The Online Atlas of the Languages of Iran: Design, Methodology And
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The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III. -
1 Linguistic Diversity and Language Contact in Chahar Mahal Va
Linguistic diversity and language contact in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran Erik Anonby (Carleton & Bamberg) & Mortaza Taheri-Ardali (Shahrekord) Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province (hereafter CB) is nestled in the heights of the Zagros Range in western Iran, with the mountains opening down onto the Iranian Plateau. The topography is reflected in the linguistic situation: Bakhtiari dominates the mountainous areas that cover most of the province, and three other main linguistic groups are intermingled in the lower areas of the north-east: Rural Chārmahāli and Urban Chārmahāli (both Southwestern Iranic but distinct from one another), and Turkic. Until 1973, CB was part of Esfahan Province and (perhaps because of this) the languages of this area were overlooked in the great surveys of the early 20th century (e.g., Mann 1910, Zhukovsky 1923, Christensen 1930/1935). Existing language maps of the area (TAVO 1988, Irancarto 2012, Izady 2013, etc.) have been general and incomplete, and contradict one another. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature through a first geographically representative overview of linguistic diversity in CB, and look at recurrent themes in the patterning of contact among the languages spoken there. Our study is based on fieldwork conducted across CB by a multi-university research team, in the context of the Atlas of the Languages of Iran programme (ALI 2016), between May 2015 and the present. The first step in our research was to conduct initial assessments of language and dialect distribution for each of the province’s some 800 cities and villages. In addition to gaining a geographically detailed picture of the language situation, we collected notes regarding internal diversity among the province’s dialects. -
Persian and Tajik
DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark CHAPTER EIGHT PERSIAN AND TAJIK Gernot Wind/uhr and Jo hn R Perry 1 INTRODUCTION 1 .1 Overview The fo cus of this chapter is Modern Standard Persian and Modern Standard Tajik. Both evolved from Early New Persian. We stern Persian has typologically shifted differently from modern Tajik which has retained a considerable number of Early Eastern Persian fe atures, on the one hand, and has also assimilated a strong typologically Turkic com ponent, on the other hand. In spite of their divergence, both languages continue to share much of their underlying fe atures, and are discussed jointly in this chapter. 1.1.1 Historical background Persian has been the dominant language of Iranian lands and adjacent regions for over a millennium. From the tenth century onward it was the language of literary culture, as well the lingua franca in large parts of West, South, and Central Asia until the mid nineteenth century. It began with the political domination of these areas by Persian speaking dynasties, first the Achaemenids (c. 558-330 BCE), then the Sassanids (224-65 1 CE), along with their complex political-cultural and ideological Perso-Iranianate con structs, and the establishment of Persian-speaking colonies throughout the empires and beyond. The advent of Islam (since 651 CE) represents a crucial shift in the history of Iran and thus of Persian. It resulted in the emergence of a double-focused Perso-Islamic construct, in which, after Arabic in the first Islamic centuries, Persian reasserted itself as the dominant high register linguistic medium, and extended its dominance into fo rmerly non-Persian and non-Iranian-speaking territories in the East and Central Asia. -
