~GAZINE

DESIGNING AN ENVIRONMENT FOR MAN

-- - integration of the outdoor with indoor space The National HORTICULTURAL Magazine

*** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural information ***

OFFICERS EDITOR STUART M. ARMSTRONG, PRESIDENT B. Y. j\'[ORRISON Silver Spring, Maryland MANAGING EDITOR HENRY T. SKINNER, FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Washington, D.C. JAMES R . HARLOW

i\/RS. WALTER DOUCLAS, SECON D VICE-PRESIDENT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Chauncey, New York & Phoenix, Arizona ,.y. H. HODGE, Chairman fREDERICK G. MEYER, SECRETARY JOHN L. CREECH Takoma Park, Maryland fREDER IC P. LEE MISS OLIVE E. WEATHERELL. TRFASlIRFR CONRAD B. LI NK Olean, New York & Washington, D.C. CURTIS MAY

DIR ECTORS The National HO'rticultural Maga­ zine is the official publication of the T erms Expi?'ing 1960 American Horticultural Society and is John L. Crcech, N/arylalld issued four times a year during the frederic Helltte, Virginia quarters commencing with January, Ralph S. Peer, California April, July and October. It is devoted R. P. Whitc, District of CollIlI/bia to the dissemination of knowledge in the sc ience and art of growing orna­ Mrs. Harry Wood, Pennsylvania mental plants, fruits. vegetables. and related subjects.

T erms Ext)iring 1961 Original papers increasing the his­ torical, varietal. and cultural knowl­ Donol'an S. Correll, Texas edges of plant materials of economic frederick W. Coe, California and aesthetic importance are wel­ comed and will be published as early ~/iss Margaret C. Lancaster, Marylflllr/ as possible. The Chairman of the Edi­ J\lrs. francis Patteson-Knight, Virginia torial Committee should be conslllted Freeman A. W eiss, District of Columbia for manuscript specifications. R eprints, saddle-stapled, will be fur· nished in accordance with the follow­ Ellteril liS ing schedule of prices, p lus postage, l\hs. Robert Woods Bliss, District of Coltlmbia and shollld be ordered at the time the Mrs. Mortimer J . fox, New York galley proof is returned by the author: Mrs. J. Norman H enry, Pennsylv flnia Copies 2 pp 4 pp 8 pp 12 pp Covers Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott. Pennsyh1flnia 100 $6.60 12.10 25.30 36.30 12.10

Entered as second. class matler in the post office at Baltimore, Maryland. in accordance with the Act of August 24,. 1912. Addilional entry for Washingon, D.C., was authorized July 15, 1955, in accordance with the pro· VISIons of Section 132. 122, Postal Manual. A subscription to The National Horticulural Magazine is included as a brnefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society, the dues being $5.00 a year. The National Horticultural Magazin'e

VOL. 38 Copyright, 1959, by THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. No. 4

OCTOBER 1959

CONTENTS

The Aurelian Lilies. GEORGE L. SLATE ______185

Designing an Environment for Man. ROGER B. THOMPSON Part III. Development of Indoor-Outdoor Space ______195 Part IV. The Enrichment of Experiences ______202

Names for Cultivated Plants. FREDERIC P. LEE ______208

Gibberellins in Horticulture, A Preliminary Review. HENRY M. CATHEY ______215

1959 Seed Distribu tion Program ______232

The Saratoga Horticultural Foundation. ELIZABETH M C CUNTOCK ______232

A Book or Two ______237

The Gardeners' Pocketbook Chamaedoreas Are T ough ______243 More on Spray :Mist Propagation ______245 Two Good Conifers: Notes on Southern Taxaceae ______245 Littonia modesta ______246 More on the Clark Dwarf Applestock ______247 The Portuguese Sundew ______247 Hydrangea otaksa ______249 About Color Changes ______250 Helleborus in Louisiana ______250 An Extra from "Dried Blooms" of Cape Chinkerichees ______251 Rex Begonia Culture ______251

A Plea for Back Issues of The National Horticul tural Magazine ______------______254

Index to Volume 38 ______. ______.___ 255 Lilium aurelianense Aurelian (old Roman name for Orleans) Hybrid of Lilium sargentiae and L. henyri developed and flowered in 1928 by Edouanj, Debras of St. Jean-de­ Braye near Orleans, FTCtnce. The Aurelian Lilies

GEORGE L. SLATEl

The A'llrelian lilies are a very promis­ was named L. aurelianense, an old Ro­ ing group of hybrids derived from cross­ man name for Orleans. It soon became ing various trumpet lily species with infected with a virus, but was tolerant Lilillm hem'yi. Several generations of and before the plant was destroyed breeding and selection have produced Debras back-crossed it to the parents to a highly nriable and beautiful group. produce another generation of seedlings. A number of named clones and seedling Carleton Yerex, of Newberg, Oregon strains have been introduced during the received a bulb of the original L. aureli­ last few years and many more will un· anense in 1935 and began using it exten­ doubtedly be named. The Aurelians, sively in his breeding work in 1936. when they become better known and Others may have received bulbs or seeds more widely disseminated, are destined from Mons. Debras about that time. to enrich greatly our gardens. A third cross between a trumpet lily, The his tory of this group began in this time L. sulphureum, and L. henryi July 1897 when Lilium leucanthum was made by the late Tom Barry of chlorastet· and L. henryi were crossed at Lambertville, 1 . J. in 1933. One capsule the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, Eng­ of seeds produced a number of very simi­ land. The seed parent, L. leucanthum lar plan ts which 'were offered in the 1937 chloraster, is a trumpet lily similar to L. catalogue of John Scheepers of New Tegale, but the pollen parent L. henryi, York under the name T. A. Havemeyer. is very different with its orange, much Mr. Barry continued breeding with these reflexed i\·Iartagon type of flower. One seedlings and flowered the second gen­ seedling, which first flowered in July eration in 1937. 1900, resulted from this cross and it was The fourth member of this group of described as very like L. aura tum in trumpet lily species, L. regale, has also habit, foliage, size, and form of flower. been crossed with L. hem'yi, the latter The flowers had wide-spreading curious­ being the seed parent. G. ·W. Skirm has ly twisted segments with recurving tips, recorded in the Joumal of H eredity, creamy buff in color, becoming almost vol. 33, pp. 211-2 15, 1942, that E. H. white with age. This unusual hybrid, Wetterlow made this cross many times which was named L. hewense, after its in the previous twenty years without suc­ place of origin, did not survive long, but cess. Success was finally achieved by it was fig ured and described in the gar­ Floyd Hager who excised the immature dening periodicals of that time. embryos before they aborted and grew Years later Edouard Debras of St. them in a suitable medium. When the Jean-de-Braye near Orleans, France, was resulting hybrids were back-crossed to each parent fertile seeds were produced inspired by the account of the origin of which did not require this special tech­ L. kewense to attempt to produce a simi­ nique for successful germination. Dr. lar h ybrid. The parents were L. saT­ Hager described these hybrids briefly in gentiae, another trumpet lily, and L. the 1953 Lily Yearbook of the North henryi, which supplied the pollen. After American Lily Society and noted that many attempts two fertile seeds were they were similar to the hybrids of L. obtained in 1925. One seedling soon henryi with L. sargentiae and L. sul­ died, but the other flowered in 1928 and phureum. There is no record that these hybrids have been disseminated or used I George L. Slate is Professor of Pomology at the by other breeders. We are, therefore, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New. York. His avoc~tio n is the growing and breeding concerned only with the large group of of lIlIes. He has edIted the Lily Yearbooks for many hybrids descended from the original L. years and was PresIdent of the North American Lily Society for 1957·58. aurelianense produced by Mons. Debras [185] 186 THE NATIONAL HOR TICULTURAL MAGAZINE and the descendants of T. A. Have­ would have difficulty in choosing them meyer. These two groups are being from catalogue descriptions. merged by lily breeders and because of Lily test gardens have not been estab­ their similarity cannot be separated. lished as with other flowers and are not Mr. Yerex was one of the first to breed likely to be established because of the Aurelians extensively. Several genera­ disease situation. Catalogues, private tions of crossing and the production of gardens, and lily shows are the principal many thousands of seedlings have re­ sources of information about the Aureli­ sulted in a number of fine clones and an varieties. seedling strains. Jan de Graaff, of the If I were starting from scratch with Oregon Bulb Farms, Gresham, Oregon, Aurelians I would acquire several of the has introduced numerous fine clones and named varieties, cross them in various seedling strains. His extensive opera­ combinations, raise the resulting seeds, tions with this group have added and select and increase those that I liked, will continue to add worthwhile new and continue by crossing these selec­ varieties to the list of Aurelians. tions. L. N. Freimann, Bellingham, Wash­ Named clones of Aurelians currently ington, and Leslie Woodriff, Harbor, offered by lily bulb dealers, their intro­ Oregon, have also produced some fine ducers and descriptions, are the follow­ Aurelian types. Edgar L. Kline, Lake ing: Grove, Oregon, has worked with the Alaska (Horsford): white with slight Havemeyer hybrids and crossed these yellow throat, flat, slightly reflexed. with the Aurealians. Apricot Prince (de Graaff): apricot. In the East, Tom Barry, who made Apricot Queen (Freimann): cream the cross which produced T. A. Have­ and apricot. meyer, continued breeding this group Bright Cloud (Yerex): white with for his own pleasure. Several of his hy­ lemon center, broadly recurved. brids were given to others who recog­ Bright Star (de Graaff): inner half nized their merit and introduced them. apricot-orange, outer ivory, flaring, The lovely pure yellow, Tom Barry, is star-shaped. one of his hybrids. Coralline (de Graaff) : apricot, becom­ E. F. Palmer, now retired as director ing paler toward tips. of the Horticultural Experiment Station Edmund L. Kagy (Kline): persimmon at Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada, orange, recurved tips. has raised several generations of Aureli­ Eventide (Yerex): creamy saffron, ans. He named several fine clones re­ partly reflexed. cently and there are several more worthy Forsythia (de Graaff): lemon yellow, of naming when sufficient stocks are reflexed, flaring. available. Golden Nugget (Kline): yellow with The Aurelians are a great group of green throat. garden plants. The color range is from Ida Jane Calif (Kline): majolica yel­ pure white through ivory and cream low, recurved. colors to pure yellow and deep orange. Ivorine (de Graaff) : ivory, larger, less In form they vary from highly reflexed reflexed than L. hem-yi. types similar to L. henryi through Lemonade (Barry-Byam): lemon yel­ widely flaring bowl-shaped flowers to the low, flaring. typical trumpets. They vary in flower Lemon Cup (de Graaff): lemon-yel­ number and placement and time of low. bloom. They are beautiful, very spec­ Lemon Fair (Gardenside): yellow, tacular and are greatly admired in gar­ widely flaring trumpet. dens and at the shows. Limelight (de Graaff): greenish yel­ Aurelians and Havemeyer types have low, bowl-shaped. come into the market in large numbers :lVIme. Edouard Debras (Yerex): yel­ in recent years. A survey of recent cata­ low, flat, slightly recurved. logues revealed that thirty-five strains Mei Ling (Yerex): cream with gold and thirty named clones are now offered center. by lily specialists. One catalogue listed Metawee (Gardenside): yellow, wide­ twenty-four strains and seventeen clones. ly flaring trumpet. They are all described in glowing terms Moonbeam (Palmer): chartreuse with and' one not familiar with many of them yellow throat, semi-trumpet. OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 187

Pauline Kline (Kline): majolica yel­ compared virus-free and virus-infected low shading to saffron. stocks of the same clone is likely to know Shenandoah (Y€rex): outer half the difference. ivory, inner deep apricot, widely This virus tolerance is a big advan­ fl?ring. tage with many, but it poses a problem Silver Prince (Palmer): ivory with to one who attempts to grow many golden centers, recurved. differen t types of lilies in a small garden. Stardust (de Graaff): white with or­ Viruses are transmi tted from virus-in­ ange star and green center. fected plants to healthy plants by aphids Sundance (Palmer): yellow, bowl­ and when aphids are abundant the rate shaped, petals curved. of spread ca n be high. This means that T. A. Havemeyer (Barry): orange­ many of the fin est lilies will soon be buff, bowl-shaped. chased out of the garden, or at least Tom Barry (Barry-Kline): yellow, re­ ruined for garden decoration, if they are flexed. grown near virus-infected Aurelians. Wahula (Yerex): light apricot, semi­ Among these susceptible lilies are aura­ trumpet. tum and its hybrids, japonicum, nlbel­ White Henryi CWoodriff): white with lum, fonnosanum, canadense, superbum, orange centers, slightly reflexed. and probably a number of others. ·William Bates (Kline): tangerine or­ The presence of the virus can usually ange, shading to ivory, slightly be detected by the characteristic mot­ recurved. tling of the foliage just as the leaves are expanding a few days after the shoot The greatest asse t of the AUl-elians is pushes through the soil in the spring. their toughness and ability to perform As soon as the plant has experienced a well in gardens . This characteristic few hot days the symptoms tend to fade comes from L. hem"yi, one of the most and detection of the virus-infected plants reliable of all lilies, bu t the trumpet lily is difficult. If one is attempting to grow ancestors are by no means difficult to only virus-free plants, those that are grow. Several generations of breeding virus-infected should be destroyed or under garden and field conditions moved to a far corner away from other have undoubtedly gradually adapted the lilies . Spraying the plants with a sys­ group to garden conditions. temic insecticide to reduce the aphid Not much is known about their soil population is helpful in greatly reducing preferences, but L. henryi is known to the rate of spread of virus, but aphid prefer medium to heavy loams and not control will be most helpful if combined to perform well on light sands. 'il\Thile with removal of infected plants. they may grow on the lighter types maxi­ For those who have invested consider­ mum performance is most likely to be able money in a stock of Aurelians, one on the heavier types of soils. solution is to cross pollinate them to get Good drainage is essential as with all a seed crop and raise the seedlings to of our garden lilies. None of them will replace their parents. grow where the soil is soggy during the Botrytis is apparently not a serious growing season. problem with the Aurelians but if it is, As a group these lilies are undoubted· Bordeaux mixture at two week intervals ly resistant, perhaps very resistant, to the should keep it under control. Fusarium that causes basal rot. Suscepti· Frost is by far the worst hazard I have ble individuals undoubtedly die out encountered with the Aurelians. L. soon and only the resistant survivors per­ henryi and the trumpet lilies are all sist and are used in breeding. Conse­ damaged by spring frosts and their de­ quently one need not be concerned scendants have inherited this weakness. about this disease. Those who have lost If frost threatens after the Aurelians are their Fusarium susceptible lilies, of up in the spring they must be covered or which there are many, can turn to the the shoot will be killed, or at least the Aurelians and still grow lilies. leaves will be badly distorted. Killing The Aurelians that I have seen are of the stem of a young bulblet may re­ very tolerant of virus troubles. Even sult in the death of the bulb. With an though the plants are infected with a older plant, the bulb will survive to pro­ virus they turn in a satisfactory perform­ duce a smaller stem next year. The ance. They will grow somewhat better season's bloom and the increase in size without the virus, but only one who has of the bulb is lost. 188 THE NA TlONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

PROPAGATION The seedlings remained in the seed­ The Aurelians -may be propagated by bed for two years and were then duo' seeds, or vegetatively. Seed propagation and planted in beds to flower. Care of has the advantage that the seedlings start t?~ .seedlings co.nsisted of weeding, fer­ off virus-free. The genetic constitution tllrZ1I1g, protectI.on a~ainst late spring of the Aurelians is such that the seed­ frosts, and spraymg WIth Bordeaux mix­ lings may be expected to be a highly di­ ture to con trol botrytis because of too verse lot. Most of them will be good close planting. Systox was also used as enough for garden decOl-a tion. Some an aphicide. will undoubtedly be good enough to in­ The seeds ripen late. To avoid injury crease vegetatively for garden use. None from a hard frost the capsules are har­ should be named and introduced until vested about mid-October when the tem­ their merits have been compared with perat~re is expected to drop to the mid­ those of the many already on the market twenties or lower, and spread out in a and it is clearly evident tha t they are warm dry place. When the capsules superior. start to crack open the seeds are shelled My experience indicates that seeds of out and a£te~ a. few days drying they are the Aurelians germinate better at lower planted. This IS usually not earlier than temperatures than are required by many mid-November when temperatures are lilies. Seeds planted in April after the low enough to prevent germination. Superior seedlings which one wishes weather is warm usually germinated very to increase may be increased vegeta­ poorly. In October when the weather tively. became cool the remainder of the seeds For garden purposes natural division germinated and the seedlings were killed of the bulb will be fast enough with by subsequent cold. To avoid this seeds some clones. Many clones produce bulb­ w:re planted il: the .open ground during lets on the base of the stem. These can mIld weather 111 mId-March. Germina­ be removed in late fall and planted in tion was excellen t and a fine crop of nursery beds to be grown on for garden bulbs was secured. use. OCTOBER 1959. VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 189

HERMAN V. WALL

Aurelian Hybrid - Heart's Desire Strain 190 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

HERMAN V. WALL

Aurelian Hybrid - Sunburst Strain OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38 , NUMBER 4 191

YEREX BULB FARM

Aurelian Hybrid - Sunshine Flares Strain 192 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

YEREX BULB FARMf

Aurelian Hybrid - Jewels Strain OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 193

A1lrelian Hybrid - Mme. Edo'Llard Debras 194 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

AUTelian HybTids - BTight Cloud (toP) Eventide (bottom) Designing an Environment for Man

ROGER B. THOMPSON

PART III

Development of IndooT-OutdooT StJace

The objective of any landscape devel­ Hillsides of Italy demanded the stone­ opment is to make some designated area supported terrace that land should be­ of the greatest possible service and satis­ come sufficiently level for use, balus­ faction to its users, physically, intellec­ trades for safety, and offered a range of tually, emotionally. It has always been elevation that made water employable so. No matter how sizes, patterns and in its most dramatic forms, as waterfalls materials have changed during the sev· and fountains. The great gardens of eral thousand years men have been 17th and 18th century France, with large building towns by "moving sand and areas of level ground, crowds of people stone from place to place" and arrang· to be accommodated and other crowds ing open land and plants into what we to supply labor, exploited intricately call gardens, the ultimate objective has designed floral patterns, making the art been the same. of broderie their own. In England the The differing patterns these develop. availability of considerable areas of roll­ ments have assumed have been due in ing land, a climate fostering luxuriant part to certain short-range or specific growth of grass, the presence of many purposes initiated by the culture and grazing animals and their ability to do customs of the times, such as to impress, the work of gardeners before the advent to seclude, to provide physical comfort of machines for mowing, all tended to or visual delight. Those which have en­ make lawns of great importance in the dured have all recognized and accepted landscape. the limitations imposed and the oppor­ What would the historic forms of gar­ tunities offered by climate, topography, dens have been like if climate had been lvailability of materials, methods, tech­ different or events had occurred at other niques. times or other places? How would gar­ Early gardens of the dry eastern Medi­ dens in "the cradle of civilization" have terranean and Mesopotamian regions re­ looked if this land had received the quired walls for protection against both rainfall of Ceylon? What patterns would wind and marauders, a water source have come from the Renaissance if Italy with canals or paths for its distribution. had lain in the path of the monsoon in­ "Vhat was more natural than that the stead of the sirocco? By what gardens well should be centrally located and would we remember France had its servo paths radiate from it in all directions? ants risen to arms two centuries earlier, This basic pattern of the formal garden, or Spain without its Moors? What would often in later days elaborated to the scale have been the fame of the English land­ of splendor, remained valid as long as it scape without, not Brown and Repton, fulfilled the needs for protection, com­ for they merely exploited the capabili­ fort, irriga tion and service. ties of the situation, but without sheep? [195] 196 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Forces of the same order are operative for outdoor space unless "ve are very today, though money may stil~ purchas~ certain it will become a valuable invest­ counterforces which delay theIr recogm­ ment. Yet everyone who has 1000 square tion. Through the media ?f beauti~ully feet of his property under roof prob­ illustrated books and natIOnally CIrcu­ ably has at least 4000 more to be main­ lated magazines we have all bec

where we inevitably will spend the wall impervious to both light and air, greater portion of our time not assigned the small openings shuttered with stout to the business of earning a living, where barricades except when needed for light comfort demands that we exert the high­ or ventilation. The imagination takes a est degree of control, and where the cost long stride backward in time to recall of development is greatest. that man could not only survive but culture could develop in such conditions, What is a house? It is a tiny bit of until he is thrust back bodily by stum­ cubical space which man has separated bling upon such primitive enclosures, from the all encompassing void. The singly in mountain cove or prairie inter­ enclosure of its walls and the shelter of val, row on row in a few parts of the its roof permit him to maintain in this older country where the great fields have small area a more comfortable climate, not yet taken them. Of board and batten warmer, drier, with less air movement. or occasionally brick, with plank doors During recent years he has also found and shutters over openings innocent of himself able to make it cooler, to glass or screen, the interiors soot-black moisten and cleanse his atmosphere and with the smoke of cooking fires or insect move it about his rooms at will, thus smudges, we find a few still occupied by thwarting all the vagaries of weather. human beings, though the greater part When he first built homes it was for now most mercifully abandoned to the simple protection from the extremes of dooryard weeds. It is not so many cen­ weather and from marauders. Control turies ago we all lived thus. of temperatures within progressed no farther than the fire on the open hearth, Glass in even its most primitive forms, the campfire brought indoors, until very translucent or distorting, at least estab­ recent times. My great-grandfather lished continuous communication wi th owned the first stove in our home town, the day, and in its perfected transpar­ so family tradition has it, for he was a ency with all of the outside world. Long comparatively well-to-do man, owning reinforced with bars, and at night with one of the infrequent stores or taverns wooden or even iron shutters for addi­ on the "North Great Road," twenty tional protection, with developing cul­ miles out of Boston. ture and techniques these guardians have given way to police and thermo­ With the stove came more efficiency in pane. heat distribution, it is true, but still the Even the familiar mullions and requirement for manual operation and mintons are disappearing. With Im­ control. Later, much later, with devel­ proved facilities for manufacture and opment of a new power source and com­ fabrication came increase of unit size plex equipment, came complete, precise from a few square inches to more than and automatic control of his little arti­ that of a man's stature. It is now possi­ ficial climate. Builders today are able ble to build a house with all walls of to advertise "automatically climate con­ complete transparency except for a few trolled homes" as not even any longer lines of jointure. Has total communica­ the height of luxury but a necessity, a tion with the outside world now become necessity at least for their own continued reality or is glass still a wall? existence in a highly competitive mar­ With each decrease of opaque enclo­ ket, indicating the degree of consumer sure has come a decrease in awareness of acceptance and demand. Yet the un­ separation between interior and exterior varying temperature of 75° within man's space until, with the complete glass en­ artificial shell may not be the greatest of velope, possibility of any separation may man's needs. If it is coupled with loss of be forgotten. Man bumps his nose; birds communication, except through the strike with stunning impact. tenuous medium of an insulated wire, When space lacks form, man lacks his sealed cell, comfortable as it may be guidance. The experience is empty to the body, and to the whole person as which should be rich. Or, confused by a retreat in times of stress, may have its an ambiguous position, the experience of imperfections. the unseen barricade frustrates as surely Before the advent of transparent as the bar of iron. Clearly, total view is building materials every house partook not the answer. Freedom of passage in largely of the qualities of the cave, with some way must be signified. Space must 198 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

be given direction; man must be guided In this instance the lady, in passing easily in and out. The wonder of per­ through the open panel but retaining plexity must give way to the wonder of the sense of roof continuing overhead, delight. the touch of the floor continuing at the Separation of interior from exterior same level and with the same material space is most noticeable when the char­ beneath her feet, the wall at her right acters of a maximum number of sur­ hand, had not quite realized that the roundings are changed most suddenly, as glass wall on the other side had been when in two or three steps one moves left behind until, as the space turned, from the enclosed room to doorstep, she found herself on a smooth terrace, path, and the lawn beyond. The enclo­ almost completely surrounded by lawn. sure of the building is seen to give way on all sides, walls and roof disappear, By such methods, instead of two clear­ the floor drops inches below its former ly defined spaces, indoors and out, we level, and is suddenly felt as a new sur­ now have a great number of spaces of face, rough or resilient, or in winter haz­ varying character and size, each able to ardous with ice. Space has suddenly ex­ provide us with some degree of protec­ panded, and perhaps become completely tion (the intrinsic quality of the house) undefined. All forms and sizes of ob­ and exposure (the intrinsic quality of jects, their colors and textures, have be­ the out-of-doors). These situations, come completely new. The qualities of more varied than we have known before, light, temperature, and air are sharply are each a habitat, each useful in its own changed when one passes the rigid line way to both man and plants. Suitability of the door. One is either indoors or of the habitat assures not only survival ou t, and no mistake abou t it. but vigor, luxuriance and fruition to plants. Does it mean less to man? Contemporary architects, by leading us to these new experiences one at a The direction we must go is outward, time, have been able to reduce the shock step by step developing areas partially of emergence so we no longer suffer the enclosed and therefore less expensive sensati.ons of a chicken breaking the egR than those indoors. This process of ex­ each tnne we leave the house, and need pansion need only be arrested by the not fe~l sensations of incarcera tion upon limits of the property, not even there returl11ng. in some few instances where an advanced . They have done this by bringing the type of community planninR has pro­ ll1doors out, by extending for a distance vided easy access to semi-public parks. the familiar surfaces of walls, floor or roof, those elements that o-ive form and Usefulness of any space varies with de­ dire~tion to space, into ~he landscape, gree of enclosure, orientation and acces­ partla.Ily or completely dropping away sibility. There are few properties that e~ch Il1 turn, or changing its direction, cannot have at least (I) privacy every­ size and material and thus its surface where sufficient for the activity, (2) characteristics of texture and color un­ shade in some useful place during all til we find ourselves in an ou tdoo~ en­ parts of the day, (3) protection from vironment completely different in all its cold or drying winds wherever necessary. gu~lit!es from what we have just left. Costs usually range from $1 to $4 per ThiS IS the old principle of tra nsition square foot, depending upon character developed in a new context. of enclosure and materials involved, as It is interesting to watch responses to compared to $ 10 to $12 per square foot this situation by people accustomed for the house itself in most parts of the only to conventional dwellings, as occa­ country. "Where plants are the chief ma­ sionally may be done when a "model" terial it may be considerably below this home of real excellence is opened to the minimum. But who can truly assess cost public. Reactions range from, "What's and value? ''''hat is the value of a man's he trying to do"? to, "Oh, I like this"! life? Or, as one lady who came to a sudden Is all this new? Or did the peasan t in stop some four yards after passing­ generation after generation of past time through a panel in a glass wall doubted pave his dooryard with flags, shel ter it to her companion, "I don't know wheth­ with apple tree or arbor for the vine, er I'm going to like this house or not. and carryon the more portable tasks I'm not quite sure when I'm in it." of the household here for exactly the OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 199 same reasons that we now build terraces less the surface is to be covered with and erect shade today, because he needed some applied coating, such as stucco, space, and during certain seasons this which will conceal all beneath. This is space was cheap and useful? the method of the landscape architect Attempts to effect transition by bring­ in selecting the materials for a garden. ing the outdoors in, extension of the With the development of new spaces, position of plant materials, even when that is, of spaces with new form, size, confined to the rigid form of a planting continuity and use, comes need for re­ box made to penetrate a glass wall, to appraisal of all materials, both living date usually have been much less suc­ and architectural. We need to become cessful. Except in sub-tropical climates more fully aware of the contribu tions it is seldom that plants of sufficient simi­ all may make to the definition of space larity can be grown on opposite sides of and the enrichment of its defining sur­ the glass and made to coordinate with faces. the remainder of the visible out of door plantings to give a real feeling of con­ Small but notable beginnings have tinuity. Also, in many instances selec­ been made during the past generation. tion of plants for planting boxes seems Fences are no longer all of pickets to have been made with the objective of painted white, with individuality per­ providing the utmost of diversity, rather mitted only in the pattern of scrollwork than either the construction of a unit co­ upon the picket. The newer materials, herent in itself or the establishment of patterns and colors do much more than a transitional element which would im­ express convention and status; they give prove indoor-ou tdoor relationships. us new feelings within the spaces they enclose. Plants which determine the structure of a landscape, which are used to sur­ The more frequent use of small vines face, to enclose, to shelter, and by so do­ and other ground cover plants "to add ing to give form to space, should be interest" (really, to enrich ground sur­ looked upon in the same way that we re­ faces with new forms, textures, colors) gard the structural materials of which has had the added effect, by denying pas­ the house is built. Each has its particu­ sage, of giving form to the intervening lar form and surface characteristics. Se­ spaces. lection of the plant should be deter­ All these works of architect and land­ mined by the structural and visual re­ scape designer have given clues to meth­ quirements of the situation. The selec­ ods of formation, integration and en­ tion of any shrub for enclosure would be determined by how well its charactistics richment of space. We need now to ex­ of size, form, density, texture, color meet tend and amplify. We need also to con­ the requirements of the particular situa­ sult the nature of our experiences with­ tion. in these spaces. We will gradually learn how to produce those that are most re­ This is the way the architect selects warding, that give us needed peace or materials for building-, knowing that the stimulation, and return to us the feeling appearance of the building is deter­ that here we have produced an environ­ mined by the character of its materials ment where we may most fully develop and the methods of their assemblage un- our individual potentialities. r------l I I I I I I I ,.. ___ e_., _ -- --l I I

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Typical p lan of a small house and lot, as might appear in a deed_ Areas shown are within the house (where a high degree of control of privacy may be obtained), the rear of house a (where some privacy from neighbors but little from other residents of the home is usually pro­ vided) , and the area between house and street (where control is seldom attempted) .

Shade pattern from plantings and house. This alone might be the first step in a low-budget b development, since it brings coherence to the entire area.

Position and size of aTeas, and character of separation between them. Heights of sepa­ rations are not indicated-they might range from a few inches to above eye level. T um illustration c and view from direction of each arrow to see variety of views obtainable. Twenty-five are indicated; many others are possible.

Space, separations, and shade. A complete plan would also include pavements, shelters, seats, etc., and more plants for purely decorative effect. This would require a large-scale presen tation for d clarity.

