WALIA journal 31(S2): 25-27, 2015 Available online at www.Waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 © 2015 WALIA

Take Qapo board or compulsory settlement in the territory of the Bakhtiari

Ghafar Pour Bakhtiar *, Hatam Mosaei, Hasan Mozafari Babadi, Danesh Abasi Shehni, Saeed Bahari Babadi

Department of History, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar,

Abstract: Nomadic life has changed after a few thousand years, and now on the eve of destruction and this change is not confined to any particular tribe or group, the overall change in the economic, social and political nomads after the industrial revolution and technological superiority countries have taken place. Nomads in Iran, before the influence of the West and the East continued their traditional life, but during the Qajar crisis began. Iran was once a powerful country, the advancement of technology came west to its knees. There nomads, some ways to prevent foreign interests in Iran, and therefore several measures have been taken to weaken the dominant hand. Nomads from one side of the road that leads to insecurity critical value for the transport of goods were exported to foreign investors and on the other hand, when the population comprised between 25 and 30 percent, were accustomed to the simple life a consumer could not be used for foreign goods; It's because most of the equipment needed to prepare the and is largely a self-sufficient economy were closed. So the aliens to control the development of the economy and also put great efforts were nomads to international markets finally, with the rise of Reza and his dream came to settle nomads. Here's how to settling nomads rely on paid Bakhtiari nomads.

Key words: Bed Qapo; Tribes; Bakhtiari; Forced resettlement;

1. Introduction and internal challenges it’s so difficult for the young constitutional, and it was such an abnormal situation *Qapo board means to stay home and be a the distance from the Revolution to the rise of his resident of the city or in other words the nomads own people, they want the rise of a dictator. The and tribes. Ties and nomadic way of life based on situation in Iran after the revolution it’s so chaotic centuries of migration and nomadism guides his and disorganized that many people dream of men every move between the cold and warm garlic and a and the emergence of someone who can play wanderer, life was fluid and stir. They are frequent regardless of denominations and sects, Iran to settle and always on the move and from summer to winter its and advance the reform of the Iranian people. and vice versa were moved. Tribes in the area where This extremely unfavorable (called the rise of they arrived, they set up their tents Black and graze Reza Shah and his embrace of power) certainly was their animals were busy since then, with the loss of followed its adverse consequences, such as a board pastures, the area was full of grass move. Over time, or Qapo nomads who was one of the many some of them began to be voluntarily abandoned the consequences (Razavi, 2009: 186). nomadic life and settled in villages and towns were Reza Shah's government in principle well sedentary. understood until the tribes of nomadic and move But another part of the nomadic tribes of from winter to summer to maintain, Neither the nomadic continues to be spent his time and did not central government rather than follow and obey want to stay and settle permanently in the area. They their leaders and their Khans. As long as tribal chiefs were not willing to leave their nomadism easy life and heads of tribes during the migration process and a place to stay in the houses in the villages and duties and responsibilities as an important find towns resettled. The purpose of this study was to pastures, Ferry crossings dangerous tribe, tribes and investigate the way the federal government clans defend against others and resolving conflicts regarding the settlement forced Reza Bakhtiari within the tribe are doing, Nomadic populations not nomads in particular is. Altogether, the question only obeyed but they needed to defend themselves comes to mind whether the goals aliens, Reza and support their leaders and tribal chiefs. On the Bakhtiari nomads and tribes could be housed and its other hand, Reza Shah lived nomadic tribes, meaning? especially those which are considered a symbol of Forced settlement in the territory of the Bakhtiari backwardness and traditionalism country despite nomads the continued life of nomadic tribes, Domination and After the end of World War I. and advisors and conquest, it was impossible for him, The nomads of English influence in Iran and its control by external the most suitable solution for such problems is proposed. But it should be noted that the fighting tribes Adghan particularly critical of their * Corresponding Author.

