DOCSLIB.ORG

Banhtiari Studies II: Orthography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Banhtiari Studies II: Orthography $&7$81,9(56,7$7,6836$/,(16,6 Studia Iranica Upsaliensia %DNKWLDUL6WXGLHV,, 2UWKRJUDSK\ (ULN$QRQE\ $VKUDI$VDGL ABSTRACT Anonby, E. & Asadi, A. 2018. Bakhtiari Studies II: Orthography. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 34. 305 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-513-0385-7. The Bakhtiari language is spoken by members of a traditionally nomadic society, numbering over a million people, across several provinces in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. This study provides an account of the emergence and development of an orthography for Bakhtiari – the migration of the Bakhtiari language into the world of letters. Bakhtiari poetry has been tran- scribed for many decades, and other genres are now appearing in print, but codification of the language is heterogeneous and often difficult for readers to decipher. Building on the foundation of the work, Bakhtiari studies: Phonology, text, lexicon (Anonby & Asadi 2014), the present volume responds to the pressing need to elaborate a systematic orthography that faithfully reflects the language’s phonological structure and serves speakers from various contexts across the language area. It examines the social and linguistic background for such an orthography and, despite major functional drawbacks, concedes that a writing sys- tem based on Arabo-Persian script is the only realistic option for the Bakhtiari language com- munity. Following on a presentation of the orthography’s elements, issues associated with the Persian model are addressed: word recognition, underrepresentation of vowels, overrepresenta- tion of consonants, and graphic possibilities for compounding and affixation are discussed in depth; mitigating strategies as well as improvements are proposed. Several innovative but intui- tive conventions that respond to distinctive features of Bakhtiari pronunciation are also intro- duced. Orthographic choices, which have been tested with a wide cross-section of Bakhtiari speakers, are illustrated and applied to the transcription of a traditional text as well as a 1500- word lexicon. The results of this study are relevant for Bakhtiari writers, for scholars working in develop- ment of Arabic-based orthographies for other languages which have not been standardized, and for strengthening conventions in standardized languages, such as Persian, that use a related script. © AUU, Erik Anonby & Ashraf Asadi 2018 Front cover photograph © 2014 Erik Anonby: Detail from a čuqā, the traditional Bakhtiari indigo-and-white striped woolen vest. Back cover photograph © 2017 Maryam Amani-Babadi: A shepherd guides flocks along the Bazoft River during the eylāğ garmesir – the annual migration from winter pastures in Khuzestan Province to summer pastures in the heights of the Zagros Mountains in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province. ISSN 1100-326X ISBN 978-91-513-0385-7 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355930 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355930) Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden www.uu.se, [email protected] Printed in Sweden by Danagård LiTHO, Ödeshög 2018 ﻫـﻤﻪ وا َﯾ ﮏ௘ زﻧﯿﻢ ﺟﺎر ﺑﯿﺎﯾﯿﻦ ௘ﮔَﻮﯾَﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫَﯿﺠﺎر ﺑﯿﺎﯾﯿﻦ௘ واﯾَﮏ ﺑِﺠﻮﺷﯿﻢ دﺑﯿـﺖ، ﭼﻮﻗﺎ ِﺑﭙﻮﺷﯿـﻢ ۨ ۨ زۆ ،௘ زۆنِ ௘ﺑﺨﺘﯿـــﺎري ﻧـــــــﯚ ، ﻧـــــﯚنِ ﺑﺨﺘﯿـــﺎري ﺗـَﻮَﻗـُﻊِ ﻫَﯿـــــــﺎري ﺑﯿﺎﯾﯿﻦ௘ ﮔَﻮﯾَﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫَﯿﺠﺎر ² ﭼﻨﮕﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﯿﺨﺎﻧﯽ Contents List of figures and tables ............................................................................ 11 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 12 Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 13 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 15 1.1 Purpose of this study ........................................................................ 15 1.2 Guiding principles ............................................................................ 16 1.2.1 Phonologically accurate ................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Contextually appropriate .................................................................. 17 1.2.3 Optimal for readers and writers ........................................................ 17 1.3 The structure of this book ................................................................ 18 2 Toward an orthography of Bakhtiari .................................................. 21 2.1 The Bakhtiari people and their language.......................................... 21 2.2 Emergence of Bakhtiari as a written language ................................. 23 2.3 Current practices and proposals ....................................................... 26 2.4 Social context for a Bakhtiari orthography ...................................... 