Integration of outdoor with indoor space. Position of house is indicated by floor and dashed lines. Enclosure of one room is shown in detail, extending to glass wall at dotted lines. Floor, roof, e and one wall are extended into the landscape. Outdoor space is developed as a series of "rooms," each enclosed to a greater or less degree as privacy may require. Foliage masses are presented in cubical form for clearer three-dimensional effect, but are not to be considered as necessarily cl ipped. [200J .,.. ': .. ~~.. ).,.; 1 . .j, :.~ i: -¥ .,.. '. ~ I .,.. wd~ <\'- .j, ~ ~ .J.. «- tL t ~~~~ . '1'" :. ,': , ,,:.;; ..:; .":' ",",~/. ::~} I

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(THE FIVE DRAWINGS I~/ PREPARED BY THE AUTHOR) [201] Designing an Environment for Man

ROGER B. THOMPSON

PART IV

The Enl'ichment of EXjJeriences

The house and its surrounding land­ senses of experiences of pleasure, of reali­ scape, if it is to become an environment zation that these are things of value and in which man may flourish and develop reward. to the highest possible degree, must furnish him with those experiences for In the northeastern part of our coun­ which the practice of his occupation and try the typical house is still seclusive, in­ his outside interests offer him no suffi­ ward-looking, still partaking of some of cient liberty of action. the qualities of the castle. Proportion of wall to window space is relatively large, Few of us, perhaps none at all, com­ number of exterior doors a minimum, pletely understand our needs for happi­ their positions restricted to permit access ness in this increasingly complex, abun­ only to particular rooms. Original rea­ dant and wasteful culture we call Ameri­ sons for this are quite obvious in the can. Many who formerly felt that they north-European heritage, the frequently possessed a large degree of control over inclement climate, available materials their lives and have now lost it, many and social attitudes. The characteristics who have never known this control and have been perpetuated by a firmly in­ are now seeking it, sometimes in direc­ grained idea of "what a house should tions dangerous physically, economical­ look like" long after changes in these ly, emotionally, may find in a small factors have made such a type of build­ property designed to suit their personal ing unnecessary. An additional factor needs answers that are elsewhere absent. still obtains and has become increasingly important: the need for privacy where This end, individual fulfillment, is window stares at neighbor's window at what all the more perceptive landscape close range. designers, professional and amateur, who design for individuals are working to­ Farther south, under the more benign ward. The forms they discover may be architectural influence of France and strange, but if they clearly meet individ­ Spain and a more than casual connec­ ual needs they are not capricious. They tion with the West Indies, the long pe­ may become so when copied, for then riod of heat and humidity, and a culture they become the phrase out of context, more free in its interconnections, more the transplanted organ in an alien body. open forms developed. The long hall All organizations of space, all arrange­ of the antebellum mansion opened ments of materials, are empty achieve­ straight from front doors to doors open­ ments if they fail to contribute to the ing on the garden, partially freeing the enrichment of the experience of man. house space from its enclosure. French To make them rich he may need guid­ windows in series laid open whole sides ance, not obviously with printed signs, of rooms, or wide galleries encompassed but through direct impact upon his the entire body of the building. [202] OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 203

It was only a step from these, with new panded areas. The house is org'anized to materials and methods of construction, accommodate all the needs of the family to the outward-looking house of today. throughout the changing hours of the This new type was first and most eagerly day, and to anticipate the family's chang­ accepted in the far western region where ing needs as it varies in composition and physical and social climates found its structure through the years. particular characteristics most advan­ tageous. 'With its glass walls and par­ The variable requirements of age and tially enclosed terraces, its opening up sex and personality insistently demand to let the outdoors in and pushing out changes in environment wherein the to include greater freedoms under the different interests of the iindividuals sky, it provided satisfactions hitherto un­ may find expression. It must somehow known. meet all the needs for work and active play, for privacy and rest and relaxation. The architect, while developing the Childhood, adolescence, maturity and outward-looking house to its present de­ decline must find here the answers gree of permeability, has been slow to denied in the increasingly public world. develop new ways to control the inward The landscape must operate as the house view. Often it appears that all thought operates, but on an enlarged scale. of control has been abandoned, except that which may be periodically applied '!\That forms must it assume if it is to by the drawing of some sort of blind or meet these needs, or do the persistent curtain. The inevitable result of this variables preclude suggestion of any archaic method is a reduction of view definite form? Houses, certainly, have outward, a contradiction of the purpose clear forms, although the present trend for which the wide expanse of glass was is toward an increase of interior flexi­ intended. Fabrics of even the most con­ bility and exterior variety. All land­ temporary materials render it more or scapes that have met with approval for less translucent; the most artful use of long periods of time have also possessed opaque materials fractures it to splin­ a clarity of form so evident it was not tered patterns of transparency and cover. easily obscured by abuse or neglect.

If the architect has lost control of his The "informal" and "naturalistic" are space, it is within the power of the land­ subject to rapid degradation 'when scape designer to regain it. We have denied sensitive care, since the process of only to abandon the concept of the growth implies continuous change and house as a completely independent unit demands continuous selection during and to accept the idea of house and the activities of maintenance. Not even landscape as complemen tary parts of a the most comprehensive blueprint can more commodious unit, the total living include the en tire vision of the designer. space of the property. When he ceases to direct, his incomplete­ ly understood intentions are easily sub­ Wide public acceptance of the out­ verted. ward-looking house in all except spaci­ ous grounds, where privacy may be ob­ The "formal" garden, on the other tained by distance, may depend upon de­ hand, possessed great clarity. Its form velopment of this complement, the in­ was indisputable . . The designer's in­ ward-looking landscape. I have heard tentions remained clear to generations too many comments such as, "It was of maintenance men who sheared hedges nice, but we couldn't live in it. There and trimmed walks to precise lines, per­ wasn't any privacy." Yet, in all such mitting no noticeable deviation from cases I have examined, the house was a decade to decade. Though the rigidity beauty, most sensitively and efficiently of the formal garden has long been designed. Deficiency lay only in its sUr­ criticized, the deficiencies of this type roundings. of organization did not lie so much in How must this inward-looking land­ its possession of precise form as in its scape operate if it is to fulfill all the new lack of variety in spatial patterns, and demands upon it? It must pick up the redundancies forced by adherence to operational ideas of the architect and the idea of bisymmetry, a redundance extend them to· greater distances and ex- which even a complex arrangement of 204 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

cross axes and terminals could not dis­ of even more importance than any wall, guise. being very closely associated with feel­ ings of the complete enclosure of space. The result, on the small property where space for development was in­ The extension of too many of these sufficient for multiple gardens which surfaces, however, simply serves to con­ might vary widely in character, was tinue the complete enclosure rather than monotony and a lack of the element of to effect transition. There must be a surprise. Pleasure does not lie in the gradual breaking away of the restrictive continuous observation of one object, forms, the termination of a roof, the no matter how beautiful, but in the change in direction of a wall, and comparison of objects of different char­ change in level of a floor. Steps down or acter, the opportunity to select objects up are always significant of an end or a to suit the mood, and arrival of the un­ change in character of movement, and expected. To satisfy our present needs even the thought of movement. The all of these qualities, as well as clarity small porch at floor level will appear form, should be present. Some truly more a part of the house than a large amazing results have been achieved terrace below a flight of steps, and will within the confines of very small prop­ be more freely used unless the latter has erties. superior attractions. With every step away comes a feeling of increased free­ How may integration of indoors and dom coupled with the feeling that we outdoors be accomplished? When viewed are still in personal though more lax from the interior, the dissolution of the control. wall as barrier to view and to movement, the extension of the room as space, of its When seen from the outside, these ex­ surfaces as continuing forms, colors, tex­ tensions of the building forms, colors tures combine to produce this effect. and textures are felt conversely as a gradual enclosure of space, an increase Any reduction of impervious wall is of in protection and degree of control. primary importance. Since, in our tem­ perate zone, another material must be The extension of structural materials substituted to provide climate control, into outdoor space need not diminish we commonly become more quickly the use of plant materials and will prob­ aware of increased expanse of glass than ably suggest additional possibilities for of diminished brick and plaster. The their employmen t. Plants divide as well effect on spatial integration becomes as occupy space, just as structural ma­ striking when glass extends from floor to terials do, and increased opportunities ceiling, giving one the feeling of being for display against a contrasting back­ able to walk through it, and reaches its ground promote increased use. The ultimate when it stretches across the landscape where we see either of these entire room from side to side. exploited to its highest degree is rare indeed; the generality are barren in But liberation of view is merely per­ comparison with the richness of their missive. If one is to actually walk out possibilities. one must have something to walk upon. Extension of the floor at the same level Shrubs and small trees used either is an obvious second step. It becomes singly or grouped in their conventional most clearly an extension of the indoor patterns, except as used in formal gar­ floor if indoor textures and colors are dens, do not divide space clearly, and retained. consequently do not give us a clear per­ ception of spatial form. The typical Extensions of walls and roof have "group of three" is often of indefinite similar uses, but must be employed with form, and when succeeded by other somewhat more caution and examined groups of dissimilar character may pro­ more carefully for both interior and ex­ duce confusion. The assemblage of more terior effects. Walls are more· important plants of the same species into forms of than floor or ground surfaces because greater clarity gives greater clarity to they approach or exceed the eye level, the spaces between them. This does not, and therefore contribute more to the most emphatically does not, imply that feeling of enclosure. A roof overhead is they should be planted in straight lines OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 205 or should be sheared or clipped in any jor decisions in the following sequence way. The accompanying diagrams have will help to bring order. been greatly simplified in order to show as clearly as possible the meaning of 1. Plan position and size of outdoor form of objects and form of space. In areas accolJing to tht1 uses required of actual practice all possible diversities them by the particular needs of your may be used. family. Position should permit easy ac­ cess from areas indoors to areas of similar N or will the use of single plants be use ou tdoors. Are there enough doors in diminished. Rather, the opportunties your house? Size will be determined by for use of single plan ts will be increased numbers and activities of the people, and as the number of possible backgrounds will be different for each family. As the of differing forms, textures, colors is in­ family changes, size and use of areas will creased. The "specimen," isolated in often change. Shape will depend some­ space and without clear relationship to what upon factors to be considered later, its nearest neighbors has always been dis­ so should not be precisely determined at tracting. The same plant used as climax first. becomes the "something added" that gives distinction to the scene. 2. Plan formation of the ground. Where tables and chairs are to stand or Foliage seen against foliage permits competitive games played the surface only a limited number and range of con­ must be essentially level. Leveling of trasts. Extension of the structural ma­ land implies cutting and filling, and terials from the building, perhaps even these in turn imply short, steep slopes to the perimeter of the lot, greatly ex­ to compensate for the longer, gentler tends possibilities for both number and ones that have been leveled. Such slopes diversity. Contrast between Southern act as barriers to movement; they will Magnolia and Thunberg Spirea is about affect need for other separations, and the limit when using foliage alone, but possibilities for circulation. If drainage when the two are opposed to red brick pattern has been upset, now is the time and glass the possibilities for dramatic to reorganize it. display are immeasurably increased. Shadows cast by foliage on foliage are largely lost, but shadows upon the 3. Decide upon position, height and smoother surfaces of refined structural density of separations between areas. materials are an additional beauty, not Sometimes we find that low barriers are only momentarily but for their continu­ sufficient; a patch of ground cover or a ous change. shallow pool will block traffic without obstructing view. A line of three-foot These attributes of the contemporary shrubs allows one to sit in privacy with landscape, the clear forms of masses, the only the face exposed, or sprawl entirely diverse forms and sizes of related space, concealed. Five or six feet of height the multitude of contrasts, can produce gives complete seclusion. a mosaic in three dimensions stored with A small tree lets view beneath, but refreshing surprises that open new may completely block view from a neigh­ worlds of delight at every step. They boring window. The tall perimeter have power to bring the luxury of land­ planting is seldom necessary. People scaped acres within the dimensions of habitually use only a restricted number the city lot, of the moaest pocket book, of places, so we usually find complete of time and energy consonant with the blockage warranted only on lines of sight demands and permissions of our present betw.een these. culture. Above all, they have a flexi­ bility to meet personal needs that neith­ 4. Layout the circulation pattern be­ er the conven tional formal, informal or tween house and grounds and between naturalistic could provide. spaces of different use, so that those devoted to the more general use shall The large remaining question is: how have the greater freedom of access, and does one proceed to plan all this? Al­ those where privacy is desired shall be though many ideas will inevitably crowd not only assured of privacy but accessible the mind at all times, the making of ma- by private means. 206 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

5. Refine all forms. Some plan first safely name the plants or other materials with stiff circles, squares or rectangles. which will bring them to reality. Think­ Compressions and tensions against these ing in terms of names too early in the transform them into shapes more useful planning always brings in feelings of and often more exciting. Others do all like and dislike. There are not so many the early work with a slack, indifferent things available that we can afford to line that needs sharpening with a few eliminate any by prejudgement, nor vigorous pulls this way and that to snap should we reduce our desires because life in to it. we cannot at the moment think of any­ N ow is the time to really pu t yourself thing that will fulfill them. The "best into the design and imagine what is ~,:p­ possible" development can never be pening to you there. Few have the abilIty made unless we keep our eyes continu­ to do this when examining the plan ously on this goal. Modifications we may from one position only. Faults and un­ have to make, but the time for them is noticed opportunities appear when you at the end, not the beginning. observe it from all sides and trace your own progress through the grounds in all Sources of esthetic pleasure are not directions. easily defined. Critics have sometimes identified it with complexity and dif­ 6. Shade must be provided where ficulty of comprehension, but these ideas shade is needed. Shade patterns change cannot be carried to their ultimates continuously. Something must be known without producing chaos and frustra­ of daily and seasonal activities before tion. We can, however, profitably aim these can be planned. toward some ground midway between When shade is required early or late monotony and chaos, seeking the degree in the day, when the sun's rays are at a of ordered complexity that will give most sharp angle with the horizontal, the pleasure to the particular users. shade producer or shelter will not be directly above the gTound shaded. Ver­ In order to achieve this it is necessary tical surfaces, such as the west sides of that order should be recognizable. The buildings, need vertical screens for shad­ greater the complexity of detail, the ing. more simple it is necessary to make the basic forms lest they be obliterated, as 7. Examine every surface, every sepa­ a mass of rococo ornament on a building ration and shelter, and decide whether submerges all but the most basic fea­ plant or structural materials will best tures of its structure. Conversely, as com­ serve the purpose. With surfaces the plexity of basic forms increases, that is, amount of "vear they will receive, or in as the rectangle and readily apprehended what weathers they must be used, may curve give way to "free forms" and angles be of critical importance. no longer right, the more need is there A fence may be given preference over that these forms be clear and not over­ a shrub mass simply because no more whelmed by diversity of smaller forms, than a foot of width can be spared, or textures, colors derived from plant or because it can give privacy tomorrow. other materials. N or is it practical to wait years for a tree to grow if sun is giving you discomfort The wealth of possibilities in the 50- today. Planning for both present and foot cube of even the small back yard future will prevent sacrifice of either. are far greater than most people realize. A rectangular or irregularly shaped lot 8. Organize textures and colors offers more than a square, a sloping one throughout in such terms as coarse, fine, more than one completely level. This dark green, light yellowish brown. Be implies that it will often be useful, when guided only by needs of the situation, we come to divide space, to create with­ such as intensity and direction of light in the rectangular lot smaller spaces of that will be thrown upon them, and the diverse forms, and to deliberately raise relationships between one and another or lower the surface of portions of a and to the whole. property that is too obviously flat. 9. It is only now, after all relation­ These ideas are very old. Formal gar­ ships of mass and space, color and tex­ dens of two hundred years ago often had ture have been planned, that we can their beds broken into triangles and OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 207 complex curves; the mound and sunken If the landscape is to be truly the en­ garden were common landscape features. vironment of man, the "best" landscape It is only that since we abandoned these is the one that best serves man, biologi­ details we frequently seem to have for­ cally, socially, economically, culturally, gotten that they were based on sound emotionally, both stimulating and sooth­ principles which we may profitably re­ ing in its various aspects. In it he com­ call. monly grows plants, but he grows them because to do so satisfies his own needs Complex and changing patterns of for growth. human culture have been continually operative, absorbing, discarding, com­ Landscapes created for man are par­ bining, resisting. Each culture looked ticular and personal, as each man is par­ back to those that had gone before, the ticular, and are built to serve his par­ present always carrying with it some of tiClllar purposes and fulfill his particular the past, presenting something to the needs. Casual visits, as to parks and gar­ fu ture. Each adapted to local situations, dens of our friends, do not give experi­ developing new patterns of its own. ence in depth. There is neither time nor incentive for involvement, the state It is the function of the artist to direct in which personal response becomes so the attention of man toward qualities of complete that the contribution of the this world of which he might otherwise environment becomes permanent, con­ be unaware. The poet does this "vith tinuous and reciprocal. The recipient words, the painter with his colors, the needs to become saturated, not veneered, a surface easily lost in an abrasive so­ landscape architect by the organization ciety. Here he may pursue the eternal of space, the selection and arrangement que t of man: man finding. Here he may of materials into forms that bring new find himself, in company or in solitude, meanings to experience. His purpose is in space, in the clear articulation of to design an environment more appro­ sculptural form or the small splendor of priate to our society, not a retreat from the intricately structured leaf. What are massculture, but rather an adventure the dimensions of a man's life? In this into the unexplored world of the indi­ small personal cosmos he may find him­ vidual. self larger than he thought. Names for Cultlvated Plants

FREDERIC P. LEE! BOTANISTS' CATEGORIES Botanists like Latin. Under their Code botanists classify plants in Latin­ named categories by a descending se­ quence, as follows: divisio (division), A uniform international system for ap­ elassis (class), ordo (order), tamzlta plying names to plants has to IIl:eet prob­ (family), genus (genus), and speezes lems attributable to two opposmg plant (species) . As the. scale is desce~d~d t~e characteristics, natural variation and number of simIlar characterIstIcs m man-induced uniformity. Variation, gH;at form and anatomy among plants of the or small, is found between all the m­ groups increas~s w1J.ile at .th~ ~ame time numerable individuals that compose the reproductive IsolatIOn dImImshes and wild plant population of the. wo~ld. ability to hybridize increases. For ex­ This produces an urg~ for claSSlfica~IOn ample, rhododendrons belong to the and division for workmg purposes mto division Spermatophyta, th~ seed bear­ a hierarchy of smaller and smaller ing plants; the class Dz~otyledonae, groups whose members have more and plants with two cotyledons m the seed more characteristics in common; and so the International Code of Botanical embryo; the order Eriea les, w~i~h is a grouping of several related famIlIes, one Nomenclature, commonly called the "Bo­ of which is the heath-like plants, the tanical Code." The members of the family Erieaeeae. This family includes smallest of these groups, species, are still among its 70 or so genera, the genus varied and differ one from another ge· Rhododendron which has around 800 netically just as do people. species, such ~s RhododendTOn maxi­ On the other hand man by his tech­ mum earolinianum, ealendulaeeum, and niques of vegetative prop~gation and eatar.:biense found in the Appalachian line and line-hybrid breedmg, can es· Mountains. tablish groups of plants all of wh?se Each of the above categories may also members are identical, or in case of lme be divided into subgroups, as families sub~tan­ and line-hybrid breeding, are into subfamilies, genera. into subgen~ra tially uniform. These groups are p~lma­ or series, and species mto subspeCIes. rily dealt with by the new InternatIOnal Sometimes the botanists add in tnbus Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated (tribe) between family and genus and Plants.2 Commonly it is referred to as seetio (section) between genus and spe- the "Horticultural Code." Since, as final­ cies. Plants within a species (or sU.bspe­ ly prepared, the Code is directed to ago cies) may be segre~ated geogr.ap.hI~ally riculturists and foresters, as well as hor· or by some sporadIC characterIstIC mto ticulturists, it is likely to become gen­ a varietas (variety or var.) or tOTma erally known as the "Cultivated Plant (form or f.) . Code" and is so referred to herein. A botanical species is a group of ~u­ merous individual plants, usually WIth­ lFrederic P. Lee of Beth esda, Maryland, a lawyer. is a member of the Commission on Nomenclature and in definable geographical limits, all with Registration of the American Horticultural Council. a contributor to the International Rhododendron Register. so many common characteristics trans­ a member of the Editorial Committee of the American mitted by seeds without loss from gen­ Horticultural Society. and author of the Azalea Book sponsored by the Society. eration to generation, that the plants • Copies of the Code are obtainable from the Sec­ retary. American Horticultural Council . c/o Arnold are considered closely related and of a Arboretum, Jamaica Plain 30. Massachusetts. common descent. They are therefore [208] OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 209 given the same name. The species name Line-hybTid-Still another method of is the Latin name for the genus plus a stabilization is a first generation hybrid Latin epithet. For example, !lex opaca group regularly reconstituted by repeat­ is the species popularity known as the ing the cross, the parents being two or American Holly, Ilex being the name of more breeding stocks maintained either the genus and opaca (meaning dull sur­ as separate clones or as in-bred lines. A face) being the epithet which designates population so maintained is a line-hy­ the particular species. Some American brid, as Rhododend?'on Koster's Brilliant Hollies have yellow instead of red ber­ Red. ries, thus I. opaca var. xanthocarpa, or Any identical or substantially uniCorm entire, non-spiny leaves, I. opaca f. sub in­ group of plants, such as a clone, line, or tecn-a. Since yellow berries are not a line-hybrid, the horticulturist or gar­ ge~graphical, but a sporadic, character­ dener calls a "variety," "garden variety," istic, probably xanthocm'pa should be a "horticultural variety," "cultivated vari­ form and not a variety, but botanists, ety," or "named variety." He wants a like the rest of us, are not always con­ name for each such variety but rules for sistent. such names are not included in the Bo­ tanical Code. And so through efforts HORTICULTURISTS' CATEGORIES initiated by the botanists themselves, The Botanical Code has never ade­ there has recently evolved the Cultivated quately covered the stable groups of Plant Code, adopted in 1958. This is identical or substantially uniform plants the horticulturists' Code. which are important to the gardener. Horticulturists like the vernacular. This stability, as opposed to natural Their Code provides that the name for variation, may be brought about in sev­ a variety shall not be in Latin form eral ways. Three are common. although Latin names have frequently Clone-One way is asexual or vegeta­ been used as variety names in the past, tive reproduction by cuttings, grafts, lay­ such as Ilex aquifolium Altaclarensis. ers, or divisions of a single plant selected Hereafter only "fancy" names are to be for its outstanding characteristics. The used for such varieties, names in the ver­ original selected plant and the aggregate nacular of a modern language, as !lex of plants descended from it by vegeta­ aquifolium Rederly. tive reproduction constitute a clone, as !lex opaca Delia Bradley. The plant VARIETY AND CULTIVAR selected for vegetative reproduction may Another designation that is a catch-all be one of the individuals composing a like the horticulturist's "variety," and species (or variety or form of a species) , that may be used in lieu of it to blanket or it may be one of the individuals com­ these identical or substantially uniform posing a group resulting from natural groups, such as clone, line, and line-hy­ or artificial crossing or hybridization of brid, is a relatively new term, "cultivar," plants. All plants of a clone are genet­ a contraction of "cultivated variety." A ically identical. botanist's objection to the gardener's Line-The second way is by repeat­ use of "variety" is that it may be con­ edly propagating sexually from the fused (by a botanist) with the English seeds of a clone or of an in-bred line but translation of his Latin "vaTietas" which each time rogueing the seedlings to a is a group of somewhat variable plants uniform standard of appearance with re­ rather than of identical or substantially spect to desired characters. The popula­ uniform cultivated plants. tion S0 maintained is a line, as Petunia The Cultivated Plant Code does not Rosy Morn or Rhododendron J. C. Van bar the use, wherever appropriate, of the Tol. All plants of a line, while they more precise terms, clone, line, or line­ may not be genetically uniform, are sub­ hybrid. On the other hand where a stantially uniform in appearance for broader and less precise term is required, gardening purposes. An occasional aber­ the use of either variety or cultivar is rant plant may still appear in the garden permissible. There is no compulsion to and need to be rogued to preserve the use cultivar as a substitute for variety, uniform appearance. or vice versa. The preface of the Cul- 210 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE tivated Plant Code states- during the more than two centuries that "It is laid dO'w n that, while "cultivar" these countries were largely closed to is the technical, international term, for "y"este~ners for t~ade and plant explora­ what in English is known as a 'vari­ tlOn m the wIld. The Gingko tree e ty' .. . anyone is free, without violating (Gin.gko biloba) is another example of a the Code, to use his own national term* speCIes never found in the wild. · if he so wishes; and this is emphasized by In case of a new cultivated plant placing 'variety' in brackets after 'cul­ which Code does govern? About the bes~ tivar' throughout the Code. The term you can get out of the two Codes is that 'cultivar,' however, is rapidly gaining if th~ plan t is to be given a sci en tific favour in many groups of cultivated (LatlI?-) name, the Botanical Code gov­ plants, as a convenient and unambiguous erns; If a fancy (vernacular) name the Cultivated Plant Code governs. ' But word for general use." which kind of name is the new cultivated Some have the impression that both plant to be given? cultivar and variety are too often used The answer seems to lie in this: If the lazily to avoid precise terms such as clone, line, and line-hybrid, or wrongly new .cult~v~ted pIa? t ties into no existing to cover groups of miscellaneous hybrid speCIes, It IS d~scnbed as a new species and gets a Latm name. If it is a clone seedlings. Bu t in any event cultivar and variety, when correctly used, are "exact l~ne, .or line-hybrid of an existing spe~ Cles, It gets a fancy n ame. equivalents," as the Cultivated Plant Code says. In the past names in Latin form, as well as fancy names, have been fre­ CULTIVATED PLANTS quently used for cultivated varieties Every plant should, for nomenclatural (clones, lines, and line-hybrids) . For the purposes, fall under one Code or the future the Cultivated Plant Code abol­ other, not both. Nevertheless, cultivated ishes this pra~tice and requires a fancy plants struggle in the grasp of the ten­ name. \Ve wIll, under the Codes still tacles of both Codes. The Cultivated have Latin n ames fOor some old cultivated Plant Code applies to cultivated plants varieties (clones, lines, and line-hybrids) , and only to them. The Botanical Code ~)Ut they will be distinguished typograph­ itself says that a species n ame based on Ically as H eme1"ocallis Alba Striata, not plants found in the wild continues to H ememcallis alba st?-ia ta. Also, botanists apply to plants, not fundamentally dif­ '~: ill still on ~ccasion establish new spe­ ferent, brought into cultivation from CIes from cultIvated plants not found in the wild. The Botanical Code does not the wild. admit that it also applies to the naming While all botanists would disagree, it of cultivated plants that have never been would be a h appy day if they restricted found in the wild, but only in cultiva­ themselves to plants found in the wild, tion. It does so apply, however, and the leaving. to horticul turis ts the naming of Cultivated Plant Code so states as to its all cultIvated plants for which no wild sister Code. It has to, since botanists species were known as forebears. We have not limited themselves only to might then avoid several ineffable bo­ plants found in the wild. Many species, tanical taxonomic messes that prevail in varietas, and tormae established by bot­ such groups as the hostas, evergreen anists in the past were based on cul­ azaleas, camellias, and chrysanthemums tivated plants first seen by them in gar­ mentioned above and a number of other dens and never later found in the wild. genera. One should have no illusion This is particularly true of certain spe­ that such views, although embodying a cies in such groups as hostas, evergreen cons~mmat.ion devoutly to be wished (by azaleas, camellias, and chrysanthemums, hortlcultunsts), are anything more than originally obtained from gardens of a pious hopes. few seaport cities of China and Japan THE INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS • For example, °variety" in English "variete" in french, "variedad" in Spanish, "Sorte~' in German Choosing a "legitimate" name for a ::s or~:' in . ~ h e . Sca.n.~i~avian languages and in Russ ian: ras or vanetelt In Dutch, "razza" in Italian, etc. new plant can get one "inextricably in- OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38 , NUMBER 4 211 ter-twingled" with international plant American Iris Society: Ins except nomenclatural law,-The Botanical bulbous. Code, the Cultivated Plant Code, and American Rose Society: roses. the International Check List, if any, for Hemerocallis Society of America: the particular genus. Taking a look at hemerocallis. these international documents, we find- Holly Society of America: ilex. American Begonia Society: begonias. 1. THE BOTANICAL CODE. This is of· Royal Horticultural Society (Great ficially called the Intemational Code of Britain): rhododendron (including Botanical N omenclatu?"e. Origins of the aza leas): lilium (including notholi­ present Botanical Code are found in the rion, nomocharis, and cardiocrinum) ; "de Candolle Rules" for botanical no· narcissus; del phi n i u m (perennials menclature adopted at the first Inter· only) . national Botanical Congress in Paris in National Chrysanthemum Soci e ty 1867. These were amended at Vienna (Great Britain): chrysan them u ms in 1905 and at Brussels in 1910. The (perennials only) . Third Edition of the International Rules Royal General Dutch Bulb Growers for Botanical Nomenclature approved at Society: tulipa; hardy bulbous and Cambridge in 1930 harmonized the basic tuberous-rooted plants (except dahlia, differences between European and Amer­ gladiolus, lilium, narcissus) . ican thinking on these matters and be­ came the first Botanical Code of real Each such Authority is directed to international acceptance. These rules compile and publish a list of names of were again amended a t Amsterdam varieties in cultivation and of varieties (1935), at Stockholm (1950), and at in cultivation and of varieties no longer Paris in 1954. in cultivation but still of historical im­ portance, plus all known synonyms of 2. THE CULTIVATED PLANT CODE. This such varieties. Such lists have been pre­ is officially called the Intemational Code pared so far for rhododendron (includ­ of Nomenclatu?"e fo?" Cultivated Plants. ing azalea), narcissus, tulip, hardly bul­ It was prepared in 1957 by the Commis­ bous and tuberous-rooted plants, bego­ sion for Nomenclature of Cultivated nia, holly, hemerocallis, and in part ges· Plants, an agency of a "UNESCO" or­ neria. The Authority for roses has pub­ ganization known as the International lished Modern Roses V, but it is far Union of Biological Sciences. The Com­ from an international check list. Lists mission represents three groups, agricul­ are underway for chrysanthemum, iris, turists (Food and Agricultural Organi­ lily, and delphinium. zation of the United Nations), foresters Probably the number of international (International Union of Forest Research registration au thori ties designated will Organizations), and horticulturists (In­ slowly increase to cover other genera .or ternational Horticultural Congress). groups of related gene~a, as paeon~a, George H. M. Lawrence, diFector, Bailey palms, fuchs~a, brOl!lelia ds.' camellIa, Hortorium, Cornell University, was the hibiscus, dahlIa, orchIds, pnmula, gera­ United States member among the hor­ nium and pelargonium, gladiolus, and ticulturists and represented the Ameri­ others. Consequently the number of can Horticultural Council. published international check lists will All three groups should adopt the Cul­ increase. tivated Plan t Code. The horticulturists The American Nurserymen's Associa­ have already done so at the 15th Inter­ tion, Washington, D. C., still maintains national Horticultural Congress, Nice, a registration and name publication sys· France, 1958. tem for "any woody plant new to hor­ ticulture, originating or introduced into 3. THE INTERNATIONAL CHECK LIST the United States, exclusive of fruits, (if any) for the particular kind of nuts and roses." The Association is not, plants. The International Horticultural however, designated as an international Congress has designated nine Interna­ registration authority, and the Arnold tional Registration Au thorities for cer­ Arboretum is currently seeking this re­ tain genera of ornamentals: sponsibility at the national level as an American Gesneria Society: ges­ agent of the American Horticultural neriads except sain tpaulia. Congress. 212 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

