DOCSLIB.ORG

Take Qapo Board Or Compulsory Settlement in the Territory of the Bakhtiari Nomads

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Take Qapo Board Or Compulsory Settlement in the Territory of the Bakhtiari Nomads WALIA journal 31(S2): 25-27, 2015 Available online at www.Waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 © 2015 WALIA Take Qapo board or compulsory settlement in the territory of the Bakhtiari nomads Ghafar Pour Bakhtiar *, Hatam Mosaei, Hasan Mozafari Babadi, Danesh Abasi Shehni, Saeed Bahari Babadi Department of History, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran Abstract: Nomadic life has changed after a few thousand years, and now on the eve of destruction and this change is not confined to any particular tribe or group, the overall change in the economic, social and political nomads after the industrial revolution and technological superiority countries have taken place. Nomads in Iran, before the influence of the West and the East continued their traditional life, but during the Qajar crisis began. Iran was once a powerful country, the advancement of technology came west to its knees. There nomads, some ways to prevent foreign interests in Iran, and therefore several measures have been taken to weaken the dominant hand. Nomads from one side of the road that leads to insecurity critical value for the transport of goods were exported to foreign investors and on the other hand, when the population comprised between 25 and 30 percent, were accustomed to the simple life a consumer could not be used for foreign goods; It's because most of the equipment needed to prepare the and is largely a self-sufficient economy were closed. So the aliens to control the development of the economy and also put great efforts were nomads to international markets finally, with the rise of Reza Khan and his dream came to settle nomads. Here's how to settling nomads rely on paid Bakhtiari nomads. Key words: Bed Qapo; Tribes; Bakhtiari; Forced resettlement; Reza Shah 1. Introduction and internal challenges it’s so difficult for the young constitutional, and it was such an abnormal situation *Qapo board means to stay home and be a the distance from the Revolution to the rise of his resident of the city or in other words the nomads own people, they want the rise of a dictator. The and tribes. Ties and nomadic way of life based on situation in Iran after the revolution it’s so chaotic centuries of migration and nomadism guides his and disorganized that many people dream of men every move between the cold and warm garlic and a and the emergence of someone who can play wanderer, life was fluid and stir. They are frequent regardless of denominations and sects, Iran to settle and always on the move and from summer to winter its and advance the reform of the Iranian people. and vice versa were moved. Tribes in the area where This extremely unfavorable (called the rise of they arrived, they set up their tents Black and graze Reza Shah and his embrace of power) certainly was their animals were busy since then, with the loss of followed its adverse consequences, such as a board pastures, the area was full of grass move. Over time, or Qapo nomads who was one of the many some of them began to be voluntarily abandoned the consequences (Razavi, 2009: 186). nomadic life and settled in villages and towns were Reza Shah's government in principle well sedentary. understood until the tribes of nomadic and move But another part of the nomadic tribes of from winter to summer to maintain, Neither the nomadic continues to be spent his time and did not central government rather than follow and obey want to stay and settle permanently in the area. They their leaders and their Khans. As long as tribal chiefs were not willing to leave their nomadism easy life and heads of tribes during the migration process and a place to stay in the houses in the villages and duties and responsibilities as an important find towns resettled. The purpose of this study was to pastures, Ferry crossings dangerous tribe, tribes and investigate the way the federal government clans defend against others and resolving conflicts regarding the settlement forced Reza Bakhtiari within the tribe are doing, Nomadic populations not nomads in particular is. Altogether, the question only obeyed but they needed to defend themselves comes to mind whether the goals aliens, Reza and support their leaders and tribal chiefs. On the Bakhtiari nomads and tribes could be housed and its other hand, Reza Shah lived nomadic tribes, meaning? especially those which are considered a symbol of Forced settlement in the territory of the Bakhtiari backwardness and traditionalism country despite nomads the continued life of nomadic tribes, Domination and After the end of World War I. and advisors and conquest, it was impossible for him, The nomads of English influence in Iran and its control by external the most suitable solution for such problems is proposed. But it should be noted that the fighting tribes Adghan particularly critical of their * Corresponding Author. 