DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter Ii (2)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CHAPTER II (2) MuCti-etfinicity or ^tfinic (Diversity and MuCticuCturaCism in Iran-A Perspective 48 Chapter II (2) Multi-ethnicity or Ethnic Diversity and Multiculturalism in Iran- A Perspective During its history Iran has always been a multi-ethnic and multicultural country and now is an ethnically diverse state, with Persians forming the majority of the population.The aim in this chapter, explore, briefly, in ancient Iran's situation geographically and politically and introduce the ancient Iranian ethnicities, then explain ethnic and religious diversity in multicultural contemporary Iran. I. Greater Iran and Ancient Ethnicities in Iran's History I.I. Greater Iran The terms "Iran" as the designation for the civilization and "Iranian" as the name for the inhabitants occupying the large plateau located between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf have been in continual use for more than twenty-five hundred years. Modern Iran is apart of "Greater Iran" that was consisting areas from Euphrates in the west to Indus River and Jaxartes- Syrdarya - in the east and from Caucasus, Caspian sea and Aral Sea in the north to Persian gulf and Gulf of Oman in the south which includes the modern nations Iran and some other modem nations in the region.'The modem nations of Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, eastem part of Turkey and Iraq are a part of greater Iran, surrounding regions which is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations. In Persian, Greater Iran -or Iran-e Bozorg- is called "Iranzamin", which means "The Land of Iran". "Iranzamin" was in the mythical times 49 opposed to the "Turanzamin" the Land of "Turan", which was located in the upper part of Central Asia. In other words, Greater Iran refers to the regions that roughly correspond to the regions that the two Persian Empires, i.e. Achaemenid and Sassanid Empires ruled in ancient times.^ Richard Nelson Frye, defines Greater Iran as including "much of the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia, with cultural influences extending to China, western India, and the Semitic speaking world". According to Frye, "Iran means all lands and peoples where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed"."* The Cambridge History of Iran refers to the "historical and cultural" entity of "Greater Iran" as "areas of Iran, parts of Afghanistan, and Chinese and Soviet Central Asia".^ The greater Iran has one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, covering thousands of years, from the ancient civilization on the Iranian plateau. Later many changes occurred in the boundaries and areas where Iranians lived but the languages and culture remained the dominant medium in many parts of the Greater Iran. Traditionally, and until recent times, ethnicity has never been a defining separating criteria in these regions.This region until now, has significant Iranian cultural influence. Eveiy above mentioned area was a part of gi^eater Iran in which the ancient Iranian ethnicities were lived. With the separation of the lands whole or a branches of those ethnicities separated from grater Iran. For instance two Iranian ancient ethnicities Baluch and Kurds, divided between the new nation-states in the region. Four external events or elements plus internal elements broke down the greater Iran and separated much area from the country. First important external event was Muslim Arab invasion in seventh century that ends the great Sasanid Empire. Second was expansion policy of "Tsarist Russia" to the south and "Persian Gulf and third was appearance of great "Ottoman Empire", neighboring Iran, and the forth was "Britain"'s interferences in Iran's affair. 50 After Arabs Muslim invasion, Iran, with much troubles could in periods of time restore its past great territories and government. With Imperial Russia continuously advancing south in the course of two wars against Iran , and the treaties of "Gulistan"^ and 'Turkmenchay"^ in the western frontiers, plus weakness of "Qajar kings" in Iran, many Central Asian "khanates" began losing hope for any support from Persia against the "Tsarist" armies.^ The Russian armies from 1849-1973 occupied the "Aral" coast ,"Tashkent" ,"Bukhara", "Samarkand", "Khiva" and "Amudarya" and wrested from Tehran's control what is today "Armenia", "Republic of Azerbaijan", and "Georgia". Then Shah lost much of his claim to western Afghanistan following the "Anglo-Iranian war" of 1856-1857. Also by the Treaty of Gulistan, Iran had to cede all the Khanates of the South Caucasus, which included Baku khanate, Shirvan Khanate, Karabakh khanate, Ganja khanate, Shaki Khanate, Quba Khanate, and parts of the Talysh Khanate. Derbent (Darband) was also lost to Russia. These Khanates comprise what is today the Republic of Azerbaijan. By the treaty of Turkmanchay, Iran was forced to cede Nakhichevan khanate and the Mughan regions to Russia, as well as Erivan Khanate. These territories roughly constitute