INTERNATIONAL CHECK LISTS registration authority. Designations are The lists so far issued, with a few ex­ likely to accrue, however, to societies ceptions, are not truly international which actively solicit the work and are check lists. The narcissus list fails to in­ unmistakably heard at International clude many originations in Australia, Horticultural Congresses. And again as New Zealand, and the United States, im­ to lilies the Japanese are not participat­ portant daffodil nations. This results ing, yet they are one of the major sources from the Royal Horticul tural Society's of introductions. sitting back and waiting for data to be The iris list underway is limited to sent it by originators and introducers clones available in this country. The 8,000 miles away who never heard of the chrysanthemum list will cover clones in Society and do not lament their igno­ both the United States and Great Britain, rance, or if they have heard, are unin­ but so far as is known, no contacts have terested. The Society apparently rejects been arranged in Japan or Western Ger­ (at least as to some genera) the concept many. So also the holly list is principally of a cooperative National Registration representative of clones already in this Center in each other country where the country without detailed regard to Great particular genus is im portan t. Britain, South America, and Japan. The The check list of hardy bulbous and tulip list is truly international but the tuberous-rooted plants covers mainly problem was relatively simple since prac­ genera in the Dutch and British bulb tically all garden varieties of tulips have trade and includes them whether or not originated in a single country, the Neth­ hardy and even though corms and rhi­ erlands. Further, the Dutch and British zomes rather than bulbs and tubers. have been working on such a list since Despite the Dutch redefinition of the World War 1. Similarly, the hemerocallis scope of their authorization, as many im­ list is international for again we have a portant genera are omitted as are in­ one-country situation. Nearly all heme­ cluded,-thus crinum, freesia, sternber­ rocallis clones, save a few early origina­ gia, and zantedeschia are covered but not clivi a, alstroemeria, liriope, and hedychi­ tions of Yeld and Perry, come out of the um. United States. The rhododendron list is one where In general the check lists reflect too the Royal Horticultural Society has much national self-satifaction and too sought cooperation. The American Hor­ little international cooperation and will · ticultural Society, the American Rhodo­ ingness to give the effort and time, and dendron Society, and the United States incur the expense, necessary for a truly National Arboretum, have all helped, as international check list. Of course, lack requested, but on the other hand liaison of communication ·with iron-curtain wa~ not established directly with .Japan countries complicates the situation. whIch has done more in developing ever­ green azaleas than any other country. REQUIREMENTS FOR NAMES OF No fully adequate international check NEW CULTIVA TED PLANTS list of the azalea series of rhododendrons The process of selecting a legitimate is likely to be published without the as­ name for a new garden plant in a genus sistance of the Kyushu Horticultural for which there is an international regis­ Fi~ld Station, the University of Utsuno­ tration authority and an international mlya, and others in Japan. check list has three steps: Americans and Canadians through the First, the American originator or in­ North American Lily Society, Australians troducer should select a name that has and, probably, New Zealanders, are co­ not previously been published or ac­ operating in the preparation of the lily cepted by the international registration l~st to be pu~Iished by the Royal Hor­ authority as shown by the check list. tIcultural SOCIety of Great Britain. By No other person may name the plant reason of the more extensive work being without permission of the originator or done in the United States and Canada introducer. on lilies, probably the North American Second, he should see to it that the Lily Society would better have been the name is a fancy (vernacular) name, in Society designated as the international English not in Latin form; that it is not OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 213 a scientific or common name of another directly attached to a scientific or com­ genus or species (as Camellia Rose); mon name for the genus or species must that it is not excessively long (one word be distinguished either by typography preferable, three short words a maxi­ or by preceding it with "cv." Single, but mum); that it has no initial article or not double, quotation marks may be title (as A, The, President, or General) used as the typographical distinction or or abbreviation (as Mt., Wm., Mrs., Dr., the intial capitals and roman type alone or U.N.R.R.A.) ; that is not an exaggera­ may suffice. Thus the rhododendron cuI­ tion or vaguely descriptive (as Best of tivar Fairy Queen from the Mollis Hy­ All, Supreme Select, Curly, or Pink); brid Group of Azaleas or the rhododen­ and that it is not similar to a prior dron cultivar Warai-gishi which is a va­ name (as Aries and Ariel, Caroline and riety of the species R. indicum. For the Carolina, Willem III and William II, former all the following are correct: and Viola, Violet, Violetta and Viola­ 1. Rhododendron cv. Fairy Queen cea) . Third, he then submits the selected 2. R. var. Fairy Queen name to the International Registration 3. R. 'Fairy Queen' Au thori ty for the particular genus, ac­ 4. R. Fairy Queen companied by the name and nationality of the originator and introducer, parent­ Azalea Series and/ or Mollis Hybrids age of the plant when known, a descrip­ or Mollis Grou p or Mollis g., could be tion in English (or any other language) added in parenthesis to show where including color (preferably with refer­ within the genus Rhododendron the ence to a color chart), and classification particular cultivated variety falls; simi­ (if any) of the plant under the scheme larly Tulipa (Fosteriana div.) Red Em­ recognized for the genus. Illustrative of peror or Narcissus (Triandrus div.) Moonshine. such schemes are the II daffodil divi­ sions, the 23 tulip divisions, and the For the azalea Warai-gishi the follow­ groupings used for azaleas in the Inter­ ing are all correct: national Rhododendron Register. The Rhododendron indicum cv. ·Warai- Authority will publish the name when gishi. approved. R . indicum var. Warai-gishi. The Code necessitates that the Inter­ R. indicum 'Warai-gishi.' national Registration Authority require R. indicum Warai-gishi. a description of the new plant, but does R. 'Warai-gishi.' not attempt to specify what is an accept­ R. Warai-gishi. able description, leaving this to the Au­ Azalea Series or Satsuki Group or Sat­ thority. suki g. could be added in parenthesis. Where there is no international regis­ tration authority and list, the steps are GROUP NAMES the same except that the originator or The Cultivated Plant Code has been introducer, instead of submitting the discussed up to this point as though it name to a registration authority, investi­ were limited solely to groups of which gates to be certain that his name has not all the individual plants are identical or previously been validly published and substantially uniform, as clones, lines, then must arrange for the publication of and line-hybrids. The Code also deals the name and description in some print­ meao-rely with what it calls a supplemen­ ed or other mechanically reproduced tary b category, groups of miscellaneous and dated publication (except a news­ seedlings from the same cross. In the paper) distributed to the public, prefer­ past Latin or fancy names hav.e been ably a horticultural publication. o·iven to such groups, partIcularly ~broad, as Rhododendron Loderi. All TYPOGRAPHY FOR NAMES members of the seedling group vary but The proper way of setting up in print a particularly good plant may be se­ a fancy name for a cultivar or variety lected and given its own name, as R. confuses some. The one or more words Loderi King George. in the fancy name must each have an Occasionally persons take advantage initial capital. The fancy name when of group names, by showing a picture 211 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE of some fine selection from the seedling COlVfMERICAL SYNONYMS group, but sending out unde!- that name The Cultivated Plant Code does, any plant in the group even though in­ however, specifically recognize commer­ ferior to the one pictured. Again, the cial synonyms for sales purposes in case Knap Hill Hybrid azaleas are a group of names of clones, lines, and line-hy­ of crosses of R. molle, calendulacetbm, brids. Thus the original name may be occidentale, and aTboTescens and their transliterated from Japanese script into a roman alphabet, as PTumls seTrulata progeny, and the Exbury strain is a sub­ Amanogawa; or translated (if not a per­ group developed by the late Lionel de sonal name), as Rhododendron Empress Rothchild at Exbury, Southampton, of India for R. Imperatrice des Indes; or England. There are numerous excellent the original name may (with approval selected Exburys that have been named of the originator and the international and are propagated as clones. To sell registration authority if there is one) be miscellaneous Exbury seedlings, how­ replaced by a name that is commercially ever, under the name of "de Rothchild more acceptable because easier to pro­ Supreme Azaleas, a fabulous, new, ... nounce or avoiding undesirable implica­ exclusive" without clearly indicating tions, as Rosa Van Nes for Rosa that the plants offered are merely mis­ Mevrouw van Straaten-van Nes, and cellaneous unnamed seedlings from a Cr-ocus Black Prince for Crocus Nigger group, and at that not a new and ex­ Boy. clusive, but an old and widespread, The Code authorization of group seedling group, seems unjustifiable. names and commercial synonyms is far from an unmixed blessing for the ordi­ The Cultivated Plant Code legiti­ nary gardener, whatever it may be for mizes, with limitations, names for these the trade. Gardeners usually lose when miscellaneous seedling groups. It pro­ buying mixed seedlings under fancy vides that assemblages of cultivated indi­ names, and a name with "sales appeal" viduals within either a species or an in­ does not mean a plant superior to one terspecific hybrid may be designated by with a name strange to American eyes a group fancy name that must have as a and tongues. part of it some such word as hybrid, The CuI tivated Plant Code, together cross, or group or the abbreviation "g." with the system of international check taken from the Latin "grex," meaning lists and registration authorities, is a group. Thus R. (Loderi Hybrids), or most important advance in stabilizing R. (Loderi Group), or R. (Loderi g.) plant names. Greater perfection should would be correct. Whether this sort of come with experience over the years. Under some circumstances the Code and naming should be carried on to a group the lists have a part in determining civil within a group where the sub-group does liability for deceptive sales practices. not differ materially from the group, is Irrespective of this facet, public interest questionable. Surely, a portion of the requires that the Code and the lists plants within an established well known should be conscientiously observed by group should not be segregated and originators and introducers, horticultu­ given a new group name solely for sales ral writers and editors, plant society purposes. registrars, and nurserymen. Gibberellins in Horticulture A Preliminary Review

HENRY M. CATHEyl

Gibberellins, a group of naturally oc­ HISTORY OF GIBBERELLINS cUlTing growth regulators, have aroused In 1926, Kurosawa, a J apanese plant the interest of horticulturists because of pathologist working in Formosa, inves­ highly publicized reports about their tigated a fungus disease on rice that spectacular effect~ on plants.. The types caused abnormal stem elongation and of responses obtamed on a wI~e range. of etiolation of the leaves. The causal fun­ economic plants suggest that g lbb ere ll~n s gus, Gibberella fujikw·oi, also reduced can produce some effects so far not Jl1- root growth and tillering (29). Plants duced by any other means. Since gib­ so affected were called "bakanae" (fool­ berellins are commercially available, ish seedlings), and flowering was gen­ horticulturists should know their limita­ erally two to three days earlier than that tions and the danger of improper use. of healthy plants. The stem-elongation This paper describes the history, meth­ effect was produced on maize and rice ods of production and application of seedlings by applying medium in which some of the plant responses observed Gibberella fujikuTOi had been grown thus far, and indicates how gibberellins (59) . The growth stimulation of the might be useful to horticulturists in treated plants was similar in every way modifying plant growth. to the growth of rice plants infected Since the aim of this review is to point with this fungus. In 1938 Yabuta and out some of the facts known about gib­ Sumiki (70) isolated the active principle berellins, a great deal of information of the fungus and separated it into two contained in this review is preliminary. biologically active substances. The ac­ R ecommendations have not been formu­ tive principle became inactive on ashing lated as to the most effective methods of but was heat-stable, nonvolatile, easily application of gibberellins on many soluble in some solve nts and poorly plants. More precise information on the soluble in ether and water. various aspects of the action of gibberel­ Gibberellins are produced commer­ lins may be found in reviews with these cially by growth of Gibberella fujikuroi in a liquid culture medium from which viewpoints: species (40) ,2 chemical (57), physiology (59), and agriculture (61, the active material is extracted. The process is similar to the methods used to 67) . produce antibiotics . Depending upon Several chemical companies have pre­ the nutrient solution, aeration, and pe­ pared abstracts of the gibberellin litera­ riod of growth, yields vary from eigh t to ture. None of these publications com­ five hundred and forty-four milligram pare with the complete abstraction of per liter (mg/ l). Since a medicinally the litera ture prepared by Stodola (58) pure form is not needed, gibberellins and entitled, Source Book on Gibberel­ can be produced about as cheaply as lin 1828-1957. All aspects of the litera­ penicillin. ture from a historical, chemical, and So far four forms of gibberellins have plant bias have been thoroughly anno­ been isolated. They are gibberellin AI' tated. gibberellin A 2, ~ibb~rellin A3 .(gibber~l­ lin x, gibberellIc .aCId) and glbberell.m A4 • In a prelim m ary report, the blO­ l Horticulturist, Crops Research Division, Agricullur~] Research Ser vice, United States Department of Agfl­ logical activity of these forms h as been culture, Beltsville, Maryland. reported in this order for a large number 2See corresponding references in the literature citations concluding this paper. of different plant responses: A ~ , greater [2 15] 216 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

than AI; A 4, almost equally active, berellin. It is not known ·whether the greater than A z (12) . Gibberellin A3 lack of response is due to improper tim­ predominates in most gibberellins avail­ ing and mode of application or to an able commercially. Gibberellin will be inherent lack of mechanism to respond used in this review to denote the several to gibberellin. gibberellins usually produced by Gib­ Since there were no significant effects berella fujikumi. from less than massive doses, toxicologic Filtrates from Gibberella fujilwroi studies on rates indicate that the acid were found by Curtis (18) to be the may be a safe agent (48). Use of this only ones from a disease organism among chemical for food and feed crops de­ a thousand fungi and five hundred ac­ pends upon the tolerances established tinomycetes which caused increase in by the U. S. Food and Drug Administra­ seedling height. tion. Thus far, there has been no evi­ dence of residues or toxicity risks. The POSSIBLE NATURAL OCCUR­ U. S. Food and Drug Administration RENCES OF GIBBERELLIN IN issued a statement (61) that "toxicity FLOWERING PLANTS studies of the gibberellins have not shown evidence of toxicity but we are Extracts from seed or fruit of a num­ not aware of any tests which have re­ ber of flowering plants have been shown solved all questions of their safety, and to stimulate plant growth just as gib­ we do not know of any tests demonstrat­ berellin does (32,42,43,51). Nine dif­ ing conclusively that they are harmless fere?~ plant genera representing seven substances." famIlIes have been found to give (Jib­ berellin-like activity, and this list is being ·METHODS OF APPLYING ad~ed to al.l the time (44,50). A dwarf GIBBERELLIN maIze, lackIng the gene controlling tall­ ness, is induced to develop normal . Liq.u ~d Sprays. Liquid sprays offer growth when gibberellin is applied (49) . SImplICIty of use. Gibberellic acid is Extracts from the seed of Lupinus and soluble in water only to the extent of also the inner and outer wall of the pod six thousand .par~s per million (ppm). ~how a "gi.bberellin-like" activity that ~ stock solutIOn IS prepared by dissolv­ Increases WIth the growth of the fruit Ing one gram in a minimum of ninety­ and during the time of maximum growth five per ce.nt ethyl alcohol with a 0.1 per of the embryo but decreases at maturity cent wettIng agent such as Tween 20 (53). The "gibberellin-like" substance and diluting with water to make one isolated from the seed of the runner liter of ~olution. Dil~tions are prepared bean (Phaseolus rnultiflorus) was shown from thiS stock solutIOn. When a wider to be gibberellin Al (38). The endo­ range of concentrations of (Jibberellin is sperms of Echinocystis, Aesculus, and required, potassium gibber~llate, which Persea also gave evidence of activity is completely water-soluble, may be (50). "Gibberellin-like" substances are used; a wetting agent is still needed. not chemically identical with the known Consideration should be given to the gibberellins as determined by chemical purity of the material so that the con­ analysis. centrations will be exact; gibberellic acid and potassium gibberellate contain, RANGE OF PLANTS RESPONDING respectively, ninety-one and eighty-two TO GIBBERELLIN per cen t active materiaL Gibberellin affects the growth of a Lanolin Pastes. A small amount of the gibberellin may be applied as a paste large gro~p. of plants from widely sepa­ rated famIlIes. The dwarf-I-biochemical to the stem of the plant. This is a sim­ ple way to obtain a systemic application. maize plan~s respond to an application of 0.001 mIcrogram (fLg) of gibberellin A one per cent paste may be prepared (49) _ Normal maize plants did not re- by placing 12.5 mgs. of the acid into a spond to gibberellin until the concentra­ small vial, then dissolving the acid by tion was increased to 0.01. Blue Lake warming it with seven drops of a spread­ ~ole beans respond to 0.1 fLg of gibberel­ -er, and finally mixing it into one gram l~n (9). Most plants are not so sensi­ of melted lanolin_ tive. Bulbous. crop plants and foliage Aerosols. When a limited number of plallLs are particularly insensitive to gib- plants are to be treated, use of aerosols : 1\ \ i. 1\ \ OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 217

g i ~es excellent control over amou n t ap­ tween tr~a t e d ~ nd untreated plants can plIed . In contrast to the loss of activity b ~ obtam ed m one growing season. when gibberellin is stored in con tact Pmes an d oaks, which grow by flushes, with water, gibberellin is stable in th e are less sensitive to gibberellin than trees solvents used in aerosols_ Aerosols pro­ that. grow co~ tinu o u s l y . H igh con cen ­ duce a dry spray wh ich leaves no pow­ tra tlO ns of {oh ar sprays are required for dery residue_ Aerosols which deliver .05 even a slight response_ T h e most effec­ mg. per second are available_ tive way to treat the less sensitive plants Other Nl ethods of Application. T he is to slightly wound _t he stem and to ap­ three methods of app lication discu sed p.ly a Ian olm p~ste Just prior to the pe­ are the mos t commonly used. U nder in­ n od of most ac tIve growth_ ves tiga ti on is the use of gibberellin in Gibberellin overcomes the dwarf char­ combina ti on with fertilizer and as a acteristics in p lants (8) _ Many dwarf or soil amendment or drench _ T h ese meth­ slow-gTowing p lan ts are difficult to prop­ ods have the poten tial of supplying gib­ agate and to grow new p lan ts requires berellin over an extended period and o( a n extended period. At Beltsville, gib­ being sys temic. berellin speeded up propagation of some azaleas and chrysan themums (unpub­ R ESPONSES OF PLANTS T O lished) _ It was inadvisable, however, to GIBBERELLIN take cu ttings during or immedia tely Elongation of Stems. The most typi­ after the rapid elongation of the plan t ca l response of plan ts to gibberellin i due to treatment with gibberellin, be­ stem elongation_ Elongation results cause rooting of the cuttings was sup­ from increase in length of internodes, pressed. Treatment of the base of the not from cha nge in number of nodes. gibberellin-treated cu ttings of certain Usu ally only acti vely growing ti su e re­ kinds of pla nts with a root-promoting sponds, and the dry 'weight of the trea ted gro'w th regula tor, such as indole butyri c part increases (8). The trea tment may acid, stimula ted both elongation and cause ch anges in habit; a bush bean, rooting (2 I) _ Once normal growth was for example, may become a climber or, resumed, normal rooting of the cuttings as a result of development of more was obtained _ lateral shoots, it may be bushier than The range of effec tive concentrations normal (40) . of gibberellin on most plants is ex treme­ Correc t timing of the applica tion de­ ly wide_ Excessive amounts r es ult, how­ termines the maximum elongation in­ ever, in very weak stems or dieback of duced by a given concentra tion of gib­ the growing point. Dieback occasionally berellin_ On varieties sensitive to day­ accompanies very rapidly induced elon­ lengths, the grea tes t sensitivity for elon­ gation _ Low light intensity and high ga tion of the stems of la te-October early­ night temperature enhance sensitivity November fl owering chrysanthemums to gibberellin and increase the amount occurred after the initia tion of the of killing of growing points_ flo wers, but prior to the time the flower Slow or stunted growth of plants due buds were visible to the eye (1 5) _ Previ­ to viruses has been reversed by trea tment ous to this period, five times as much with gibberellin (3). Vegetative growth gibberellin was required to obtain simi­ was r esumed on asters infected with lar elongation on vegetative plants. Ap­ as ter yellows, sweet corn infected with plications of gibberellin h ad no effect corn stunt, and crimson clover infected on the number of leaves formed prior with wound tumor. The causal viruses to the initiation of the inflorescence and were not killed in the plants, since the it did not affect the reI a tion of day­ gibberellin-treated plants retained the length to initia ti on of the capitulum disease symptoms and the viruses were and the florets_ recovered from them . Deciduous trees are more res ponsive Elongation of L eaves_ In Australi a, to gibberellin than conifers (unpub­ gibberellin applied at the ra te of one to lished) _ 'Maples and tulip trees, which, four ounces per acre increased the leaf under controlled photoperiod and tem­ growth and dry-m atter yields of the perature ca n m ake continuous growth, first cutting of herbage, but did not ap­ are extremely sensitive to gibberellin; preciably increase the yield for the year. increases in size of four to fiv e times be- Accumulation of dry weight is due to 218 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ino.:eased leaf and other photosynthetic erect. This response is apparent with areas of the plant and a better place­ levels of gibberellin (five to ten ppm) ment of the leaf to light (7). Photo­ which have little other effects. Several synthesis has not been shown to increase members of the GESNERIACEAE besides as measured by the rate of carbon di­ African violets respond similarly. Slight­ oxide fixation (22). Following applica­ ly higher levels of gibberellin hasten the tion of gibberellin the grass turned yel­ development of the flower bud. low, bu t this yellowing could be reduced Induction of Flowering. Prior to the by simultaneous application of nitrogen discovery and use of gibberellin, only a (forty to eighty pOl;lnds pe~ acre) .. The few plants had been induced to flower most desirable ratIO of gibberellm to by chemical treatment. Pineapple IS m­ nitrogen ranged from 1:320 to 1:640. duced to flower at any time of year by Experiments in the United States have foliar auxin sprays; production is thus shown that bentgrass grew best when spread throughout the year instead of sprayed with a ten-ppm solution of gib­ being limited to one fruiting season. berellin. Treatment with five hundred Gibberellin has been shown to replace ppm slightly inhibited the stolon growth the cold requirement of some biennials of Bermuda grass (27). and the long-day requirement for flower­ Gibberellin induced growth of grasses ing of some annuals. Most species which at low temperature (33). The tests were produce rosette plants in the garden may conducted at the time of year when be flowered the first year from seed by temperatures as low as 21.2°F. stopped treatment with gibberellin. The list of growth completely in the nontreated responsive plants is extensive; column plots. A darker green color was devel­ stock, foxglove, and larkspur are among oped in all species of Poa (bluegrass) the garden flowers reported so far (35). and in Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda More than one treatment with gibberel­ grass). Less responsive were A gros tis lin, however, may be necessary to make (bentgrass), Festuca (fescue), and these plan ts flower as annuals. Since ac­ Lolium (rye grass) in the order given. celeration of flowering without excessive Zoysia did not respond (65). Since gib­ stem elongation is the aim, precise infor­ berellin promoted gt-owth of grasses at mation is necessary prior to use of gib­ low temperatures, it is possible that berellin in the garden. green turf may be had for a greater part Flowering and seed production of of the year. These results have not been many biennials and long-day annual duplicated by other workers (27). vegetables may be stimulated by gib­ Associated with the elongation of berellin (10). The plants should be grass leaves are the formation and treated when they reach the size at which growth of stolons (27). Treatment of they nonnally would flower when ex­ grass "plugs" in the greenhouse in­ posed to cold or to long days. For exam­ creased the stolon growth of Cohansey ple, carrot roots should be approximate­ bentgrass and V-C Bermuda grass. Since ly a half inch in diameter. When the turf is formed by the growth of stolons, night temperature is much above normal these experiments suggested that more for flowering, gibberellin induces many rapid establishment of turf might occur species to elongate more rapidly but not if the "plugs" were dipped in solutions to flower (30, 67). Most of the reports of gibberellin prior to planting. In the thus far have been made on plants grown fi eld, however, the effects were slight slightly above the critical temperature (27). Gibberellin retarded the vegeta­ for flower formation. tIve growth of newly established plants Many vegetables that require cold or of Zoysia (71). In the fall, the cover of long days to flower are now known to the ground was less dense than in un­ respond to gibberellin by earlier prodl!c­ treated areas. tion of seed (10). When 50 JAg of ~Ib­ berellin was applied weekly for .n~ne Hyponasty of Leaves. Observations of weeks (24), endive, a co l d-req~mng various workers agree that the first in­ plant, was induced to flower earher re­ dication of the effectiveness of applica­ gardless of whether the seeds were tion of gibberellin is a change in the vernalized. One treatment was not suffi­ angles of the leaves in relation to the cient and a rosette formed on the top stem. Treated chrysanthemums and of the plants; but the plants eventua~ly African violets hold their leaves more flowered. Seedlings grown from gtb- OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 2IY berellin-induced flowering plants were (20). Flower buds were not present on normal (11,31). Since seed production the plants. The response of Hexe and of many plants is what the home owner Sweetheart Supreme azaleas (5) and wants to avoid, use of gibberellin will be Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Cymbidium, and limited to seed producers. On plants Zygopetalum orchids ("17) to gibberellin such as broccoli and cauliflower, of was similar to that of peach. Seedlings which the flowers and peduncles are the from non-afterripened apple seeds form edible portion, hastening of flowering rosette plants. Tree peony seedlings also may benefit the home gardener. The do not develop any top growth unless length and thickness of the leaf petiole given cold treatments. Treatment of the of celery were increased by the use of apical meristem of the apple (1) and gibberellin (10). • peach (4·6) and the epicotyl of tree Gibberellin promoted the flowering peony (2) 'with gibberellin increased the of Great Lakes lettuce under both short growth rate of seedlings from non-after­ days and long days when the plants were ripened seed over that of cold-treated grown at either 50-55° or 75-80 °F. (11). plants. The number of leaves and nodes The effects of gibberellin were additive were not affected. This reversal of to those of long days, high temperature, physiologic dwarfism by gibberellin and seed vernalization. These inter­ should be useful in eliminaLing or reduc­ actions with gibberellin would extend ing after-ripening procedures for the the range where lettuce might be grown propagation of tree fruits and orna­ for seed production. mentals. Delay of DOTmancy. Application of Gibberellin was addi tive to the pro­ gibberellin prior to the differentiation motive action of cold in the growth of the inflorescence of Hydmngea maCTO­ stimulation and flowering of Hydmngea phylla delayed initiation and develop­ macTOphylla (60) . Relatively large ment of dormancy (60). Extreme elon­ amounts were needed to promote the gation of the plants was associated with growth of hydrangea plants that had not a delay on the onset of dormancy. Simi­ received cold treatment but had differ­ lar results have been found with many en tiated flower buds. Removal of the other woody plants including Hydran­ old leaves increased the effectiveness of gea aTboTescens and H. grandifiora and gibberellin. Cool storage alone acceler­ Forsythia cv. Arnold Dwarf and Phillo­ ated stem growth and hastened flowering dendTOn amUTense. Plants of Taxus cus­ and gibberellin produced similar re­ pidata given a similar treatment formed sults on non-stored as well as cool-stored terminal buds earlier than untreated plants. Less gibberellin was needed to plants, and the terminal growing points accelerate growth of partially cold­ were damaged and the leaf size reduced treated plants than tha t of un trea ted (41) . plants. BTeaking of Donnancy. Breaking OTgan Size and Shape. The size of dormancy of plants is among the desir­ pedicels, peduncles, and petals is affected able effects of treatment with gibberel­ by treatment with gibberellin. Gerani­ lin. :Many plants of horticultural inter­ ums sprayed with a ten ppm of gibberel­ est become dormant during the growing lin when the flowers were showing color season; growth resumes only when the improved in keeping quality and petal plants are subjected to a specific tem­ size and pedicel length increased (34). perature and photo-period. Freshly har­ Foliar applications increased the length vested dormant potato tubers treated with 0.05 to 2.0 mg/ l of gibberellin re­ of internodes and size of petioles and sumed growth five weeks earlier than un­ leaves of Olympic Red geraniums (19). treated tubers (36). Dormancy induced Application of gibberellin to the by maleic hydrazide, however, was not greenhouse hydrangea, Hydrangea mac­ overcome by treatment with gibberellin. rophylla, after cool storage increased the Attempts to break dormancy in fruit size of the sepals when the plants were trees thus far have been erratic. Treat­ sprayed four times with a ten-ppm solu­ ment with at least 200 ppm gibberellin tion (59). Application of five times that induced vegetative growth of peach trees amount of gibberellin damaged the which had received only a hundred and leaves and sepals; the resulting plants sixty-five hours of the necessary nine were excessively elongated and had hu ndred and fi fty hours below 45 of. lanceolate leaves. Similar results were 220 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE obtained on Hydmngea arborescens and mays indentata) suppressed microgamet­ H. gmndiflom (41). ogesis and resulted in partial or com­ Application of gibberellin prior to or pletely sterile tassels (45). during the initiation of flowers in chrys­ Induction of parthenocarpic fruit by anthemums reduced the number of gibberellin has been reported for many lateral inflorescences and had little ef­ different species. Application of con­ fect on peduncle length (15). Similar centrated sprays of gibberellin to man­ treatments at the time the flowers be­ darins (56), navel oranges, and limes came visible lengthened the peduncles (25) increased the fruit set. The fruit in proportion to the concentration of necks of the mandarins were more elon­ gibberellin but had little effect on the gate than those of untreated fruits, but number of lateral inflorescences. there was no change in rind color and Vines of vinifera grape vane tIes thickness. Associated with these treat­ treated with gibberellin (5-20 ppm) at ments were twice as many tiny unde­ or after bloom produced larger berries veloped seeds. The soluble solids, acids, than girdled vines, vines sprayed with juice, and ascorbic acid of the fruits were 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and un­ not altered. Fruit setting and growth in treated ones (63). The pedicels were tomatoes, figs, and eggplant have been one and a half to two times as long as reported to be promoted by the use of those of untreated vines. Open clusters gibberellin in the absence of pollination were especially noticeable on the Zinfan­ (68). Although there was a consistent del grape when it was sprayed with ten increase in the number of nodes and a ppm of gibberellin (64). reduced number of flowers in an in­ Treatment with gibberellin has been florescence prior to the formation of a reported to alter leaf shape of a large flower, the plants flowered earlier due to number of species (41, 52, 60). Reduc­ the accelerated growth (13). Normal tion in leaf size was often associated with and parthenocarpic fruits were increased marked chlorosis, dropping of leaves and by repeated floral sprays at a concentra­ browning of the main branches. Ever­ tion of one to five hundred fLgm per m!. greens exhibit this type of response These treatments did not affect fruit when over-treated with gibberellin. size. Some mature branches of ivy (Hedem Under special environmental condi­ cana1"iensis variegata var. aTborescens) tions development of fruits may be ar­ became completely juvenile when the rested by far-red. The fruit of Marglobe plants were treated with gibberellin tomatoes grown in the field under high (54). Reversion from juvenility to the light and temperature conditions of sum­ mature type of growth is a constant mer grew at the most to 0.5 to 2.0 mm problem in the maintenance of certain in size. This suppression of growth has plant characteristics. Many ornamental been shown to be caused by exposing pla~ts ar.e most desirable when they are the plants to the far-red portion of the In Juvemle growth. The evidence from spectrum. Cool temperatures and ex­ ivy (54) indicates a possibility that gib­ posures to red irradiation reversed this berellin, when used properly, may aid action. Application of gibberellin to the in maintaining this type of growth. Such arrested fruit induced their develop­ treatment of many woody plants, how­ ment (37). e'.'er, would ~e undesirable because juve­ Delay or Reduction of Flowering. Ap­ mle growth IS a long and unproductive plication of gibberellin to some plants phase in their growth. does not always accelerate flowering and Fruit and Seed Formation. Certain fruiting. A single treatment with as species of plants cannot be crossed be­ little as 0.005 mg. per plant delayed cause of the failure of pollen to germi­ fruiting of several varieties of peppers nate or the slow growth of pollen tubes. up to several weeks (40). High dosages, Pollen-tube growth of Lilium speciosum especially at a time that the plants were has been enhanced by the addition of extremely sensitive to gibberellin, de­ gibberellin to the sugar-agar medium layed flowering and reduced the set of (16). Pollens of seven other species of berries by grapes (63) and the number plants showed increased germination of lateral flowers on chrysanthemums due to treatment with gibberellin. On (15) . the other hand, sprays of gibberellin ap­ A reduction in number of flowers was plied to inbred lines of fieldcorn (Zea also observed in Kalanchoe blossfeldi· OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 22l ana, regardless of whether gibberellin was dividing cells in the stems of Hyoscya­ applied to plants gTown under long or mus (55) and the anthers of Allium short days (23). Thus, the action o[ cepa (62) were induced to divide more gibberellin is not identical with the rapidly and to elongate by treatment flower-promoting or flower-inhibiting with gibberellin. In the stems of apricot processes associated with the photocon­ (Pnmus aTmeniaca) spur shoots, the trol found in the leaves. radial diameter and number of cells PTomotion ot Seed Gen1~ination. along the radius of the xylem cylinder Treatment with gibberellin at the time showed indirectly that gibberellin stimu­ a slurry-seed protectant was applied pro­ lated considerable cell division in the moted earlier emergence of pea, bean cambial zone (6). These promotive ac­ (64), and cotton (26) at a given tem­ tions were concerned primarily with the perature. Height of plant, length of rate of growth, not with the re-direction hypocotyl and internodes were directly of a growth phenomena. related to concentration. Gibberellin was especially effective in accelerating HORTICULTURAL UTILITY OF germination in cold soils. Some other GIBBERELLIN seeds, such as bluegrass, are slow to Little information is available on the germinate even under ideal conditions. most effective time and concentration of Potassium nitrate was found to be equal gibberellin to be used on a specific crop. or superior to gibberellin in promoting In the 1957 and 1958 growing season, germination (3). Certain seeds, such as sufficient gibberellin was available for lettuce, require light for germination. extensive experimentation on a wide Lettuce seed soaked in a thirty-six-ppm range of plants. Several growing sea­ solution of gibberellin were promoted sons will be needed, however, before to germinate without light (28). recommendations as to its use can be Relation to PhotocontTOl. The length­ made. ening action of gibberellin is not always Gibberellin produces some effects similar to the effects of long days. In­ which cannot be induced by any other duction of flower formation in biennial chemical means. Some of the more strik­ Hyoscyamus by treatment with gibberel­ ing potentials follow: lin was effective only when the plants 1. Induction of cell elongation and were grown on long days (30). Plants division under many environmen­ grown throughout at high temperature tal conditions. on short days did not respond to gib­ berellin until extensive elongation pre­ 2. Induction of flowering of long-day ceded flower formation. The photo­ or biennial plants. periodic requirements for flowering of 3. Increasing the size of particular biennials must be satisfied prior to the organs of the plant such as flower, promotion by gibberellin. peduncle, pedicel, or fruit. Lengthening of stems and flowering 4. Breaking the dormancy of many of Hyoscyamus nigeT (annual strain) has plants. been shown to occur under long days in 5. Overcoming genetic and physio­ red and green light. Plants grown un­ logic dwarfism. der long days composed of blue and far­ 6. Stimulation of accumulation of red plus red light failed to flower. Ap­ dry matter. plications of gibberellin hastened the flowering of plants grown under long 7. Broadening the environment (tem­ days of red and green, as well as blue perature, photoperiod) in which a plant may be successfully grown. and far-red plus red light (17). An in­ sufficient number of long days to pro­ Utilization of gibberellin in the grow­ mote elongation in combination with ing' of horticultural crops depends upon gibberellin promoted the flowering of the sorting of desired plant responses Adonis and Rudbeckia (14). Separate­ and timing the application or applica­ ly, neither gibberellin nor long days tions of gibberellin to enhance their ac­ promoted flowering. tivity. For example, growth of trees and Cytological Effects. On the cellular shrubs occurs for a limited number of level, gibberellin has not been shown to weeks during the year and often ceases induce polyploidy or to stimulate rest­ before temperature becomes low in the ing cells to initiate mitosis (4). Slowly fall. With the proper timing of applica- 222 THE NATIONAL BORTICUL TURAL MAGAZINE tion of gibberellin, accelerated growth both temperature and daylength are of seedlings and newly planted trees and controlled. During the summer many shrubs for screening or shading purposes varieties never develop flower buds until may be obtained. Responses vary con­ the night temperature is near 60°F. siderably; mimosa and maples are very During the winter many varieties never responsive, whereas bald cypress is killed flower when the night temperature is be­ by similar applications of gibberellin. low 60° . Weekly applications of as little Another potential use of gibberellin as ten ppm of gibberellin acid from the in horticulture is the acceleration of time the flower buds were visible over· breeding programs. Many plants require came the unfavorable night tempera. special treatments for overcoming dor­ tures. The plants flowered in approxi· mancy or dwarfism (either physiological mately the same number of days as or genetical); these treatments are time plants grown with a night temperature consuming and often delay the resump­ of 60 degrees. tion of growth until the whole growing A limited number of chrysanthemum season is lost. Reduction by use of gib, varieties produce rosette plants during berellin, of the time required to bring growth. The plants must be given a pe­ a seedling to flower will be valuable in riod of cold (three to four weeks at 40 speeding up a breeding program. degrees F.) to start them to elongate At Beltsville work is underway on cer­ a.nd to form flowers on short days. As tain aspects of the acceleration of the lIttle a,s ten ppm spray of gibberellin is growth cycle of chrysanthemums. Gib­ sufficient to replace the cold require­ berellin can induce the elongation of ment. Rosette formation is a serious chrysanthemum plants at any time dur­ problem with many English and Japa­ ing growth, but response to a given con­ nese varieites; few American varieties centration of the substance depends up­ produce rosette plants. on the time of application. The period Gibberellin cannot do everythino- a of greatest elongation of an early-No­ horticulturist dreams of in making vember flowering variety was found to plants to order. Instead of making be at the time flower buds were visible plants taller, he may, for example, want in the plant, but before appreciable to make them shorter, and chemicals flower development (in the third week that do just that to a wide range of after the start of short days). Previous plants may be found. Meanwhile, al­ to this discovery, five times as much gib­ though the full use of gibberellin is not berellin was required to obtain similar yet known, it must be looked upon as a elongation. It was apparent that during valuable tool of great potential value to long days or at the start of short days, horticul turists. the plants contained an abundance of a natural gibberellin-like substances and LITERATURE CITED relatively large amounts of gibberellin 1. Barton, L. V. 1956. Growth response of were required to increase elongation. physiologic dwarfs of Malus arnoldiana Sarg. to gibbereIlic acid. Cont. Boyce Similar results were obtained for the Thompson Inst. 18: 311-317. elongation of the peduncles of chrysan­ 2. Barton, L. V. and C. Chandler. 1957. Phys­ themum in which the greatest sensitivity iological and morphological effects of gib­ was found to occur ten days after flower berellic acid on epicotyl dormancy of tree peony. Cont. Boyce Thompson Inst. 19: buds were visible in the plant (in the 201-214. fourth week after the start of short 3. Bass, L. N. 1958. Effects of various con­ day~). The flower peduncles elongated centrations of gibberellic acid on the germi­ slmtlarly to those on plants subjected to nation of Kentucky bluegrass and Merion a period (twelve days) of short days, Kentucky bluegrass seed. Mimeo. Leaflet, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. returned to long days (ten days), and 4. Berger, C. A. 1957. Some cytological ef­ then put on short days until anthesis. fects of gibberellin. Bull. Torrey Botanical Much later, at the time color was de­ Club. 84: 356-360. veloping on the ou ter florets (in the 5. Boodley, J. W. and J. W. Mastalerz. 1958. seventh week of short days), application The use of gibberellic acid to force azaleas without a cold temperature treatment. of a concentrated solution of potassium Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Abstract of 55th An­ gibberellate (one per cent) accelerated nual Meeting, pp. 20. the development of the ·florets. 6. Bradley, M.· V. and J. C. Crane. 1957. Gibberellin-stimulated cambial activity in Certain varieties of chrysanthemums stems of apricot spur shoots. Science 126: cannot be flowered year round unless 972-973. OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4