25 Bakhtiar et al / WALIA, 31(S2) 2015, Pages: 25-27 Chadnshyny of years before the rise of Reza Shah There is also evidence that Khan had worked to there. Basically the Constitutional Revolution, one of weaken the organization, the tribe is one of the the issues that recognize the constitutional largest tribe in the country following the intelligentsia of the country was occupied, and in government's ability to mobilize and attack them on particular the issue of accommodation they were there. Bakhtiari nomads and capture the story of the nomads. But should it be known basically the conquest of Tehran Constitutional Revolution and Constitutional Revolution, one of the issues that the fall of Mohammad Ali Shah played Reza Shah had recognize the constitutional intelligentsia of the worried the program. Bakhtiari in the oil-rich country was occupied, and in particular the issue of kingdom there shall be under the supervision and accommodation they were nomads. control of the central government. Strategic location Masjed Soleiman working on the book about the and access to the river Karun Khan also not without power of the oil companies quoted Williamson. W. significance. (Flower listened, 2008: 67) Reza Shah John reads: "It is not enough that people of the sought to policy and absolute centralization of power region to attract companies or the rights and in the central government, with the forced comforts to give them, but can be done about them settlement of nomadic tribes, centrifugal forces to to prevent migration. »Mr. Williamson in 1926 to focus on specific areas and a seat back known to be 1305 by the sun; so this shows that English is under its control. Therefore, the use of military, mandatory before Lt. Gen. Amir Ahmadi settlement police and brutal use of force by the police and the of nomads and the thought of it, and by means of its army, the police and the security of nomadic tribes colonial policies were the first side (Abbasi Shehni, who resisted the settlement policy to compel their 2005: 159). governments tend to live in areas where it was Reza Khan to imperialistic foreign policy when he housed. Obviously, the reaction of nomadic tribes took powers in the first place, the suppression of against the inertia and pressure, reaction of fear and anti-nomadic tribes, especially the brave Bakhtiari at coercion and nomadic tribes against compulsory the top of your program. (Flower listened, 2008: 65). settlement, showed resistance and the fall of the With the rise of Reza Shah, his thoughts and ideas Shah in September 1320 with the demolition of their in line with the constitutionalists and the houses, once again turned to nomadic life. eccentricity of what is available and what the forced After the Constitutional Revolution Bakhtiari end. The problem of nomads of Reza Shah's tactics support and participate in the conquest of Tehran against nomadic tribes had so much power which and especially after the great Bakhtiari Khans along with other tactics such as disarmament, sensitive ministries and government offices, Tribal recruitment, real estate, etc. was closed. But Reza territory they intend to stay and residence in Tehran Shah's government instead of the methods and and left the big city. This damage to the Bakhtiari techniques of social, cultural, economic, and military tribal and nomadic life into the building. After the and security adduce only a rough manner. In fact, Constitutional Review, The tribe without its top they look at the Shah to nomads and settlers and leaders, the Kani tribe and tribe Began and only with military security not wanting to settle nomadic the help of the Khans smaller among the tribe tribes to the development or evolution and progress leaders and especially the police station continued of the country and the United. their nomadic life. (Pour, 2008: 415) In the year 1300 AH, SB (coinciding with the rise Reza Shah was the purpose of applying of Reza Khan) circumstances Bakhtiari people were traditional predatory tribes who settled in the upset because they wanted