26 2.4.1 The wider social context .................................................................. 27 2.4.2 Dialect variation ............................................................................... 28 3 The process of orthography development............................................ 29 3.1 Choice of script ................................................................................ 30 3.2 Re-evaluation and modification of Persian conventions .................. 31 3.3 Approach to dialect variation ........................................................... 33 3.4 Orthography testing .......................................................................... 35 3.5 Prospects for the use of this Bakhtiari orthography ......................... 37 3.5.1 Bakhtiari literature ........................................................................... 37 3.5.2 Teaching materials ........................................................................... 37 3.5.3 Everyday use by speakers of the language ....................................... 38 4 Overview of Bakhtiari phonology ........................................................ 39 4.1 Consonants ....................................................................................... 39 4.2 Vowels ............................................................................................. 40 5 Symbols in the orthography .................................................................. 43 5.1 Full letters ........................................................................................ 43 5.2 Diacritics .......................................................................................... 47 5.3 Punctuation....................................................................................... 48 6 Spelling conventions .............................................................................. 49 6.1 Representation of allophonic distinctions ........................................ 49 6.1.1 ³6RIW´GDIWHUYRZHOVDQGJOLGHV ....................................................... 49 6.1.2 Nasalized vowel articulations in codas ............................................ 51 6.1.3 ³6RIW´KLQFRGDV .............................................................................. 53 6.2 Geminate consonants ....................................................................... 54 6.3 Short vowels ..................................................................................... 55 6.3.1 General discussion of orthography for short vowels ........................ 55 6.3.2 Conventions for short vowels within words ..................................... 59 6.3.2.1 Obligatory conventions for short vowels within words ................... 59 6.3.2.2 Optional fuller short vowel marking ................................................ 62 6.3.2.3 Simplified spelling alternative for word-internal short vowels ........ 63 6.3.3 Conventions for short vowels word-finally ...................................... 64 6.3.3.1 Representation of word-final e ......................................................... 65 6.3.3.2 Representation of word-final a ......................................................... 66 6.3.3.3 Representation of word-final o......................................................... 67 6.3.3.4 Word-final short vowels before h .................................................... 69 6.4 Word-internal vowel sequences ....................................................... 70 The vowel-JOLGHVHTXHQFHVH\DQGRݝ .............................................. 72 6.5 7KHDPELJXRXVDUWLFXODWLRQVLL\DQGXXݝEHIRUHYRZels ................ 74 6.6 6.7 Use of ΐγ for all sp/sb sequences ................................................... 75 6.8 Loanwords and cognates .................................................................. 75 6.8.1 Retention of Arabic letters in Persian borrowings ........................... 76 6.8.2 Retention of Persian ϮΧ for x ........................................................... 77 6.8.3 Bakhtiari h corresponding to Persian x ............................................ 79 6.8.4 Bakhtiari z corresponding to Persian d ............................................ 80 6.8.5 Representation of distinctive phonological forms ............................ 81 6.8.5.1 Bakhtiari u ϭ corresponding to Persian ub Ώϭ ................................. 83 6.8.5.2 Bakhtiari ΐϣ corresponding to Persian ΐϧ for mb ........................... 83 6.8.6 ³5HSDLU´RILGLRV\QFUDWLFVSHOOLQJRIRLQ3HUVLDQ ............................ 84 6.8.7 7UDQVFULSWLRQRITDQG÷LQZRUGVZLWK3HUVLDQFRXQWHUSDUWV ........... 85 6.8.8 Conventions relating to representations of glottal stop in Persian ... 87 6.8.8.1 Persian word-initial glottal stop ......................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Writing Iranian Culture Ragionare