7. Brian, P. W. and .J. F. Grove. 1957. Gib· 25. Hield, H. Z. , C. W. Goggins, J r., and M. J. berellic Acid. Endeavour 16: 161·171. Garder. 1958 . Gibberellin tested on citrus. 8. Brian, P. W. and H. G. Hemming. 1955. Calif. Agr. 12: 9- 1l. The effect of gibberellic acid on shoot 26. J ohnson, S. P., H. C. Lane, and W . R. Cow­ growth of pea seedling. Physiologia Plan· ley. 1957. Preliminary results of gibberellic larum 8: 669-681. acid treatment of cotton. Proc. 12th annual 9. Bukovac, M. J. and S. H. Wittwer. 1956. Beltwide Cotton Defoliation and Physiology Gibberellic acid and higher plants. I. Gen­ Conference, pp. 23-24, Memphis, Tenn. Dec. eral growth responses. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. II. Quart. Bull. 39: 307-320. 27. Juska, F. V. 1958. Some effects of gibberel­ 10. Bukovac, M. J. and S. H. Wittwer. 1957. lic acid on turf grasses. Golf Course Re­ Gibberellin and higher plants. II. Induc· porter, March -April 26: No. 2. tion of flowering in biennials. Mich. Agr. 28. Kahn, A., J. A. Goss, and D. E. Smith. 1957. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bull. 39: 650·660. Effect of gibberellin on germin ation of 11. Bukovac, M. J. and S. H. Witt.wer. 1958. lettuce seed. SCience 125: 645-646. Reproductive responses of lettuce (Lac/ll ca 29. Kurosawa, E. 1926. Experimental studies sativa, variety Great Lakes) to gibberellin on the secretion of Fusarium hete?'os1Jo-rum as influenced by seed vernalization, photo· on nce plants. J our. Nat. Hist. Soc. of period and temperature. Proc. Amer. Soc. Formosa 16: 213-227. H ort. Sci. 71: 407-411. 30. Lang, A. 1956. Induction of flower forma­ 12. Bukovac, M. J. and S. H. Wittwer. 1958. tion in biennial Hyoscyamus by treatment Comparative biological effectiveness of the with gibberellin. Die Naturwissenschaften gibberellins Nature 181: 1484. 43: 284-285. 13. Bukovac, M. J., S. H. Wittwer, and F. G. 31. Lang, A. 1957. The effect of gibberellin Teubner. 1957. Gibberellin and higher upon flower formation. Proc. Nat. Acad. plants: VII. Flower formation in the tomato Sci. (U. S.) 43: 709-717. (Lycope·rsicon esculentum). Mich. Agr. 32. Lang, A. , J. A. Dandoval, and A. Bedri. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bull. 40: 207·214. 1957. Inducting of bolting and flowering in 14. Bunsow, R. and R . Harder. 1957. Flower H yoscyamus and Samolus by a gibberellin­ formation in Adonis and Rudbeckia by gib­ like material from a seed plant. Proc. Nat. berellin. Die Naturwissenschaften 44: 453- Acad. Sci. (U. S.) 43: 960-964. 454. 33. Leben, C. and L. V. Barton. 1957. Effects IS. Cathey, H. M. and N. W . Stuart. 1958. of gibberellic acid on growth of KentUCky Growth and flowering of Ch?),santhemu In bluegrass. Science 125 : 494-495. mO?'ifolium Ramat. as affected by the time 34. Lindstrom, R. S. and S. H . Wittwer. 1957. of application of gi bberellic acid. Proc. Gibberellin and higher plants. IX. Flower­ Amer. Soc. H ort. Sci. 71: 547·554. ing in geraniums (Pelargonium hortoHlm). 16. Chandler, C. 1957. Studies on the effect of Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bul!. 40 (I): gibberellic acid on pollen-tube growth. 225-23 1. Plant Physio!. 32 (Su pplement): 32-33. 35 . Lindstrom, R . S. , S. H. Wittwer, and M. J. 17. Curry, G. M. and E. C. Wassink. 1956 . Bukovac. 1957. Gibberellin and higher Photoperiodic ar.J.d formative effects on vari­ plants. IV. Flowering responses of some ous wavelength regions in Hyoscyamus nige?' flower crops. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. as influenced by gibberellic acid. Mede­ Bull. 39 (4): 673-681. delingen van de Landbouwhogeschool te 36. Lippert, L. F., L. R appaport and H. Timm. Wageningen 56 (No. 14): 1- S. 1958. Systemic induction of sprouting in 18. Curtis, R. W. 1957. Survey of fungi and white potatoes by fo liar sprays of gibberel­ actinomycetes for compounds possessing lin. Plant Physio!. 33: 132-133. o-ibberellic-like activity. Science 125 : 646. 37. Liverman, J. L. and S. P. Johnson. 1957. 19. Davis, D ., J. Deak, and J. W. Rothrock. Control of arrested fruit growth in tomato 1957. The 'effect of gibberellins on vegeta­ by gibberellins. Science 125: 1086-1087. tive QTowto h and flowering habit of gerani­ 38. MacMillan, J . and P. J . Suter. 1958. The ums. New York State Flower Growel'S' occurrence o.f gibberellin A in higher Bull. 142: 3, 5. plants: IsolatIOn from the seed of runner 20. Donoho, C. W., Jr., and D. R . Walker. 1957. bean (Phaseolus multiflorus). Die Natur­ Effect of gibberellic acid on the breaking wiss. 45: 46. of the rest period in the Elberta peach. 39. Maramorosch, K. 1957 . R eversal of virus­ Science 126: ll78-ll79. caused stunting in plants by gibberellic 21. Gray, R. A. 1958. The anti-auxin effect of acid. Science 126: 651-652. gibberellic acid in the rooting of cuttings. 40. Marth, P. C., W. L. Audia, and .J. ''''. Plant Physio!. 33 (S upplement): 40. Mitchell. 1956. Effects of gibberellic acid 22. H aber, A. H. and N. E. Tolbert. 195'7 . on growth and development of plants of Photosynthesis in gibberellin-treated leaves. various genera and sp ecies. Bot. Gaz. llS: Plant Physio!. 32: 152 -1 53. 106-ll1. 23. Harder, R. and R. Bunsow. 1957. Inter­ 41. McVey, G. R. and S. H . Wittwer. 1958. action of gibberellin and photoperiodic Gibberellin and Higher plants. XI. Re­ flower-promoting and flower-inhibiting sponses of certain woody ornamental plants. processes in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Die Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bul!. 40: 679- Naturwissenschaften 44: 454. 697. 24. Harrington, J . F., L. Rappaport, and K. J. 42. Mitchell, J. W ., D. P. Skaggs, and W. P. Hood. 1957. Influence of gibberellins on Anderson. 195 1. Plant growth-stimulating stem elonga tion and flowering of endive. hormones in immature bean seeds. Science Science 125: 601-602. 11 4: 139-161. 224 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

43. Murakami, Y. 1957. The effect of the ex­ 58. Stodola, F. H . 1958. SOUI'ce Book on Gib­ tract of immature bean seeds on the gwwth berellin. Northern Utilization Research and of coleoptile and leaf of rice plants. Bot. Development Division, USDA, (ARS 71-11) Mag. (Tokyo) 70 : 376-382. 338 pages. 44. Neely, P. M. and B. O. Phinney. 1957. 59. Stowe, B. B. and T. Yamaki. 1957. The The use of mutant dwarf-l of maize as a history and physiological action of the gib­ quantitative bioassay for gibberellin activi­ berellins. Ann. Rev. Plant Physio!. 8: 181- ty. Plant Physio!. 32 (Supplement): 31. 216. Stuart, N. W. and H. M. Cathey. 1958. 45. Nelson, P ., and E. C. Rossman. 1958. Gib­ 60. berellin induced male sterility in inbred Control of growth and flowering of Chry­ maize. Science 127: 1500-1501. santhemum morifolium and Hydranuea Nitsch, P. 1957. Photoperiodism in macrophylla by gibberellin. Proc. 15th In­ 46. J. ternational Hort. Cong., Nice, France, Apr. woody plants. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hart. Sci. 11-18, 1958. (In press). 70: 526-544. 61. United States Department of Agriculture. 47. O'Neill, M. W. 1958. Use of gibberellin 19 5 ~ . Gibberellic acid. ARS 22-47. 21 pages. for growth promotion of orchid seedlings 62. VaSil, I. K. 1957. Effect of kinetin and and breaking dormancy of mature plants. gibberellic acid on excised anthers of AL­ Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 27: 537-540. lium cepa. Science 126: 1294-1295. Peck, H. M., S. E. McKinney, A. Tytell, and 48. 63. W~aver, R .. J. 1958. Effect of gibberellic B. B. Byham. 1957. Toxicologic evaluation aCid on fruit set and berry enlargement in of gibberellic acid. Science 126: 1064-1065. seedless grapes on Vitis vinifera. Nature 49. Phinney, B. O. 1956. Growth response of 181: 851-852. single-gene dwarf mutants in maize to gib­ 64. Weaver, R. J. 1958. Gibberellin tested on berellic acid. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U. S.) grapes. Calif. Agr. 12 (2): 6-7, 15 . 42 : 185-189. 65. Wittwer, S. H. and M. J . BukClyac. 1957. 50. Phinney, B. 0 ., C. A. West, M. Ritzel, and Gibberellin and higher plants: V. Promo­ P. M. Neely. 1957. Evidence for "gibberel­ tion of growth in grass at low temperatures. lin-like" substances from flowering plants. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bul!. 39 (4) : Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 43: 398-404. 682-686. 51. Radley, M. 1956. Occurrence of substances 66. Wittwer, S. H . and M. J . Bukovac. 1957. similar to gibberellic acid in higher plants. Gibberellins and higher plants. VIII. Seed Nature 178: 1070-1071. treatments for beans, peas, and sweet corn. 52. Rappaport, L. 1957. Effect of gibberellin Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Quart. Bul!. 40 (1): on growth, flowering and fruiting of Early­ 215 -224. pak tomato, L ycopersicum esculentum . 67. Wittwer, S. H. and M. J. Bukovac. 1958. Plant Physio!. 32: 440-444. The effects of gibberellin on economic 53 . Ritzel, M. B. 1957. The distribution and crops. Econ. Bot. 12: 213-255. time of occurrence of gibberellin-like su b­ 68. Wittwer, S. H., M. J. Bukovac, H. M. Sell, stances fwm plants. Plant Physio!. 32 (Sup­ and L. E. W eller. 1957. Some effects of plement): 31-32. gibberellin on flowering and fruit setting. 54. Robbins, W . .J. 1957. Gibberellic acid and Plant Physio!. 32: 39-41. the reversal of adult H edera to a juvenile 69. Yabuta, T. and T. Hayashi. 1939. Bio­ state. Amer. Jour. Bot. 44: 743-746. chem~cal studies on "Bakanae" fungus of the nce. Part II. Isolation of " Gibberellin," 55. S~ch s, R : M. and A. Lang. 1957. Effect of the active principle which makes the rice glbberellm on cell division in H yoscyamus. seedlings grow slenderly. (Bull. Agr. Chem. Science 125: 1144-1145. Soc. of Japan 15: 41 -42, as reported in 56. Soost, R. K. 1958. Gibberellic acid on Source Book of Gibberellin (5 8) ..) mandarin. Calif. Agr. 12: 5. 70. Yabuta, T. and Y. Sumiki. 1938. Com­ 57. Stodola, F. H . 1956. The isolation charac­ munication to the editor. (In Japanese) . terization and chemical proper tie; of the (Jour. Agr. Chern. Soc. J apan 14: 1526, as gibJ;>erellins. " Presented Aug. 28, 1956, Sym­ reported in Source Book of Gibberellin posIUm on Natural Plant Growth Regu· (5 8) .) la.tors, Other Than Auxin," at Amer. Inst. 71. Younger, V. B. 1958. Gibberellin on Zoysia BIO!. Sci., Connecticut. grasses. Calif. Agr. 12: 15 . OCTOBER 1959, VOLUl'vIE 38, NUMBER 4 225

H . M. CATHEY

Growth inhibition of Taxodium distichum The bald cypTess plant on the left. was untTeated; the cente?' plant was tTeated with 250 ppm gibbeTellin sprayed one time; the dying plant to the right was treated with 250 ppm gibberellin sprayed faT fOUl' consecutive weeks. 226 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

H. 1\<[. CATHEY

InCTease in size of Albizzia julibrissin The mimosa plant on the left was untreated; the plant shown at right foul' months after tTeatment with 200 P1)m gibbe?ellin spmyed one time. S. H. WITTWER ,~ ]..1. J. DUKQVAC

Typical effects of gibberellin (15 grams per ac,-e) 01/ Utah 10-8 celery (s hown in the bottom '"OW, no treatment in the top row) when ap/,Iied th,"ee weel

Earlier sP"outing and emergence of i,otalo plants rest/Its tram a five-minnte seed 1Jiece dip in gib­ be"ellic acid. Left: seed piece dipped in water. Genie?".' seed piece dipped in 10 1,pm gibbe-rellic acid. Right: seed piece dipped in 100 ppm gibberellic acid. Note the excessive stem elongation, m.ultiple sprouts and abnormol It'mJ('s at 1,lants at right.

L&APPAPOIlT [227] R. J. WEAVER & S. B. M c CUNE

Thompson seedless grapes at hm'ves t, sprayed with gibberellin after be1'Ty set. Top, L eft: No tTea tmen t. Right: 5 ppm. Bottom, L eft: 20 ppm. Right: 50 ppm.

R. J . WEAVER 8< S. B. McCUNE [228J H. M. CATHEY

Accelemted development of the inflorescences of Shasta chrysanthemums. FTOm bot­ tom to top of a row, flowers represent the fint through the fifth flower on a spray. The plants were treated when the outer florets on the inflO1'escences were showing color and the photographs were made two weeks later. Rows, fTOm left to 1'ight: Untreated, first, second, and fifth inflorescence treated with 0.5 mg. of potassium gibberellate. Induction of flowering of column stoch grown at a night temperature of 65 °F. Left to Right: untreated plant; plant sprayed on 9 consecutive days with 1000 ppm gib­ berellin; plant hep't for l ' month at 40° and returned to 65° greenhouse; plant kept f01' 1 month at 40°, returned to 65° greenhouse, sprayed on three consecutive days with 1000 ppm gibberellin.

II. i\L ("A 'I III'. '!' [~29J H. M. C>\THEY

Flower induction of Shinmisona chrysanthemums gmwn at 60°F. on short days. Cut­ tings taken f1'om basal shoots. Left to right: Untreated plant; plant sprayed 3 times with 100 ppm gibberellin, 2 months after planting; plant spmyed 3 times with 100 ppm gibber'ellin, 2 weeks late1' than the second plant. Flowering of Vibrant chr-ysanthemumsgrown on sh01,t days and with high night temperatur-es of summer. Left: untreated plants. Right: plants sprayed with 10 ppm gibberellin from 10 days after- the flower buds were visible.

[230] H. M. CATHEY N. W. STUART

Increased stem length and acceleration oj flow e1'1:ng of Sainte Th eTese hydrangea. (40 °F. fTOrn Novelnbel" 26, 1957 to January 7, 1958) Plants weTe sprayed with I cc pel' plant of a 10 ppm gibbe1"ellin solution. L eft to Right: Not sprayed; sprayed once; sprayed twice, 3 days apart; spm)led 3 times, 3 days apaj"t,' spmyed 4 times, 3 days apaTt.

L eaves of tTea ted Aflo ican violet are m01"e erect. L eft: un tTea ted plant. Right: plant sprayed with 10 pprn gibberellin.

P. C. MARTH [231] 232J THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A general view of the Saratoga H ortic~lltural Foundation's grounds

1959 Seed Distribution Pmgram

The September 1959 issue of The AHS Gardeners FOTum offers a free selection of thirty-three kinds of seeds to the Member> of the Society. The deadline for receipt of requests has now been extended to the end of December, to allow new Mem­ bers to participate in the program and to allow the present membership, who re­ ceived the Forum after the first deadline. to request its share. A II orders will be filled at the end of the year and one mailing will be made in early January. The Saratoga Horticultural Foundation

ELIZABETH NI cCLINTOCK '*'

The selection of the most suitable and T he idea occurred to two far sighted useful forms of plants for agricultural Californians, R aymond D. Hartman and p urposes has been carried out for cen­ i\Iaunsell Van Rensselaer, that there was turies. In fact, some of the best known a need for a place where selections could of our agricultural crop plants were se­ be made a nd their va lues demonstrated, lected so long ago that their origins are and different methods of propagation not known today. The use and selection tried ou t. T he Saratoga Horticultural of plants for ornamental purposes came Foundation 'Was the result of their idea. after agricultural and utilitarian crops i\Ir. Van R ensselaer became the Founda­ were well es tablished. Selection in orna­ tion's director and Mr. H artman its first mentals h as been carried out only within president. Mr. Van R ensselaer had been the past two or three centuries in Eu­ [or 16 years the director of the San ta rope and in this country but with the Barbara Botanic Garden, a garden de­ greater emphasis on non-woody plants voted to growing California na ti ves. so that even the potentialities of selec­ This experience had made him realize tion have hardly been touched in woody tha t through selection and more efficien t ornamentals. methods of propagation many California On the Pacific Coast this is particu­ shrubs could be made into useful garden larly true of trees for street plantings ornamen tals. and for small home gardens. In this re­ The Saratoga Horticultural Founda­ gion there h as been a great influx of tion at Saratoga, California, was estab­ population since World War II which lished in 1951 as a non-profit corpora­ has resulted in n ew community develop­ tion dedica ted to horticultural inves tiga­ ments and " 'ith this a real need for h av­ tion of shade trees and certain native ing the most suitable plants not only for California shrubs. The primary purpose streetsKle and home garden use but for of the organization is to put into produc­ landscaping highways and freeways, and tion for the benefi t of garden enthusi­ commercial and industrial establish­ as t5, landsca pe archi tects, ci ty p ark offi­ ments. For these latter uses the demands cials, nurserymen, and others, (1) new are in the hundreds and thousands of species and selected types of shade trees specimens. In order to meet such d e­ adaptable to the Pacific Coast, and, (2) mands the se lected plants must be propa­ selected forms of native California ga ted by the most efficient methods pos­ shru bs. Since the es ta blishmen t of the sib.I e. Foundation there have been assembled and evaluated many species and forms • Elizabeth McC lintock, of San Fra ncisco, California, of plants in both of these categories . is a systematic botanist interested in the taxonomy of Promising selections are grown in large ornamental plants. She is presently Associate Curator in Botany of the California Academy of Sciences. quantities and subsequently sold whole- [233] 234 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Liquidambar stryacifiua 'Palo Alto'

