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El Sistema De Dominacin Azteca UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Historia de América II (Antropología de América) EL SISTEMA DE DOMINACIÓN AZTECA: EL IMPERIO TEPANECA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Santamarina Novillo Bajo la dirección de los doctores José Luis de Rojas Gutiérrez de Gandarilla Madrid, 2005 ISBN:84-669-2855-3 TESIS DOCTORAL DE CARLOS SANTAMARINA NOVILLO EL SISTEMA DE DOMINACIÓN AZTECA: EL IMPERIO TEPANECA DIRECTOR: JOSÉ LUIS DE ROJAS Y GUTIÉRREZ DE GANDARILLA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA DE AMÉRICA II (ANTROPOLOGÍA DE AMÉRICA) - Junio de 2005 - EL SISTEMA DE DOMINACIÓN AZTECA: EL IMPERIO TEPANECA - CARLOS SANTAMARINA NOVILLO - Tesis Doctoral de Carlos Santamarina Novillo Director: José Luis de Rojas y Gutiérrez de Gandarilla Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Geografía e Historia Departamento de Historia de América II (Antropología de América) Madrid, Junio de 2005. ÍNDICE GENERAL Índice de figuras .......................................................................................................................12 Agradecimientos ......................................................................................................................16 INTRODUCCIÓN Preámbulo .................................................................................................................................23 Objetivos, fuentes y método...............................................................................................23 Planteamiento de la obra ...................................................................................................27 Algunas precisiones terminológicas ..................................................................................29 El gentilicio azteca ...........................................................................................................30 Convenciones utilizadas....................................................................................................34 I. Los sistemas de dominación: problemas y propuestas ...................................................37 1. Clases y estamentos................................................................................................. 41 2. Dominación externa o de conquista...................................................................... 43 3. La política postconquista........................................................................................ 46 4. Estadios culturales y modelos de conquista........................................................ 49 5. Ideología dominante y crítica de fuentes.............................................................. 55 6. Dominación como intercambio de servicios........................................................ 59 7. De la teoría a la práctica de la investigación ....................................................... 62 PRIMERA PARTE: EL SISTEMA DE DOMINACIÓN AZTECA II. Organización social y política entre los aztecas ..............................................................67 1. La Cultura Azteca en la evolución histórica de Mesoamérica.......................... 67 2. Sociedad y política entre los aztecas..................................................................... 76 Organización social................................................................................................. 76 Organización política.............................................................................................. 80 3. Alianzas matrimoniales y sucesión dinástica...................................................... 85 4. Mezcla étnica y entreveramiento.......................................................................... 93 5. El Imperio Mexica de la Triple Alianza................................................................ 96 Estructura político-territorial................................................................................. 96 El sistema tributario y las divisiones provinciales................................................ 102 Expansión imperial y centralización política........................................................ 105 7 III. El modelo azteca de imperio........................................................................................ 109 1. Imperio hegemónico versus imperio territorial ..................................................110 2. El Imperio Mexica ante el modelo hegemónico .................................................113 3. Reflexiones en torno al modelo azteca de imperio............................................ 116 IV. Ideología y dominación en la sociedad azteca............................................................ 125 1. Conceptos teóricos................................................................................................. 125 2. La ideología dominante en la sociedad azteca................................................... 131 Temas fundamentales de la ideología mexica.........................................................131 Religión mexica y política...................................................................................... 132 Transmisión de la ideología estatal....................................................................... 135 Sacrificios humanos .............................................................................................. 141 Ideología de los dominados.................................................................................... 146 3. Historia, ideología y propaganda ....................................................................... 149 Memoria y olvido, ostracismo y propaganda........................................................ 149 Ancestros legitimadores........................................................................................ 153 Ritualización política de la guerra........................................................................ 154 4. Comunidad de intereses entre los pipiltin ......................................................... 158 5. El pacto social tenochca........................................................................................ 164 V. Política Postconquista azteca ...........................................................................................177 1. Definición y planteamiento ..................................................................................177 2. Referencias genéricas en las fuentes....................................................................181 El contexto novohispano: Zorita y Alva Ixtlilxóchitl ............................................190 Un testimonio indígena discordante......................................................................194 3. Estrategias de conquista........................................................................................195 4. Hacia un modelo de política postconquista .......................................................198 Sometimiento militar.............................................................................................201 Alianza matrimonial subordinante .......................................................................211 5. Consideraciones en torno a la política postconquista.......................................214 Tributo y reparto de tierras ...................................................................................218 Intrusión étnica y colonización .............................................................................220 Mercados................................................................................................................224 Hegemonía regional...............................................................................................226 Muerte de señores..................................................................................................227 Imposición cultural y religiosa ..............................................................................232 Destrucción de registros históricos........................................................................241 Residencia de señores.............................................................................................242 6. Hacia una tipología de los dominados ...............................................................248 8 SEGUNDA PARTE : EL IMPERIO TEPANECA VI. Las fuentes aztecas y el Imperio Tepaneca...................................................................259 1. Las fuentes aztecas: problemática general ...............................................................260 Los códices indígenas ...................................................................................................262 Obras y autores novohispanos .....................................................................................264 2. La crítica de las fuentes aztecas .................................................................................270 Acerca de la historicidad de las fuentes: una propuesta narratológica.........................271 3. El Imperio Tepaneca: fuentes e historiografía .........................................................280 Introducción.................................................................................................................280 La visión de los pipiltin...............................................................................................283 Fuentes para el estudio del Imperio Tepaneca..............................................................287 El Imperio
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