the modem-day Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Armenia. With appearance of Ottomans Empire, and it's continous clashes with Iran, the governments in Iran not only couldn't restore their power in Iraq, but also, lose a part of Kurdistan and some part in the north west and south west borders and with Britain's interferences, Iran lost Afghanistan, a part of "Balochistan" and "Bahrain" and some other Islands of Persian gulf. The last territory that separated from Iran was the Island of Bahrain, in the Persian Gulf in 1971, during the rule of Mohammad Reza Shah, Pahlavi, and after that no changes happened to Iranian borders. However, in this great land and important part of the world, during its history, Iranian ethnicities and people have lived. Migrations and wars bring others to this land, from other parts of the world, but, all assimilated to Iranian 51 nation and culture. Some parts of the land separated, but many its people kept some characteristic and criteria of Iranian nation and culture, although some assimilated to other cultures and nations. Some Iranians migrated to other countries, like "Zoroastrians" migrations to India, but now are living by Iranian ancient culture in all over the world. I.II. Ancient Ethnicities in Iran Discussing Iranian ancient ethnicities is very difficult due to some factors. First the great extent of Ancient Iran, second changing the borders of the country during its history, and third wars ,migrations and other elements of changing the population of the areas. Meanwhile, with focus on Iranian plateau, mentioning the ancient ethnicities that existed in this area is possible. Pre-Islamic Persia was a multinational empire with Zoroastrianism as the dominant religion. The Arab invasion in the seventh century AD resulted in the spread of Islam. In the preceding centuries peoples of various Turkic and Mongol backgrounds settled in the area. The written history of the area begins in about 3200 BC with early ''Elamite civilization" and The early people who lived in Iran were "Elaimids" , who established "Elam Empire" ,situated in the southwestern corner of the Persian plateau, adjacent to "Mesopotamia", in the area of the 'Tlam" and "Khuzestan" provinces of present Iran.^ The Eilamid, later were absorbed into Migrant "Aryans" of Iran. "^ It is believed that Aryans were first migrant people who came to Iran, from the north of the land. According to this idea About 6,500 years ago, successive waves of people were migrating into a land which is now called "Iran" and northern Iraq. The word "Aryan" has roots in world that Iranians called themselves by "Ayria", meaning free, noble and steady. The word Iran is derived from this very root, Iran is meaning the land of the Aryans. Some believes that Aryans did not come from north, but they were native Iranians, and the migration of Aryans to Iran is created by European 52 Historian."However the arrival of the Aryan people on the Iranian plateau marked the beginning of the Iranian civilization. Aryans in Iran were divided in three separated ethnicities, included: "Persians", "Medes" and "Parthian". Persians settled in the south of Iran, especially the present "Pars province" ,and Medes in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran, and roughly the areas of present day "Kurdistan", "Hamedan", then Tehran, "Azerbaijan", and "Isfahan", and Parthian located in the East especially "Khurasan" provinces.'"^ The Medes are credited with the foundation of Iran as a nation and empire, and established the first Iranian empire, 728-550 BC , the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified empire of the Medes and Persians leading to the Achaemenian Empire 648-330 BC. Westerners referred to the state as Persia until ,March 1935, when Iranian government, formally asked the international community to call the country by its native name, Iran, which means Land of the Aryans. Persia or Iran has been overrun frequently and has had its territory altered throughout the centuries. Invaded and occupied by "Arabs", "Turks", "Mongols", and others, and in modem times by "Russians", and "Britain". Some invaders settled in Iran and were absorbed in Iranian people and culture and some like Russians separated a part of the country. In the rule of the last Sassanid Emperor Iran was conquest by Islamic Arab (650-1037).The Islamic conquest changed life in Iran. Iran was annexed into the Arab Caliphate, Arabic became the new lingua franca, Islam eventually replaced Zoroastrianism, and a new language, religion, and culture were added to the Iranian cultural milieu. In addition of those one another new ethnicity was added to the previous ethnicities in Iran.'^ After Arab entrance to Iran, then, came shift to "Turkic tribes" entrances. The Turks slanted from the north and central Asia to the Iranian plateau and settled in Iran by the establishment of their Turkic Dynasties, the "Ghaznavids" (962-1186), "Seljuks" (1029-1194), and "Khwarezmids" (1096- 1230).
Recommended publications
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran

    Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran

    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
  • The Iranian Supremacy Manifesto of 'Greater Iran': Hezbollah-Iran

    The Iranian Supremacy Manifesto of 'Greater Iran': Hezbollah-Iran

    The Iranian Supremacy Manifesto of 'Greater Iran': Hezbollah-Iran Secretary-General Lays Out Plan,...or Reestablishing 'Greater Iran' as Prelude to Establishment of Global Government Led by the Mahdi ● ● ● ● ● MEMRI ● MEMRI TV ● Countries ● Jihad & Terrorism Threat Monitor ● South Asia Studies Project ● Lantos Archives on Antisemitism ● Reform In The Muslim World Home |Archives |Report #3021 Special Dispatch Latest Clips More > #3621 - Former Lebanese Text Size Minister Wiam Wahhab Threatens: Thousands of Missiles will Rain Down on Turkish Cities If Turkey Intervenes in Syria NBN TV (Lebanon) - October 10, 2012 - 00:00:55 #3620 - Swedish-Algerian TV Host Yahya Abu Zakariya to Terrorists: Black-Eyed Virgins June 10, 2010 Special Dispatch No.3021 Are Not Awaiting You in Paradise Mayadeen TV (Lebanon) - The Iranian Supremacy Manifesto of 'Greater October 18, 2012 - 00:01:17 Iran': Hezbollah-Iran Secretary-General Lays #3619 - Possible Security Breach: US Military Planes Out Plan, Strategy for Reestablishing Filmed Landing in Yemen 'Greater Iran' as Prelude to Establishment The Internet - of Global Government Led by the Mahdi October 7 and 22, 2012 - 00:03:12 #3618 - Egyptian Cleric ‘Alaa Said Ridicules Christianity and Vows to Instate Islamic Law in Egypt Al-Rahma TV (Egypt) - October 15, 2012 - 00:03:37 http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4358.htm (1 of 6)10/27/2012 7:40:35 PM The Iranian Supremacy Manifesto of 'Greater Iran': Hezbollah-Iran Secretary-General Lays Out Plan,...or Reestablishing 'Greater Iran' as Prelude to Establishment
  • Sekandar Amanolahi Curriculum Vitae

    Sekandar Amanolahi Curriculum Vitae

    Sekandar Amanolahi Curriculum Vitae Occupation: Professor of Anthropology E-mail: [email protected]; amanolahi @yahoo.com Phone: 89-7136242180, 617-866-9046 Education: A.A., University of Baltimore, 1964 B.A., Sociology, Morgan State University, 1968 M.A., Anthropology, University of Maryland, 1971 Ph.D., Anthropology, Rice University 1974 Scholarships and Research Grants: University of Maryland, scholarship, 1968-70 Rice University, scholarship, 1971-73 National Science Foundation (through Rice University), Research Grant, 1973 Shiraz University (formerly Pahlavi), scholarship, 1974 Shiraz University, Research Grant, 1976-77 Shiraz University, Research Grant, 1978-80 Harvard University, Fellowship, 1984-85 Namazi Foundation, 1984-85 Harvard University, Grant, summer 1988 National Endowment for Humanities Collaborative Grant, 1990-91 Aarhus University (Denmark) Research Foundation, summer 1991 Bergen University, Council for International Cooperation and Development Studies (Norway) 1991-92 Cultural Heritage Foundation (Center for Anthropological Studies), Research Grant, 1996-97 Shiraz University, Research Grant, 1996-97 Shiraz Municipality, Research Grant, 1997-98 Daito Bunka University (Japan) Fellowship, Summer 1999 UNFPA, Research Grant, University of London, Summer 2004. Fields of Special Interest Culture Change, Ethnic Relations, Tribes Pastoral Nomadism, Peasants, Gypsies, Urbanization, Migration, Globalization Courses Taught: Sociocultural Anthropology, Ethnological Theory, Nomadism, Social History of Iran, Kinship and Family, Rural Sociology, Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East, Introductory Physical Anthropology. Publications: 1970 The Baharvand: Former Pastoralist of Iran, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Rice University. 1974 "The Luti, an Outcast Group of Iran," Rice University Studies, Vol. 61, Mo.2, pp. 1-12 1975 Social Status of Women among the Qashqai (in Persian) Tehran: Women Organization.
  • The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720S and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal

    The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720S and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal

    ARMEN M. AIVAZIAN The Armenian Rebellion of the 1720s and the Threat of Genocidal Reprisal Center for Policy Analysis American University of Armenia Yerevan, Armenia 1997 Copyright © 1997 Center for Policy Analysis American University of Armenia 40 Marshal Bagramian Street Yerevan, 375019, Armenia U.S. Office: 300 Lakeside Drive Oakland, California 94612 This research was carried out in the Center for Policy Analysis at American University of Armenia supported in part by a grant from the Eurasia Foundation. First Edition Printed in Yerevan, Armenia Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................v 1. Introduction.........................................................................1 2. Historical Background.........................................................4 The International Setting Armenian Self-Rule in Karabakh and Kapan and the Armenian Armed Forces The Traditional Military Units of the Karabakh and Kapan Meliks The Material Resources and Local Manufacture of Arms Armenian Military Personnel in Georgia Armenian Military Personnel in the Iranian Service The External Recognition of Armenian Self-Rule in Karabakh and Kapan 3. The Rise of Anti-Armenian Attitudes and Its Ramifications...........................................................21 Preliminary Notes Documents The Irano-Armenian Conflict (1722-1724) Ottoman Decision-Making and Exercise on Extermination During the 1720s The Armenian Casualties Forced Islamization of the Armenian Population The Motives for Anti-Armenian Attitudes
  • The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan

    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan

    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III.
  • Fake “Armenian Province” in the Azerbaijani Territories

    Fake “Armenian Province” in the Azerbaijani Territories

    AKADEMİK BAKIŞ DERGİSİ Sayı: 63 Eylül – Ekim 2017 Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi ISSN:1694-528X Calal-Abad Uluslararası Üniversitesi, Türk Dünyası Kırgız – Türk Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Calal-Abad – KIRGIZİSTAN http://www.akademikbakis.org FAKE “ARMENIAN PROVINCE” IN THE AZERBAIJANI TERRITORIES Ismayil HAJIYEV* Özet Makalede Azerbaycan topraklarında oluşturulan yapay Ermeni Vilayeti hakkında bahsedilmektedir. Bilindiği üzere, yıllardır Ermeniler “Büyük Ermenistan” düşüncesini gerçekleştirmek için bütün araçlara baş vurmuşlar. Amaçlarına ulaşmak için asırlar boyunca büyük güçlerin yardımına mazhar olmuşlar. Onlar için en önemli fırsat XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeğreğinde Güney Kafkasya’nın, özellikle Azerbaycan topraklarının Çarlık Rusyası tarafından işgali sonucu ortaya çıkmış, sonuçta Nahçıvan ve Erivan hanlıkları ilhak edildikten sonra bu topraklar üzerinde yapay Ermeni Vilayeti oluşturuldu. Makalede Ermeni Vilayeti’nin oluşturulması, yönetim sistemi ve akıbeti hakkında geniş bilgi verilmektedir. Anahtar kelmeler: Azerbaycan, Ermeni Vilayeti, Nahçıvan, Erivan, Rusya. Introduction Leap years Armenian chauvinists resort to everything to gain their “Great Armenia” wishes. For to gain their wishes they are fawning on to some greatest and powerful states of the world. In the IV century the Armenian state is known to be rubbed out the stage of history. It was divided between Iran and Byzantium in 387. And in 428 the Iranian Armenian tsardom was put an end.1 In the XI-XIV centuries there only existed Kilikiya, the Armenian tsardom in the Turkish territories. No real Armenian state existed till the beginning of the XX century. Because they have lived in the territories of various states. From the beginning of the XVIII century Armenians endeavour to form their state in the territories of Azerbaijan.2 Russia has always supported those Armenian intentions and directed them to their own actions.
  • December 2007 CURRICULUM VITAE Armen M. Ayvazyan CURRENT EMPLOYMENT Director