All leaves of this f01'm of the eastem American Sweet Gum simultaneously tU1''17 to a bTight orange-Ted in the autumn. OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 235 sale to nurseries. The proceeds are used Magnolia gmndifioTa is another well to further the work of the Foundation. known and frequently grown species of Several factors are important in the tree with a variable habit. Vanation in selection of shade trees. Some of these cultivated trees of this magnolia was are (1) size and conforma tion of the mentioned in horticultural and botani­ trees, (2) colors in flowers, fruits, and cal literature as early as the beginning leaves, (3) low maintenance. vVith due of the last century. John Sims in 1828 consideration to these factors the Foun­ writing in Curtis's Botanical Magazine dation's work on shade trees involves the ~nentlOns several .variants being grown selection and propagation of (1) species m EnglIsh nursenes at that time. The of trees known and grown for many Foundation has selected three forms of ~ · ears, and, (2) new species not grown this tree all of which when grown vegeta­ here before. tively produce flowers when young. One . In o~de~ ~hat the desirable qualities JS now being distributed under the name of the mdividuals selected will be uni­ 'Margarita.' The parent tree of this £or~nly .carried in t.heir progeny, propa­ clone was grown as a "dwarf" form. Now ga lIon IS by vegetative means. I t is often twenty years old, it is 18 feet tall and necessary to find out the most efficient has a spread of 20 feet and shows evi­ metho.d for reproducing a particular dence of remaining a relatively small plant m a large enough quantity to meet tree of good proportions. The remain­ the demands for it once it is offered for ing two selections of this magnolia are d~str~bution. Since most of the plants as yet unnamed and in the testing stage_ dIstnbuted by the Foundation are veo-e­ The parent tree of one has an upright tatively reproduced, the plants disse;;;i­ habit of growth, is now 35 years old, 49 nated for each particular introduction feet tall with a branch spread of 26 feet actually represents a clone. (Clone is a at the base, tapering slightly to the sum­ term used for the "vegetatively produced mit. It shows promise of being suitable progeny of a single individual.") for streetside planting. Ginkgo biloba, the maiden-hair tree Several forms of Liquidambar stymci­ from eastern Asia, is an example of a fiua, the eastern American liquidambar tree grown as an ornamental for many or sweet gum, are being grown to deter­ years, and was one of the first trees to mine the time of production and the be grown and tested by the Foundation. amount of coloring in autumn. One of l\Iost of the trees of this species have these, which has been named 'Palo Alto,' been grown from seeds, and have a was developed by the Foundation and spreading, somewhat asymmetrical habit. is now being distributed. Its glossy, 5- Such trees, however, are often unsuit­ lobed leaves turn simultaneously on all able as streetside trees because the plants to a bright orange-red in the amount of variation produced among autumn when grown in the test plots at seedlings makes them unpredictable as the Foundation in contrast to the seed­ to habit and symmetry. A study has lings grown next to them which vary been made by the Foundation in this widely in time of coloration. It has not country and abroad of individual gink­ been determined whether this condition go trees with desirable qualities. From of simultaneous and uniform coloration these have been selected several particu­ will prevail under varying environmental larly good forms which may be described conditions. Liquidambar orientalis, a as (1) upright and narrow pyramidal, small tree from Asia Minor with 5-10bed (2) upright and broad oval, (3) col­ deeply cut leaves resembling those of umnar, (4) umbrella-like. Ginkgo trees Japanese maple, was not grown here pre­ are dioecious (that is, they are either vious to its testing by the Foundation. male or female), and because the fruits Two distinct forms have been tested and which are produced by female trees con­ are now available. tain a considerable amount of oil which The American tulip tree, Lirioden­ develops a very rancid smell, only male dTOn tulipifem, is a handsome and im­ trees are selected for streetside or shade portant timber tree of the eastern Unit­ use. Ginkgo biloba 'Autumn Gold' is ed States. It is occasionally cultivated as one of the introductions of the Founda­ a specimen tree. Its broad lobed leaves tion. It is a clone which belongs to the which look cut off at their apices are form mentioned above as having an up­ deciduous. The Foundation has a fas­ right broad oval shape. tigiate form of this tree in the test plot 236 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

which appears mediu.m sized, narrow plants from cuttings in his nursery at and upright and may prove of value. Danville, California. This clone, named The Foundation is also growing the 'Louis Edmunds' for its discoverer, is Chinese tulip tree, L. chinense) which ap­ also now available. It is interesting to pears to be a smaller tree than the note that the original plants in the wild American but its leaves are larger and from which this clone was selected have glaucous on their lower surfaces. This been bulldozed out of existence. latter character is quite pronounced Ganya elliptical the silk tassel bush, a when the leaves, moving in a late after­ native California evergreen shrub which noon breeze, expose their lower surfaces is dioecious, produces male flowers in toward the sun. It is probably under long catkins. A selected male form, given conditions of partial shade and ample the name 'James Roof' and which pro­ moisture that these picturesque leaves duces catkins or tassels about 12 to 14 develop. This tree shows promise of be­ inches long, is being distributed. Plants ing useful in areas where these condi­ of Photinia arbutifolia) the toyon or tions prevail. California holly, growing on Catalina Cryptoca1"'Ja rubra) a member of the Island have consistently larger berries. Laurel Family from Chile, with ever­ than those on the California mainland. green leaves and small inconspicuous The Foundation is growing some of flowers, has been grown infrequently in these, hoping that it will be possible to California for a number of years. It develop a good large berried form for shows promise of having desirable quali­ horticultural use. ties and is being tested. Another ever­ From Ceanothus g1'iseus, a variable green tree being tested is Cemtonia species in the wild, the Foundation has siliqua, the carob tree from the eastern obtained several good forms. C. grise us Mediterranean region, a member of the 'Louis Edmunds' has a dense upright Legume Family. Because of the large habit of growth, flowers early in gal­ pods, rich in protein and sugar, it has lon containers. C. griseus horizontalis been cultivated for centuries in all parts 'Hurrica ne Point,' widely used now, is of the Mediterranean region. As a street not too satisfactory because it has light tree, however, the pods are objection­ blue flowers and is fast growing and able but by selecting male trees (the short lived. It is hoped that another spe~ies is sometimes dioecious) having a clone of this species called 'Yankee ~eslrable shape and size and with quali­ Point' will prove to have the more de­ tIes of cold and drought resistance it sirable quali ties of dark blue flowers, may be possible to develop a fruitless slower growth, and a longer life. As form of this tree suitable for hot and dry time goes on, the Foundation will areas. through its continued selection of better Of native shrubs, the Foundation has forms eliminate those less useful. probably given the most attention to These examples show that although Ceanothus and ATCtostaphylos. A plant the Foundation "vas founded less than of ATCtostaphylos uva-ursi with unusual­ ten years ago it is already making ly large bright red fruits was exhibited valuable contributions to horticulture several ye~rs ago by Mrs. Hillyer Brown through its search for desirable forms of at a meetmg of the California Horticul­ a wide number of species, its testing and tural Society. Mr. Van Rensselaer, rec­ evaluation of these, and its endeavor to ognizing its potential value, was Q'iven find the most efficient means of propa­ cuttings of it by Mrs. Brown. It was gating them vegetatively. The produc­ named 'Radiant' and is now available. tion of its selections in large quantities A well formed attractive plant of Arcto­ insures their distribution to the garden­ staphylos bake1'i with deep colored flow­ ing public and provides for the continua­ ers :vas discovered several years ago by tion of the Foundation's development of LoUls Edmunds who propagated a few new selections. A Book or Two (Books available f o r loan to the Membership are designated: (Library). Those not so designated ·are in private collections and are not available for loan. Boohs available f or sale to the Membership are designated with the special reduced price and are subject to the usual change of price without notice. 01'ders must be sent through the American Horticultural Society accompanied by the prope1' payment. Please allow two to t/nce weeks tOT delivery. Those not designated for sale to the iHembership at reduced prices can be purchased th1'ough the Society, however, at the retail p1'ices given. 1n these instances the fu 1/ profit is 1'eceived by I he Society to be used f01' increased services and benefits of the M.embership.) O ld Roses for Modem Gal·dens. There i no disc ussion of p runing as such, R ich ard T homson . D. Van Noslrand Com. but ad vice is given in th e d isc uss ion of varieties, pany, Inc., 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, and one notes wi th a ch uckle that Mme. Cochet New J ersey. 1959. 154 pages. Illustrated i n must make a large b ush before it does well. She color and black and white. $7.50. (Library). is not alone among the teas in this, and the best AHS Members' Price $6.38. garden use is d ifficu lt to determine of these huge and often awkwardly shaped teas, in the No matter whelher one is interested in old South. roses or not, this book will be read with p leas­ All reports are based on the author's experi­ ure, th anks to the a uthor's pleasan t style, his ences near Philadelphia, save for some com· wi t, and his knowledge. If one has to quibble men ts o n roses seen in Bermuda. Only a few about him it would only be that h e has not roses are men tioned that do not fall within the written still oth er chapters in this same volume. time lim its of "old" as used in this text. Pos­ He concerns h imself with the background of si bly the most in teresting thing of all, is that th e the several groups of roses commonly acknowl­ total list of varieties includes not only plan ts edged a nd appears to h ave broug h t to his d ia­ that succeed primarily where there are winters, grams a concise idea of the lineage of the sev­ bu t a fa ir n umber of the less cold resistant eral grou ps, definitely from records where that varieties, with notations as to the possible limits, is possible, or as a workable hypothesis when of low temperatures. Most books read so far there are no data, only inferences. Since he have been written either by northerners who writes from h is own garden and years of ex· did not really know the South, or southerners perience, one m ay listen with more assurance wh o didn't bother to know the northern prob­ than if one looked only at the bibliography lems, and who in may cases were drenched in wh ich h as more books of secondary value than the sentimen t that Dr. Allen rails against in otherwise. The references in the text to other his very brief preface. Sou therners should study sources are not men tioned in foot notes, b u t this book, for those parts of it that treat of are properly credited oth erwise. roses tha t do well h ere, sh ould be followed T he color p hotographs are ch arming, tho ugh rather than the constant attempts to grow roses anyone who has labored in th a t fi eld will n ote bred for m ore northern consumption . some colors that are dubio us, for exam ple, th e B. Y. M., Pass Christian, Miss. color of L a France is rarely, (if ever) as sh own . One wonders abo u t som e of the oth ers. T he black and wh ite prin ts are all from California, an d one can o nly wonder if the many varieties with obvio usly cup and bowl sh aped blooms would not all "ball" in ou r Eastern weather. A Guide to the Beautiful Free-Flower­ T he reviewer knows that some do in M ississippi ing T rees Growing in D tt1'ban and with o u r drenching summer dews. Aside from th e d iscussions that h ave to do Costal Natal. with lineage, th e text concerns itself pr imarily J . E. A. Carver, 60 Margaret May tom Avenu e, with discussions of th e roses themselves. T h e Durban , Natal. 1958. M imeographed, paper d escriptions are clear, inviting a nd are never bound. 85 pages. $2:.00 (Librar y). written to spare the occasional commen t th at in· dicates a limitation of value. T h ere are no tes It is unfortuna te th at this excellent compen­ as to rootstocks in som e cases, particularly in dium of the fl owering habits of a lot of beau ­ the sections where the own root p lan t would ti ful trees of So u th Africa sho uld have been normally su cker. T his is very valuable and one p roduced in such an awkward shape (sideways, only regrets that there was no further discus­ on 8 x 13·inch sh eets), because it h as consider­ sion of stocks, for the reviewer's experience able merit and it contains a weal th of material' with Cali fo rnia plan ts on R agged R obin [tock not elsewhere avail able. T he author has grown has b een m ore successful th at Georgia stock on the trees of which he writes. multiflora. No plants have been received o n I n the p rinted book, the autho r h as printed'

Ornamental GTab Apples. Marx's account of how Roses respond to the Midnight Sun makes rose culture at An­ Arie F. den Boer. The American Association chorage, Alaska, seem a bi t less arduous a task of l'\ urserymen, 635 Southern Building, Wash­ than Amy Greenwell finds it to be at Captain ington 5, D. C., 1959. 226 pages, 4 color Cook, H awaii, though the compulsion to grow plates, upwards of 250 line drawings, sketches roses and the delights of success are no less than and tables. $4.95. (Library) . AHS Members' equal. To continue the exotic motif, there is Price $4.20. also an anecdote relating to roses at Kabul, Afghanistan, but any difficulties one encounters While assembling one of the finest crab a~ple in this pursuit there have to do with one's ser­ collections of this country at the Des Momes vitors rather than the roses per se. There are Water Works, it has been known that the au­ the familiar appraisals of rose performance in thor of this book has also been recording de­ various p arts of more traditional rose growing tailed crab apple information over a period of sections; especially noteworthy is Helene Schoen's many years. It was hoped that this information experienced resume of the selection of roses for would eventually become accessible to the many different garden objectives. of us who grow these widely adapted and use­ Among the technical contributions to rose lore ful trees, and it is to the credit of the American mention must be made of a new report in the Association of N urserymen that this hope is series of rose fungicide and insecticide tests at now fulfilled. Cornell University; an account of rootstock se­ Ornamental Cmb Apples supplies just about lection for rose propagation by A. N. Roberts of everything that the home gardener, nurseryman Oregon State College; diagrams of rose chro­ or park superintendent needs to know concern­ mosome configurations emphasizing satellites by ing the best hundred or so species and van etles E. B. Risley, of the University of New Hamp­ of crab apples of today's nursery listings. It shire; observations on low temperature en­ does not contain all the technically descriptive durance of roses at Iowa State College by G. J . material of the a uthor's earlier manuscripts, nor Buck (the January 195 7 record of a tempera ture quite all of his many drawings, but for the in­ drop from 40 above zero to 30 below in the tended purpose of the present book this does co urse of two days gave roses a drastic test); not matter. So far as the average gardener is Observations on the Genetics of Doubleness in concerned the information is there, well in· Roses by Dennison Morley; and the Cytology of dexed and easily find able. With a Foreword by Two Fertile Triploid Roses by H. D. Wulff. Donald Wyman (Crabapples fa?" America) F. W. there are chapters on usefulness, charm, variety of form, fo liage, flowers, fruit, crab apples as pot plants, planting, pruning, propagation and, pertaining to order of bloom, fruit color, flower form and a great deal of miscellaneous informa­ tion-all in addition to the main body of the book with its helpful and very readable descrip­ Designs for Outdoor L iving. tiolls of the many varieties. Most of these de­ John Burton Brimer. American Garden Guild scriplions are accompanied by na tural-size line and Doubleday & Compa ny, Inc., 575 Madison drawings of two or three leaves while, grouped Avenue, New York 22, New York. 1959. 420 together, are as many drawings each of typical pages. Illustrated. $3.95. (Library). fl ower and fruits. Name usage bears the stamp of approval of G. H. M. Lawrence and the The propaganda reports: "H ere is a practical Bailey Hortorium. book crammed with va luable information on \~I e welcome an excellent guide to the culture building ou tdoor projects that will enhance the of an especially useful plant group. appearance, augment the living pleasure, and HENRY T . SKINNER increase the value of your home." There is no doubt but that the book will do all these things, and, if you like to piddle around with small projects or pretend to be the week end con­ tractors, there are thousands of ideas, all in­ terestingly explained and illustrated , that you could construct in great glory-fences, pools, trellises, steps, bird houses, walls, walks, gates, Ame?'ican Rose Annual, 1959. driveways, terraces, ad infinitum. Frank H. Abrahamson, Editor. American R ose Society, 4048 Roselea Place, Columbus, 14 Ohio. [Distributed to book stores and pub­ lished by Doubleday & Company, 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York.] 1959. 266 American Standard fO? - Nursery Stock. Pages. Illustrated. $4.50 (Library) . Committee on Horticultural Standards, Amer­ Presenting the admixture usual to rose an- ican Association of Nurserymen, Inc., 635 nuals of both the ephemeral and the scientific Southern Building, Washington 5, D. C. 1959 in the ch ronology of the rose, the current edi­ Revision. 29 pages. Illustrated. $.50. (Library) . tion of the Ame?"ican Rose Annual follows its The A me1'ican Standa'rd to?" NUTSery Stock well established pattern. In the category of has been developed to its present accepted status perhaps ephemeral but of more than passing since its initiation at the 1923 annual meeting 1I1terest are two accounts of experience ,with of the AAN, keeping abreast of required revi­ rose culture in our newest states, Alaska and sions and expansions to be a current standard Hawaii. And one notes with surprise that Louise of nursery plants for all users, OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 239

The Scientific Principles oj Crop Protec­ Very brieRy it may be characterized as an tion. Fourth Edition. assembling of a ll the basic knowledge of orchids as of today. wi th references to the importa nt Hubert Ma rtin. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 103 sources of the pas t, and indica ti ons of fi elds in Park Avenue, New York 17, New York. 1959. which ad va nces are imminen t, reprints of some 359 pages. SI2.50. (Library). papers tha t make a va lued addition to the whole, excellent bibliographic listing after each paper, During the years tha t have elapsed since the an Index and a \'aluable appendix in which D r. writing of the Third Edition (1940), the search Sc hweinfurth gi\'es a Key to the O rchids (taxo· for sy n thetic pe ticides by the chemical manu­ nomic) , a long discuss ion and recording of chro· factu rer has met asto unding success and the mosome numbers (a rtificial h ybrids included). range of chemica l availa ble for crop pro tection T hese a re fo ll owed by two additions by D r. has been \'astl y extended . Fortunately their Wahner, one on Culture Media, and one on technica l data are available elsewhere and at­ Smear Techniq ue fo r Ch romosome Counts in tention ca n be turned to their biochemistry and Orchids. tox icology. T he present edition follows the plan A reference work that will be essential for of the third edition except tha t the expansion any a nd a ll serious workers, and a delight to of knowledge of the mecha nisms of toxic action the non·professional who aspires! now perm its a co·ordinated treatmen t and a discuss ion of the general principles p rior to their T he Rona ld Press purchased the in-print specific a pplication to the several groups of stocks of rhe Chronica Bolanica books when their pes ticides. general editor, Frans Verdoorn, relinquished his excellen t press to retur n to The Netherlands. T hey ha \'e published several in the now famous Chronica Bota nica series, with Dr. Verdoorn as The Gmft el"s H andbook. Consulting Ed itor. T he Orchids being the lates t and No. 32 in rhe Series of Plant Science Books R . J. Garner. Oxford Unive rsity Press, 417 and T he Genus DoluTa, reviewed below, is the Fifth Avenue, New York 16, New York. 1958. la tes t and No. 20 in An Interna tional Biological 260 pages. Illustrated. S5.75. (Librar y) . and Agn culrural Sen es. Avail able titles in both these series may be purchased through AH S a t Setting out in detail almost every known discount prices to be announced later. method of gra fting and giving info rmation on all points involved, this Second Edition of the B. Y. M. standard work on grafting b rings the subject up to d ate and appraises the major adva nces of the last decade, as practised and taught by the East MaIling R esearch Station in England. The Families of Flowering Plants. J. Hutchinso n. Ox ford Uni versity Press, 417 Fifth Avenue, ::\" ew York 16, New York. Sec· ond Edition . Vol. I Dico tyledons. 510 p., Vol. Plants and Environment. A T extbook of II Monocotyledons 280 p . Large octavo. $23.55. Autecology. Second Edition. The dust jacket says the a uthor recognizes R . F. Daubenmire. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., more tha n four hundred families of flowering 440 Fourth Avenue, New York 16, New Yo rk. plan ts "arranged according to a new sys tem 1959. 422 pages. Illustrated. S6.95. (Library) . based on their proba bl e phylogen y" (race his­ tory) . Su ch up-to-date topics as: evalua tion of stoni- An opportunity for a horticulturist who pre­ ness of the soil; significance of d ew for plants; tends no more tha n a superficial knowledge of new concepts of evapotranspiration; shielding botany, to re\'iew a book like this, is a real joy of p recipitation gauges; urban microclimate; because here at las t is an internationally famous frost churning of soil; and atmospheric pollution botanist who writes a bout plants from a knowl­ by smog and h ydrogen fluoride, revive the first edge of them as they grow in fi eld and forest book on plant ecology to give special co nsidera­ and no t from the viewpoint of one who ex­ tion to ada pta tion and ecologic evolution and amines d ried herba rium specimens under a to the complexity of environment. microscope. Indeed Dr. Hutchinson's extended collecting efforts and experiences as set forth in his A B otanist in SoutheTn AtTica, his Flom ot West T ropical Atrica (with J. M. Dalziel) which T he Orchids. A Scien tifi c SunJey. is now a ppearing in extensively revised form, Ga rl L. Withner, Editor. The R onald P ress and se\'eral books on the British wild Rowers, Com pany, 15 East 26th Street, New York 10, ob viously awakened in him a completely new concept of plan t relationships. In this new New Yo rk. 1959. 648 p ages. lIIustra ted. $14.00. work Dr. Hutchinson has broken away from (Libra ry) . everything that Bentham & Hooker and Engler T his is not a handbook fo r ama teurs nor even & P rantl held dear, and has come up with an for beginning orchid growers. I t is, however, evolutionary and revolutionary arrangement of a book tha t all of them can read with p rofit and plant families tha t really makes sense, even to parts certainly with great pleasure. non·botanists. Gone are all the artificial clas­ T here is an outstanding list of 15 co ntributors, sifi cations and keys based on them. In their and all have written with not only the clarity place is an explanation of obvious kinships tha t one expects from the trained mind, but based on simila ri ties. Most keys. operate on an with a kindness that extends to the less trained, elabora tion of how this differs from that (the without co ndescension. The sort of writing tha t laborarory method), but Dr. Hutchinson pro­ leads one on . ceeds from the yiewpoint that this must be 2iO THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

related to that because they have such-and-such plates devoted to specific groups of plants such. in common (the field method). as roses and shrubs. Some publishers have en­ The author begins (with his predecesso rs) . by tered this field with popular publications on. dividing all plants into. Monocots (orcluds, garden plants in which color is used primarily lilies, bromeliads, palms arold , grasses, etc.) and to make the publication attracti,'e to the ama­ DicoLS (the rest of the true flowering plants) . teur gardener. Here he leaves the well trodden paths and Gm'den Plants in Color on the contrary, has, comes up with the classification of all dicots as its objective the presentation of concise de­ into two groups: trees (w hich he calls Lignosae, scriptions of over four hundred nursery items,. fundamentally woody phylum) that proceed generally available in the trade, each of which from the Magnolias to the Verbenas in an as­ is illustrated in full color. The accuracy of the cending series of complexity; and herbs (funda­ descriptions is attested to by the fact they have rnentally herbaceous phylum) from the Ranun­ been edited in detail by Henry T. Skinner,. culas to the Mints, in a similar ascendll1g senes. Director of the United States National Arbo­ These two series, the a uthor se ts out to prove, retum. The color work is the result of excellent are parallel and co-existent without being in­ original photographs plus a superb and pains· tertwined by supposed l·elationships. The res ult taking job of production, The combination of is a truly na tural sys tem that is easy to under­ the bes t of raw materials and the expert crafts­ stand and it does away with a lot of fancied manship in production has produced a class ic­ kinships that strain the cred ulity of field ob­ and valuable contribution to horticultural liter­ servers who' do not want LO be botanists. Dr. atUl'e, Hutchinson is revolutionary LOO in concluding Each of the eight sections is introduced by a. that the flow ering plants came fir st and that the brief d escription of the group, written by recog­ monocots derived from them. nized plantsmen, six of which were drawn from Each of the four hundred families of plants the nursery industry itself, one from an arbo­ is illustra ted with a line drawing of a charac­ retum, and one from an outstanding public­ teristic species accentuating the differentiating park. This in itself is unique, and i3 indicative fea tures, and these are excellent. Equally in­ of the publisher's insistence to make this pres­ teresting are the scores of world maps indica ting entation of the greatest practical value possible. the restricted distribu tion of scores of i:amilies. Garden Plants in Color is the first attempt to One particular thing is wrong with this new cover the horticultural industry of the United book. Dr. Hutchinson is weak on indexes. His States in such a comprehensive manner and the' failure to index A Botanist in Southern Africa publishers are to be commended for the effort. was a co ntinental calamity. In the present two­ Due to practical limitations, however, complete volume book, he has put the index at the end coverage between the covers of a single book of the second volume which is a colossal in­ co uld not be accomplished. The omission of justice to the reader. If one wants to look up Roses will be questioned. Due to the popularity a gen us or an order, he has to take up the of the Rose, the comparative rapidity of change second volume first, then often put it back and now going on from many of the older sorts to· hunt in the first volume. Life is too short for the newer improved varieties, the decision to· such extra work. omit the class entirely at this time was well' EDWIN A. MENNI NGER taken, A Supplement to Garden Plants in Calm' should be d evoted to this one popular plant. On the other hand, the decision to include Rho­ dodendrons, Azaleas and Camellias was a sound' Common Edible Mushrooms. decision, as here will be found in one place and for the first time, full color illustrations of a Clyde M. Christensen. Charles T oo Branford hundred and fift), popular varieties of these' Company, 69 Union Street, Tewton Centre 59, plants. Massachusetts. 1959. 124 pages. Illustra ted. RICHARD P. ''''HITE $3.50. (Library) . AHS Members' Price $2.97. The Third Printing of this standard paper provides data on the wild mushrooms, replete Flower A1Tanging tOT Fun. with their habitat, identification, harvesting, Hazel Peckinpaugh Dunlop. The Viking Press,. history, and recipes. Inc., 625 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New­ York. 1959. 119 pages. 4 color and 78 black_ and white illustrations. $4.95. (Library). "Flower arranging is meant to be fun. If we ' GaT den Plants in ColoT. think of principles rather than rules, it can be' fun and at the same time, more interesting H enry T. Skinner, Editor. Sw eeney, Krist and arrangements are likely to result." This com- · Dimm, Publishers, 535 Northwest Sixteenth foning comment comes from the author who, Avenue, Portland 9, Oregon. 1958. 236 pages. in the early days of serious flower arranging by 438 color illustrations. Illustrated. $42.50. struggling potential "blue ribbon winners," gave­ For many years there has been a need with. them real help and encouragement in her book in the nursery industry for an authoritative pub. Let's A?Tange Flowen (1943). From her long' lication devoted to a presentation of color plates experience as author and lecturer on arrange­ of ornamental plants generally available in the ments, her directing of large and small flower commercial nurseries of the country. shows and her prominence as a show judge, Several of the larger wholesale nurseries have Mrs. Dunlop now helps the home arranger as. o:ade valu~ble contributipns in the past to hor­ well as the expert with new information (to this ticultural literature in pliblishing books on their reviewer, greatly improved) on design, color, and' specialties in which color has been used ex­ instructions. tensively. Others have issued collections of color Once the study of flower arranging was con- OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 2il fined largely to garden clubs but today fl ower wa nted a greenho use of so me kind or other. shop workers, horticul tural groups, artists and When he was twelve years old , with no books. decorators, and schools of art and design a re on greenhouses, or even money, but filled wi th all working with fl owers in pattern. As a re ult, desire and energy, he persuaded the local mer­ more study and thought are being give n to this chan t to sell him four windows on credit (abou t pleasurable a rt. Although confronted with $9 in those d ays) and p romptly con verted an, frustra ting "rules" by instr uctors, the studen t of old co untry sawdust-insula ted milkhouse into fl ower arranging today is m ore and more con­ loads of fun and ed ucation (a nd he soon repaid cerned with a study of underlying es thetic prin­ the $9 from rooted geranium sales) _ ciples. A basic understanding of good design To b ring the slory up to da te, Mrs. Schulz, always leads to freer and more creative work. with m uch more ex peri ence, money, and even T he arranger who exhibits in flower shows the energy of a T rojan, has dup li cated the idea, must fo llow requiremen ts for pattern, balance, Bu t she is capitali zlIlg on her plan ts a nd now rhythm, and wha tnot set fo rth in her H andbook will reach even greater fa me with the book of Instructions and in a show's sc hedule; other­ royalties, describing her fi rst love. wise, no blue ribbon ! But not so for the home Mrs. Schulz wriles from her recent experiences an-anger. She can relax and really enjoy her giving yo u the very la test da ta on greenhouse efforts. T he a u thor's first suggestion are on specifications, telling YO ll just what to grow for the selection of plant ma terials not the exotic, a q uick market-even h ow to create a market­ forced plan ts from the fl orist or faraway, b u t She gives the complete details on how to grow things found in a home garden or nearby fi elds the plan ts and also the com p lete instructions on in all seasons and in all stage of developmen t­ how to operate the greenhou e proper. Her re­ seed pods, buds, full-blown fl owers, evergreens, cent project started wi th a 12-foot attached-to. fruits, forced branches of fl owering trees and greenhouse cos ting about $900. T here are thou­ shrubs, and even the luscio us p ink rhubarb sa nds of trade secrets yo u will fi nd in this very stalks! Cultivating the "art of observing" makes interesting a nd exciting book. And you witl the way co successful design a far easier road. probably go ahead with yo ur "can not afford Mrs. Dunlop recommends a study of nature plans" to build your greenhouse righ t after yo u first; then the practical suggestions of acquiring fi ni h reading her book. holders and suitable con tainers; then a study .J O li N l\1ARSI-IALL of the p rinciple, balance; a nd con tinuous prac­ ti ce with a minimum of materi al. T he ten " projects"- or illustrated a rrangemen ts explained A T reasU1'Y of R ose ATTangements_ -should help the arranger to cope with another Julia Clements. Hearthside Press, Inc., 11 8 principle, the intriguing study of color harmony. East Twen ty-eighth Street, New York 16, New A long chapter with m any fi ne illustrations York. 1959. 88 pages. Illustrated. $3 .50. (Li­ points up the need for more experienced and brary) . AH S Members' Price $2.97. perceptive fl ower show judges; and the few fin al paragraphs explain necessary treatment fo r p res­ T his American edition of Julia Clemen ts My ervation of the six general cl assificati ons of plan t noses is indeed a welcome addition to o ur books. stems. on arranging fl owers. T he text is interesting The au thor's style and text are clear and and instructive. A note to the reader gives the concise, with stress on simplicity and beau ty and American prod uct names for the English trade· the use of familiar material. na mes used. T he chapters on H ow to Arrange R oses in­ M ARGARET C. L ANCASTER cludes paragraphs on con tainers, table decora-" tions, and many hints on conditioning before and caring for the roses after arranging. Al­ American T omato Y earbook_ 1959_ though the tex t is beamed to English readers. John W . Carncross, Editor. C. Stedman Mac­ the chap ters on Show '''' ork should be helpful farland, J r., Publisher, 8 Elm Street, W es tfield, to all Garden Clubbers. T he illustrations are New J ersey. 1959. 40 pages. Illustrated. $2 .00 . profuse, quite clear, and should give the reader (Library) _ many ideas not only for roses but for substi­ tuting other fl owers. The usual sta tistical data are given for pro­ As an added bonus there is a section on Rose duction, consumption, and the like, in this year's R ecipes, old a nd new, including jams, jellies, edition, but for the first time the reviewer re­ conserves, and several formulas for po t-pou rri. calls, there are added lists giving the research T he author says that she wrote this book to­ workers in U. S. and Canada-over three hun­ widen our interes t in roses, and it cer tainlv d red of them!- mos tl y at universities, state and should do tha t for every rose lover, arranger,. fe deral agricultural experimen tal sta tions. Think and homem aker. wha t could be produced if some agen t co uld G. P. W . persuade similar research money to be spent on the beau tiful-say zinnias, for instance ... . Japanese Gardens fo r T oday, David H . Engel. (Foreword by Richa rd Neu­ How To Make Money tra, architect, exponent of the integration of Fmm Your H0111,e Greenhouse_ house and garden) . Charles E. Tuttle Com ­ Peggie Schulz. D. Van Nostrand Company. pany, Rutland, Vermont, and Tokyo, Japan. Inc, 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New 1959. 270 pages. Illustra ted. $15.00_ (Library). Jersey. 195 9. 324 pages. Illustrated. $5 .95_ AHS Members' P rice $12.75. (Library) . AHS Members' Price $5.00. It is quite likely that the present reviewer is The reviewer can think of no one with a great the worst possible choice fo r the task. Many liking for growing garden plants who has not years ago, longer in fact than he likes to recall, 242 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE he walked in many of the places pictured and This book, No. 20 of Chronica Botanica: An was moved by many of the same things that International Biological and Agricultural Series, have stirred the heart of the author. To open is a complete account of the genetic investiga­ the book and see the familiar scenes again, and tions which Albert Francis Blakeslee and his recall the dictum of a member of the Embassv associates carried on for over forty years with staff, that he "would never be the same again" several species of the plant genus Datum. is a wonderful experience. The research program was one of the most Mr. Engel acknowledges many helpful friends complete experimental studies ever made of a but if he had not had an open mind and heart, single group of plants. Experiments and investi­ they would have given him nothing. gations were carried out on the breeding, cytol-' The book falls into the usual divisions found ogy, morphology, anatomy, physiology, embry­ in most books treating of Japanese garden styles, ology, geographical distribution, and evolutionary and one can look upon it, if he must, as a history of ten species in this genus, with Datura source book for details that may be "lifted" stmmonium the most extensively studied. Fund­ precisely and used without further thought. amental research of development and growth Familiar terms such as grading, plant materials, processes of sporophytes and gametophytes as paving, fences, walls, and all the Iik.e are here. well as the embryo and seed of Datura stramoni­ The relation of public areas to private areas, um is reported. focal points, long views, succession of effects in The result of this work elucidate many basic plant m aterials, perspectives, uses of water, all aspects of genetic variation of importance to all a re here. experimental genetic studies. The volume is But the essential points from the reviewer's more than just a compilation of accumulated prejudiced point of view, are those which relate dat.a or abstrac:ts of over two hundred papers; to J apaneseness of every element, the qualities It IS a syntheSIS of a life work, with each ad­ that have been born of the history and culture vance described against the background of those of the race, the nature of the land, with its preceding it. A comprehensive historical review attendant climate and soils, not forgetting the of the Datura taxonomy and the only known terrific precipitation common on many parts of summary of the Datura nomenclature from 1753 the islands. These have all been developed with to date enhance the value of the volume as an a singular perception, thanks to the fact, one indispensable reference on this genus. m ay venture to surmise, that some of the origi­ nal des igners were not only religious men, but The Arboretums and Botanical Gardens painters as well-persons who saw with a sort of double vision which has nothing to do with of North America. "specifications" but with the flow of life forces. Donald Wyman, Editor. The Arnold Arbo­ The author sets out in his text precisely what retum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain he had in mind in writing the book and for this 30, Massachusetts. 1959. 69 pages (paper­ reader he succeeds splendidly. The illustrations bound). Illustrated. $1.50. (Library). have been chosen with great care, although one LongWOOd Gardens at Kennett Square, Penn- could wish, sometimes, that the captions had sylvania, receives the distinction of havinG' the been even more fu II than they are. oldest horticultural display for the benefi~, en­ For the reader, the gardener who is concerned Joyment, and education of the public, having with what we sometimes fatuously call " produc­ 1800 as its esta blished date; while The "V. C. tion" and "effects," there may be moments of Pa~ll Arboretum in Memphis, Tennessee, may irritation. No matter, the book was not for him claim to be the youngest, with 1957 as its open­ a t all. ing date. The chief functions, features, number For the other reader who can and will come of species and varieties, ownership, directorship, to the study of the book, there will be opened and even the operating budget of these two im­ a door to keener perceptions and to a philo­ portant institutions are also given, as well as sophical viewpoint that may cast doubt on some the same statistics for some other 107 like places of his presently cherished beliefs and desires. in the United States, Canada, Cuba, and Mexico. This is always a most salutary experience, even The alphabetical arrangement of arboretums if painful at the moment. Probably he will not and botanical gardens is by states, and then want to make a Japanese garden of his own; cities within the state. which is well. There are ~o few places in this The record is a very valuable reference for country that combine all the elements from anyone interested in having all this sort of data which the Japanese style has been born. But he at his hand, or for anyone wishing to visit such ca n bring to his gardening a new vision, and institutions during his travels. It certainly helps if he is willing to submit himself to the disci­ your office force answer any number of questions plines of maintenance which are vital to the from the Membership. If only Dr. Wyman would success of the style, he will find a new source now compile the same data on a world-wide of delight and a new field of enioyment which basis, no one would be able to stump us. has no relation whatever to the usual horti­ cul tural achievements here. B. Y. ]\'1. Wild Flowe1'S of Santa Bm·bam. Katherine K. Muller (Text) and Campbell Blakeslee: The Genus Datura. Grant (Photographs). Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Inc., Santa Barbara, California. 1958. Amos G. Ave ry, Sophie Satina, Jacob Rietsema. 36 pages. Illustrated. $1.10. (Library). The Ronald Press Company, 15 East Twenty­ This is a very attractive little booklet of the sixth Street, New York 10, New York. 1959. native plants around Santa Barbara, California, 289 pages. Illustrated. $8.75. (Library). having 48 colored plates expertly prepared from Foreword. and Biographical Sketch by Ed- color slides-3 to a right hand page, following mllnd W . Sll1nott of Yale University. the three corresponding texts on the left. The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Chamaedoreas Are Tough color, bearing tiny brigh t yellow flow ers Many species of the genus Chamae­ with an odd but rather pleasant frag­ dorea (miniature palms) have been de­ rance. After the flowers have opened scribed and named by botanists, but un­ and the pollen is shed, these inflores­ til recently very few of them were in cences dry up. The female or pistillate cultivation. Now that growers are realiz­ plants produce very similar "hands" of ing the great ornamental qualities of bloom, but in the presence of pollen­ bearing plants, the flowers develop into these slender, seemingly delicate palms, they are in ever greater demand. tiny (pea-sized) round fruits in late summer and fall. As these grow and Chamaedorea el'ump'ens has been begin to mature, the "fingers" on which justifiably popular with florists, nursery­ they are borne thicken and turn a men and the general public for the past bright dark orange or flame color; the several years. It was named and de­ fruits ripen to a blue-black color, adding scribed by Dr. H. E. Moore, Jr., of the much to the beauty of the plant. Under­ Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, standably, the grower will wish to have in Gentes Herbarum in 1951. In his dis­ both female and male plants, but more cussion of this elegant little clump palm, of the former because of their added at­ he explains its specific name thus: "The tractiveness. name given here refers to the manner in In 1954 the writer set out a young which the very short spadices of at least clump of C. erump'ens on the north side the staminate plants burst through the of her home in southern Florida. The leaf sheaths, but might equally refer to plant is in shade during most of the the manner in which it has suddenly year. In summer the hot sun bears down come into prominence as a cultivated on it and the top leaves become yellow; palm." however, they shade the lower leaves and A lover of part shade, C hamaedorea new growth sufficiently for the plant to (kam-ee-DO-re-a) erumpens sends up withstand the three hot months. A loca­ many thin, cane-like stalks of different tion under a large tree or other cover heights, each cane bearing abou t four would provide more even light condi­ pinnate leaves of a pleasing darkish tions. green-lighter green if exposed to much This plant bloomed the following light, or even ranging to a sickly yellow. spring and was found to be a staminate It was found that from the same batch or male plant. After five years, this plant of seeds, collected in the wild, plan ts has thirty-five to forty canes, the tallest sprouted with two different types of about ten feet. At its widest point, the leaves. One set of plants had regular clump measures about five feet across. pinnae, all more or less the same ~idth, About a year later a young pistilla te while the other group had regular pmnae plant was set out a few feet away at the until the tip of the leaf, where two or north-west corner of the house. This more seemed to have joined, forming a plant has grown remarkably well and pair of much wider pinnae. The latter has borne good crops of seed. type was designated Chamaedorea entm­ On October 3, 1958, the wri ter was IJens Fairchild in honor of Dr. David preparing a talk on palms, and, ra ther Fairchild, the famous plant explorer. reluctantly, cu t a cane from her female Most chamaedoreas, if not all, are plant to show her audience the attrac­ divided into staminate and pistillate, or tive green stalk, graceful leaves, and male and female plants. The male or colorful fruiting' stems. After the talk, staminate plan ts produce along the the palm was brought home and thrown canes, from the ground up, inflorescences on a shady trash pile. At intervals it which push or erupt right through the was noted that the cane retained its dried leaf sheaths, and expand into bright green color and tha t the leaves at slender finger-like spadices, green in the tip were green and fresh. On Feb- [243] 2H THE NA TlONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

