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T H E P L a N T H U N T E R S Plantejægerne JAGTEN PÅ DET T h e P l a n t H u n t e r s Plantejægerne JAGTEN PÅ DET GRØNNE GULD Preben Escherich Holkjær Den allerførste gang, planteindsamling blev nævnt, er for hele 3.000 år siden og hænger sammen med krig og erobring. Et eksempel er den ægyptiske dronning Hatshepsut (1490-1469 f.kr.), der erobrede Nubien og som bl.a. fik sine soldater til at bringe myrra med tilbage til Ægypten. Der findes også et brev fra den assyriske konge, Tiglat Pilesar I (ca. 1100 f.kr.), hvori han stolt berettede, at han havde hjemført såvel ceder som buksbom fra de lande, han havde erobret. En anden vidt berømt feltherre var Alexander den Store. Alexander havde som ung været elev hos den navnkundige Aristoteles. Da han senere begav sig ud på erobrings- togter, skal han efter sigende have sendt bl.a. planter og dyr til sin tidligere læreme- ster. Nogle af de planter, som Alexander opdagede, var citron og banan. Romerne, som var meget havebevidste, tog også planter med hjem fra deres kolonier, ligesom de bragte hjemlige planter med sig til de lande, de erobrede og besatte. I Kina har man allerede nævnt rhododendron i det 5. århundrede. Pæonen var en vigtig plante i mytologien. Den var opkaldt efter Pæeon, der var læge for guderne på Olympen. Pæonen er blevet brugt som medicinsk plante i mindst 2000 år. Den er også blevet brugt i parfumefremstillingen. Desuden har man anvendt den under fremstilling af farvestof. De første, der fik øjnene op for pæoner, var kineserne. Man har dyrket pæoner i Kina i de sidste 1500 år. Træpæoner - i Kina kaldet Moutan (Mowtan) – blev dyrket af Sui dynastiet (581-618) til medicinsk brug. Under Tang dynastiet (618-906) blev planten betragtet som værende meget fin og kostbar og var under kejserens beskyttelse. Under Ming dynastiet (1368-1644) og Kang Hsi perioden (1662-1796) blev pæonen brugt som porcelænsdekoration. Omkring år 734 nåede træpæonen Japan. De kaldte den Boutan, senere Botan. Pæonen fik kejserlig status. Verdens vel nok mest kendte opdagelsesrejsende er Marco Polo (1254-1324).Han rejste i fredelig hensigt for at skabe fred mellem øst og vest. Han ville opdage verden og ville lære fremmede kulturer at kende – ikke at ødelægge dem. Han var omkring 17 år, da han ankom til Beijing. Marco Polo talte levende om naturen, om haverne og de evigt blomstrende roser i Sydkina og fortalte, at Khublai Khan (1215-1294) lod plante træer i tusindvis langs vejene. Hans stjernetydere erklærede, at den, der får plantet træer, skal leve længere. Meget få mennesker har haft den store mulighed for at opleve planterne i naturen. Den egentlige plantejagt begyndte først i 1500-tallet. Opdagelsen af Amerika i 1492 satte også sine første beskedne spor i 1500-tallets europæiske haver. Fordi Columbus troede, at han havde fundet Indien, hvor det viste sig at være Ame- rika, må mange sydamerikanske planter den dag i dag trækkes med artsnavnet indica = fra Indien I det 16. århundrede blev træpæonen introduceret af buddhistiske munke i Japan. Den første kontakt, som europæerne fik med træpæonen, var, da det hollandske ostindiske kompagni sendte plantejægere fra Canton til Peking i 1656. I en rapport sendt fra Beijing samme år omtaltes træpæoner for første gang. Den blev beskrevet som en rose uden torne. Træpæoner blev fra år 1750 afbildede på mange keramiske produkter. Rhododendron har været kendt siden romersk tid, men den første, man kultiverede,var sandsynligvis R. hirsutum i 1656, efterfulgt af planter fra Nordamerika og senere fra Sydøst Asien. I det 16. århundrede fandt man rhododendron i Europa. De første botaniske haver i Europa var i Pisa (1545) samt i Padua (1618). R. R. ferrugineum ankom til England omkring 1739. I 1798 blev R. arboreum for første gang opdaget i Kumaon af kaptajn Hardwicke. Davidian indførte den først i 1809. R. marcrophyllum blev opdaget af Archibald Menzies i 1792 i staten Washington. R. simsii blev bragt fra Kina i 1806 af kaptajn Welbank. Paeonia lactiflora blev indført til England fra Kina i 1808 af R. Whitley. R. catawbiense blev fundet af John Fraser i 1809. R. occidentale blev fundet af David Douglas i 1830. Davidia involucrate blev opdaget af Pére David i 1869, men introduceret af Wilson i 1901. Det var ikke ufarligt at være plantejæger. De franske missionærer Pére Soulie, Pére Dubernard samt Pére Bourdonnec blev alle myrdede. John Post indsamlede i 1821 for The Horticultural Society en pæon, som senere blev kaldt Paeonia lactiflora var. pottsii. Efter den engelske botaniker J. G. Baker (1834-1920) er Paeonia bakeri opkaldt. I det 19 århundrede var det især militært personel samt landinspektører, der opdagede rhododendron i Himmalaya. På samme tid kom der planter fra Nordamerika. I den første halvdel af det 19. århundrede startede flere af de europæiske planteskoler med at importere