    anno XVII (2014), n. 16 (2) ARCHIVIO ISSN 2038-3215 ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on line anno XVII (2014), n. 16 (2) SEMESTRALE DI SCIENZE UMANE ISSN 2038-3215 Università degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento ‘Culture e Società’ Sezione di Scienze umane, sociali e politiche Direttore responsabile GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO Comitato di redazione SERGIO BONANZINGA, IGNAZIO E. BUTTITTA, GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO, FERDINANDO FAVA, VINCENZO MATERA, MATTEO MESCHIARI Segreteria di redazione DANIELA BONANNO, ALESSANDRO MANCUSO, ROSARIO PERRICONE, DAVIDE PORPORATO (website) Impaginazione ALBERTO MUSCO Comitato scientifico MARLÈNE ALBERT-LLORCA Département de sociologie-ethnologie, Université de Toulouse 2-Le Mirail, France ANTONIO ARIÑO VILLARROYA Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia, Spain ANTONINO BUTTITTA Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy IAIN CHAMBERS Dipartimento di Studi Umani e Sociali, Università degli Studi di Napoli «L’Orientale», Italy ALBERTO M. CIRESE (†) Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy JEFFREY E. COLE Department of Anthropology, Connecticut College, USA JOÃO DE PINA-CABRAL Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal ALESSANDRO DURANTI UCLA, Los Angeles, USA KEVIN DWYER Columbia University, New York, USA DAVID D. GILMORE Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA JOSÉ ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD University of Granada, Spain ULF HANNERZ Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Sweden MOHAMED KERROU Département des Sciences Politiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia MONDHER KILANI Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Culturelle et Sociale, Université de Lausanne, Suisse PETER LOIZOS (†) London School of Economics & Political Science, UK ABDERRAHMANE MOUSSAOUI Université de Provence, IDEMEC-CNRS, France HASSAN RACHIK University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco JANE SCHNEIDER Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III.
    [Show full text]
  • Why the U.S. Targeted Iran Allies Ahead of Nuclear Talks
    WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 43rd year No.13979 Tuesday JUNE 29, 2021 Tir 8, 1400 Dhi Al Qada 18, 1442 U.S. destabilizes region Skocic to lead Iran at Petchem industry Ferdowsi Mausoleum, Naderi by attacking Iraqi, World Cup qualifiers to add 22 new products Garden reopen as coronavirus Syrian groups Page 3 Round 3 Page 3 to output basket Page 4 restrictions relax Page 6 Iran ranked world’s 10th largest Why the U.S. targeted Iran steelmaker in Jan.-May 2021: WSA Iran was ranked the world’s tenth-largest same period in 2020. steel producer in the first five months of The Islamic Republic’s steel output 2021, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries stood at 2.6 million tons in May, indicating Development and Renovation Organization a 7.7 percent rise year on year. (IMIDRO) announced referring to the Based on the mentioned data, the allies ahead of nuclear talks latest data released by the World Steel world’s top 64 steel makers managed See page 3 Association (WSA). to produce 837.5 million tons of steel in According to the WSA’s data, Iran the mentioned five months to register a produced 12.5 million tons of crude 14.5-percent rise from the figure for the steel in January-May 2021, registering last year’s same period. a 9.2 percent growth compared to the Continued on page 4 Yemen launches new massive retaliatory operation in Southern Saudi Arabia The Yemeni army has announced one armed drones.
    [Show full text]
  • Joshua Project People Profile
    August Southern Pashtuns 1 in Iran he Sunni Muslim Pashtun were Tthe traditional rulers of Afghanistan for over 250 years, from founding of the country in 1747 to 1973. Since the overthrow of the Afghan king, the Soviet invasion in the 1970s, and the overthrow of the communists in the 1980s, Afghanistan has faced constant conflict. Many Pashtuns joined other tribal groups and fled Afghanistan during the 1980's conflict. They settled in refugee camps in the border provinces of Iran and Pakistan, and most returned to Afghanistan when things were more settled. However, some Pashtun men have continued to sneak into Iran to escape poverty and the ��pahsh-TOON constant fighting. Younger Pashtun POPULATION: 160,000 men try to go directly to Tehran to LANGUAGE: Pashto, Southern find work in construction, where they RELIGION: Islam are more accepted. Many send BIBLE: Portions money back to Afghanistan to help their families. STATUS: Unreached Ministry Obstacles construction and other areas where Pashtuns are isolated from Iranian Pashtuns commonly work, so they believers; they speak a different can have contact with them. language and are in entirely different social circles. Prayer Focus Pray for a Disciple Making Movement Outreach Ideas among Pashtuns in Iran that will Iranian believers can take up jobs in spread to Pakistan and Afghanistan. SCRIPTURE Therefore, I will teach them—this time I will teach them my power and might. Then they will know that my name is the Lord. Jer 16:21 PRAY that today’s people group will understand from the heart that God is all powerful, and He can give or withhold blessings.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Linguistic Diversity and Language Contact in Chahar Mahal Va
