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WRAP Theses Heathcote Vol1 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/148341 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Damnatio Memoriae and Exemplarity in Imperial Rome: From the Julio-Claudians to the Severans Volume 1 of 2. Nigel James Heathcote In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics and Ancient History The University of Warwick Department of Classics and Ancient History July 2020 Table of Contents Volume 1: List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 9 Declaration .................................................................................................................................. 10 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 12 Cultural memory and memoria ............................................................................................... 13 Memory figures and Exemplarity............................................................................................ 18 ‘Damnatio memoriae’ ............................................................................................................. 31 Damnatio and exemplarity ..................................................................................................... 35 Thesis Overview and Methodology ........................................................................................ 39 SECTION 1: THE IMMEDIATE SPECTACLE OF DAMNATIO MEMORIAE ..................................... 47 Chapter 1:The spectacle of Destruction during the damnationes of Domitian and Commodus 47 The destruction of an identity ................................................................................................ 47 The spectacle in literature ...................................................................................................... 53 The spectacle in the archaeological record ............................................................................ 61 The practical mechanics of the spectacle ............................................................................... 69 The elimination of the tyrant’s identity .................................................................................. 78 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 2: The destruction of individually significant monuments of Domitian ........................ 90 Turning virtue into vice ........................................................................................................... 90 The Equus Domitiani ............................................................................................................... 92 The Sacellum of Jupiter Conservator, and the Templum of Jupiter Custos .......................... 101 Individually significant images under Commodus, and images associated with events under Domitian................................................................................................................................ 109 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 112 SECTION 2: THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF DAMNATIO MEMORIAE. ......................... 115 Chapter 3: Damnatio memoriae and contrast between the tyrant and his successors. .......... 115 A foil for the successor’s virtue ............................................................................................. 115 The Domus Aurea and ‘Roma reddita’ .................................................................................. 120 Contrast in the damnationes memoriae of Domitian and Commodus ................................. 131 Ideological contrast and material appropriation .................................................................. 135 Religious abuse and demonstrations of piety ....................................................................... 140 Visual Contrast ...................................................................................................................... 152 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 158 Chapter 4: Appropriation of the material legacy of tyrants ..................................................... 160 1 Nigel Heathcote Re-assigning the positive identity ......................................................................................... 160 The Material legacy of Domitian and the Severan restoration programme. ....................... 167 Severus Alexander’s re-use and renaming ........................................................................... 175 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 188 Chapter 5: The Colossus Neronis ............................................................................................... 191 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 205 Creating the exemplum ......................................................................................................... 206 Remembering the tyrant....................................................................................................... 211 Volume 2: Illustrations .................................................................................................................................... 2 Illustrations for Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................... 2 Illustrations for Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................ 13 Illustrations for Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................ 17 Illustrations for Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................ 29 Illustrations for Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................ 39 Index of Sources ........................................................................................................................... 43 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 58 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 59 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................................... 59 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................... 60 2 Nigel Heathcote List of Figures 1. Portrait of Domitian, Villa Barberini Antiquarium, Castel Gandolfo. Varner (2004) fig. 108a. 2. Cuirassed torso of Domitian, of unknown provenance. From the Art Market in Rome. Stemmer (1978) Tafel 75.2. 3. Statue of Domitian found at the Villa at Labicum. Originally recarved from a portrait of Nero, and has been subject to extensive modern restorations. Munich, Glyptothek inv.394. Varner (2004) fig.62a-b. 4. Severely damaged head of Commodus, Rome. Rome, Museo Capitolino, Stanza degli Imperatori 30. Fittschen et al. (1983) Taf.94, nr.77. 5. Portrait of Commodus, Rome. Rome, Museo Capitolino, Stanza degli Imperatori 30, inv.445. Fittschen et al. (1983) Taf.90, nr.76. 6. Portrait of Commodus as a young man, from the Vatican Museums in Rome, almost certainly originally found in Ostia. Rome, Musei Vaticani, Galleria Chiaramonti, 3.13, inv.1235. Varner (2004) p.424, fig.137. 7. Image from the Via Paisiello Hypogeum depicting a Christian iconoclast pulling down a cult statue or perhaps an imperial portrait in heroic nudity, by placing a rope around its neck. Stewart (2003) p.293 fig.48. 8. Image of a man throwing a stone on the fascia of the Via Paisiello Hypogeum. Carletti (1971) p.113, fig.13. 9. Montage of images of the Stalin monument in Hungary. Top Left: The monument as it was before the revolution in October 1956. Top Right: The statue in the process of being pulled down – note the ropes around the statue’s hands and neck. Bottom Right: The fallen statue, surrounded by onlookers, with the face mutilated and insulting graffiti painted onto it. Bottom Left: A revolutionary affixes an insulting sign to the mutilated and severed head of the Stalin monument. Sourced from: https://s-media- cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/47/f4/5b/47f45bc93630cdf8c9f8c4e1bdf3ce0d.jpg,
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