The Phonology of the Bakhtiari, Badakhshani, and Madaglashti Dialects of Modern Persian, with Vocabularies
of <&re, PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND, Founded by the generosity of H.H. THE RAJA OF COCHIN. K.C.S.I.. THE MAHARAJA GAJAPATI RAO, C.I.E., THE RAJA OF PARLAKIMEDI, and other Chiefs and Gentlemen of Southern India. BAKHTIARI, BADAKHSHANI, AND MADAGLASHTI PRIZE PUBLICATION FUND VOL. VI The Phonology of the BAKHTIARI, BADAKHSHANI, and I MADAGLASHTI DIALECTS of Modern Persian With Vocabularies BY MAJOR D. L. R. LORIMER, O.I.E., LA. FOREIGN AND POLITICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY AND SOLD AT 74 GROSVENOR STREET, LONDON, W.I 1922 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD. PRINTERS, HERTFORD. ?K 8IJ359 . (Kriereon, I DEDICATE THIS WORK AS A MARK OF RESPECT FOR PROFOUND SCHOLARSHIP AND OF GRATITUDE FOR MANIFOLD KINDNESSES. THAT BY THIS DEDICATION THE BOOK RECEIVES HONOUR INSTEAD OF CONVEYING IT, IS A FACT WHICH I REGRET BUT CANNOT REMEDY. CONTENTS I. THE BAKHTIABI DIALECT INTRODUCTION 12 PHONOLOGY . VOCABULARY ... 101 II. THE BADAKHSHANI AND MADAGLASHTI DIALECTS INTRODUCTION . 127 PHONOLOGY ... .131 MORPHOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION . 146 PARADIGMS .... .159 TEXTS .167 .VOCABULARIES (a) BADAKHSHANI .... .174 (b) MADAGLASHTI . .190 PREFACE rriHIS book will not to a it I appeal large public ; is, fear, totally lacking in all the attractions of a popular novel. Primarily it will interest the philologist, if anyone, but while recognizing this, I should like to recommend it to the still more limited class of those who may in the course of practical life come into contact with one or other of the dialects it deals with. On the uses of a knowledge of dialects I am not going to enlarge. -
LCSH Section B
B, Madame (Fictitious character) BT Boeing bombers B lymphocyte differentiation USE Madame B (Fictitious character) Jet bombers BT Cell differentiation B (Computer program language) B-50 bomber (Not Subd Geog) — — Molecular aspects [QA76.73.B155] UF B-29D bomber BT Molecular biology BT Programming languages (Electronic Boeing B-50 (Bomber) — Tumors (May Subd Geog) computers) Boeing Superfortress (Bomber) [RC280.L9] B & D (Sexual behavior) Superfortress (Bomber) UF B cell neoplasia USE Bondage (Sexual behavior) XB-44 bomber B cell neoplasms B & L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) BT Boeing bombers B cell tumors This heading is not valid for use as a geographic Bombers B lymphocyte tumors subdivision. B-52 (Bomber) BT Lymphomas UF B and L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) USE B-52 bomber NT Burkitt's lymphoma B&L Landfill (Milton, Wash.) [UG1242.B6] Multiple myeloma BT Sanitary landfills—Washington (State) UF B-52 (Bomber) B/D (Sexual behavior) B-1 bomber Stratofortress (Bomber) USE Bondage (Sexual behavior) USE Rockwell B-1 (Bomber) BT Boeing bombers B.E.2 (Military aircraft) (Not Subd Geog) B-2 bomber (Not Subd Geog) Jet bombers UF BE2 (Fighter plane) [Former heading] [UG1242.B6] Strategic bombers BE2 (Military aircraft) UF Advanced Technology Bomber B-57 (Miltary aircraft) Bleriot Experimental 2 (Military aircraft) Spirit (Stealth bomber) USE Canberra (Military aircraft) British Experimental 2 (Military aircraft) Stealth bomber B-58 (Bombers) Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 (Military aircraft) BT Jet bombers USE B-58 bomber BT Airplanes, Military Northrop aircraft B-58 bomber (Not Subd Geog) Royal Aircraft Factory aircraft Stealth aircraft UF B-58 (Bombers) B emission stars Strategic bombers B-58 Hustler (Bombers) USE Be stars B-3 organ General Dynamics B-58 Shell stars USE Hammond B-3 organ Hustler (Bombers) B. -
Can Ethnic and Minority Languages Survive in the Context of Global Development?