    Linguistic diversity and language contact in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran Erik Anonby (Carleton & Bamberg) & Mortaza Taheri-Ardali (Shahrekord) Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province (hereafter CB) is nestled in the heights of the Zagros Range in western Iran, with the mountains opening down onto the Iranian Plateau. The topography is reflected in the linguistic situation: Bakhtiari dominates the mountainous areas that cover most of the province, and three other main linguistic groups are intermingled in the lower areas of the north-east: Rural Chārmahāli and Urban Chārmahāli (both Southwestern Iranic but distinct from one another), and Turkic. Until 1973, CB was part of Esfahan Province and (perhaps because of this) the languages of this area were overlooked in the great surveys of the early 20th century (e.g., Mann 1910, Zhukovsky 1923, Christensen 1930/1935). Existing language maps of the area (TAVO 1988, Irancarto 2012, Izady 2013, etc.) have been general and incomplete, and contradict one another. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature through a first geographically representative overview of linguistic diversity in CB, and look at recurrent themes in the patterning of contact among the languages spoken there. Our study is based on fieldwork conducted across CB by a multi-university research team, in the context of the Atlas of the Languages of Iran programme (ALI 2016), between May 2015 and the present. The first step in our research was to conduct initial assessments of language and dialect distribution for each of the province’s some 800 cities and villages. In addition to gaining a geographically detailed picture of the language situation, we collected notes regarding internal diversity among the province’s dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian and Tajik
    DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark CHAPTER EIGHT PERSIAN AND TAJIK Gernot Wind/uhr and Jo hn R Perry 1 INTRODUCTION 1 .1 Overview The fo cus of this chapter is Modern Standard Persian and Modern Standard Tajik. Both evolved from Early New Persian. We stern Persian has typologically shifted differently from modern Tajik which has retained a considerable number of Early Eastern Persian fe atures, on the one hand, and has also assimilated a strong typologically Turkic com­ ponent, on the other hand. In spite of their divergence, both languages continue to share much of their underlying fe atures, and are discussed jointly in this chapter. 1.1.1 Historical background Persian has been the dominant language of Iranian lands and adjacent regions for over a millennium. From the tenth century onward it was the language of literary culture, as well the lingua franca in large parts of West, South, and Central Asia until the mid­ nineteenth century. It began with the political domination of these areas by Persian­ speaking dynasties, first the Achaemenids (c. 558-330 BCE), then the Sassanids (224-65 1 CE), along with their complex political-cultural and ideological Perso-Iranianate con­ structs, and the establishment of Persian-speaking colonies throughout the empires and beyond. The advent of Islam (since 651 CE) represents a crucial shift in the history of Iran and thus of Persian. It resulted in the emergence of a double-focused Perso-Islamic construct, in which, after Arabic in the first Islamic centuries, Persian reasserted itself as the dominant high register linguistic medium, and extended its dominance into fo rmerly non-Persian and non-Iranian-speaking territories in the East and Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN OF CONFERENCE EUROPEAN THE OF EIGHTH STUDIES PROCEEDINGS STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES VOLUME I ISBN 978-5-93572-866-4 I VOL. 9 785935 728663 St Petersburg 2019 SOCIETAS IRANOLOGICA EUROPAEA STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES Held on 14–19 September 2015 at the State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, in St Petersburg Volume I Studies on Pre-Islamic Iran and on Historical Linguistics Scholarly editor Pavel B. LURJE Saint Petersburg The State Hermitage Publishers 2019 УДК 935.5:006.3(4) ББК (T)63.3(5)(5Ирн) М 34 Published by the decision of the State Hermitage Editorial Board Scholarly editor Pavel B. Lurje English editor Doug Hitch PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES (State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St Petersburg, 14–19 September 2015). Volume I: Studies on Pre-Islamic Iran and on Historical Linguistics. In English and German. St Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers, 2019 – 386 pp. + XVI colour plates ISBN 978-5-93572-866-3 (vol. 1) ISBN 978-5-93572-869-4 The volume incorporates articles presented by the participants of the Eighth European Conference of Iranian Studies (in St Petersburg 14–19 September 2015) which were focused on Pre-Islamic Iran and on historical linguistics. The collected papers mirror the wide scope of Iranian studies of the present day: from business documents of ­Tumshuq in ­Xinjiang to those of the Syrian wars of the early Sasanians, from the etymology of the place-name Sudak to the pottery assemblages of Sistan of the Achaemenian period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lady Doctor in Bakhtiari Land