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Chadnshyny of years before the rise of Reza Shah There is also evidence that Khan had worked to there. Basically the Constitutional Revolution, one of weaken the organization, the tribe is one of the the issues that recognize the constitutional largest tribe in the country following the intelligentsia of the country was occupied, and in government's ability to mobilize and attack them on particular the issue of accommodation they were there. Bakhtiari nomads and capture the story of the nomads. But should it be known basically the conquest of Constitutional Revolution and Constitutional Revolution, one of the issues that the fall of Mohammad Ali Shah played Reza Shah had recognize the constitutional intelligentsia of the worried the program. Bakhtiari in the oil-rich country was occupied, and in particular the issue of kingdom there shall be under the supervision and accommodation they were nomads. control of the central government. Strategic location Masjed Soleiman working on the book about the and access to the river Khan also not without power of the oil companies quoted Williamson. W. significance. (Flower listened, 2008: 67) Reza Shah John reads: "It is not enough that people of the sought to policy and absolute centralization of power region to attract companies or the rights and in the central government, with the forced comforts to give them, but can be done about them settlement of nomadic tribes, centrifugal forces to to prevent migration. »Mr. Williamson in 1926 to focus on specific areas and a seat back known to be 1305 by the sun; so this shows that English is under its control. Therefore, the use of military, mandatory before Lt. Gen. Amir Ahmadi settlement police and brutal use of force by the police and the of nomads and the thought of it, and by means of its army, the police and the security of nomadic tribes colonial policies were the first side (Abbasi Shehni, who resisted the settlement policy to compel their 2005: 159). governments tend to live in areas where it was Reza Khan to imperialistic foreign policy when he housed. Obviously, the reaction of nomadic tribes took powers in the first place, the suppression of against the inertia and pressure, reaction of fear and anti-nomadic tribes, especially the brave Bakhtiari at coercion and nomadic tribes against compulsory the top of your program. (Flower listened, 2008: 65). settlement, showed resistance and the fall of the With the rise of Reza Shah, his thoughts and ideas Shah in September 1320 with the demolition of their in line with the constitutionalists and the houses, once again turned to nomadic life. eccentricity of what is available and what the forced After the Constitutional Revolution Bakhtiari end. The problem of nomads of Reza Shah's tactics support and participate in the conquest of Tehran against nomadic tribes had so much power which and especially after the great Bakhtiari Khans along with other tactics such as disarmament, sensitive ministries and government offices, Tribal recruitment, real estate, etc. was closed. But Reza territory they intend to stay and residence in Tehran Shah's government instead of the methods and and left the big city. This damage to the Bakhtiari techniques of social, cultural, economic, and military tribal and nomadic life into the building. After the and security adduce only a rough manner. In fact, Constitutional Review, The tribe without its top they look at the Shah to nomads and settlers and leaders, the Kani tribe and tribe Began and only with military security not wanting to settle nomadic the help of the Khans smaller among the tribe tribes to the development or evolution and progress leaders and especially the police station continued of the country and the United. their nomadic life. (Pour, 2008: 415) In the year 1300 AH, SB (coinciding with the rise Reza Shah was the purpose of applying of Reza Khan) circumstances Bakhtiari people were traditional predatory tribes who settled in the upset because they wanted the Khans taxes to collect community and brought goods vehicle, stop; and and deliver to the government, some of the their three ways of recruitment, disarmament and complaints system, and the Khans to Tehran Others resettlement under the central government took were deprived of their oppression to the peace and (Upton, 1979: 130). safety. However, the Bakhtiari nomads, and the Bakhtiari nomads forced resettlement and central government in a fight with the aliens and replaced with the forced sale of property, their hostility to their tribal chiefs had formed in disarmament, recruitment usurped oil stocks, tax front of another campaign. pressure, etc., the other side of the modern state First Corps in July of 1941, Reza Khan arrived to against Bakhtiari and to undermine the power and quell the Bakhtiari nomads were Ardal mountain influence it is. From 1306 AD. The forward-looking road after leaving behind the mountains were hard plan nomads came Reza Shah. He ordered the state Pearls and because of tiredness and fatigue without budget every year, a special amount of credit for any of the information about where to obtain the housing and building new villages to be resettled Castle Inn, nectarines and began to relax. They found nomads. According to Reza Shah's intense desire to that the tribes they have surrounded the early become sedentary and nomadic tribes, nomadic evening. tribes Qapo board rules eventually adopted eleven Tribes fought with them for a day, a group of matters. people trapped in the valleys and along the river Solar measures to influence the region in 1303 Karun this incident threw for Reza Khan was and was used to collect overdue taxes. Seyed Reza impossible to bear. The highly indignant and other Moshiri years after the War Department's mission is categories of army complete with equipment sent to to provide practical disarmament Bakhtiari tribes. the Bakhtiari tribe shall in any way be smashing. Agents to achieve this goal, the tribes were under the 26

