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A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy J O A DETERMINATION OF THE ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENERGY USE AND CONSERVATION OF USERS (HOMEOWNERS) AND PROVIDERS (HOUSEBUILDERS) OF DOMESTIC DWELLINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON CO2 EMISSIONS. JO ANNE MARIE PYLE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Greenwich for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2001 The Sun, Moon and Stars would have disappeared long ago had they been within the reach of predatory human hands... Havelock Ellis. II Abstract UK energy use in domestic housing forms an important part of the Government's programme to reduce CC>2 emissions, the sector contributing nearly one third of total CC>2 emissions. The research established that within the parameters of legislation, market economy and high levels of homeownership, the attitude of users (homeowners) and providers (housebuilders) effectively determine the contribution that this sector will make to reducing CC>2 emissions. The research aim was to determine whether the attitudes of users (homeowners) and providers (housebuilders) are conducive to a reduction in CC>2 emissions from domestic dwellings. The study undertook a large-scale survey of users (homeowners) attitudes towards energy use and conservation. The research concluded that users (homeowners) attitudes are not conducive to a reduction in CCh emissions. Results of the study established the existence of a link between the attitudes of users (homeowners) towards energy conservation and CC>2 emissions. The study identified that users (homeowners) attitudes towards energy use and conservation are not the homogeneous. A premise that the Government had always assumed. More specifically, three distinguishable groups of users were identified; the elderly, the income sensitive and the ambivalent. The study identified that the knowledge levels and awareness of users (homeowners) towards energy is low, despite two decades of cognitive information campaigns regarding energy conservation from the Government. The study also determined that previous government campaigns to reduce energy use have been largely ineffective, their effects at best, transitory. Finally, the study identified that maintenance of comfort is the most significant factor in the use of energy by users (homeowners). The survey of providers (housebuilders) determined their attitude towards energy use and conservation. The study determined for the first time the attitudes of providers (housebuilders) to energy conservation and CC>2 emissions. It showed them to act unitarily and to be singularly driven by profit. The research concluded that providers (housebuilders) attitudes are not conducive to a reduction in CC>2 emissions. The results show that providers are exceptionally attuned to their market and respond only to commercial demands and legislation. Providers do not consider energy efficiency to be an important issue in new homes. No market exists for energy efficiency in housing. Users will not pay a premium for energy measures in housing. Ill Acknowledgements There are certain people who have assisted me with the course of this research who deserve very special thanks. My friends, especially, Shaz, Val, Tony, Helen, Kathryn, Jeanette and Teresa - thank you for pretending to look interested and most of all thank you for your unwavering support and your complete (if not somewhat misguided) confidence in my abilities to complete this. Peter Rothwell, thank you for helping me realise my dreams. Without you, I would not have followed them. Mum, Dad & Sal for your continued support in all my choices, your love and your quiet faith in me over the years. Dr Keith Jones - for your unbridled enthusiasm and continued support. Dr Michael Coffey - For turning this around and re-kindling my motivation, enthusiasm and focus. Thank you for your continued good humour, your insight, your confidence in me and the plethora of time that you gave up to go around in circles at my request. Thank you for your insurmountable patience during my 'fretting periods' and most of all thank you for your uncanny ability to play devils advocate so brilliantly and still leave me laughing. Without your guidance, patience, humour, dedication and friendship, I would never have made it this far. And finally, thanks to Andy, my soul mate. Thank you for your absolute and unconditional support. Thank you for all the times you mopped up the tears, all the purchases of emergency Maltesers and most of all, thank you for wholeheartedly believing in me the way you do. And, despite the sheer number of words contained within this thesis - words just don't work here...................... IV Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH.......................................................... 1 1.2 FOCUS OF THE RESEARCH ...................................................................... 4 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................9 1.4 OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................^ 1.5 HYPOTHESIS.......................................................................................... 9 1.6 PARAMETERS OF THE STUDY. .............................................................. 10 1.7 FORMAT OF THE THESIS....................................................................... 10 1.8 TERMINOLOGY AND CONNOTATION..................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE STUDY................................................... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 13 2.2 GLOBAL WARMING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE............................ 13 2.3 POLICIES ON CO2 EMISSIONS............................................................... 16 2.4 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSERVATION........................................ 18 2.5 CONTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TO CO2 EMISSIONS.................................. 21 2.6 LEGISLATION....................................................................................... 22 2.7 PRACTICES IN EUROPE......................................................................... 27 2.7.7 Thermal comparisons. ......................................................................... 27 2.7.2 Government Intervention..................................................................... 30 2.8 CONDITION OF THE UK HOUSING STOCK............................................. 34 2.9 UK RESEARCH INTO ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSING. ............................ 44 2.9.1 BRECSU: Building Research Energy Conservation Support Unit. .. ........................................................................................................ 4¥ 2.9.2 The Milton Keynes Development Corporation............................... 49 2.9.3 Commercial initiatives in energy efficient housing........................ 51 2.10 GOVERNMENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT.................... 53 2.10.1 Energy as a political consideration ............................................... 54 2.10.2 Producer group pressures on energy policy.................................. 55 2.10.3 Energy Policy................................................................................. 61 2.11 EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES AIMED AT REDUCING ENERGY USE. ....................................................................................... 74 2.11.1 Government energy saving campaigns .......................................... 75 2.11.2 Effectiveness of UK polices............................................................ 80 2.12 ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS ENERGY. ............................. 82 2.12.1 Emergence of user attitude as a factor........................................... 82 2.12.2 Information Provision and Consumer Behaviour.......................... 83 2.12.3 Consumer behaviour is dynamic.................................................... 84 2.12.4 Interaction...................................................................................... 84 2.12.5 Exchange........................................................................................ 88 2.12.6 The decision making process.......................................................... 88 2.13 ENERGY CONSERVATION AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR........................ 90 2.14 USER (HOMEOWNER) ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENERGY CONSERVATION. 98 2.15 PROVIDERS (HOUSEBUILDERS) AND ENERGY CONSERVATION ........... 108 2.15.1 Overview of the housebuilding industry..................................... 108 2.15.2 Structure of the industry............................................................. 110 V 2.15.3 Providers (housebuilders) attitudes to energy ............................. 113 2.15.4 Environmental policy and new housing....................................... 116 2.16 DEDUCTIONS FROM THE LITERATURE STUDY..................................... 117 2.17 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH MODEL - USERS (HOMEOWNERS) 117 2.17.1 Users (Homeowners) attitudes..................................................... 118 2.17.2 Sub-hypothesis 1 : Users (homeowners) are unwilling to pay for energy efficiency measures unless there is an unrealistic return on their investment............................................................................ 119 2.17.3 Sub-hypothesis 2 : Users (homeowners) will consume energy to maintain comfort irrespective of other considerations................ 119 2.17.4 Sub-hypothesis 3 : Users (homeowners) attitudes
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