    A LADY DOCTOR IN BAKHTIARI LAND BY ELIZABETH NESS MACBEAN ROSS, MB, ChB FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE EDITED BY J. N. MACBEAN ROSS, MC; MD; FRCS (Ed) FOREWORD Dr Elizabeth Ness MacBean Ross, in her all too short life, saw and travelled more than is the lot of most women. In this book is an account of her adventurous existence amongst the Bakhtiaris, a powerful tribe inhabiting the mountains and upland valleys between Isfahan and Khuramahad, and a quite unique description of the home life, ways of thinking, mental atmosphere and customs of the many Harems in which she was regarded both as a welcome visitor and a trusted physician. Many adventures befell her in that troublous land, and on one occasion she was lost in the desert and robbed by brigands, the strong intervention of our own Government being required for her restoration to safety. On the outbreak of War, at the request of the Russian Government, she left her work in Persia to take charge of a military hospital in stricken Serbia, first at Nish and later at Kragujevatz. Though not to be numbered amongst those who have fallen in battle she just as nobly gave her life for her country and its cause contracting, as she did, that dire disease of typhus from those amongst whom she ministered. With tragic suddenness she died leaving behind a memory which as a high Serbian official said “will live for ever in the hearts of the Serbian people’’. There is something deeply pathetic in the last honours gratefully paid, from the Crown Prince down to the lowliest peasant, to the memory of this lady doctor who represented to them the goodwill of this country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonology of the Bakhtiari, Badakhshani, and Madaglashti Dialects of Modern Persian, with Vocabularies
    of <&re, PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND, Founded by the generosity of H.H. THE RAJA OF COCHIN. K.C.S.I.. THE MAHARAJA GAJAPATI RAO, C.I.E., THE RAJA OF PARLAKIMEDI, and other Chiefs and Gentlemen of Southern India. BAKHTIARI, BADAKHSHANI, AND MADAGLASHTI PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND VOL. VI The Phonology of the BAKHTIARI, BADAKHSHANI, and I MADAGLASHTI DIALECTS of Modern Persian With Vocabularies BY MAJOR D. L. R. LORIMER, O.I.E., LA. FOREIGN AND POLITICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY AND SOLD AT 74 GROSVENOR STREET, LONDON, W.I 1922 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD. PRINTERS, HERTFORD. ?K 8IJ359 . (Kriereon, I DEDICATE THIS WORK AS A MARK OF RESPECT FOR PROFOUND SCHOLARSHIP AND OF GRATITUDE FOR MANIFOLD KINDNESSES. THAT BY THIS DEDICATION THE BOOK RECEIVES HONOUR INSTEAD OF CONVEYING IT, IS A FACT WHICH I REGRET BUT CANNOT REMEDY. CONTENTS I. THE BAKHTIABI DIALECT INTRODUCTION 12 PHONOLOGY . VOCABULARY ... 101 II. THE BADAKHSHANI AND MADAGLASHTI DIALECTS INTRODUCTION . 127 PHONOLOGY ... .131 MORPHOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION . 146 PARADIGMS .... .159 TEXTS .167 .VOCABULARIES (a) BADAKHSHANI .... .174 (b) MADAGLASHTI . .190 PREFACE rriHIS book will not to a it I appeal large public ; is, fear, totally lacking in all the attractions of a popular novel. Primarily it will interest the philologist, if anyone, but while recognizing this, I should like to recommend it to the still more limited class of those who may in the course of practical life come into contact with one or other of the dialects it deals with. On the uses of a knowledge of dialects I am not going to enlarge.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India
    Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India by Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi M.Sc., Tarbiat Modares University, 2006 B.Sc., University of Tehran, 2003 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Resource and Environmental Management Faculty of Environment © Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi 2020 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2020 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Soudeh Jamshidian Ghaleh Sefidi Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Community Participation in Protected Areas in Iran, Afghanistan, and India Examining Committee: Chair: Sean Markey Professor John R. Welch Senior Supervisor Professor Murray R. Rutherford Supervisor Associate Professor Kenneth