Bakhtiar et al / WALIA, 31(S2) 2015, Pages: 25-27 most severe persecution. In the event tribes suffered the proposal of the Ministry of the Interior approved severe torture, so that the memories of the time they Foroghi the amount of 50 thousand dollars to finance are very bitter and burning arises lives. (Flower development costs and expenses Bakhtiari nomads listened, 1998: 68) dispatch mission dispatched inspectors to inspect Reza Bakhtiari tribes in dealing with politics he the accommodation Bakhtiari are placed at the appeared. From 1306 to 1308 the military to military disposal of the Ministry of Interior. cooperation does not Bakhtiari, Reza Shah with his In the second half of September and the first half former allies opposed. The bright side of the fire, the of October 1313 by order of the government, the family Aylkhani and Haji Aylkhaniand factions Haft village chief and elders of the Bakhtiari tribes in cold Lang and expertly Chharlng ignite. Haft Lang moved regions, settled, families, tribes, its subsidiaries were the tax burden to bear. established in the new villages that were approved. Pasture rose again to record a new New villages in cooler climates Bakhtiari first administration with a new Aylkhan for Chharlng came into existence. Prior to the implementation of created. As a result, when the Haft Lang in 1308 with the nomads, in the ChaharMahal village just a few as support from the central government rose Chharlng Dastgerd, Dehno, Shams Abad, Ardal and there rebelled. Reza Shah after the riot seven lame NaghanMost of the population is comprised of the disarmed, Some of them handle accommodated non-Bakhtiari or the inhabitants of the villages Their heads are forced to sell their land to the local where they were Bakhtiaritribal chiefs and sheriffs dealer, they confiscated oil stocks and seventeen were often location. But by Reza Bakhtiari nomads, members of the Khans, including Sardar Asad, the Chahar Mahal region was full of large and small commander Amir War was jailed mohtasham. villages some time seven a small village with less After seven lame, Chharlng turn to hit. Reza Shah than 5 households was observed among them. also disarmed them and brought under military rule Bakhtiari nomads are actually in 1313. After the and Bakhtiari region was divided between the two imprisonment and execution of Bakhtiari Khans and neighboring provinces. In 1310, with the abolition of leaders began. According to order of his all the titles State officials and clan patriarch Begay Government, Bakhtiari tribes living in the province was also canceled (Abrahamian, 1999: 176). of Chahar Mahal also need to be in place and the With forced migration, the tribe began to disarm. tribes living in the same place of residence and Between the years 1926 and 1928 Bakhtiari people migration to winter and summer and avoid raising unlike other tribes (tribes of South West) completely the tent. Use black veil was forbidden to erect the disarmed and about fourteen thousand weapons tent was the one who was punished severely. were taken from them. Reza Shah Khan forced some oil stocks and sells their property. (Amman, 1990: References 98) In the winter of 1307 the apparent calm of the Layard Itinerary, Sir Austen Henry Layard, most rural and tribal areas of the country are Translated by MehrabAmiri (1997), Tehran, suddenly disrupted. Every tribal areas of West, Anzan, second edition, p. 275. South, Central and southeast Iran in the aftermath of the rebellion were to dominate the region south of Nezam –al-SaltanehMafi, HosseinGholi Khan the central government is almost out. Trigger of all Memories; An attempt by MasoumehMafi and MansourehEtehadieh (NezamMaffi) (2007), this chaos, the public outcry was nomadic tribes of central government policy. (Amman divine Tehran, Iran History Publication, p.165. Baharvand, 1996: 236) Sir Austen Henry Layard, Madame Bishop, Lynch, Reza Khan Allure and bribes to some tribal Wilson (1992). A journey in the realm of leaders and bloody violence and repression, forced Bakhtiari and local nomads in Khuzestan, to obey them overcome BrkvchBakhtiari nomads of translated by Mehrab Amiri, Tehran, cultural this event. In the same year, a group of leaders in center, First Edition , p. 47. Tehran summoned Bakhtiari were executed. According Dygar forty Khan Bakhtiari, who had gone to Tehran on invitation, only 12 (twelve) came out. Reza Khan, the use of military force to suppress the tribes, the tribes are often surprised by the military, and regardless of temperament, their livelihood and survival needs were dealt with, tent burned, the tribes were forced to build mud brick homes and resettled. Their actions and resistance of tribes led to the killing of innocent people and their livestock was. (Turkoman, 1989: 124) Terms nomads on 28 Persian date Mordad 1312 Civil Bakhtiari officer was notified to Mahmud Khan Ghaffari accommodation in the Bakhtiari are carefully considered and implemented. In the eleventh Persian date Khordad 1313, according to 27