    December 2007 CURRICULUM VITAE Armen M. Ayvazyan CURRENT EMPLOYMENT Director

    December 2007 CURRICULUM VITAE Armen M. Ayvazyan CURRENT EMPLOYMENT Director, “Ararat” Center for Strategic Research, Yerevan, Armenia. Adjunct Assistant Professor of Political Science, Graduate School of Political Science and International Relations, Yerevan, Armenia, Spring 1996- Senior Researcher, Matenadaran, The Yerevan Institute of Medieval Manuscripts, the 16-18th Centuries Department, May 1994- EMAIL: [email protected] WEB PAGE: www.hayq.org FAX: +374.10.520-420 or 51-26-79 CITIZENSHIP: ARMENIA DATE OF BIRTH: 14 May 1964 GENDER: Male LANGUAGES Excellent in Armenian, Russian and English Fair knowledge of French EDUCATION From February, 1991 to October, 1992: Institute of History of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, FIELD OF STUDY – History of Armenia and the Near East; DEGREE RECEIVED in October, 1992 – Kandidat of Historical Sciences (equivalent to an American Ph.D.) From September, 1981 to June 1986: Yerevan Bryusov Institute of Russian and Foreign Languages; FIELD OF STUDY – History and English language; DEGREE RECEIVED in July, 1986 – Teacher of History and English (equivalent to an American M.A.) PREVIOUS EMPLOYMENT Professor of Political Science, Armenian State Academy of Governance, Kiyevian St. 8, Yerevan, Armenia 375028 Team Leader, the European Commission's Sponsored Campaign Against ‘Corruption-Friendly’ Legal and Social Settings in Armenia (generating public intolerance and providing methodological frameworks for the fight against corruption). Adjunct Senior Lecturer of History, History Department, Yerevan State University, course taught – The Essays on the Military History of Armenia, 2003. Visiting Alexander S. Onassis Foundation Fellow, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP), Athens, from October 2000 to April 2001; research topic – The Greek Strategic Thought in the Post-Cold War Period.
  • Pādshāh Khatun

    Pādshāh Khatun

    chapter 14 Pādshāh Khatun An Example of Architectural, Religious, and Literary Patronage in Ilkhanid Iran bruno de nicola In comparison to sedentary societies, women in the Turkic-Mongol nomadic and seminomadic societies showed greater involvement in the political sphere, enjoyed a greater measure of financial autonomy, and generally had the freedom to choose their religious affiliations.1 Some women advanced to positions of immense power and wealth, even appointed as regent-empresses for the entire empire or regional khanates. Such examples included Töregene Khatun (r. 1242–46), Oghul Qaimish (r. 1248–50), and Orghina Khatun (r. 1251–59).2 Other women such as Qutui Khatun (d. 1284) in Mongol-ruled Iran accumulated great wealth from war booty, trade investment, and the allocation of tax revenues from the newly conquered territories.3 Through their unique prominence in the empire’s socio-economic system, elite women had an active role in financially supporting and protecting cultural and religious agents. Our understanding of the impact that Chinggisid women had on the flourishing of cultural life in the empire as a whole, and in the Ilkhanate of greater Iran in particular, remains poor, however. The historical record tells us little about the role that Chinggisid female members played as patrons of religious and cul- tural life, especially when comparted to the relative wealth of references to female influence in the political and economic arenas. However, abundant accounts show that female elite members from the local Turkic-Mongol dynasties who ruled as vassals for the Mongols, or had been incorporated into the ranks of the ruling Chinggisid household 270 Pādshāh Khatun | 271 through marriage, played a pivotal role as cultural and religious patrons.
  • State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus

    State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus

    State Building and Confl ict Resolution in the Caucasus Eurasian Studies Library Historical, Political and Social Studies of Slavic and Islamic Cultures in the Eurasian Region VOLUME 1 State Building and Confl ict Resolution in the Caucasus By Charlotte Hille LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 On the cover: Cristina Garcia Rodero/Magnum Photos/Hollandse Hoogte. Georgia, A woman from a small village of South Ossetia. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hille, Charlotte Mathilde Louise, 1964– State building and confl ict resolution in the Caucasus / by Charlotte Hille. p. cm. — (Eurasian studies library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17901-1 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Nation-building—Caucasus—History. 2. Ethnic confl ict—Caucasus—History. 3. Social confl ict—Caucasus—History. 4. Political violence—Caucasus—History. 5. Confl ict management—Caucasus—History. 6. Caucasus—History. 7. Caucasus— Ethnic relations. 8. Caucasus—Politics and government. I. Title. II. Series. DK509.H55 2010 947.5084—dc22 2009045374 ISSN 1877-9484 ISBN 978 90 04 17901 1 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
  • Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical

    Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical

    ROLE OF PERSIANS AT THE MUGHAL COURT: A HISTORICAL STUDY, DURING 1526 A.D. TO 1707 A.D. PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED BY, MUHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMED BALOCH IN THE AREA STUDY CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EAST & ARAB COUNTRIES UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA, PAKISTAN. FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY 2005 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I, Muhammad Ziauddin, do solemnly declare that the Research Work Titled “Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A.D to 1707 A.D” is hereby submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any Degree. The said research work was carried out by the undersigned under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch, Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Muhammad Ziauddin CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Ziauddin has worked under my supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His research work is original. He fulfills all the requirements to submit the accompanying thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Research Supervisor & Director Area Study Centre For Middle East & Arab Countries University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi Dean Faculty of State Sciences University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. d DEDICATED TO THE UNFORGETABLE MEMORIES OF LATE PROF. MUHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH OF HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN e ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I must thank to Almighty Allah, who is so merciful and beneficent to all of us, and without His will we can not do anything; it is He who guide us to the right path, and give us sufficient knowledge and strength to perform our assigned duties.
  • The Idea of Iran: Iran in Transition to a New World Order | SOAS University of London

    The Idea of Iran: Iran in Transition to a New World Order | SOAS University of London

    The Idea of Iran: Iran in Transition to a New World Order Saturday 28 November 2020 Saturday The sixteenth programme in The Idea of Iran annual series is dedicated to the transition from the Safavid to the Qajar period. What does the Idea of Iran mean at this time? Can we discern the ways that contemporaries viewed their traditions and their environment (natural or built); what was the view of outsiders, and how does modern scholarship define the distinctive aspects of the period? These are some of the questions we hope to explore in the symposium dedicated to this complex and difficult period from which Iran emerged with a curtailed presence in the new world order. Programme Saturday 28 November 2020 11:45-12:00 Welcome by Sarah Stewart (SOAS University of London) and Charles Melville (University of Cambridge) 12:00-2:00 Panel 1 Chair: Narguess Farzad (SOAS University of London) Assef Ashraf (University of Cambridge) Firuza Abdullaeva (University of Cambridge) Kevin Gledhill (Yale University) 2:00-2:30 Break 2:30-4.30 Panel 2 Chair: Sarah Stewart (SOAS University of London) Ernest Tucker (US Naval Academy) Janet O’Brien (The Courtauld Institute of Art) Kianoosh Motaghedi (artist and Islamic art researcher) 4:30-5:00 Break 5:00-7:00 Panel 3 Chair: Charles Melville (University of Cambridge) Fatema Soudavar Farmanfarmaian (Souvadar Memorial Foundation) Sajjad Nejatie (University of Toronto) John Perry (University of Chicago) 7:00-7:15 Closing Remarks 12:00-2:00 Panel 1 Safavid Nostalgia in Early Qajar Historiography Assef Ashraf, University of Cambridge This paper focuses on a handful of early Qajar chronicles of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and explores how the Safavids were portrayed and remembered in those texts.
  • 1 Linguistic Diversity and Language Contact in Chahar Mahal Va

    1 Linguistic Diversity and Language Contact in Chahar Mahal Va

    Linguistic diversity and language contact in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran Erik Anonby (Carleton & Bamberg) & Mortaza Taheri-Ardali (Shahrekord) Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province (hereafter CB) is nestled in the heights of the Zagros Range in western Iran, with the mountains opening down onto the Iranian Plateau. The topography is reflected in the linguistic situation: Bakhtiari dominates the mountainous areas that cover most of the province, and three other main linguistic groups are intermingled in the lower areas of the north-east: Rural Chārmahāli and Urban Chārmahāli (both Southwestern Iranic but distinct from one another), and Turkic. Until 1973, CB was part of Esfahan Province and (perhaps because of this) the languages of this area were overlooked in the great surveys of the early 20th century (e.g., Mann 1910, Zhukovsky 1923, Christensen 1930/1935). Existing language maps of the area (TAVO 1988, Irancarto 2012, Izady 2013, etc.) have been general and incomplete, and contradict one another. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature through a first geographically representative overview of linguistic diversity in CB, and look at recurrent themes in the patterning of contact among the languages spoken there. Our study is based on fieldwork conducted across CB by a multi-university research team, in the context of the Atlas of the Languages of Iran programme (ALI 2016), between May 2015 and the present. The first step in our research was to conduct initial assessments of language and dialect distribution for each of the province’s some 800 cities and villages. In addition to gaining a geographically detailed picture of the language situation, we collected notes regarding internal diversity among the province’s dialects.