Can ethnic and minority languages survive in the context of global development? Ebrahim Monajemi, Payam Noor University, Iran Abstract It is clear that the minority languages will not be able to survive in the process of economic, political and scientific globalization: nor can they resist international languages such as English. Consequently, fewer people will use them in their daily communications and ultimately all we will have left are relics in museums. New communication technologies and new ways of transportation are the major enemies to the traditional cultures and languages that, willingly or unwillingly, are fading away. It is similar to the extinction of some species of animals and plants. As the advocates of ecology do their best to keep nature intact, we linguists should also do our best to keep our ethnic languages preserved. We must not yield and let them vanish in the process of globalization. However, we have to accept the reality of globalization together with an international language necessary for it. In my opinion, we can communicate with our own national languages as well as with an international one. So, we have to adapt ourselves with the coming global civilization; otherwise we cannot survive. But this does not mean that we ignore the positive aspects of our traditional cultures and languages, which are considered as the ingredients of living. Without them, life is boring and dull. This paper discusses Iranian ancient languages spoken in the past but faded away, intermingled with other languages or transformed to new Persian (Farsi). I will also debate the possible ways that can keep our native languages alive. -
Ethno-Territorial Groups and Encounters
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan Rezvani, B. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Rezvani, B. (2013). Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan. Vossiuspers UvA. http://nl.aup.nl/books/9789056297336-ethno-territorial- conflict-and-coexistence-in-the-caucasus-central-asia-and-fereydan.html General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:23 Sep 2021 Chapter Five 5 Ethno-Territorial Groups and Encounters The Caucasus, Central Asia, and Fereydan are all ethnically heterogeneous regions. However, not all ethnic groups can be labeled as ethno-territorial. In order to qualify as an ethno-territorial group, an ethnic group should live in a relatively compact area in which many largely ethnically homogenous villages, towns, or cities lie, and the ethnic group should be rooted. -
The Thought of Sheykh Fazlallah Nuri Within the Frames of Semiotic Analyses
ABASSY Małgorzata: Progressive or Conservative? The Thought of Sheykh Fazlallah Nuri within the frames of semiotic analyses The personage of Sheykh Fazlallah Nuri and his activity during the Constitutional Revolution belong to the most convoluted and controversial issues. In some periods of his activity Nuri supported the Qajar court whereas in others he was a proponent of a constitutional order. However, one fixed and profound pattern can be discovered beneath Nuri's attitudes towards the events of the mashrute period. It resulted from defence of the Shi‘a Islam. Sheykh Fazlallah Nuri changed his views and the tools he used to inculcate them depending on how he perceived the greatest threat for Islam at the particular moment. Semiotic analyses of Nuri's writings will allow us to describe the pattern and its configuration: the central, stable elements and the elements of secondary importance. The division between „own‖ and „foreign‖, which is specific for semiotic analyses, helps us to precise what elements, defined by Nuri as „own‖ and „foreign‖, clashed and what was the result of the encounter. Research in the Sheykh's writings within the frames of semiotic analyses will also lead to re-defining the concepts of „progressive‖ and „conservative‖. ABBASI Javad: Historical Data in Non-Historical Sources (Importance of Rashid Al-Din‟s Scientific and Theological Writings in Historical Studies) Having a precise reconstruction of the past is based on expanding references to all detailed and scattered data. Although the main part of historical materials for history of Iran has been provided in narrative sources like histories and original documents as well as letters and endowments, there are much more historical materials in other kind of ancient texts. -
Past Perfect Tense: from Old Iranian to Feyli Dialects
Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Language Studies and Literature Available online at www.sciarena.com 2020, Vol, 4 (2): 14-20 Past Perfect Tense: from Old Iranian to Feyli Dialects Mansour Bozorgmehr Department of Archaeology of Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University, Susa World Heritage Center and Carleton University, Iran. Abstract: Feyli Lurish is a Southwestern Iranian dialect. Historically, it can be considered as continuation of the Middle Persian and Old Persian. Present perfect tense is derived from Simple past tense in Old Persian. Afterwards, Present perfect tense has led to past perfect tense in Middle Persian. Feyli Lurish has two types of past perfect tense. One of them is derived from Middle Persian and the other is like that in Modern Persian. Feyli Lurish is loosing what has inherited from Middle Persian. Feyli Kurdish or “Kurdi-ye Vali” as a northwestern Iranian dialect is closer to the Parthian. Past perfect tense is attested in the Parthian literature and it also exists in the Feyli Kurdish, however, It seems above mentioned tense finally will be absolescenced from the Feyli dialects. Keywords: Old Iranian, Old Persian, Middle Persian, Feyli Dialects, Past Perfect Tense. INTRODUCTION According to the typological classifications, Lurish or Luri language and its subset, i.e. Feyli Lurish, along with Modern Persian language belong to Southwest Iranian Languages family. Therefore, Feyli Lurish is derived from the Middle Persian and the latter is derived from Old Persian. As the result, we should think that past perfect tense of the Feyli Lurish backs to the Middle Persian and Old Persian. Historically speaking, since the collapse of Old Iranian languages, particularly Old Persian (Kent, 1953, 21) in South and Southwest Iran, up to this day, current Iranian dialects in Southwest Iran have undergone through deep changes. -
Iran in World History
Iran in World History The New Oxford World History Iran in World History Richard Foltz 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foltz, Richard, 1961– Iran in world history / Richard Foltz. pages cm. — (New Oxford world history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–933549–7 (pbk. -
Different Dialects Cause Solidarity Or Solitude
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 443-448, June 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0706.05 Different Dialects Cause Solidarity or Solitude Hajar Shahhoseini Department of Faculty of Humanities, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Abstract—This paper attempts to investigate whether dialects cause solidarity or solitude in a society. In this study, in order to understand whether dialect cause solidarity or solitude, 100 people from different places such as company, school, and office participated in this study. These people speak with different dialects such as Shirazi, Bushehri, Lori, Kordi, Azeri, and Bakhtiari. These dialects were surveyed in different places such as company, office and school where people with different dialects contact with each other. The outcome shows that about 78% of people with different dialects have solidarity and only 22% have solitude in different situations. The results of this study shows that when people of different dialects, interact with each other, they try to increase their solidarity and produce friendship between themselves. It means diversity of dialects cause solidarity between people in different places. Index Terms—definition of dialect, solidarity, solitude, types of a dialect, different dialects in Iran I. INTRODUCTION There are many languages in the world and every language contains many dialects. Also it is possible to have many dialects in a small city. Dialect is a variety of a language that spoken by a special group of people in a particular position. Dialect is variety in a regional variety of a language, with differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. -
Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 24 Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon Erik Anonby & Ashraf Asadi Abstract Anonby, E. & Asadi, A., 2014. Bakhtiari Studies. Phonology, Text, Lexicon. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 24. 222 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-9094-2. Bakhtiari, a Southwestern Iranian language in the Luri language continuum, is spoken by over a million people in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Almost a century after Lorimer’s (1922) publication on the phonology of Bakhtiari, the present study re-examines this topic in the light of contemporary linguistics, the study of lexicon and texts and, crucially, native speaker intuition. This new research clarifies some of the important questions left by Lorimer and in doing so, leads to surprising insights into the basic structure of the system, which shows some fundamental divergences from Middle and New Persian, and even from the other Luri languages. The first part of the book situates the language within its larger geographic and genetic context, defines the language and its varieties, and provides a summary of research on the language. The second section, which constitutes the core of the study, is devoted to an in-depth analysis of the phonological system, including segmental phonology (inventory, contrast, allophonic processes and distribution), syllable structure and an array of morphophonological processes, as well as stress and intonation. The final three sections of the book comprise an interlinearized Bakhtiari folktale, tables of verb paradigms, and a semantically organized lexicon containing 1500 items. Together, these documents constitute the basis of the data analyzed in the phonological description and provide an integrated picture of related aspects of the language.