How Sam came to Minuchihr ..... 289 19. How Sam went to fight with Mihrab .... 292 20. How Zal went on a Mission to Minuchihr . 295 21. How Mihrab was wroth with Sindukht . 299 22. How Sam comforted Sindukht 301 23. How Zal came to Minuchihr with Sam's Letter . 306 24. How the Archmages questioned Zal .... 308 25. How Zal answered the Archmages .... 309 26. How Zal displayed his Accomplishment before Minuchihr 311 27. Minuchihr's Answer to Sam's Letter . .314 28. How Zal came to Sam 316 29. The Story of the Birth of Rustam .... 320 30. How Sam came to see Rustam 324 31. How Rustam slew the White Elephant . 327 32. How Rustam went to Mount Sipand .... 330 33. How Rustam wrote a Letter announcing his Victory to Zal 332 34.
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