the Khans taxes to collect community and brought goods vehicle, stop; and and deliver to the government, some of the their three ways of recruitment, disarmament and complaints system, and the Khans to Tehran Others resettlement under the central government took were deprived of their oppression to the peace and (Upton, 1979: 130). safety. However, the Bakhtiari nomads, and the Bakhtiari nomads forced resettlement and central government in a fight with the aliens and replaced with the forced sale of property, their hostility to their tribal chiefs had formed in disarmament, recruitment usurped oil stocks, tax front of another campaign. pressure, etc., the other side of the modern state First Corps in July of 1941, Reza Khan arrived to against Bakhtiari and to undermine the power and quell the Bakhtiari nomads were Ardal mountain influence it is.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Writing Iranian Culture Ragionare
    anno XVII (2014), n. 16 (2) ARCHIVIO ISSN 2038-3215 ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on line anno XVII (2014), n. 16 (2) SEMESTRALE DI SCIENZE UMANE ISSN 2038-3215 Università degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento ‘Culture e Società’ Sezione di Scienze umane, sociali e politiche Direttore responsabile GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO Comitato di redazione SERGIO BONANZINGA, IGNAZIO E. BUTTITTA, GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO, FERDINANDO FAVA, VINCENZO MATERA, MATTEO MESCHIARI Segreteria di redazione DANIELA BONANNO, ALESSANDRO MANCUSO, ROSARIO PERRICONE, DAVIDE PORPORATO (website) Impaginazione ALBERTO MUSCO Comitato scientifico MARLÈNE ALBERT-LLORCA Département de sociologie-ethnologie, Université de Toulouse 2-Le Mirail, France ANTONIO ARIÑO VILLARROYA Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia, Spain ANTONINO BUTTITTA Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy IAIN CHAMBERS Dipartimento di Studi Umani e Sociali, Università degli Studi di Napoli «L’Orientale», Italy ALBERTO M. CIRESE (†) Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy JEFFREY E. COLE Department of Anthropology, Connecticut College, USA JOÃO DE PINA-CABRAL Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal ALESSANDRO DURANTI UCLA, Los Angeles, USA KEVIN DWYER Columbia University, New York, USA DAVID D. GILMORE Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA JOSÉ ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD University of Granada, Spain ULF HANNERZ Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Sweden MOHAMED KERROU Département des Sciences Politiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia MONDHER KILANI Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Culturelle et Sociale, Université de Lausanne, Suisse PETER LOIZOS (†) London School of Economics & Political Science, UK ABDERRAHMANE MOUSSAOUI Université de Provence, IDEMEC-CNRS, France HASSAN RACHIK University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco JANE SCHNEIDER Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • Why the U.S. Targeted Iran Allies Ahead of Nuclear Talks
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13979 Tuesday JUNE 29, 2021 Tir 8, 1400 Dhi Al Qada 18, 1442 U.S. destabilizes region Skocic to lead Iran at Petchem industry Ferdowsi Mausoleum, Naderi by attacking Iraqi, World Cup qualifiers to add 22 new products Garden reopen as coronavirus Syrian groups Page 3 Round 3 Page 3 to output basket Page 4 restrictions relax Page 6 Iran ranked world’s 10th largest Why the U.S. targeted Iran steelmaker in Jan.-May 2021: WSA Iran was ranked the world’s tenth-largest same period in 2020. steel producer in the first five months of The Islamic Republic’s steel output 2021, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries stood at 2.6 million tons in May, indicating Development and Renovation Organization a 7.7 percent rise year on year. (IMIDRO) announced referring to the Based on the mentioned data, the allies ahead of nuclear talks latest data released by the World Steel world’s top 64 steel makers managed See page 3 Association (WSA). to produce 837.5 million tons of steel in According to the WSA’s data, Iran the mentioned five months to register a produced 12.5 million tons of crude 14.5-percent rise from the figure for the steel in January-May 2021, registering last year’s same period. a 9.2 percent growth compared to the Continued on page 4 Yemen launches new massive retaliatory operation in Southern Saudi Arabia The Yemeni army has announced one armed drones.
