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4. &Mlllll&:£ 5. . 139 5.1 f 139 5.2 . 155 5.3 -r>K^'>7(cfclt^^pJ^t4 ...... 158 5.4 /< 160 5.5 *>7K^7(Cfc(t-5M56Rl1l&tt ...... 164 5.6 5 7 >7-|C 165 6. . 167 7. ####...... 172 7.1 L7U 172 7.1.1 f ...... 172 7.1.2 7l/-y7if ...... 178 7.1.3 'OK*'>7fES...... 182 7.1.4 ^h^-AIHS...... 185 7.1.5 ^XS9$...... 207 7.1.6 4v\°-;i/19S ...... 215 7.1.7 . 216 7.1.8 ^>7f Summary With the rise in global need for an effective use of energy resources, the use of biomass, utilizing the rich agricultural, forestry and stock raising resources to the full, is deemed important in the South East Asian countries. The actual condition of the use of biomass in these countries, however, are not particularly clear and a study based on a new scheme is needed for a smooth implementation of biomass usage. The use of biomass resource in the South East Asian countries has been conventionally approached from two facets. One, is the identification of agricultural, forestry and stock raising resources and estimation of potential through statistical data. This approach has been adopted by many research organizations including WRI. The other, is a resource utilization study implemented in a more micro level as part of a regional study. Although each of these approaches provide an important source of information, they have shortcomings. The former tends to be a mere country analysis, making it difficult to examine the possibility of implementation by region. The latter provides detailed information, but lacks universality. A new study approach is thus necessary to probe the possibility of biomass resource utilization projects in the South East Asian region. With support from local research organizations in the subject countries (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan), this study adopted an integrated approach of combining estimation of the amount of resource and local surveys, and examining the possibility of project start up. This study, thus, identifies the possibility of using biomass from a realistic point of view. In the general survey on biomass, FAQ data was mainly used to estimate the amount of biomass resource (in the provincial level). With support from local organizations, current usage and future issues were addressed, and verified through local survey. A realistic picture of the biomass usage was thus identified. Government related information were gathered by local organizations, and biomass related policies and regulations were identified through local interview surveys. Information on organizations involved in biomass usage, policy and environmental regulation related to biomass usage, regulatory standards in comparison with Japanese regulatory standards where mapped out. Information on capital investment and practice of financial institutions were gathered through interviews to experts familiar with financing in development countries, and to experts on management of agriculture, forestry and stock raising. In order to identify the financing conditions and capacity of local commercial banks, various analysis were performed; analysis of financing conditions; analysis of capital investment and cash flow by size of production in the agriculture, forestry and stock raising industry; and analysis of financing practice by local commercial banks. Trends in foreign organizations were identified by information gathered from FAO, USAID, and World Bank, among others. In making recommendation for potential biomass development, economic implication and relevant size of facility were estimated based on inputs from local organizations, and the survey results described above. Finally, as a general evaluation, the possibility of implementation was comprehensively evaluated along with the possibility of diffusion by category (such as size of business). i Table Overall evaluation and summary Current situation of biomass Current usage resource Thailand • Paddy husk, bagasse, wooden • Consumption of biomass energy takes up 18.5% of total energy waste and oil palm are the consumption. main resource. • 35.8MW is generated at the rice cleaning plant. It’s average size of • According to a NERO survey, if power generation, however, is a trivial 174kW. A 600kW, 2,500kW power generation equipment class cogeneration is in operation by EC-ASEAN COGEN. are to be installed in plants • Bagasse is used as fuel for boiler, scalding and condensation. It over a certain size, the represents 4.3% of total energy supply and generates 580MW. 14 following potential is expected; sugar manufacturing plants are engaged in selling of electricity paddy husk (305MW), through the SPP program. bagasse (204MW (surplus • Palm oil plants use their residue for power generation. Average size only)), wooden waste of power generation is 539kW. A 4,100kW class cogeneration is in (118MW), oil palm (43MW). operation by EC-ASEAN COGEN. Malaysia * Palm oil and timber are the two • Abundant in crude oil and natural gas resources, and advanced in main resources followed by industrialization, Malaysia has a relatively small usage rate of paddy husk which are high in biomass energy compared to other subject countries. potential. • Usage at palm oil plants total a mere 200MW. A 1,200kW class • EC-ASEAN COGEN estimates cogeneration is introduced by EC-ASEAN COGEN. Some facilities potential to be as follows; oil use effluent (POME:palm oil mill effluent) for biogas production. palm 1.280MW, timber • Cogeneration using paddy husk is not popular due to past 1,097MW, and paddy husk unsuccessful experience. 43 MW. • EC-ASEAN COGEN operates a cogeneration system using wooden waste in 4 plants. Indonesia • Paddy husk, bagasse, timber, • Biomass energy takes up 31% of total energy consumption. coconut, oil palm are the 5 • Biomass power generation as of 1996 was 178MW. main resources with high • Power is generated in many of the 56 sugar manufacturing plants. potential for biomass use. Plan is being mapped out to construct a power generation plant with • All 5 are produced in huge an additional capacity of over 100MW. The inefficiency of the amounts and thus the potential current system requires improvement. biomass energy is estimated to • Paddy husk are produced in huge amounts but are not centralized. be 49.807MW. Production in small sizes, with only few large size rice mills, results in limited power generation. ■ Expectation of usage of municipal waste (mainly garbage) is on the rise, but with no specific plans. " 100MW worth of energy from biomass power generation is approved for selling. Vietnam • EC-ASEAN COGEN estimates • Biomass energy represents 68% of total energy consumption, the potential for bagasse to be most important energy source in the country. 