Lertzman Supervisor Professor Evelyn Pinkerton Internal Examiner Professor Benedict J. Colombi External Examiner Professor American Indian Studies University of Arizona Date Defended/Approved: April 22, 2020 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Community participation has become an essential part of protected area (PA) management worldwide. This thesis contributes suggestions for improving conservation effectiveness and efficiency by boosting responsible local community participation in PA management. I studied Sabzkouh PA in Iran, Shah Foladi PA in Afghanistan, and Bhitarkanika National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in India to examine: (1) what factors affect community participation in PAs in developing countries? (2) what roles can state governments and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play to support community participation? (3) how can application of equity criteria improve PA management? My studies, conducted between 2009 and 2018, combined document reviews with personal observations, participatory rural appraisal workshops, and open-ended interviews with local community members, state government staff, NGO representatives, and researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section B
    B, Madame (Fictitious character) BT Boeing bombers B lymphocyte differentiation USE Madame B (Fictitious character) Jet bombers BT Cell differentiation B (Computer program language) B-50 bomber (Not Subd Geog) — — Molecular aspects [QA76.73.B155] UF B-29D bomber BT Molecular biology BT Programming languages (Electronic Boeing B-50 (Bomber) — Tumors (May Subd Geog) computers) Boeing Superfortress (Bomber) [RC280.L9] B & D (Sexual behavior) Superfortress (Bomber) UF B cell neoplasia USE Bondage (Sexual behavior) XB-44 bomber B cell neoplasms B & L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) BT Boeing bombers B cell tumors This heading is not valid for use as a geographic Bombers B lymphocyte tumors subdivision. B-52 (Bomber) BT Lymphomas UF B and L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) USE B-52 bomber NT Burkitt's lymphoma B&L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) [UG1242.B6] Multiple myeloma BT Sanitary landfills—Washington (State) UF B-52 (Bomber) B/D (Sexual behavior) B-1 bomber Stratofortress (Bomber) USE Bondage (Sexual behavior) USE Rockwell B-1 (Bomber) BT Boeing bombers B.E.2 (Military aircraft) (Not Subd Geog) B-2 bomber (Not Subd Geog) Jet bombers UF BE2 (Fighter plane) [Former heading] [UG1242.B6] Strategic bombers BE2 (Military aircraft) UF Advanced Technology Bomber B-57 (Miltary aircraft) Bleriot Experimental 2 (Military aircraft) Spirit (Stealth bomber) USE Canberra (Military aircraft) British Experimental 2 (Military aircraft) Stealth bomber B-58 (Bombers) Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 (Military aircraft) BT Jet bombers USE B-58 bomber BT Airplanes, Military Northrop aircraft B-58 bomber (Not Subd Geog) Royal Aircraft Factory aircraft Stealth aircraft UF B-58 (Bombers) B emission stars Strategic bombers B-58 Hustler (Bombers) USE Be stars B-3 organ General Dynamics B-58 Shell stars USE Hammond B-3 organ Hustler (Bombers) B.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Ethnic and Minority Languages Survive in the Context of Global Development?
    Can ethnic and minority languages survive in the context of global development? Ebrahim Monajemi, Payam Noor University, Iran Abstract It is clear that the minority languages will not be able to survive in the process of economic, political and scientific globalization: nor can they resist international languages such as English. Consequently, fewer people will use them in their daily communications and ultimately all we will have left are relics in museums. New communication technologies and new ways of transportation are the major enemies to the traditional cultures and languages that, willingly or unwillingly, are fading away. It is similar to the extinction of some species of animals and plants. As the advocates of ecology do their best to keep nature intact, we linguists should also do our best to keep our ethnic languages preserved. We must not yield and let them vanish in the process of globalization. However, we have to accept the reality of globalization together with an international language necessary for it. In my opinion, we can communicate with our own national languages as well as with an international one. So, we have to adapt ourselves with the coming global civilization; otherwise we cannot survive. But this does not mean that we ignore the positive aspects of our traditional cultures and languages, which are considered as the ingredients of living. Without them, life is boring and dull. This paper discusses Iranian ancient languages spoken in the past but faded away, intermingled with other languages or transformed to new Persian (Farsi). I will also debate the possible ways that can keep our native languages alive.
    [Show full text]