GATTERJ

Chamaedorea erumpens OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 245

Tuary 10, 1959, the cane was retrieved emeria pulchella, A lbuca bainesi, A bu­ a nd examined. One leaf at the tip of tiLon "lVlaximum," Amblogyne poly­ the cane was still green. T he fruiting gonoides, Aristea capitata, Bellis "Mon­ stalks had dropped their seeds and dried stera," Bulbine semibarbata, caulescens, up. However, three new inflorescences and aloides, Calceolaria rugosa hybrids, were forcing their way through the dried and C. "Monarch Strains," Cistus pal­ leaf sheaths! A t this writing (March 31, hinhai, Cypella herberti, Calochortus 1959) the tip leaf has n ot entirely dried luteus, Cyclamen peniwm (the 'wild up. The three inflorescences h ave pro­ species), Dipidax tr'iquetntm, D ianthus duced small yellow flowers, dropped deltoides, Dierama pulchen'imum, Ell­ them, and are now drying up. This is phor'bia heteT01) hylla, EcaemocaTpus in spite of the fact that this cane has scabeT var. aurea, Freesia hybrids, Fmn­ never been placed in water or stimulated coa mmosa, Gazania hybrids, Gladiolus in any way. In the writer's experience, palustris, Hahea platysperma, Impatiens, this six-month urvival seems remarkably Kniphofia macowani and K. rufa, L eu­ long. cojum tr'ichophyllum, Libertia gr'andi­ Chamaedorea enlmpens, along with flora (two lots of seed, one a year older C. seifrizi, performed very well during than the other and germinating more the unusually severe winter of 1958-9, slowly and less freely), Nolana lanceo­ when strong cold winds buffered and lata and N. paradoxa, Narcissus tr·ian· burned other palms. They h ave with­ dr'us, Potentilla waTreni, Penstemon hy­ stood freezes of relatively long duration brids, Romulea rosea, Roscoea purpuTea, for Florida 'with slight to no damage and T.ric'jTtus mac1'Opoda and TOTenia fOUT­ 'C. seifrizi remains green and flourishing nlen. in full sun. i have still to overcome my surprise It has been reported that growers of that any plant would germinate ~n so cu t foliage for use in the floris t trade unappetizing a mess. The above list of :are now shipping C. eTU.mpens leaves to plants does not make sense to me. T he fl orists in the north-eas t for use with cut point of origin . of t~ e species invo.lved flowers. varies from mOist clImates to semi-dry It goes without saying tha t these palms ones. This would point again to the make excellent potted plants for h ouse, need of further experiment with the patio, and other shaded loca tions, as well method. I am convinced that germina­ as for landscaping in the warmer parts tion would in many cases be earlier of the world.-LuCITA H. VVAIT, The were an intermittent mist used over a Palm Society, 7229 S. W. 54th Avenue, soil heating cable. Since writing the M£ami 43. Florida. first report I have been inform e~ th~t some of the wholesale nursen es 111 Southern California are u sing the meth­ od quite extensively; also from another More on Spray Mist Propagation report, that it is being used in the com­ A brief note as to the further experi­ mercial germina tion of cyclaffi:en. l\~ y results to date would seem to P01l1t to its 'ences with germination under spray as becoming a frequently used method.­ previously described in the July 1959 L. T. PEERY, M.D., H aywaTd, Califomia. iss ue of the Magazine will bring the story up to date as of May 10, 1959. The plants listed have all germinated well under the treatment described but I am not yet ready to list the failures, as every time I examine the seed boxes, n ew Two Good Conifers-Notes on germination is noted. These plants were Southern Taxaceae mostly placed under the spray about :March 1, 1959. A fact noted in the above A few years ago the writer h ad the report still stands, namely, the percen­ rare good fortune to get two plants and tage @f germination appears to be above some seeds of T OTTeya taxifolia and a average when most of the seeds appear single specimen, four inches tall, of above the surface. Those that have Taxus floridana. germina ted well are: Today the Torreyas have grown into Alonsoa mutisi, Aethionema grandi­ four-to-six-foot, container-grown plants, flom, Arabis blephaTOphylla, Alstro- and the single Taxus into a six-foot 246 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL lvIAGAZINE plant. These historical notes would not Littonia modesta be of much horticultural interest except for the rarity of the species themselves­ Neither R OTtus II nor Bai ley's Cyclo­ particularly the Florida Yew-and the pedia give very much information in re­ fact that one practically never finds gard to this tuberous rooted Sou th Afri­ either one of them mentioned in trade can relative of the gloriosa. Since all the magazines, popular magazi nes, or even gloriosas we h ave been able to collect horticultural journals. Both of these seem quite at home here, curiosity species occur In scattered stands along prompted buying this littonia, which is portions of the Apalachicola River bluffs described as the one climbing species of of northwes t Florida and a few other the genus. isolated nearby stations. It is extremely As the tuberous roots looked rather interesting from a plant geography small, they were planted in a pot. Each standpoint to conjecture how they go t sprouted, much as gloriosas do, and where they are, separated by so many started up as if to climb, so a slender miles from their near relative of the bamboo was put in place, but one plant north-T ax us canadensis. This is a appeared to succumb at once to a soft rna tter for more trained people than I rot, and the other gradually withered to work out, but the river itself is sus­ after the whole had been transferred to pect as an agent in their movement and an outside loca tion that suited gloriosas. the habitat of rich ravines and cool This spring (1959) both roots sen t up glades is certainly unusual for a place so vigorous shoots, a bou t the same time close to the Gulf of Mexico. tha t GloTiosa 1'O thschildiana appeared, A t any rate, my Taxus (which inci· climbing rapidly so that the first slender dentally died very recently) had been bamboo h as been replaced by a taller trained to a central leader and was ex­ stake. Now, in late May, the plants top tremely attractive, resembling the Hem· six feet and show every indication of lock. This was a staminate plant and continuing growth, with flowering in the I secured many young cutting-grown upper part of the stalk, then a break, progeny from this original plan t. The and flow ering again toward the top. Al­ foliage is lighter green than Taxus bac­ though both texts cited speak of the cata or T. cuspidata and the plant n at­ flowers as "solitary in the axils," this is urally more prostrate in h abit. Taxw not alwavs so, as we have several in­ floTidana is one of the world's rare plan ts stances where two flowers appear from and h as a future perhaps as a parent for one axil. As yet, no branching has ap­ hybrids resulting' from crosses with the peared. exotic Taxus. It also has ornamental The nodding fl owers are bell-shaped, value in its own right and extends the h anging down prettily and suggesting culture of the genus further south. some of the fritillaries rather than glori­ The Torreya is a bigger tree and less osa, with its petals turned inside out and rare. It can easily be distinguished from the stamens and pistils curiously poised. Taxus on the needle ch aracters. The In this littonia, all the stamens and the underside of its needles has two parallel pistil are inclosed with.in the one and white bands running their length­ one half inch perianth segment . Our Taxus does not. This is a beautiful plants show the pure Orange of Ridg­ shiny, stiff-branched tree that grows int~ way, fading a little as the flo wer age. a pyramidal form. The rate of growth Seed is setting one some of the blooms seems very slow, but perhaps not when bu tit is far too soon to tell if the seeds compared with the spruces, firs, and will be as described, brown or reddish in hemlocks. Propagation of T orreya from the pod. No fragrance is noticeable, and cu ttage has not been as easy for me as the flowers last as long as do those of Taxus, but there has been some success. gloriosa, though they will not be spec­ Since none of th'e Torreyas ' in my collec­ tacular for picking. tion had produced strabi'li, I don't know As compared to gloriosa in general the whether I have stamii:J.ate, pistillate, or plant is far less showy. It has a delicate both sexes in the specimens. I hope, of grace, however, tha t the far more flam­ course, that it will be the latter so that boyant gloriosas never show, and it wiII I can propagate them by, seedage.-ED­ undoubtedly make less of a mass of vine WARD 'HORDER] Mobile, A labama. if allowed to clamber over the tall OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 247

azaleas as we like it, clinging by the tips This was reported by Professor Karl D. of the leaves that curl about whatever Brase in the Proc. Amer. Soc. for Hort. they touch if they can encircle it. Sci. 61: 95-98, 1953. No protection was given the roots left The somewhat obscure description of in the open ground over winter.-BYM, the origin of the Clark Dwarf by Maney Pass ChTistian, Miss. and the equally nebulous origin of the stock described by Dr. Coe suggest the strong possibility that these stocks are one and the same and that properly they should both be placed in their proper classification, MaIling VIII.-MALcoLM More on the Clark Dwarf N. DANA, Assistant Professor of Hort~ ­ Cltlture, The University of Wisconsin, Applestock Madison, Wisconsin. . As I read the April '59 issue of your magazine, I was particularly attracted by the short article on page 116, entitled "Extremely Dwarf Apple Trees," by Dr. Frederick W. Coe, San Anselmo, Cali­ fornia. In his second paragraph Dr. Coe described the origin of a dwarf apple The Portuguese Sundew stock as having come from a Mr. H. An insectivorous plant little known to Walton Clark who found the stock "while hiking" during- a visit to "his old horticulturists and plantsmen generally is the Portuguese sundew (Drosoph'Yl­ home in Indiana." Now it happens that lum lusitanicum Link) (P. I. 241897). this same Mr. H. Walton Clark was the This unique plant of the sundew family man for whom the Clark Dwarf apple (DRosERAcEAE) is a native of the heath was named. The origin of the Clark uplands of coastal Portugal. It is re­ Dwarf was described by Dr. Maney corded also as occurring- in southern (Trans. Iowa State Hort. Soc. 78: 127- Spain and Morocco. But'it is rarely cul­ 134) as follows: tivated. "About 1924 we acquired an inter­ Seeds of this interesting plant were esting hardy dwarf stock which was collected in 1957 on an exploration trip introduced to us by H . Walton Clark, to Portug-al and the Mediterranean area a biologist, who was connected wi.th under joint auspices of the Plant Intro­ the United States Bureau of Fishenes duction Section of the U . S. Department Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa. of Agriculture and the Longwood Gar­ Mr. Clark was an ardent amateur dens, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. horticulturist and he had discovered Plants were found growing among a dwarf type of tree growing in the heather- (Erica umbellata) in rocky acid garden of an old lady living i~ Musca­ soil on the ou tskirts of Coimbra, the old tine, Iowa. The tree at the tlme, was Portuguese university town and site of probably 20 to 25 years old and during a famQus old bontanic garden. its life had experienced temperatures DTOsophyllum is most closely related as low as _25°F. without showing to the common sundew (Drosera) but any signs of injury. The history of the differs from it in several important re­ variety as given by the lady was that spects. Drosophyllum is a much larger her son was a sailor and he had more robust plant than any of the sun· brought the stock back. fr?m South dews native of the United States. Plants America. The charactenstlcs of the seen in the wild grow to about twelve leaves and type of growth indicate that inches tall, and old specimens become it undoubtedly is a type which might rather woody at the base. The narrow have originated as a seedling from the linear leaves, six to eight inches long, original Paradise, but it is distinct in are crowded and form a rosette below its characteristics from the new stand­ the loose flower panicles. The bright ardized English stocks." yellow flowers are the size of quarters. The Clark Dwarf has been shown to Flowering occurs in Apri~ and May: The be identical with the MaIling VIII root­ unfurling of the leaves lS of particular stocks of the so called Egnlish rootstocks. interest. Sundews are perhaps the only 2'18 TI-IE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Drosophyllum lusitanicum

Enlarged leaf showing the mucilaginous glands OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 249

A two year old plant of the P01'tuguese Sundew grown from seed flowering plants with circinnate verna­ Hydrangea otaksa tion of the expanding leaves, a trait com­ mon among ferns. Elizabeth McClintock's article on Hy­ Unlike the bog-loving Venus fly trap, drangeas in the July 1957 issue of THE common sundew, and pitcher plants, the NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE in­ spired Siro Kitamura of Kyoto Univer­ ~ortuguese sundew withstands long pe­ rIods of drought- The mucilaginous sity, Kyoto, Japan, to tell her the divert­ glands that cover the leaves of DTOso­ ing story of the naming of Hydrangea phyllum imbibe water from the frequent otaksa. This name for the species was night dews along coastal Portugal, and established by Philipp Franz von Siebold thus permit the leaves to remain green (1796-1866) in the Flora Japonica that throughout the long rainless summers. he and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini wrote Plants grown in pure sphagnum moss in the 1830's and 40s. Kitamura's letter from the Portuguese introduction have to Miss McClintock, reprinted with his developed rapidly under normal green­ consent, reads: house conditions at the Plant Introduc­ "I have received your valuable tion Station, Glenn Dale, Md. Growing monograph on Hydmngea and the re­ conditions have been about the same as prints. I thank you very much for for pelargoniums. Flowering began in your kindness. I want to inform you June 1959, the second year from seed. regarding the name of Hydrangea Seeds are usually available from the otaksa Sieb, et Zucco Botanical Garden, Coimbra, Portugal. "Siebold wrote in his Flora Japoni­ -FREDERICK G. MEYER, Crops Research ca p. 105, vol. 1 (sect- 1) that it is Division, Agricultuml Research Sel'vice, cultivated under the name otaksa. U. S. Department of Agriculture, B ells­ "Otaksa is not a native name, but ville, Maryland. was the name of his Japanese wife in 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Nagasaki. Siebold had a Japanese The matter of blue to white in iris wife, and a wise daughter between first came to my attention in Charleston, them. The name of his wife was Taki South Carolina. At a garden club meet­ Minamimoto. He called her Otaksan. ing there a member spoke of moving (0 is a prefix, San is a suffix; properly blue flags from her plantation garden in Japanese, Otaksan is O-Taki-San.) to her shoreside garden only to have "Siebold wanted to commemorate them bloom white. When she returned his wife in Japan by the name Otaksa. the plants to her inland garden they Perhaps he hesitated, because he re­ again bloomed blue. After that I married in Europe and Otakisan had brought the matter up before many been a Geisha girl of Maruyama in southern garden clubs. I had similar ac­ Nagasaki before she married Siebold. counts from Carolina southward along Since, in Japanese, ksa means an herb, the coast and around the Gulf well into he changed Otaksan to Otaksa, and Texas. For the most part the alleged thus it seemed to Zuccarini to be the color change was accepted as on a par native name for Hydrangea macro­ with the change in color of blue hy­ phylla. Dr. E. H. Wilson made the drangeas when changed from an acid to same assumption. an alkaline soil. Everywhere there was "It is very interesting to suppose considerable exasperation about horti· that Siebold's wife, Otaksan, was as cultural authorities who had told this beautiful as the flowers of H. macro­ or that one that she did not know what phylla., and as charming and so on, she was talking about. but not sterile! There is an obvious difference be­ "His daughter left in Japan became tween the loss of blue in hydrangeas and an honorable female doctor. Her de­ in iris. With hydrangeas it seems almost scendants are now living. entirely a matter of soil. With blue "Otakisan remarried-an honest flags the matter of temperature also en­ Japanese merchan t. In 1861, Siebold ters in. At least I never heard the claim came again to Nagasaki. He was then of color change except in localities of 63 years old. He met again with his higher temperatures-localities where former wife, Otaksan, and her Japa­ blue is normally a scarce color in flow­ nese husband." ers.-MAuD R. JACOBS, South Ca.rrollton, Today the plant is usually treated not Kentucky. as a separate species but as a variety (or sterile clone) from H. macrophylla.­ F. P. LEE, Bethesda, Maryland.

Helleborus in Louisiana About six years ago, while visiting gar­ About Color Changes dens in New Orleans, I saw two large Few things irk a woman more than to clumps of Helleborus orientalis, com­ be told she is mistaken about something monly called the Lenten Rose. I was she knows-such as that her hardy phlox more than surprised as I had always didn't revert, that her tulips didn't thought that Helleborus were not for change color after a year or two, and the deep south. When I inquired about that her blue flag iris didn't bloom these plants, the owner of the garden white. It may be possible to fluster her told me they were divisions from an old about the hardy phlox. After all, she clump that her mother had grown in her cannot prove that there was no seed en­ New Orleans garden. tangled in the roots of the plant she set I came home and ordered, from a out, or that no seed later lodged in the nursery in Oregon, the four varieties of clump. It is harder to shake her con­ helleborus that they list along with the fidence about her tulip observations. It different color variations in the H. is downright impossible to change her orientalis group. conviction about her iris after she or her H elleborus corsicus struggled to keep friends have moved the same plant back alive for one year, it never bloomed and and forth for several years and have finally passed out. H elleborus niger watched it bloom blue in one soil and (Christmas rose) stayed with me for two white in another. years and on one Christmas it put up one OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 251

stalk of blossoms. Helleborus foetidus the southern bulbs are fooled into think­ grew into a large clump with many ing it is their spring and sprout again? stalks of exotic green flowers with edges I am told by Dr. Peery that the bulbs of maroon. Last summer (the plant themselves soon adjust to the reversed was four years old) we had three weeks seasons in his Hayward, California gar­ of rain with no intermittent sunshine den. and this plant went out with crown rot. The common name is sometimes However 1 have many seedlings and they spelled Chincherichee. It is Omitho­ took the weather and are blooming this galum thYTSoides.-BYM, Pass Christian, winter. Miss. H ellebo?'"tts oTientalis (Len ten rose) is by far the most satisfactory of all of these plants. These have now grown into large clumps and both the red and white forms give me many blossoms. They self sow their seed and we now have many two and three year old plants. Helleborus want protection from the Rex Begonia Culture hot summer sun. They want good drain· age but enough moisture to keep them The large types of Rex Begonias are thriving. In the summer we put rotted barnlot fertilizer around the plants and truly the "Kings of the Begonia World," they are kept mulched at all times. and the Rex Miniatures "The Little About once a year I put a light feeding Queens." On the whole Rex Begonias of fertilizer 8-8-8 around these plan ts.­ are most lavish in producing their foli­ age, for which they are grown, but, of Jo N. EVANS, Ferriday, Louisiana. course, as in any other group of plants there are the temperamental ones. One of these is Comtesse Louise Erdoedy the An Extra from "Dried Blooms)) of first of the spiraled-leaf varieties from a cross of two unknown Rex hybrids made Cape Chinkerichees in Hung~ry in 1884. This variety spiral. This Christmas the editor was pre­ ing from each side of the sinus is basic· sented with a package of blooms of the ally a greenish-gray veined darker, with South African Chinkerichees-directions pink tints around the edges and to add and all. These were dutifully followed to its beauty has pinkish leaf hairs over· and the living blooms developed pre­ all. This Rex seems to be very thirsty cisely as indicated, and then, they lasted and demands constant dampness at all and lasted and lasted and lasted, until times. Too, being hairy, it cannot take it was forgotten to add water. When the any strength of sun. Very bright light is moment tor removing the vase came, we a requisite to sustain the color-tones but noted that along the scapes there were full sun burns and fades the leaves. Both what looked like green sprouts, and fur­ Fireflush and Curly Fireflush are rather ther investigation disclosed that sitting too temperamental at times it seems, for along the stems were neat little. bulbs a~j they will be gorgeous today and droop­ sprouting just as onion sets mIght do .If ing and fading away tomorrow for no left too long unplanted. They came 111 apparent reason, age having nothing to all sizes from those with a diameter of do with it. They too have light require­ about one half inch to much smaller, ments similar to Comtesse Louise and all seemed somewhat difficult to re­ Erdoedy. Perle de Paris, one of the most move from the scape, not falling off as beautiful of the Rex varieties has large do bulbils of tiger lily and others .... metallic jade leaves somewhat veined Duly planted in what we hoped might and edged with tints of rose. This Rex be a fair soil, well drained and all, the seems most content in a northeast win· green tops ripened off as if the plants dow, along with the lovely Mikado were mature and now we watch a pot whose leaves are burgundy-wine toned with no sign of activity. center and edges illuminated by the Has any of this happened to others? greenish silver area between the center And if so, how long: will one wai t until and edges. Both varieties seem to appre- 252 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ciate constant humiclity about their method. When potting, the medium leaves, and extra watering but not wet should be dampened well for it then can .. feet." be gently pressed about the roots and Ranee, Kathlyana, Purple Glow, Fairy, will accept the watering down process King Edward, Can Can, and Merry without washing away, or leaving air Chnstmas are among the list of the spaces. sturdy strong growers. These varieties For Rex Begonias as houseplants the each has its own lush exotic beauty, and water should not be drawn directly from will take gracefully early or late sun and the tap and used on the plants' roots or seldom burn, and too, will have deeper, as a spray for usually it is too cold. The more lustrous colorings for being in the water is better used just tepid. Watering ;un. Ranee and Purple Glow are similar only the top-soil lightly is a fine way to in type and color, and also Cardoze Gar· have disastrous results, for Rex Begonias dens a sport, of Ranee. To describe one, must be watered thoroughly so the water could be for all three, as all have rain­ drains through the soil. Only water bow toned leaves, large and lush. Ranee again when the soil is somewhat crumbly and Purple Glow are exceptionally to the touch. strong growers. Kathlyana, a heavily Another requisite of Rex Begonias is silver speckled pointed large leaf variety fresh air and such can be given to them is of easy culture too, as is Fairy which in a home as easily as in a greenhouse, has a good sized green veined pointed I find. No matter what the weather in silver lea£. King Edward is another easy late fall, winter, and early spring I open to grow kind with large dark, greenish my windows on the sheltered side of the red-black leaves. Can Can has a good house four or five times a day from the sized deeply pointed and ruffled silvery top about four inches down for about pink leaf, reminding one of a dancing ten minutes each time. During the cold skirt. Last but not least in this list is months November through March, I al­ Merry Christmas very gay in its Christ­ low my Rex Begonias any and all sun, mas "dress," silver, red, and green. with the exception of the silvery ones, On the whole, the silvery leaved kinds but with April through September and seem to appreciate bright light and very October the sun in the south and west little sun to retain their delic;ate tones, windows is too strong and will burn the whereas those Rex varieties having deep leaves badly, so I remove these to the color tones require some sun to keep and breezeway which is enclosed by screened intensify their depth of color. In winter windows so that I can protect them from these varieties can take full sun, except wind and rain. My entire house is al­ from a large west window where the most like a tent during the warm months light can be suffused by a cheese-cloth as all the windows are open wide night covering. and day unless rainy, and it is interest­ For Rex Begonias leafmold is most ing to note that all the various varieties essential and vital, it provides the food of begonias that I have thrive under of begonias in the tropics where they are these conditions even to the tempera­ found on the jungle floor or hanging mental Calla Leaf variety. from cliffs. No matter where they are The time to repot a Rex Begonia may found, the tropical zone attests to the be difficult to determine. By observation need of leafmold, humidity and moisture it is time when the roots show through for their well being. the hole in the pot, or when one notes I have had my "success" with Rexes that the plant has ceased growing and by using four parts leafmold, one part the leaves have that "hungry" look. It sifted sand (never sea sand) one fourth is wise to use a pot one size larger than part of very old rotted cow manure, a the root system but if the root system is handful of bonemeal, and a handful of extra heavy and the plant large then a charcoal as a potting medium. It has to pot two sizes larger will insure moisture be kept in mind that any Rex, or any being absorbed by all of the roots. There begonia for that matter, highly resents are some varieties that will go dormant any fertilizer in quantity around its and rest [or a period of a few weeks. This roots. So it is that the potting medium action usually causes great consternation must be thoroughly mixed and nothing to anyone who isn't acquainted with the does this better than the hand over hand habits of certain varieties. In disappoint- OCTOBER 1959, VOLUME 38, NUMBER 4 253

ment he throws out the plant. Instead well established plant. I never cover the put the "sleeping beauty" back where it leaves of any of my cuttings but allow isn't too hot, water once in a while and, the fresh air to circulate freely about when active growth appears, bring the them which dispels tht danger of damp­ plant out and treat as before. Among ing off to a great extent. some of the varieties that take a "nap" In some instances, there are synonyms are Fireflush, Mikado, Perle de Paris, of names of varieties, and possibly here Black Night and Chretien. is cause for some confusion and doubt, Rex Begonias are versatile in their especially when purchasing Rex Be­ reproduction-such can be done by stem gonias sight unseen. Abel Carriere an cuttings or leaf-cuttings, and the method upright type can be found under the is quite simple. I personally prefer mak­ name of Argenta Erecta and Black ing wedges (leaf-cuttings) of the leaves, Night as Midnight. But I have in my bu t one has to be very sure there is a collection of about fifty varieties a Black section of the sinus to each wedge, for it Knight and a Midnight which are is from the section of sinus that the roots most unlike in leaf pattern. Fireflush form. Leafmold with some sand added, can be found listed as Bettina Roths­ I find makes an ideal rooting medium as child, also Furst von Rothschild, and I well as one in which the young plants have found another reference to it as can start to grow. Usually there will be Fireflame and Scotland 1950. Miss a clump of several plants at the sinus Agatha is the English synonym for and it is best to wait until they are an Comtesse Louise Erdoedy according to inch or more in height before separating. The Bes~ie Buxton Check List 01 Begon­ They should be watered well before dis­ ias. I have known King Edward called turbing. The wet roots and soil will then Vesuvius. separate with a minimum of injury. For anyone interested in starting a These young plants will not tolerate collection of Rexes, I suggest the follow­ over-fertile soil so it is safest to pot them ing varieties, as these are of easy culture in small pots in pure leafmold. After and also, very beautiful. Some of the potting, water thoroughly and put into following are pictured and described in a shaded area for a couple of days and The National Hortintltural Magazine then give them bright light but no sun. of October 1952.* King Edward, Merry At no time must they be allowed to dry Christmas (also called Christmas Cheer) , out. This spells disaster to young plants Kathlyana, Fairy, Lavender Glow, Dew as quicklv as letting cuttings dry out. Drop, Robin, Crimson Glow, Inimit­ In making stem cuttings of the up­ able, Sea Nymph, Bearded, Mt. Haze, right type Rex one wilI usually have Ranee. Midnight, Purple Glow, Helen better results if the cut is made at a Tupple, Emperor, and Can Can.-VIR­ node and the cutting set a node or two GINIA 1. WITHEE} Hill Farm Road} Coven­ down into the rooting medium. Person­ try Centre} Rhode Island. President of ally, I prefer pots for stem cuttings in­ the R. I. Branch of the American Begon­ stead of a pan or tray. Thus the cutting ia Society. remains undisturbed until it becomes a (*now out of print. Ed.) 254 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

A Plea for Back Issues of

The National Horticultural Magazine

The American Horticultural Society would greatly appreciate the donation of any of the following back issues of its Journal needed to complete sets in several univer­ sities, public libraries, and private files:

Year Dale Volume Number Year Date Volume Number 1922 I --• 1940 July 19 3 1923 II --• October 19 -i 1924 III 1941 January 20 1 January } ',b 1926 June IV April 20 2 1926 Jan.-Dec. 5 1-4>· · July 20 3 1928 January 7 1 October 20 -i April 7 2 1942 July 21 3 October 7 4 1943 July 22 3 1930 January 9 1 1946 January 25 1 April 9 2 1948 January 27 1 July 9 3 1949 April 28 2 October 9 4 July 28 3 1931 January 10 1 October 28 4 1933 July 12 3 1951 April 30 2 1934 October 13 4 1952 January 31 1 1935 January 14 I 1953 January 32 1 July 14 3 1954 April 33 2 1937 January 16 1 October 33 4

"The first four volumes of The National Horticultural Magazine, consisting of four pages in tabloid form. were iss ned by The National Horticultural Society in Henning. Minnesota. This Society was incorporated on July I, 1922. The American Horticultural Society. Washington. D. C .• came into being in September 1922. On June 15, 1926 the two organizations joined forces as the present American Horticulturar Society in order to further the best interests of American horticulture. Volume 5 was the first publication of the united organizations and this was issued in Washington. D. C. bVolume III and IV were published in one issue and its release date corrected to read: January 1924-December 1925. ·Volume 5 was published in one issue containing parts I. 2, 3, and 4.