    [Show full text]
  • Joshua Project People Profile
    August Southern Pashtuns 1 in Iran he Sunni Muslim Pashtun were Tthe traditional rulers of Afghanistan for over 250 years, from founding of the country in 1747 to 1973. Since the overthrow of the Afghan king, the Soviet invasion in the 1970s, and the overthrow of the communists in the 1980s, Afghanistan has faced constant conflict. Many Pashtuns joined other tribal groups and fled Afghanistan during the 1980's conflict. They settled in refugee camps in the border provinces of Iran and Pakistan, and most returned to Afghanistan when things were more settled. However, some Pashtun men have continued to sneak into Iran to escape poverty and the ��pahsh-TOON constant fighting. Younger Pashtun POPULATION: 160,000 men try to go directly to Tehran to LANGUAGE: Pashto, Southern find work in construction, where they RELIGION: Islam are more accepted. Many send BIBLE: Portions money back to Afghanistan to help their families. STATUS: Unreached Ministry Obstacles construction and other areas where Pashtuns are isolated from Iranian Pashtuns commonly work, so they believers; they speak a different can have contact with them. language and are in entirely different social circles. Prayer Focus Pray for a Disciple Making Movement Outreach Ideas among Pashtuns in Iran that will Iranian believers can take up jobs in spread to Pakistan and Afghanistan. SCRIPTURE Therefore, I will teach them—this time I will teach them my power and might. Then they will know that my name is the Lord. Jer 16:21 PRAY that today’s people group will understand from the heart that God is all powerful, and He can give or withhold blessings.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN OF CONFERENCE EUROPEAN THE OF EIGHTH STUDIES PROCEEDINGS STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES VOLUME I ISBN 978-5-93572-866-4 I VOL. 9 785935 728663 St Petersburg 2019 SOCIETAS IRANOLOGICA EUROPAEA STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES Held on 14–19 September 2015 at the State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, in St Petersburg Volume I Studies on Pre-Islamic Iran and on Historical Linguistics Scholarly editor Pavel B. LURJE Saint Petersburg The State Hermitage Publishers 2019 УДК 935.5:006.3(4) ББК (T)63.3(5)(5Ирн) М 34 Published by the decision of the State Hermitage Editorial Board Scholarly editor Pavel B. Lurje English editor Doug Hitch PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES (State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St Petersburg, 14–19 September 2015). Volume I: Studies on Pre-Islamic Iran and on Historical Linguistics. In English and German. St Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers, 2019 – 386 pp. + XVI colour plates ISBN 978-5-93572-866-3 (vol. 1) ISBN 978-5-93572-869-4 The volume incorporates articles presented by the participants of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies (in St Petersburg 14–19 September 2015) which were focused on Pre-Islamic Iran and on historical linguistics. The collected papers mirror the wide scope of Iranian studies of the present day: from business documents of ­Tumshuq in ­Xinjiang to those of the Syrian wars of the early Sasanians, from the etymology of the place-name Sudak to the pottery assemblages of Sistan of the Achaemenian period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lady Doctor in Bakhtiari Land
    A LADY DOCTOR IN BAKHTIARI LAND BY ELIZABETH NESS MACBEAN ROSS, MB, ChB FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE EDITED BY J. N. MACBEAN ROSS, MC; MD; FRCS (Ed) FOREWORD Dr Elizabeth Ness MacBean Ross, in her all too short life, saw and travelled more than is the lot of most women. In this book is an account of her adventurous existence amongst the Bakhtiaris, a powerful tribe inhabiting the mountains and upland valleys between Isfahan and Khuramahad, and a quite unique description of the home life, ways of thinking, mental atmosphere and customs of the many Harems in which she was regarded both as a welcome visitor and a trusted physician. Many adventures befell her in that troublous land, and on one occasion she was lost in the desert and robbed by brigands, the strong intervention of our own Government being required for her restoration to safety. On the outbreak of War, at the request of the Russian Government, she left her work in Persia to take charge of a military hospital in stricken Serbia, first at Nish and later at Kragujevatz. Though not to be numbered amongst those who have fallen in battle she just as nobly gave her life for her country and its cause contracting, as she did, that dire disease of typhus from those amongst whom she ministered. With tragic suddenness she died leaving behind a memory which as a high Serbian official said “will live for ever in the hearts of the Serbian people’’. There is something deeply pathetic in the last honours gratefully paid, from the Crown Prince down to the lowliest peasant, to the memory of this lady doctor who represented to them the goodwill of this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India
    Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India by Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi M.Sc., Tarbiat Modares University, 2006 B.Sc., University of Tehran, 2003 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment © Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi 2020 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2020 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India Examining Committee: Chair: Sean Markey Professor John R. Welch Senior Supervisor Professor Murray R. Rutherford Supervisor Associate Professor Kenneth Lertzman Supervisor Professor Evelyn Pinkerton Internal Examiner Professor Benedict J. Colombi External Examiner Professor American Indian Studies University of Arizona Date Defended/Approved: April 22, 2020 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Community participation has become an essential part of protected area (PA) management worldwide. This thesis contributes suggestions for improving conservation effectiveness and efficiency by boosting responsible local community participation in PA management. I studied Sabzkouh PA in Iran, Shah Foladi PA in Afghanistan, and Bhitarkanika National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in India to examine: (1) what factors affect community participation in PAs in developing countries? (2) what roles can state governments and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play to support community participation? (3) how can application of equity criteria improve PA management? My studies, conducted between 2009 and 2018, combined document reviews with personal observations, participatory rural appraisal workshops, and open-ended interviews with local community members, state government staff, NGO representatives, and researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • 44 Rituals of Clothing and Dance in The
    ORBIS Revista Científica Electrónica de Ciencias Humanas / Scientific e-journal of Human Sciences / PPX200502ZU1935 / ISSN 1856-1594 / By Fundación Unamuno / Shahrzad mahani, Majid Asadi Farsani (2020) RITUALES DE ROPA Y DANZA EN LA CULTURA NOMADA IRANÍ www.revistaorbis.org.ve / núm Especial Internacional (año 15) 35-44 RITUALS OF CLOTHING AND DANCE IN THE NOMADIAN IRAN CULTURE RITUALES DE ROPA Y DANZA EN LA CULTURA NOMADA IRANÍ 1 2 Shahrzad Mahani Majid Asadi Farsani RESUMEN El objetivo es examinar la asociación de prendas y bailes en la sociedad nómada de Irán como uno de los modos más básicos de vida humana y basada en la naturaleza. Para este propósito, la monografía se usó en estudios etnográficos y en el campo de la recopilación de información y bibliotecas, y los resultados mostraron que existe una idea constante y poderosa que existe entre todos los componentes de la vida nómada. Palabras clave: Comunidad nómada, Il Bakhtiari, Confección. ABSTRACT The aim is to examine the association of garments and dances in the nomadic society of Irán as one of the most basic modes of human life and nature-based. For this purpose, the monograph was used in ethnographic studies and in the field of library and information gathering, and the results showed that there is a constant and powerful idea that exists between all the components of the nomadic life. Keywords: Nomadic community, Il Bakhtiari, Clothing. Fecha de recepción: noviembre 2019 Fecha de aprobación: febrero 2019 1 The Student of Science and Arts University, Yazd. Irá[email protected]. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3355-4934.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Is More Than Persia Ethnic Politics in the Islamic Republic
    Iran Is More Than Persia Ethnic Politics in the Islamic Republic Brenda Shaffer Foreword by Reuel Marc Gerecht April 2021 FOUNDATION FOR DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACIES Iran Is More Than Persia Ethnic Politics in the Islamic Republic Brenda Shaffer Foreword by Reuel Marc Gerecht April 2021 FDD PRESS A division of the FOUNDATION FOR DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACIES Washington, DC Iran Is More Than Persia: Ethnic Politics in the Islamic Republic Table of Contents FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION: WHY ETHNICITY IN IRAN IS IMPORTANT ............................................... 7 Tehran Knows .......................................................................................................................................................8 DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 9 Iran’s Ethnic Groups .............................................................................................................................................10 Iran by the Numbers ............................................................................................................................................12 THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC’S POLICIES TOWARD ETHNIC MINORITIES ................................. 19 Use of Ethnic Minority Languages in Schools and Official Settings .............................................................20 Incarceration
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Iran and Iranians in Australian Literature
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2018 Representation of Iran and Iranians in Australian Literature Farzaneh Mayabadi University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Mayabadi, Farzaneh, Representation of Iran and Iranians in Australian Literature, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of English, University of Wollongong, 2018. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/686 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Language Dominance and the Loss of Minority Languages in Iran
