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World Energy Resources 2013 Survey For sustainable energy. World Energy Resources 2013 Survey WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL CONSEIL MONDIAL DE L’ÉNERGIE Officers of the World Energy Council Pierre Gadonneix Abubakar Sambo Chairman Vice Chair Africa Marie-José Nadeau Chair-elect Brian A. Statham Chair Younghoon David Kim Studies Committee Co-chair elect José Antonio Vargas Lleras Leonhard Birnbaum Vice Chair Vice Chair Latin America/Caribbean Europe Graham Ward, CBE Hwan-eik Cho Vice Chair Vice Chair Finance 2013 Congress, Daegu Wu, Xinxiong Arup Roy Choudhury Vice Chair Vice Chair Asia Asia Pacific/South Asia Taha M. Zatari José da Costa Carvalho Neto Vice Chair Chair Special Responsibility Programme Committee Gulf States & Middle East Jean-Marie Dauger Christoph Frei Chair Secretary General Communications & Outreach Committee Kevin Meyers Vice Chair North America World Energy Council Copyright © 2013 World Energy Council All rights reserved. All or part of this publication may be used or reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each copy or transmission: ‘Used by permission of the World Energy Council’ www.worldenergy.org Published 2013 by: World Energy Council Registered in England and Wales No. 4184478 VAT Reg. No. GB 123 3802 48 Registered Office Regency House 1–4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT ISBN: 978 0 946121 29 8 Foreword As energy is the main ‘fuel’ for social and economic development, and since energy-related activities have significant environmental impacts, it is important for decision-makers to have access to reliable and accurate data in an user-friendly format. WEC has for decades been a pioneer in the field of energy resources and every three years publishes its flagship report Survey of Energy Resources (SER) which is released during the World Energy Congress. World Energy Resources (WER) 2013 is the new title of this publication and in fact is the 23rd edition for the Survey of Energy Resources. The survey is recognised worldwide as the premier source of information on global energy resources. Its reputation and value since the first edition in 1933 rest on two main factors: the study presents unbiased data and facts from an independent and impartial organisation, and the second factor is the sheer amount of resource and other key energy data together with analysis of technological, economic and environmental aspects assessed on global, regional and country levels. The 2013 report covers all fossil resources (coal, oil, both conventional and unconventional and gas, both conventional and unconventional), and the main renewable and transitional resources: peat, nuclear and uranium, hydro power, biofuels and waste, wind, solar, geothermal and marine energies. This edition also discusses energy efficiency as a strategic ‘energy resource’ because every unit of energy saved – a so-called ‘negajoule’ – is less expensive than producing the same amount of energy. Each of the 12 chapters is organised in three sections: an introduction covering technical, economic and market issues; detailed tables with global, regional and country data for proved reserves and production followed by country notes. The information comes from a variety of international sources, including the contributions of resource experts and data from the WEC Members Committees. The new structure of the energy sector post-market liberalisation and privatisation has made it difficult to access data and other information as companies and other organisations consider the majority of data as “confidential and commercially sensitive.” An extra feature of this 2013 survey is a review of the energy resources evolution over the past 20 years. The results of the current WEC work are compared to the projections made by the WEC in its milestone report, Energy for Tomorrow’s World, published in 1993. The 2013 Summary also looks at the main factors that have influenced the development of the global energy sector the most over the past two decades. The world around us has changed significantly over the past 20 years. The following principal drivers have been shaping energy supply and use: u sharp increase in the price of oil since 2001 after 15 years of moderate oil prices u financial crisis and slow economic growth with drastic reduction in energy consumption in large economies u shale gas in North America u Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident u The volatile political situation in the energy supplying countries in the Middle East and North Africa, “The Arab Spring” u lack of global agreement on climate change mitigation u collapse of CO2 prices in the European Emissions Trading System u exponential growth in renewables, in particular in Europe due to generous subsidies for producers which can become a problem instead of an opportunity u deployment of ‘smart’ technologies u energy efficiency potential still remaining untapped u growing public concerns about new infrastructure projects, including energy projects and their impact on political decision-making process I am grateful to all those who have helped to produce the 2013 report, including Study Group Members, WEC Member Committees, leading energy institutions and individual experts. My special thanks for the coordination, guidance and management to the WEC Secretariat with excellent and highly professional contributions from Elena Nekhaev, Director of Programmes, and Paul Benfield, Senior Project Manager. Alessandro Clerici Executive Chair, WEC World Energy Resources Chair Alessandro Clerici CESI S.p.A. Italy Vice Chair Marcos Assayag Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. Brazil Study Group Members Mostafa Tavanpoor Paveh Iran Bongani Thusi Ministry of Natural Resources Pasquale Monti and Energy – Swaziland Enel GreenPower Swaziland Italy Brigitte Svarich Paul Cheliak Energy Council of Canada Canadian Gas Association Canada Canada Fabian Melon Roland Luebke PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) German Coal Association Germany Germany Fabio Emiro Sierra Vargas Sandra Scalari National University of Colombia ENEL S.p.A. Colombia Italy Firouzeh Amini Sylvain Hercberg Iran EDF Energy plc France Gerardo Rabinovich Argentina Tiina Koljonen Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) Greg Schmidt Finland Energy Council of Canada Canada Uwe Maaßen Deutscher Braunkohlen Industrie Verein e.V. Iulian Iancu Germany Government of Romania Romania Volker Breisig PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) Jean-Eudes Moncomble Germany France Wayne Chodzicki Jose Antonio Tagle KPMG LLP IBERDROLA Canada Spain Klaus Hammes Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Luca Lo Re BNL Clean Energy AG France Marc Florette GDF SUEZ France Mark Bohm Suncor Energy Inc. Canada Michael W. Howard EPRI United States of America Contents Summary Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 What has changed ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Coal .......................................................................................................................................8 Oil ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Natural gas ..........................................................................................................................12 Uranium and Nuclear ...........................................................................................................14 Hydro Power ........................................................................................................................15 Wind ....................................................................................................................................16 Solar PV ..............................................................................................................................17 Bioenergy and waste ...........................................................................................................18 Energy efficiency ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Cost of generation technologies �����������������������������������������������������������������������������19 The road ahead �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 Key messages ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 Chapters 1. ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Coal 2� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Oil 3� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Natural Gas 4� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Nuclear 5� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Hydropower 6� �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Peat 7� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Bioenergy 7b. .................................................................................................... Waste to Energy 8� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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