pæoner fra det fjerne østen. Pæoner blev betragtet som yderst sjældne og var meget kostbare. I 1863 omtaltes en historie, hvor en belgisk mand fik en træpæon med meget specielle blomster. Han kaldte den ”Gloria Belgarum”. Han var så stolt og bekymret for den, at han kun viste den frem for sine nærmeste venner. Han havde to vagthunde, som beskyttede den dag og nat. De første europæere, der skrev om japanske træpæoner, var Kaempfer og Thunberg, de lagde ikke stor vægt på dem. Så vidt, vi ved, var de første væsentlige importer fra Japan i 1844, hvor P. F. von Siebold afskibede 42 varianter hjem til sit gartneri i Holland. Alle planter var meget smukke, da de blev indsamlet, man sagde endog, at de var fra de kejserlige haver. Kun få af dem overlevede på grund af den lange rejse og på grund af måden, de blev transporteret på. Man troede dengang, at pæoner var tropiske planter, som skulle vokse i drivhuse. I slutningen af det 19. århundrede begyndte nogle japanske planteskoler at eksportere træpæoner. Det var den amerikanske professor, C. S. Sargent, der var direktør for Arnold arboretet i Boston, som satte det i gang. De japanske planteskoler udgav oversigter over planterne på forskellige sprog. Moutan pæonerne var blevet populære i Europa. Det blev moderne, at kunstmalerne brugte pæoner som motiver. En af dem var Edouard Manet. De europæiske planteskoler havde flere hundrede varianter i deres kataloger og man var begyndt at krydse vildarterne. For ca. 150 år siden var kun ganske få rhododendron vildarter kendte. I 1855 kom R. fortunei som den første kinesiske art til Europa. Gennem det 19 og det tidlige 20 århundrede kom plantesamlere og missionærer til Kina og samlede planter i forskellige dele af landet. Adskillige hundreder af nye arter blev fundet i Kina og NE Burma og et stort antal eksemplarer blev indsamlet i perioden mellem 1911-1920, ca. 300 arter. Cambell bragte frø fra Sri Lanka af R. arboreum ssp. zeylanicum. Den første R. yakushimanum kom til Exbury i 1934 – indsamlet af Koichiro Wada. Paeonia mlokosewitschi fra Kaukasus er opkaldt efter G. Mlokosiewicz, som opdagede den i 1900. Paeonia mairei blev beskrevet af Léveille i 1915 fra en art, der var indsamlet i Yunnan af E. E. Maire i 1913. Paeonia caucasica blev beskrevet af Schipczinsky i 1921. Paeonia wittmanniana blev opdaget af grev M. Worontzoff og opkaldt efter Mr. Wittman, der var russer og plantejæger i Kaukasus bjergene. Med disse indledende bemærkninger, vil jeg nu gå over til - den egentlige fortælling: “ Flere af de jesuitiske missionærer havde botaniske interesser, således David, Dela- vay og Farges. De blev slået af forundring over landets grænseløse rigdom af smukke planter og de prøver, de med megen besvær fik sendt hjem til Frankrig, vakte endnu større forundring der. Man havde forestillet sig Asiens indre som fattigt og ørkenagtigt og opdagede nu, at der fandtes områder, der var rigere end alt andet under lignende breddegrader. Så mærkeligt, det end lyder, har dette land et meget fugtigt klima, skønt det ligger næsten 1.000 km fra havet. Jesuittermunkenes breve og prøver havde givet adskillige europæiske botanikere og plantesamlere en ubetvingelig længsel efter at undersøge dette eventyrlige land sy- stematisk. I begyndelsen trængte Wilson ind i landet fra øst senere Forrest fra syd, hvor han af- brudt af hjemrejser blev i mange år, indtil døden indhentede ham. Atter senere nåede Kingdon-Ward derind fra sydvest og Handel-Mazetti fra sydøst. Dernæst Farrer, først fra nordøst senere fra sydvest, hvor han mistede livet. Rock gennemrejste hele strækningen fra syd til nord. Resultatet af deres modige og udholdende arbejde er vi begyndt at nyde i vore haver og måske stiger nydelsen nogle grader, når vi med behagelig gysen tænker på, hvad disse planter har kostet af menneskeliv, helbred og penge. Hvad vi kan vente os de kommende år, får vi en anelse om ved at høre, at der er fundet tæt op mod 1.000 arter alene af rhododendron; mange af dem, der hidtil har blomstret, er over al beskrivelse vidunderlige. De fleste vidt forskellige fra de alperoser, vi hidtil har kendt. Når vi i vore haver har indført en samling nyheder, kan vi opleve al den nydelse, vi kan tåle. Hvilken lykke kan sammenlignes med den, vi plantevenner føler, når vi går og venter på den første blomst hos en ny art”. (Dette skrev AKSEL OLSEN i 1934). Alle professionelle plantesamlere var gjort af et særligt stof. De prøvede alle at være mennesker i stand til at få sig selv ud af de mest desperate situationer ved lutter fasthed, at være rolige, når panik havde været den visse død. Disse opdagelsesrejsende var sædvanligvis udvalgt blandt de botaniske ledere eller haveverdenens stab af medarbejdere. Hvilke andre eller mere succesfulde indsamlere end Robert Fortune, George Forrest og Ernest Wilson, kunne man have udvalgt.
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