Donated copies should be sent to the Society's Headquarters. (Valuation at $1.00 a copy can be placed upon copies donated and the total sum used as a federal income taxes deduction, being a contTibution to a nonpmfit edu­ cational organization.) Index To Volume 38

Illustration j'eterences are set in italics

A Botanical Code, 208 Cherokee Rose, back cover, July Gardens: Abou t Color Change, 250 Chrysanthemum Seikokinsei, Jardin Gillet, 12, 14, 15, 16 front cover, July Abutilon Maximum, 245 Montreal, 137, 138, 139 Shasta, 229 Acmena smithi, 102 Saratoga, 232 Shinmisona, 230 Brodiaeas, A First Planting of, Vibrant, 230 Additional Notes on Lycoris, 120 55 Cis/us palhinhai, 245 Aethionema grandiflora, 245 Bulbine aloides, 245 African Violet, 60, 231 caulescens, 245 Code, Botanical, 208 semibarata, 245 Cultivated Plant, 208 Albinia julib"issin, 105, 105, Horticultural, 208 107, 226 Bulbs, summer bloom from, 54 Coe, Frederick W.: Albuca bainesi, 245 Extremely Dwarf Apple Trees, Allium albopilosum, back cove", C 116 Jamw,'y Calceolaria Monarch Strains, 245 Stewartia malacodendron A lonsoa mu tisi, 245 'rugosa, 245 Versus Stewartia ovata grandi-flora, 175 Aist1"Oeme'ria pulchella, 245 Calocho,·tus iutens, 245 Color Changes, About, 250 A mblogyne polygonoides, 245 Campanula allioni, 37 carpatica, 35 Concerning the Incidence of An Extra from "Dried Blooms" collina, 35, 36 Tree Seedlings, 122 of Cape Chinkerichees, 25 1 cochlearifolia, 35 Congo, Belgian, J ardin Gillet, 13 Angraecum, 12 diva'ricata, 40, 4 1 Comus floTida, 82, 82, 84, 85, 87, Apple Trees, Extremely Dwarf. [ragilis, 36 90 11 6, 117, 247 garganica, 32, 34 Creech , John L. and H. N. glomemla, 38, 41 Arabis blepha1"Ophylla, 245 Metcalf: grand is, 41 Echeveria afJinis, A new suc­ Arctostaphylos bakeri, 236 g"osseki, 39 culent [rom Sinaloa, Mexico, Louis Edmunds, 236 iacliflora, 41 56 uva-ursi, 236 muralis, 32 CTimtm, Ellen Bosanquet, 60 Aristea capitata, 245 parryi, 40 persicifolia, 35 Cross-Vine, The Native, 57 Armstrong, Stuart M.: 1)oscha'-skyana, 33, 34 C"yptocarya mbra, 236 Experiences With One Pre­ portenschlagiana, 34 emergence H erbicide, 11 8 Cultivated Eugenias In Ameri- mddeana, 34 can Gardens, The, Part I, 92 Arum pictum, Oh, No!, 55 mpunculoides, 41 Part 2, 145 1"Otundifolia, 33, 34 Attractive Perennial Campa­ Cultivated Plant Code, 208 nulas, 32 tommasiniana, 40 waldsteiniana, 37 Cycas cininalis, 16 Aurelian Lilies, .The 185 Campanulas, Attractive Peren- Cyclamen persicum, 245 Authorities, Registration, Inter- nial, 32 Cynodon dactylon, 218 national (Plant), 211 Cape Chinkerichees, 25 1 Cypella he"berti, 245 Autumn FOliage Colors on Cm'diocrinum giganteum, 75 Glenn Dale Azaleas, 52 Cassia alata, 184 Azaleas, Autumn Foliage Colors D on Glenn Dale, 52 Cathey, Henry M.: Dana, Malcolm N.: Deciduous, From Cuttings, Gibberellins in Horticulture­ More on the Clark Dwarf A Preliminary Review, 215 168 Applestock, 247 Ceanothus g" iseus, 236 Deciduous Azaleas From Cut­ Louis Edmunds, 236 tings, 168 B hOTizontalis Hurrican Point, 236 Designing an Environment for Baldsiefen, Warren: Yankee Point, 236 Man: Deciduous Azaleas From Part I, I Cu ttings, 168 Celery, Utah 10-B, 227 Part II, 6 Begonias, R ex, culture, 25 1 Centipede-grass, 180 Pa rt III, 195 varieties, 25 I , back cove,', Cemtonia siliqua, 236 Part IV, 202 October Chamaedo'rea erumpens, 243, 244 Dianthus deltoides, 245 Bellis Monstera, 245 se i Jrizi, 245 Dierama pu[chen·imu.m, 245 Black Leaf Turflily, A, 11 5 Chamaedoreas Are Tough, 243 Dipidax triquetrum, 245 Book or Two, A, 46, 108, 171 , Check List, International Doughty, Paul L.: 237 (Plant), 212 The "Earth Apple," 21 [255] DTosophylium Itlsitanictlm, 247 G Hype"ic'Uln androsaem-um, facing 248, 249 123, 130 Gardeners' Pocketbook, The, balea·ricum, 131 D war f Apple Trees, Extremely, 50, 114, 174, 243 116, 117, 247 calycinwn, 126, 130 Garr)la elliptica, 236 canaTiense, 131 James Roof, 236 chinense, 125 E Gaunt, Virginia W,: X dawsonianum, 130 d)leri, 125 "Earth Apple," The, 21 Poinsettias as Landscap e Plants, 18 elatum, 129, 131 Eccl'emoca·rpus scabe,· val'. aU.1'ea, fio"ibundum, 127, 130 245 Gazania h ybrids, 245 fmgile, 131 Gibberella fujikuroi, 215 Echeveria affinis, A new SlIGcn­ f,'ondosum, 125, 127 lent from Sinaloa, Mexico, 56, Gibberellins in Horticulture- hininum, 130 56 A Preliminary Review, 215 inodorttm, 130 Gill, D. L.: leschen,auZti, 125 Enright, L J.: lobocarpu.m, 130 Magnolia gml1difio1'(t from Wilt-Resistant Mimosa Trees, 105 Zysimachioides, 125 cu ttings, 53 X mose,-ianum, 124, 125, 128 Ginkgo biloba, 235 Eremochloa otJ.iJiu,--ioides, 180 131 A utllmn Gold, 235 olympicum, Erica umbeUata, 247 patttlum, facing 123, 124 Gladiolus palust1'is, 245 Eugenia agg>-egata, 145, 146, 147 varieties, 124 GIO?'iosa ro thschildiana, 121 , 246 penduliflomm, 125, 128 anthem, 157 polyphyllum, 131 atmpunctata, 146 Glo1'iosas, 121 Golden Clarion Lilies, 175 proUfiwm, 125 axilla1'is, 157, 160 pulchmm, 129, 131 bahamensis, 157 Grapes, Thompson seedless, 228 ,'epens, 131 brasiliensis, 146,148 "hodopaewn, 126, 131 buxifolia, 157, 158, 159 H Hypericums, The Ornamental, confusa, 157, 161 122 C01'On(bta, 103, 104 Hakea platyspe'f'ma, 245 cur-rani, 100, 100, 101, 102 H alloway, Harriette R,: I cYa1,occl?'pa, 104 Juno Iris, 118 Impa tiens, 183, 245 dicrana, 163 H edera caJl1.Q.?'iensis val'. e'ucalyptoides, 104 arborescens, 220 International, Check List Iigust1'ina, 150 Hellebores, The, 26 (Plant), 212 Code of Botanical Nomencla­ IOl1giPes, 16 3 Helleborus co,'sicus, 26, 31, 250 ture, 208 iuschnathia17a, 149, 150 cyclophyllus, 28, 31 Code of Nomenclature for pa17iculata, 102, 102 toetidus, 28, 31, 251 Cultivated Plants, 208 rhombea, 163 in L ouisiana, 25 0 R egistration A uthorities (for 27, 250 simpsoni, 162, 163 nige,', Plants) , 211 orientalis, 26, 27, 29, 250, 251, supmaxillaris, 150 7,'is vicari a, 11 8, 119 tomentosa, 150 fj'ont cover, ] anum,), 30, 31 unifiout, 151, 152 viridis, H emming, E. Sam: J Eugenias, The C ultivated, In The H ardy Herbaceous Mal­ Jacobs, Maud R ,: American Gardens, Part 1, 92 lows, 143 Part 2, 145 About Color Change, 250 H erbicide, Experiences With Concerning the Incidence of EutJho1'bia hete·rophylla, 245 One Pre-Emergence, 11 8 Tree Seedlings, 122 Evans, Jo N,: Hibiscus Annie J. H emming, Native Cross-Vine, The, 57 143, Helleborus in Louisiana, 250 144 J adevine, The Philippine, 42 Summer blclOm from bulbs, 54 coccineus, 143 Jardin Gillet of the Belgian Experien ces 'With One Pre­ Meehan Mallow Marvels, 144 143 Congo, 12 Emergence H erbicide, 11 8 militaris, moscheutos, 143 Juno Iris, 118 Shirley Temple, 19 F Hodge, W, H .: K L ongWOOd Gardens-USDA Ficus, wild form, 164 Plant Imroduction P rogram, Kaempfnia involucrata, 183 Finnia17a. simplex, 58, 59 The, 164 Kalal1choe blossfeldiana, 220 First Planting of Brodiaeas, :-\ , Permanent L abel Clip fo r Pot­ Kniphofia macowani, 245 5 .~ ted Plants, A, 181, 182 mfa, 245 Flowering Dogwood on Lono­ Horder, E (dward ) J.: 1\ oelj'euteria f01'l11.0sana, 174 Island, New York, The, 82 " Ql~ick Growing Trees for paniculata, 174 Shade in Small Gardens, 174 Fo?'Sythia. Arnold Dwarf, 219 Two Good Conifers-Notes on L Foundation p1antings, 50 Southern Taxaceae, 246 Saratoga, H orticultural, 233 H orticul tural (Plant) Code, 208 Label Clip for Potted Plants, Fox, Helen M.: Hydranp;ea Q1'borescens, 219 , 220 A Permanent, 181, 182 Some T ho ughts on ]70 u nda, grandifio1'a, 219, 220 L andscap e design: tion Plantings, 50 macmphylla, 219, 250 Part I , 1 onaksa, 249 P art II, 6, 6, 7 Francoa ,'amosa, 245 SainI: Terese, 231 Part III, 195, 200, 201 Fr eesia h y b ~' id s, 245 Hyoscyamus niger, 221 Part IV, 202 [256J Lee, Frederic P.: LongwoOd Gardens-USDA Plant N A Black Leaf Turflily, 115 Introduction Program, The, (A Portfolio of Lily Portraits) 164 Names for Cultivated Plants, Introduction and De crip­ Luedy, A. E.: 208 tive Notes, 61 The Hellebores, 26 Na1·cissus triandrus, 245 Additional Notes on Lycoris, Lycoris, Additional Native Cross-Vine, The, 57 120 Notes on, 120 Nolana lanceolata, 245 Hydrangea otoksa, 249 (Perry) , 120 paradoxa, 245 Names for Cultivated P lants, sjJ en)'i, 120, 121, 136 208 Note on Early History of Sai nt­ paulia, A, 60 L eucojum t1·ichophyllum, 245 M NymjJhaea Aviator Pring, Libertia gTandif/o·ra , 245 tacing 61 , 11 5 Lighty, R. W. and R. L. i\lI0· gnolia grandif/ora, 53, 53, 54, Saint Louis Gold, 114, lIS Plaisted: 265 T h e Ornamental Hypericums. j"'Iargarita, 235 122 Mallows, The Hardy o Lilies, Golden Clarion, 175 Herbaceous, 143 Ornamental Hypericllms, T he, The Aureli an, 185 McClintock, Elizabeth: 122 Liliwn arnabile, 71 Michelia dOltsopa in San Omithogalum thYTSoides, 251 aurafulIl, 76, 185 , 187 Francisco, 176 The Saratoga Horticultural Ophiot1Ogan m·abicum, 1I 5 Aurelian hybrid, 62, 63 Foundation, 232 aUTelianense, 185, facing 185 Bright Cloud, 186, 194 Menninger, Edwin A.: p The Cultivated Eugenias In clones of, 186, 187 Paris, Clark D.: Eventide, 186, 194 American Gardens, Part I , 92, Part 2, 145 The Production of New J ewels, 192 Flower Varieties, 132 Heart's De ire, 189 Metcalf, H. N. and J ohn L. Mme. Edouard Debras, 186, Creech: Peery, L. T.: ]93 Echeveria affinis, A new suc­ A Note on Early History of Sunburst, 190 culent from Sinaloa, Saintpaulia, 60 Sunburst type, 63 Mexico, 56 More on Spray Mist Propaga­ Sunshine Flares, 191 Meyer, Frederick G. : tion, 245 On Seed Germination , ]78 Backhouse h ybrids, 64, 65, 66 T he Portuguese Sundew, 247 bakeriallum, 74 Michelia doltsopa in San Penstemon hybrids, 245 canadense, 79, 187 Francisco, 176, 177 Petunia grandifloTO hybrid, 132 var. rubrum, 80 Miller, Wi lliam J.: multiflora, 132 davidi var. willmottiae, 67 The Flowering Dogwood on Phaseolus multif/orus, 216 !onnosanum, 187 Long Island, New York, 82 (giganteum) , 75 Philippine ] adevine, T he, 42 Montreal Botanical Garden, hansoni, 64 Phillodcnd-ron am'Wrense, 219 T he, 137 hemyi, 62, 185, 186, 187 Photinia arbutifolia, 236 jalJonicum, 187 More on Spray Mist Pimenta dioica, 156 kewense, 185 Propagation, 245 Lemon Lady, 68 More on the Clark Dwarf P laisted, R. L. and R. "v. leucanthum chlO?"aster, 185 Applestock, 247 Lighty: Margaret Johnson, 69 iVl orrison, B. Y.: The Ornamental Hypericums, Mrs. R. O. Backhouse, 65 A First Planting of 122 nepalense, 72 Brodiaeas, 55 P lant, definition of (class, clone, p·rimulinum var. ochraceum, An Extra from "Dried cultivar, division, famil y, form, 73 Blooms" of Cape Chinke­ genus, line, line-hybrid, order, regale, 185 richees, 25 I section, species, tribe, variety) , rubelium, 187 Arum picturn, Oh, No!, 55 208 sa rgentiae, 62, 185 Autumn Foliage Colors on Introduction Program, The speciosum, 77, 220 Glenn Dale Azaleas, 52 Longwood Gardens-USD '\ , sulphureurn, 185 Cassia alata, 184 164 superbum, 187 Cen ti pede-grass, 180 Poinsettia, 18, 19, 20 Sutton Comt, 66 Crinum, Ell en Bosanquet, 60 X testaceum, 78 Finniana simplex, 58 Poinsettias as Landscape Plants, T uffery 's Dwarf, 70 G loriosas, 121 18 wallichianum, 73 Golden Clarion Lilies, 175 Portfolio of Lily Portraits, A, washingtonianum var. Kaempferia involucrata, 183 61 jJU1·pU1"QSCen s, 81 Littonia. modesta, 246 Portuguese Sundew, T he, 247 Thryallis glauca, 55 Lily, Pfeiffer hybrid, front and Potato, 21, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 227 back covers, April Zephy ranthes atamasco, 11 6 Portraits, .-\ Portfolio of, 61 i\llucuna bennelli, 45 Potel1tilla wa1TeIJi. 245 Liquidambar orientalis, 235 Murrell, Mrs. Richard: Pring, George H.: stryaciflua, 235 Thryallis gla·uca, 55 Two New Hybrid Yellow Palo Alto, 23-1 , 235 M yrceugenia apic1l lata, 151 Waterlilies, 11 4 Liriodendrol1 chinense, 236 M y rcia:ria caulif/ora, 151, 153 Production of New Flower t ulipifaa, 235 edulis, 155 Varieties, The, 132 Litlonia modesta, 246 f/oribul1da , 15-1, 155 Prul1us carolinialJa, 174 [257] Q StewQ!-tia malacodendroll Ver- T01-enw fournieTi, 245 SliS Stewartia ovata grandi- To.-reya taxifolia, 245 Quick Growing Trees for Shade in Small Gardens, 174 flo 'ra, 175 Traveler's Tree, 14 Stocks, column, 229 Tl-icYTtuS macropoda, 245 St1"Dl1gylodon macrobot?·ys, Turflily, A Black Leaf, 11 5 R facing 1, 42, 43, 44 Two Good Conifers-Notes Oli R egistration Authorities, Inter- Summer bloom from bulbs, 54 Southern Taxaceae, 245 national (Plant) , 211 Syzygium aqueum, 95 Two New H ybrid Yellow Water­ R ex Begonia Culture, 25 1 cumini, 97, 99 lilies, 11 4 Romulea rosea, 245 g-rande, 95 jambos, 92, 95 u Rosa mutabilis, 57 malaccense, 96, 96 Rose, Cherokee, back cover July pycnanthum, 95 Ulmus parvifolia, 174 pumila, 174 Roscoea purpuTea, 245 sa maTangense, 97, 98 USDA-Longwood Gardens R owell, Milo E.: Plant Rosa mutabilis, 57 Introduction Program, The, T 164 Tasmanian rainforest, 164 w s Taxodium distichum, 225 Saintpaulia, A Note on Early Taxus baccata, 246 Wait, Lucita H.: History of, 60 canadensis, 246 Chamaedoreas Are Tough, Sanseviaia cylind·rica (?) , 15 cuspidata, 219, 246 243 hahni, 182 flo·ridana, 245, 246 Waterlilies, Two New Hybrid Saratoga Horticultural Founda­ Thompson, Roger B.: Yellow, 11 4 tion, 232, 232 Designing an Environment for Williams, Louis 0.: Seed Germination, On, 178 Man: Jardin Gillet of the Belgian Part I, Selection and Ar­ Congo, 12 Seedlings, Concerning the Inci­ rangement of Plants in Wilt-Resistant Mimosa Trees, dence of Tree, 122 the Landscape, 1 !O5 Senior, Robert M.: Part II, Qualities of Space, Attractive Perennial Campa­ Withee, Virginia 1.: 6 Rex Begonia Culture, 251 nuias, 32 Part III, Development of Siale, George L.: Indoor-Outdoor Space, 195 The Aurelian Lilies, 185 Part IV, The Enrichment z of Experience, 202 Solanum tubeTosum, 21, 21 , 22, Zea mays indentata, 220 23, 24, 227 Thryallis glauca, 55 Zephyranthes atamasco, 116 Some Thoughts on Fo undation Teuscher, H .: citTina, 11 6 Plantings, 50 The Montreal Botanical Gar­ grandiflo-ra, 116 Steiner, Mona Lisa: den, 137 ,'osea, 11 6 The Philippine J adevine, 42 T euscheTia col'nltcopia, 140 simpsoni, 11 6

[258J Back Issues of THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ... available in limited quantities.

January 1955 68 pages 28 plates $5.00* THE TREE PEONIES A Special Issue • Introduction _ Botany • History, The Chinese Type _ History, The Japal"\ese Type • History, The Delavay Group • Culture .Propagation: Division. Layers. Cuttings. Grafts. Seeds. _ Pests and Diseases _ Con­ clusions _ Appendix: Bibliography and R eference. List of Explorers, Bot­ anists, Introducers, Originators, Nurserymen, and Dealers, Who Worked With or Wrote About Tree Peonies. Tree Peony Importers and Dealers. Tree Peony Collections in Amateur Gardens. Tree Peony Nurseries, Propa­ gators, and Growers. Tree Peony Collections in Public Gardens. Alphabetical Check List of Tree P

April 1955 64 pages 19 plates $1.00 _ Gardens for the Blind • Charming but Forgotten Plants • The Lily _ The Bottlebrushes Like Wet Feet _ Seed Germination • The Oregon Coast in Bloom • Recent Advances in Horticulture • Daffodil Breeding in South Carolina _ Kniphofia for Your Garden • 14 book reports • NOTES: The fundamentals of pruning. Columnae crassifolia. A new upright Carpinus caroliniana. Acacia farnesiana. Erythrina herbacea. Lotus mascaensis. Dutch Iris. Floribunda Rose 'Circus.' Col€man's Native Azalea Trail. The use of simple outdoor frames in rooting of summer cuttings. _ Lilium candidum illustrated in two colors.

July 1955 68 pages 21 plates $1.00 • Running Bamboos for Hedges _ Some Chilean Species of Oxalis • Minor Fruits • Mist Propagation for the Amateur Horticulturist • Some of Pierre Morin's American Plants _ The Geiger Tree and its Relatives in Florida _ Charming But Forgotten Plants • Recent Advances in Horticul­ ture • The Seal and Memb€rship Certificate of the Society _ 32 book reports _ NOTES: Bulbs, Corms, and Tubers. Ixias and Sparaxis. Berzelia Lanuginosa. An Old Azalea, 'Emperor.' Growing Amaryllis in the South. Oranges as Decorations. The Pursuit of the Vine. Hardiness in Hollies. _ Cordia sebestena illustrated in two colors.

October 1955 112 pages 67 plates $1.00 ANNIVERSARY ISSUE A Special Issue • 12 classic articles from the previous 33 volumes of The National Horticul­ tural Magazine. • Introduction • The Joy of Growing Plants • The Gentle Art of Weeding _ Rosco€a • Some California Flowering Shrubs _ Neg­ lected Native Plants _ The Stewartias _ Kalanchoes for the Window Gar­ den • Franklin's Tree • Lewisia • Trilliums _ Notes on Calochortus • Erythroniums _ Complete index for the year. _ Franklinia alatamaha illustrated in full COlOf.

[2-12] Order the back issues you want by using blank printed on "green page" 11-12. NOTE: There is a sharp price reduction when you order more than one item- because our handling costs are reduced.

January 1956 64 pages 33 plates $1.00 .~icil!~!.i/ l _ Journey West _ Some New and Old Herbs New to Me. _ Dioscoreas as Ornamental Foliage Plants _ Recent Advances in Horticulture _ Light and Your House Plants _ The Glossy Abelia _ Descanso Gardens- Floral Wonderland _ 33 book reports _ NOTES: Millettia. Notes from the Pass Christian, Mississippi, Garden. Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum in Flower. Three Japanese Hollies. Machaeranthera. Novelties from Wayside Gardens. Treatment of freeze damage on Azalea plants. American Plants in the Six­ teenth Century. Late-flowering Japanese Azaleas. _ Magnolia fraseri illus­ tra ted on the cover.

April 1956 70 pages 34 plates $1.00 _ Concerning Ceanothus _ Donovan S. Correll, New AHS President _ The First National Daffodil Symposium _ Ground Covers _ Five Species of Ionoxalis from Mexico _ Auricula _ Federal Plant Introduction Gardens _ 15 book reports _ NOTES: Treatment of freeze damage on Azalea plants. Berzelia lanuginosa. Holly Hedges. Narcissus notes for the Gulf Coast. Lavandula stoechas. What's New in plant propagation. Two spectacular roses win All-American Rose Selections award for 1957. In praise of Narcis­ sus Stella Alba. Further notes on Lycoris. _ Primulas illustrated in two colors. _ Frontispiece insert, 2Y2 pages, Narcissus, a Thirteenth Century Chinese Painting.

July 1956 64 pages 28 plates $1.00 _ Cruise to Scottish Gardens _ A Hardy Eucalyptus _ The French Hybrid Grapes _ The Term and Category of Cultivar _ New Strains of Cosmos _ The Zoysia Lawn Grasses _ The Big Six Blueberry Varieties for Northern States _ All-American Selections _ Six Sterculias _ 19 book reports _ Recent R€search Results. _ French Hybrid Grape 'Bertille-Seyve 2667' illustrated on cover.

October 1956 64 pages 32 plates $1.00 _ Bauhinia-The So-Called Orchid Trees _ Four Native American Mints _ Your Hibiscus and How to Grow Them _ Jean and Vespasien Robin, "Royal Botanists," and North American Plants, 1601-1635. _ Florists' Gloxinias-1817-1956 _ Scented-Leaved Geraniums _ 15 book reports _ Complete index for the year. _ Bauhinia acuminata illustrated on cover.

[3-12] A. H. S. OFFERS YOU ...... ~he opport~nity to obtain, from our quite limited stock, certain back issues of The NatIOnal HortIcultural Magazine, including a few Special Issues. Also, we present a comprehensive list of books, relating to horticultural subjects, which you may order through A. H. S. Depending upon one's point of view, the back issues of the Magazine, at prices quoted, mayor may. no~ be "bargains." But if scarcity increases the value of a publication­ each magazme IS extremely valuable indeed. The books-will be obtained for you from the publishers, at prices somewhat below the prices charged by most bookstores.

Vegetative Propagation Jan. 1954 86 pages 60 illustrations $1.25 A Special Issue devoted to increas­ ing plants by vegetative means. Con­ tains Chapters on: Introduction. The rooting of leafy stem cuttings. Leaf­ and-bud cuttings. Root cuttings. Bud­ ding and grafting. Layering. Growth regulators. Apparatus and materials. Softwood cu t tings. Conifers by cuttings. Japanese maples by inarch­ ing. Flowering bulbs. Rose propaga­ tion. Propagation of house plants.

A SPECIAL ISSUE BAMBOO ARTICLES The Penstemons January 1951 Bamboo growing for the South (J anuary 1945) ______$1.00 88 pages 40 illustrations $1.00 Bamboo-a must for the South Introducing the Penstemons. On the syste­ (April 1945) ______1.00 matics of Penstemons. The story of Penstemon Running Bamboos for hedges nelsonae. Penstemon collecting. Penstemon (J u 1Y 1955) ______1. 00 fiavescens. Concerning Penstemon dissectus. Hardiness of the running bamboos Penstemons from a car window. An open heart (October 1957) ______1.00 for Penstemons. Some shrubby Penstemons Bamboos for American Horticulture, in Seattle. The Mystery of Flathead Lake. Part I (July 1945) ______1.00 Ditto ______Part II (October 1945) 1.00 Regional Reports: The Fate Hybrids. The Ditto ______Part III (January 1946) * 1.00 Seeba Hybrids. Penstemons suitable for the Ditto ______. Part IV (July 1946) 1.00 rock garden. Random thoughts on Penstemons. Ditto ______Part V (October 1946) 1.00 East of the Cascades. Favorites in a Botanic Garden. Penstemons of New Mexico for the Plus a free copy of the U.S. Department of Garden. Penstemons of the Northern Great Agriculture Handbook No. 114: Bamboos of Plains. Natives of Nebraska. At the Four the Genus Phyllostachys under cultivation in Corners. Beginners Luck in the Ozark. Notes the United States (1957) for Eastern Ohio. Blue Ribbon Winners from The eight complete magazines in which the North Carolina. The Virginia-Maryland Re­ articles appeared and a reprint of the January gion. A Long Island Garden. On the Maine 1946 article* only, with a free copy of the Coast. Values. USDA handbook for- $7.20

[1-12] The back issues of THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL' MAGAZINE described on these pages are available now-but in limited quantities.

January 1957 204 pages 67 plates $3.00 HANDBOOK OF HOLLIES A Special Issue AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HOLLIES • Folklore and Legends • Hollies of the World • North American Hollies • Oriental Hollies • English Hollies CULTURES OF THE HOLLIES • Planting Hollies • Pruning Hollies • Holly Pests in the East • English Holly Insects in the Pacific Northwest • Diseases of Holly in the East • Diseases of English Holly in the Pacific Northwest • Propagating Hollies • Hybridizing Hollies USES OF THE HOLLIES • Hollies and Landscape Architecture • Ever­ green Hollies for the United States • Hollies for Hedges, Screens, and Barriers • Hollies for Topiary • Bonsai Hollies • Orcharding in the Pacific Northwest • Orcharding in the Middle Atlantic Area • Orcharding in the South • Hollies in Cut Arrangements • Care of Cut Hollies • Holly Collections • Adventuring with Hollies.