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020, 8, 8-18 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 Persian Language Dominance and the Loss of Minority Languages in Iran Hossein Ghanbari1, Mahdi Rahimian2 1The University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada 2Mohawk College of Applied Arts and Technology, Ontario, Canada How to cite this paper: Ghanbari, H., & Abstract Rahimian, M. (2020). Persian Language Do- minance and the Loss of Minority Languages Iran is home to many different ethnic groups who speak different minority in Iran. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8, languages. Despite that, the Persian language, among others, has dominated 8-18. other languages and connected Iranian diverse ethnic and linguistic groups https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.811002 with each other. Scholars have attributed its dominance to its linguistic fea- Received: September 27, 2020 tures and the attempts of Iranian elites throughout history to safeguard the Accepted: November 6, 2020 Iranian culture and the Persian language from those of non-Iranian ones. Ira- Published: November 9, 2020 nian elites have endeavoured not only to maintain the Persian language but Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and purge it from non-Persian words and concepts, namely Arabic and Turkish. Scientific Research Publishing Inc. However, as a result of that dominance, not only other minority languages in This work is licensed under the Creative Iran have been lost but their speakers shifted toward the Persian language. Commons Attribution International This paper presents a historical account of that language dominance and loss License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ to advocate that Iranian linguists and language revitalizers can learn from the Open Access language revitalization practices around the world to maintain and revitalize their minority languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Three: Perspectives on Ethnicity in Iran
    CHAPTER THREE: PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNICITY IN IRAN 1. INTRODUCTION In his celebrated essay “Ethnic Groups and Boundaries”, Barth (1969) criticized a then common view on ethnicity for assuming that ethnic phenomena come about due to contact between groups which are already culturally distinctive, often in a colonial setting. Rather, Barth reasons, we should “ask ourselves what is needed to make ethnic distinctions emerge in an area” (ibid, 17). What he seems to call for here is an historical perspective on ethnicity. During last three decades, a number of scholars in social sciences, political sciences, and history disciplines such as Aghajanian (1983), Kazemi (1988), Ayubi (1998), Ahmadi (1999), Hajiani (2001), Altaiee (2002), Abdollahi and Ghaderzadeh (2004), and Ghamari (2005) have attempted to analyze ethnic diversity in the Iranian society. They have discussed problems such as the existence of ethnic diversity in Iran, the social and political issues of ethnic diversity of Iran, the boundaries of ethnic groups in Iran, and the factors that have developed ethnic diversity in the Iranian society since ancient times. In this chapter, the main perspectives on ethnicity in the Iranian society have been discussed. On the basis of those approaches, the multiethnic nature of Iranian society is explained. In this way, historically, the rise of the plural society in the Province of Golestan with reference to Turkmen group has been presented. 48 2. PLURAL NATURE OF IRAN SOCIETY On the basis of above studies, two perspectives are presented on the multiethnic nature of Iranian society. According to a research in politic discipline on ethnicity, namely ‘Ethnicity and Ethnocentrism in Iran; Legend and Reality’, Ahmadi (1999) argues that Iran is not multiethnic in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Mithraism in the Culture of Bakhtiari People
    65 quarterly, No. 32 Summer 2021 Persian translation of this paper entitled: DOI: 10.22034/jaco.2021.257749.1174 بررسی آیین مهرپرستی در فرهنگ قوم بختیاری is also published in this issue of journal. Original Research Article A Study of Mithraism in the Culture of Bakhtiari People Amin Ahmadi Birgani* Bachelor of History, Payame Noor University, Farsan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran. Received; 17/11/2020 accepted; 02/06/2021 available online; 01/07/2021 Abstract One of the most important issues in preserving an area’s indigenous values is finding traces of the past. Bakhtiari rituals, as an intangible heritage of the Bakhtiari people, have been passed down from one generation to another over a long time. The rituals are full of symbolic concepts that have originated from their myths, culture, and beliefs over time. The purpose of this study is to identify the symbols of Mithraism along with other pictorial symbols derived from the concept and stories of Mehr in the culture of Bakhtiari people. This study is based on a comparative study of documents and research on mythology, history of religions, and ancient Iran. Mehr ritual is one of the rituals in which symbolic images have been used as a visual language for conveying the concepts and principles of this ritual and its followers. Over time, these images have been preserved with the same hidden meanings in them and the following centuries have been used in the same way However, they were modified and their concepts have developed and used in a wider sense. Keywords: Symbols of Mehr, Mithraism, Mitra, Rituals and Customs, Bakhtiari People.
    [Show full text]