April 1957 64 pages 20 plates $1.00 • Virginia House and Gardens • Amaryllis evansiae • Hedges for North America • Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, the Iliau • Rootstock Problems in Propagating Dwarf Pear Trees • Camellias in Descanso Gardens. • Amaryl­ lis evansiae illustrated in full color.

July 1957 64 pages 31 plates $1.00 • Fig Trees for Ornamental Planting • Longwood Gardens • Hydrangeas • American Rhododendron Society Test Gardens-Portland, Oregon • Oxalis rubra • Chunnenuggee Horticultural Society and Public Gar­ den • Dwarf Azalea Hybrids • The Lightest Wood • Recent Research Results • 29 book reports. • Fruiting Wisteria sinensis illustrated on cover.

October 1957 64 pages 32 plates $1.00 • Plantainlilies • Hardiness of the Running Bamboos • Plant Responses to Extreme Climatic Departures from Normals in Southern California • Vegetative propagation of Bea~h Plums • l? book repor~s .NOTES: An interim report on Metasequo!a glyptostroboldes. Mandev!lla splendens. Begonia paulensis. Plants tolerant to irre.gular flooding by t!dal . water. Stewartia malachodendron. The Palm SOClety. Plant exploratlOn m the Mediterranean for ornamentals. Solanum quitoense as an ornamental. But­ terflyweed, a neglected native ornamental plant. Lycoris. • Complete index for the year. • Fruits of Fall illustrated on cover.

[4-12] These back issues of N. H. M. will be supplied on basis of '!first come, first served." Use order blank on "green page" 11.12.

,r---:-- ~ ~ ------

January 1958 64 pages 34 plates $1.00 i~; ~(i:~~ir/l • The Christmas Rose for winter flowers • The Dahlias • Wildflowers to r: ' start the garden season • Deciduous Azaleas for the Lower South • The African Violet .• V!rginia Seashore State Park .29 book reports .NOTES: ' Cochhostema Jacobtanum. Crape Jasmine as an Herbaceous Plant. Azaleas Thrive on "Poor" Soil. A New Color Chart for Horticulture. Spilanthes olemcea. Iris vicaria. The Darlington Oak. Carex morrowi. Schizanthus. !lex coriacea-Minority Comment. A Rare Conifer-Athrotaxis. • A fall Sketch of Ginkgo biloba illustrated on cover • A line drawing of Hellebo­ rus niger on the back cover.

...1•• ( Il ~U III U'l'IU,WUllU:_UIW iI(ljff. I~( ~ I ~'

April 1958 64 pages 34 plates $1.00 • Winter-flowering Shrubs • Lilium Pfeiffer Hybrids • Modern Peach Var­ ieties • Perpetual Flowering Shrub Roses • Exploring Southern Japan for Ornamental Plants • The Muskmelons .20 book reports • NOTES: Growing a "Knock· away" Tree. Observations on Pentas lanceolata. Cuphea micropetala. A Miniature Holly for Modern Landscape-Ilex cornuta 'Dwarf Burford.' Forsythia 'Beatrix Farrand.' Th"yallis glauca. Damnacanthus indicus. Dat1lm mollis. Small Bulbs for Summer Bloom in the Lower South. • Rosa rugosa 'Belle Poitevine' illustrated on cover. • H ymenocallis occi­ denta/is illustrated on the back cover.

July 1958 64 pages 39 plates $1.00 • Mycorrhizae-what they are-what they do • The Botanical Garden of Indonesia • When the Blues Take Over • Saffron Crocus • A Portfolio of Snowdrop Portraits • Policy Governing Awards .15 book reports • NOTES: The Christine Buisman Elm. T richantha minor. Malus 'Doro­ thea.' Performance of Grafted Pacific Dogwood in the East. Sternbergia fischeriana. • Cover illustration of Fringed Gentians • Pencil drawing of Muscari bulbs on the back cover.

October 1958 100 pages 60 plates $1.00 • Dwarf Bearded Iris • Dwarf Beardless Iris • Unusual Gladiolus Species • All-America Annuals • Los Angeles State and County Arboretum-The First Ten Years • Sasanqua Camellias, Their Introduction, Culture, and Use • Rare Conifers of Mexico • 21 book reports • NOTES: How to Handle Various South African Cormous Species in the Deep South. Freezing Per­ simmons. Two Broad-leaved Evergreen Shrubs. The Effect of Heat Versus ~t~~ Winds and Soils on Plant Growth and Survival in Southern California. A .. r....~,;:"... ,"<...... "New" Dutch Iris, and others. Odontadenia gmndi{iora. Dawn Redwood in Alabama. Dawn Redwood in Mississippi. Exploration for Ornamentals in Southern Brazil. An Experience with Belladonna Lily. Two Ground-covering Species of Ardisia. • Complete index for the year. • Leaf variations in forms of Acer palmatum illustrated on cover • Lunaria annua illustrated on the back cover.

[5-1 2] Some more back issues of The National Horticultural Magazine containing articles of permanent interest

October 1953 112 pages 32 plates $1.00 July 1948 56 pages 15 plates $1.00 • The American Camellia Society • Preliminary notes • Philadelphus notes (10 varieties photographed) on some old roses • Dwarf fruit trees for the serious • Daffodils in upper South Carolina • New daffodils amateur • Propagation of alpines • The arboretum (17 varieties photographed) • A snapdragon appears. at Westtown School • The importance of microcli­ April 1948 56 pages 15 plates $1.00 matic problems in garden design • Nut growing in • Chrysanthemum notes (41 plants photographed) the northwestern States • Window gardening • Se­ • The names of plants in cultivation • Some moreas lecting a wood preservative • Rooting chestnuts from • Some Asiatic rhododendrons at Gladwyne • South­ softwood cuttings • The sweetgum blight • Con­ ern azaleas on their way North • Azaleas in Arizona cerning columneas • Begonias for the Pacific Coast • Waiting for the first narcissus flower. • The true epiphyllums. October 1947 64 pages 22 plates $1.00 July 1953 80 pages 18 plates $1.00 • Banks-gray and green • lone manzanita • Some • Irrigation in Utah's landscape • Propagation of studies in azalea nutrition • Climbing and creeping hybrid rhododendrons by stem cuttings • Have you palms in Mexico and Guatemala, related to household tried small trees? • Tradescantia • Ferns as a gar­ palms • Factors affecting rh0dodendron hardiness den hobby • Miniature daffodils • Rooting azalea • Rhododendron oldhami • Growing lilies in North­ cu ttings • Choice begonias for window gardening ern latitudes • Planting depth for Lilium aura tum. • Concerning isolomas. July 1947 64 pages 22 plates $1.00 April 1953 66 pages 17 plates $1.00 • Evergreen hollies native in the United States (44 • The flowering dogwood • Spot anthracnose and illustrations) • Narcissus notes • Cacti and succu­ other leaf and petal spot of flowering dogwood • Con­ lents • Camellia notes. trol of spot anthracnose and septoria leaf spot of April 1947 64 pages 28 plates $1.00 flowering dogwood • Growing flowering dogwood • More regarding hardy cyclamen • The flora of the from softwood cuttings • Gardening in Scotland Colorado desert • Indoor storage pit for plants • Iris • Naegelias • Tuberous begonias • Return • Rock garden notes • Rhododendron notes to daffodils • Systemic pesticides. • More and better daffodils • Growing daffodils in July 1952 48 pages 22 plates $1.00 pots. • Rosemary and the lavenders (7 Lavandula species January 1947 88 pages 38 plates $1.00 photographed) • The Coum-Vernum group of spe­ • The greenhouse as a workshop • Y

[6-12] Some more back issues of The National Horticultural Magazine containing articles of permanent interest January 1942 64 pages II plates $1.00 October 1933 104 pages 35 plates $1.00 • Early plant explorer • Edible weeds • The ups • Horticultural features at a Century of Progress • A and downs of tulip bulbs • Pots for plants • Rock garden of penstemons • Dwarf roses • Brodiaea garden notes on native narcissus of Morocco • Loni­ • Forms of Pine • Notes on bulbous iris • The cera praeflorens • Perovskia abrotanoides • Maho- idealist in the garden • The chayote • The ABC's of nia aquifolium • Amaryllis belladonna. rock gardening • Selecting and grafting new varieties of nut trees in Pennsylvania. July 1939 86 pages 42 plates $1.00 • The edible pacaya palm of Alta Vera Paz • Useful April1933 106 pages 46 plates $1.00 small bulbs • Prolonging the life of lily pollen • Iris chrysophoenicia (illustrated in color) • The rock garden • Climbing roses • The California man­ • Germination and storage of lily seeds • The second zanitas • Geranium sanguineum prostratum • The year with autumnal crocuses • Notes on spring flow­ ABC's of rock gardening • Osmarea burkwoodi • Six ering crocus species (23 photographs) • Rhododen­ studies of the front yard • Nut culture in the North­ dron notes • Rock garden notes on Primula juliae east • Saxifrage notes • Species of Arborvitae • The • Three gladiolus species. idealist in the garden • The carissa or Natal plum. April 1938 96 pages 38 plates $1.00 July 1932 96 pages 38 plates $1.00 • Collecting western alpines by air • Stewartias • A few unusual Loniceras • Calochortus portraits • Notes on a Western Manitoba garden • Some (15 photographs) • Campanulas for the rock garden native white flowering shrubs • The patriarch of • Phlox-the new garden aristocrats • The ABC's of trees • Rhododendron notes • Psycho tria nervosa rock gardening • Are freesias fragrant • The illusive • Hippeastrum aulicum. Ivy • Wild crocuses of spring and autumn. April 1932 80 pages 28 plates $1.00 October 1937 68 pages 19 plates $1.00 • Daffodil notes • Classification of daffodils (19 pho­ • Garden ecology • Sun roses and rock roses tographs) • The narcissus family • Primulas in my • Training the Kwanzan cherry tree • For better garden • Trials of a sunset gardener • Blue alliums tulips omit fertilizers • Rhododendron notes • Tha­ for the garden • A pollinating cabinet • Saxifrage lictrum rochebrunianum • Iris unguicularis • Hy­ notes • Adaptation of West American perennials. menocallis amancaes and caribaea. January 1932 80 pages 50 plates $1.00 July 1936 68 pages 41 plates $1.00 • Flowers of the California Sierras • Notes on sax­ • Tulip species-notes and pictures (24 illustrations) ifraga • Water-lily hybridizing • Creating an "alpine • A visit to the South West Arboretum • Garfield garden," old roses • Santa Fe gardens • A series of Park Conservatory, Illinois • Plant notes from the English rock gardens • Plant notes from the New Midwest • Salvia scI area • Raising seed without heat Jersey pine barrens • A series of rock garden portraits • Iris tenuis. • The idealist in the garden.

BOOKS you can obtain through A. H. S. at appreciable savings . . [SEE PAGE 10-12J

GARNATIONS, PINKS AND ALL DIANTHUS GARDENER'S HANDBOOK Montagu C. Allwood L. H. Bailey 151 illustrations $6.50 239 pages 100 illustrations

HOW TO MAKE CONTAINERS AND ACCESSORIES HORTUS SECOND FOR FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS L. H. Bailey and Ethel Zoe Bailey Jean B. Amer & Alma L. Gray 778 pages 47 illustrations $13.50 128 pages 133 illustrations $3.50 MANUAL OF CULTIVATED PLANTS DESIGN IN FLOWER ARRANGEMENT L. H. Bailey John T. Arms and Dorothy N. Arms 1116 pages 1000 illustrations $18.50 117 pages 35 illustrations $3.50 THE NURSERY MANUAL MUSHROOM GROWING TODAY L. H. Bailey F. C. Atkins 456 pages 238 illustrations $6.75 200 pages 47 illustrations $4.50 THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIRDS OF AMERlCA HORTICULTURE (Three vol. set) John James Audubon L. H. Bailey (Editor) 435 pages 435 illustrations $11.95 3639 pages 4000 illustrations $52.00

CULTIVATED CONIFERS IN NORl"H AMERICA PLANTS IN THE HOME L. H. Bailey Frank K. Balthis 452 pages 186 illustrations $13.50 172 pages Illustrated $4.00

THE GARDEN OF BELLFLOWERS FLOWERS FOR YOU L. H. Bailey Dods Bebb 155 pages 51 illustrations $5.00 Illustrated $7.50

[7-12] Gardening books are ideal for your study

THE GARDEN CLINIC LANDSCAPING YOUR OWN HOME Laurence Blair Alice L. Dustan 146 pages III us tra ted $3.95 248 pages 80 illustrations $3.95

DRIED FLOWERS WITH A FRESH LOOK JAPANESE GARDENS FOR TODAY Eleanor Reed Bolton David H. Engel 210 pages Illustrated $6.95 270 pages Illustrated $15.00

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANNUAL AND SYMBOLISM IN FLOWER ARRANGEMENT BIENNIAL GARDEN PLANTS Ervin S. Ferry Charles O. Booth 149 pages Illustrated $4.95 488 pages 112 illustrations THE GLADIOLUS TODAY RHODOElENDRON AND AZALEAS H. G. W. Fogg Clement G. Bowers 190 pages Illustrated $3.50 54§ pages 40 illustrations Being revised GARDEN FLOWERS IN COLOR ~URRAGE ON VEGETABLES Daniel J. Foley Albert C. Burrage 319 pages 350 illustrations $3 .95 208 pages Illustrated $4.50 THE BI'RD BIOGRAPHIES OF JOHN JAMES AUDUBON AMERICA'S GARDEN BOOK Alice Ford (Editor) James and Louise Bush-Brown 282 pages 12 illustrations $10.00 752 pages Illustrated $7.95 THE YEARS IN MY HERB GARDEN THE PRUNING MANUAL Helen M. Fox Everett P . Christopher 185 pages 37 ilIustrations $3.95 320 pages 126 illustrations $5.00 PLANT PROPAGATION IN PICTURES HERBS: THEIR CULTURE AND USES Montague Free Rosetta E. Clarkson 249 pages Illustrated $4.95 226 pages 116 illustratioNs $3.75

A TREASUR¥ OF ROSE ARRANGEMENTS BEDDING PLANTS Julia Clements Roy Genders 88 pages 64 illtlstrations $3 .50 192 pages 31 illustrations $3.liO

EVERGREEN AND FLOWERING SHRUBS FOR YOUR HOME CONTEMPORARY FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Katharine M.-P. Clol1d Rae L. Goldson 235 pages Illustrated $4.95 128 pages 107 illustrations $3.50

CACTUS GUIDE EXO'fICA, PICTORIAL CYCLOPEDIA· Ladislaus Cutak OF INDOOR PLANTS 144 pages 16 illustrations $3.95 Alhed Byrd Graf 800 pages 7600 illustrations $25.00 DESIGN AND DEPTH IN FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Emma Hodkinson Cyphers THE ENGUSHMAN'S FLORA 118 pages 44 iUustrations $3.95 Goeffrey Grigson FOLIAGE ARRANGEMENTS 478 pages 44 illustrations $20.00 Emma H. Cyphers 128 pages 65 illustrations $3.50 TREE CARE John M. Haller FRUIT AND VEGETABLE ARRANGEMENTS 224 pages 72 illustrations $5.95 Emma H. Cyphers (Editor) 128 pages 103 illustrations $3.50 JAPANESE GARDENS Jira Harada HOLIDA Y FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS 160 pages 200 illustrations $8.50 Emma H. Cyphers (Editor) 128 pages 107 illustrations $3.5(j) HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTH'ERN STATES AND CANADA MODERN ART IN FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Romeyn B. Hough Emma Hodkinson Cyphers 470 pages 498 illustrations $8.75 128 pages 50 illustrations $4.50 SPRA YING, ' DUSTING AND FUMIGATING OF PLANTS ORNAMENTAL CRAB APPLES Walter S. Hough and A. Freeman Mason Arie F. den Boer 726 pages 241 illustrations $6.95 226 pages Ilhlstra~ed $4.95 CHECK LIST FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS PRINCIPLES OF HORTICUL"FURE OF SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS Ervin L. Denisen Roland Stewart Hoyt 509 pages Illustrated $6.95 507 pages Illustrated $8.00

STYLING CORSAGES WITH GARDEN FLOWERS AZALEAS, KINDS AND CULTURE Mary Hazel Drummond H . Harold Hume 247 pages 139 illustrations $4.75 200 pages 69 illustrations $6.00

GREENHOUSE GARDENING AROUND THE YEAR CAMELLIAS, KINDS AND CULTIIRE Marion Dulles H. Harold Hume 195 pages 17 illustrations $3.75 271 pages 76 illustrations $6.50 [8-12] entertainment . .. and gifts to gardening friends

CITRUS FRUITS WEEDS H. Harold Hume Walter C. Muenscher 608 pages 242 ill ustrations $10.50 560 pages 1100 illustrations $10.00

GARDENING IN THE LOWER SOUTH THE CARE AND FEEDING OF GARDEN PLANTS H. Harold Hume National Plant Food Institute 377 pages 100 illustrations $7.50 184 pages Illustrated $3.00

HOLLIES GARDENING, FORCING, CONDITIONING, AND H. Harold Hume DRYING FOR FLOWER ARRANGERS 242 pages 78 illustrations $6.75 Arno and Irene Nehrling 238 pages Illustrated $3.95 THE MACMILLAN WILD FLOWER BOOK Clarence J. Hylander GARDENING IN A SMALL GREENHOUSE 480 pages 232 illustrations $8.95 Mary Noble and J. L. Merkel 236 pages Illustrated $4.95 THE WORLD OF PLANT LIFE Clarence J. Hylander THE GUIDE TO ROSES 652 pages 892 illustrations $10.95 Bertram Park 288 pages Illustrated $5 .95 OUR GARDEN SOILS Charles E. Kellogg COMPLETE GUIDE TO HARDY PERENNIALS 232 pages Illustrated $4.00 Frances Perry 288 pages Illustrated $5.75 THE SOILS THAT SUPPORT US Charles E. Kellogg BENEATH THE GREENHOUSE ROOF 380 pages 118 drawings $5 .95 Charles H. Potter 246 pages Illustrated $5.95 BEGONIAS FOR AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS Helen K. Krauss DAFFODILS, OUTDOORS AND IN 228 pages 34 illustrations $3 .49 Carey E. Quinn 192 pages 12 illustrations $4.50 GERANIUMS FOR HOME AND GARDEN Helen K. Krauss MOUNTAIN FLOWERS 194 pages 34 illustrations $5.00 John Raven and Max Walters THE LITTLE BULBS 240 pages 32 illustrations $5.00 Elizabeth Lawrence MANUAL OF CULTIVATED TREES AND SHRUBS 248 pages $4.00 Alfred Rehder SOIL STERILIZATION 996 pages Illustrated $13.00 W. J. C. Lawrence 175 pages Illustrated $4.25 BOTANY FOR GARDENERS Harold William Rickett THE AZALEA BOOK 236 pages 90 illustrations $4.50 Frederic P. Lee 324 pages 60 illustrations $8.95 THE BOOK OF BULBS F. F. Rockwell CHINESE FLOWER ARRANGEMENT 264 pages 31 illustrations $3.49 H. L. Li 122 pages Illustrated $4.00 THE SCENTED GARDEN Eleanour Sinclair Rohde THE CHRISTMAS ROSE 318 pages 20 illustrations $3.95 A. E. Luedy 44 pages Illustrated $1.50 THE ART OF FLOWER AND FOLIAGE ARRANGEMENT Anna Hong Rutt SUNDIALS: HOW TO KNOW, USE, AND MAKE THEM 256 pages 101 illustrations $5.95 R. N. and M. L. Mayall 200 pages illustrations $3.95 ABC OF DRIFTWOOD FOR FLOWER ARRANGERS Florence M. Schaffer MODERN JAPANESE ART OF FLOWER ARRANGEM,ENTS. VI 128 pages 160 illustrations $3.95 Ernst Mayr (Editor) Illustrated $7.50 A TREASURY OF CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS Zelda Wyatt Schulke GARDEN BULBS IN COLOR 128 pages 125 illustrations $3.95 J. Horace McFarland, R. Marion Hatton, and Daniel J. Foley HANGING FLOWER AND PLANT DECORATIONS 296 pages 346 illustrations $3.95 Zelda Wyatt Schulke 128 pages 77 ill us tra tions $3.50

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AFRICAN VIOLETS, GLOXINIAS AND THEIR RELATIVES SEVEN KEYS TO DISTINCTION IN FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Harold E. Moore, Jr. Anita Stelle ~23 pages 340 illustrations $10.00 128 pages 77 illustrations $3.50

POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES TAYLOR'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GARDENING Walter C. Muenscher Norman Taylor 266 pages 730 illustrations $4.95 1248 pages Illustrated $5 .95

[9-12] More gardening books

TAYLOR'S GARDEN GUIDE PLANT DISEASE HANDBOOK Norman Taylor Cynthia Wescott 509 pages Illustrated $5.95 764 pages Illustrated $10.00

TAYLOR'S GARDEN GUIDES: PLANT DOCTORING IS FUN The Permanent Garden, Color in the Garden, Cynthia Wescott Herbs in the Garden, Fragrance in the Garden, 280 pages Illustrated $4.50 and The Everblooming Garden Norman Taylor THE COMPLETE BOOK OF FLOWERS AND PLANTS FOR Illustrated All five for $8.95 INTERIOR DECORATION Esther Wheeler and Anabel Combs Lasker WINDOW-BOX GARDENING 189 pages 239 illustrations $7.95 Henry Teuscher 180 pages 69 illustrations $3.95 GERANIUMS PELARGONIUMS, FOR WINDOWS AND GARDENS Helen Van Pelt Wilson GARDEN POOLS, WATER-LILIES, AND GOLDFISH 240 pages Illustrated $4.50 G_ L Thomas, Jr. 222 pages Illustrated $5.95 1001 AFRICAN VIOLET QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY TWELVE EXPERTS COLOUR IN THE WINTER GARDEN Helen Van Pelt Wilson G. S. Thomas 384 pages Illustrated $4.95 220 pages 60 illustrations $6.50 GROW THEM INDOORS

THE OLD SHRUB ROSES Allen H. Wood, Jr. G. S. Thomas Illustrated $3.00 224 pages 29 illustrations $6.50 HOUSE PLANTS UNUSUAL: THEIR CARE AND CULTURE Allen H. Wood, Jr. ROSES FOR PLEASURE. HOW TO SELECT, GROW, USE AND 238 pages Illustrated $3 .50 ENJOY THEM Richard Thomson and Helen Van Pelt Wilson CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN PICTURES 207 pages Illustrated $5.95 John Woolman 125 pages 80 illustrations $3.50 SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZERS Samuel L Tisdale and Werner L . Nelson GROUND COVER PLANTS 430 pages Illustrated $7.75 Donald Wyman 175 pages 51 illustrations $4.75 THE AMARYLLIS MANUAL Hamilton P. Traub SHRUBS AND VINES FOR AMERICAN GARDENS Donald Wyman 338 pages 27 illustrations $7.50 442 pages 130 illustrations $8.00

DECORATING WITH PODS AND CONES TREES FOR AMERICAN GARDENS Eleanor Van Rensselaer Donald Wyman 179 pages Illustrated $4.95 376 pages 100 illustrations $7.50

PLANT PROPAGATION PRACTICES THE JAPANESE ART OF MINIATURE TREES AND LANDSCAPES James S. Wells Yuji Yoshimura and Giovanna M. Halford 344 pages 86 illustrations $7.50 220 pages 312 illustrations $7.50

ORDER BLANK ) for Regular Back Issues of The National Horticultural Magazine

NOTE: When you order in lots of five issues, our handling costs are reduced -and you may deduct 20% from the total amount of your back issue order. (This discount gives you a free copy in every five ordered.)

.. . and for Books

PRICE: The retail or list price for each title is given as of the time of going to press and is subject to change without notice. AHS Members may purchase any title listed through these Headquarters for an average fifteen per cent discount of the retail price. Exact quotations will be furnished you if requested before placing your order, If you wish to order any book without an exact quotation, remit eighty-five per cent of the retail price with your order and the difference will be refunded (if the dis­ count is more than fifteen per cent) or billed (if the discount is less than fifteen per cent). All books are sent post paid. [10-12] Name

Stree t ______.______

City ______-______Zone ______State ______

Please send me the following: Amount of remittance enclosed: $;---- _ .. Back issues of The National Horticultural Magazine.

o APRIL 1943 o OCTOBER 1951 o BAMBOO ARTICLES (List on Page 1-12) $7.20 o JANUARY 1944 o APRIL 1952 SPECIAL ISSUES o JULY 1944 o JULY 1952 o JANUARY 1951, The Penstemons 1.00 o JANUARY 1945 o APRIL 1953 o JANUARY 1954, Vegetative Propagtion 1.25 o APRIL 1945 o JULY 1953 o JANUARY 1955, The Tree Peonies 5.00 o JULY 1945 o OCTOBER 1953 o OCTOBER 1955, Anniversary Issue 1.00 o OCTOBER 1945 o APRIL 1955 o JANUARY 1957, Handbook of Hollies 3.00 o APRIL 1946 o JULY 1955 No discount on Special Issues o JULY 1946 o JANUARY 1956 o OCTOBER 1946 o APRIL 1956 REGULAR ISSUES o JANUARY 1947 o JULY 1956 ($1_00 a single copy or o APRIL 1947 :J OCTOBER 1956 $4.00 for FIVE copies) o JULY 1947 o APRIL 1957 o JULY 1936 o OCTOBER 1947 o JULY 1957 o JANUARY 1932 o OCTOBER 1937 o APRIL 1948 o OCTOBER 1957 o APRIL 1932 o APRIL 1938 o JULY 1948 o JANUARY 1958 o JULY 1932 o JULY 1939 o JANUARY 1950 o APRIL 1958 o APRIL 1933 o JANUARY 1942 o APRIL 1950 o JULY 1958 o OCTOBER 1933 o JANUARY 1943 o JULY 1951 :J OCTOBER 1958

... BOOKS to be purchased for you, at discount .. .

AUTHOR TITLE DISCOUNT PRICE

(Please use separate sheets of paper if you need more room for your lists.)

AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast Washington 2, D. C.

[11-12] To Fellow Members of A. H. s.

May I send a copy of THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE, with your compliments-to a personal friend of yours who might be interested in some of the articles in this present issue?

Depending on your point of view, you may agree that my reasons for wanting to do this are in some degree valid. Or-you may suspect that I am touched in the head, cracked, balmy! In either event, the person you name will receive a free copy of the attractive, interesting, and very fine NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE.

Here is my theory ... according to Dr. Wendell A. L. Johnson, the noted student of Semantics, and author of books on this science concerning the reactions of people to words: "To a mouse, cheese is cheese. That's why mousetraps work."

Now presumably, we humans have greater capacities to differentiate and discriminate than do mice. To many intelligent, estimable people, however, cheese is cheese; music is music; pictures are pictures-and a rose is a rose. Some people are denied full enjoyment of good music, good painting-and even good roses-much that is fine and beautiful. But NOT because they lack capacity for appreciation. Almost everyone has the capacity to perceive and appreciate that which is better than "just average." Many are limited, however, by lack of information and understanding. To them, a rose is a rose, and a tree is just a tree-perhaps because they never had occasion specifi­ cally to observe the wondrous variations in growth habits of plants. Perhaps, they were not ever :nvited to marvel at the range of color and form and texture provided by flowers and foliage.

Therefore, you, as a Member of the American Horticultural Society may gain real personal satisfaction by "exposing" some personal friend, a neighbor, or an acquaintance - to information such as is provided by this Society. Your action may help that person to new horizons of interests and enjoyment ... by arousing the desire to gain more information about trees, shrubs, vines. grasses, and so on and on.

For then will come understanding . .. of the economic and aesthetic values of plants ... critical appreciation of the better varieties of plants-used properly-grown well. And forevermore, a "rose" no longer will be just a red, pink, yellow, or white flower. It has become one of the many terms or symbols which stimulate infinite patterns of pleasant, informed reactions.

I could not ask you to pronounce judgment upon the theory I have attempted to set forth. But I do hope you will fill out and mail, real soon-the form immediately below.

Stuart M. Armstrong, President

Mr. Stuart M. Armstrong, American Horticultural Society, 1600 Bladensburg Road, Northeast, Washington 2, D. C.

Send, with my compliments, a copy of the _. . ______,issue of The National Horticultural Magazine--and also a recent copy of the AHS Gardeners Forum, to:

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To permit us to use your name when sending these publications, please fill in the next line, too--

Your Name ______------AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

Affiliated Organizations

American Association of Nurserymen American Begoni a Society American Begonia Society, San Francisco Branch American Camellia Society American Daffod il Society American Gloxinia Society American Hibiscus Society American Iris Society American P eony Society American Rhododendron Society American Rhododendron Society, Middle Atlantic Chapter American Rose Society Bethesda Community Garden Club (Maryland) Birmingham H orticultural Society (Alabama) Cali fornia Garden Clubs, Inc. Cali fornia Horticultural Society Central F lorida H orticultural Society (Orlando) Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club Garden Center of Greater Cin cinnati Garden Center of Greater Cleveland Ga rden Center of Rochester, Inc., (New York) Garden Club of Alexandria (Virginia)

Garden Club of Chevy Chase, Maryland Midwest H orticultural Society Garden Club of Danville (Virginia) Mink 'n' Muscle Gardeners (D. C.) Ga rden Club of Fairfax (Virginia) National Association of Gardeners Garden Cl ub of Indiana National Capital Garden Club League Ga rden Club of Montclair (New J ersey) Neighborhood Garden Club (Virginia) New England Wild F lower Preservation Society Gard en Club of Virginia New Orleans Garden Society, Inc. Ga rden Study Club, Delray Beach, F lorida North American Lily Society Georgetown Garden Club (D. C.) Northern N ut Growers' Association, Inc. Herb Society of America Ohio Association of Garden Clubs Hill and Dale Garden Club (Ohio) Pennsylvania Horticultural Society H oll y Society of America P erennial Garden Club (D. C.) Houston H orticultural Society Pittsburgh Garden Center Hllnting Creek (Alexandria, Virginia) Garden Club Plainfield Garden Club (New Jersey) International Gerani um Society Potomac Rose Society ( D. C.) Iowa State H orticultural Society San Francisco Garden Club Kenwood Garden Club (Maryland) La Sall e H orticultural Society (Montreal) Southern California Camellia Society Men 's Ga rd en Club of Fairfield County (Connecti cut) T akoma Horticultural Club (Maryland-D. C.) Men's Garden Cl ub of Montgomery County CMa ryland ) The Pa lm Society Iv[en's Horticultural Society (Tennessee) Waterfront Garden Club (Alabama ) ]v[i chigan Horticultural Society \\1 orcester County H orticultural Society (Massachu setts)