286MW, and paddy husk • Bagasse is used for power generation in 40 sugar manufacturing 67MW. plants. Surplus electricity is not sold since such system is not institutionalized. Despite of the size of power generation, large amount of waste is left unused. • Power is generated in rice mills, but size is limited since rice mills operate in small size. • Since Vietnam joined ASEAN, launch of a pilot program using bagasse and paddy husk is planned as part of a EC-ASEAN COGEN program. Laos • Paddy husk and forestry-related • Biomass energy represent 85% of total energy consumption, the waste are a large source of most important energy source in the country. industrial waste. • Wooden waste such as sawdust are widely used as fuel (for residential and industrial use), but are not yet used in more advanced settings such as cogeneration. ii Possible pilot projects Future issues • Construction of a pilot plant, larger in size compared to • Introduction of a SPP program and conventional type, is anticipated with paddy husk, bagasse, improvement of various financing systems to wooden waste and oil palm as the 4 main biomass resource. ensure cost efficiency. • A mechanism in which a stable supply of waste from other • Institutionalization of a mechanism in which companies is sought to enable power generation with higher waste from other companies are supplied cost efficiency. stably for the long term. • Improving the efficiency of current systems is a one area for • Collaboration with international organizations launching a pilot project since their power generation is limited and advanced nations engaged in assistance in size and efficiency. to seek efficient implementation of projects. • 5MW class cogeneration in palm oil plant is deliberated by PTM. • Improvement of current SPP program and • Plant using biogas from effluent (POME:palm oil mill effluent). financing system to ensure cost efficiency. • Large-sized, cost efficient power generation plant using wooden • Usage of palm oil need to be sought since waste. sluggish demand for palm oil, despite of its • Cost efficient cogeneration plant using paddy husk. rapid increase in production, is resulting in • New technological development such as alcohol manufacturing. surplus. • With the social environment unstable as it is today, • Since the political and economic situation is implementation of specific projects require a prudent attitude. unstable, careful study on subject area and • Since the potential is very high, a study on efficient waste management of companies seeking gathering is needed. cooperation is needed prior to project • Study of system utilizing municipal waste, since expectation for implementation. such a system is high. • Project to improve efficiency of government owned plants. • Improvement of SPP program and various • Detailed feasibility study of national plants with likely introduction financing systems to ensure cost efficiency. of biomass power generation (government recommended) (5 to 6 sugar manufacturing plants are expected to be established in the next few years) •Comprehensive study is needed for project identification and pilot program deployment. Many of the facilities that are outdated and have become, in a sense, a “highly energy consuming ” industry (sugar manufacturing plants), should be considered as a COM candidate. • Small size power generation using forestry-related wastes such • Since many areas are rich in hydroelectric as sawdust. resource, need for biomass power generation • Project implementation as part of a social development project in is small. the community level. •Comprehensive study is needed for project identification and pilot program deployment focusing on paddy husk and forestry-related wastes. Ill Current situation of biomass Current usage resource Nepal • Wood processed waste and • Biomass energy takes up 89% of total energy consumption, the most paddy husk are the promising important energy source in the country. resources. • Largest usage is wood fuel; other usage include cooking and heating, among a variety of others. Bhutan • Agriculture is the largest • Biomass energy represents 81% of total energy consumption, the industry, but there is no most important energy source in the country. outstanding agricultural • Largest usage is wood fuel, but is widely used in the residential product. Corn, orange and sector. rice are relatively large in production. Myanmar • Paddy husk and forestry-related • Biomass energy represents 64% of total energy consumption. Take wastes are promising. up of natural gas is increasing every year. • There is no model biomass power generation plant currently in operation. • Although there are examples of turning sawdust into briquets to be used as fuel, it lacks in statistical data and amount of production is unknown. Cambodia • Paddy husk and forestry-related • Biomass energy represents 84% of total energy consumption, the wastes are promising. most important energy source in the country. • There are almost no example of projects involving power generation. IV Possible pilot projects Future issues • Small size projects introduced in the community level, as part of • Basic survey on the amount of resources is a social development project, is a likely way to implement a pilot needed prior to implementation of pilot project. project. • Difficult to implement any specific project at present. • Basic survey on the amount of resources is needed prior to implementation of pilot project. • Implementation of pilot projects on highly efficient power • Basic survey on the amount of resources is generation using paddy husk and forestry-related wastes. needed prior to implementation of pilot project. • Biogas is used in the large scale hog raising farm with 10,000 to 20,000 pigs in of Daik U province. This is a possible candidate for piloting a project in biogas power generation. • Small size projects introduced in the community level, as part of • Basic survey on the amount of resources is a social development project, is a likely way to implement a pilot needed prior to implementation of pilot project. project. V VI W©% 0624lXV^6#@, £0fc>(tJtCffl7-;/7j#HTl4, ®S&m*$eX®6W%6IXWBUAi-*7X$mc - A*#X, A#, 33 • te, ##@31%&6ATWa. Ay'A AX;i/A-A@5@# • 1996 ¥^,5@A'AA7X^S@$1lti178 MW ftu Ai$ffl(D$$^$dnTv^a0 ASK • 7 A 7 > JdJPffiLTzZtfrhEC-Asean COGEN7°3if 7 A©—8 BT/'\*tf X> • aa avxxaa^—(A ±x A;i/f—##@85 % & A &oa# A4^—Mx&a. wazA 3-'>'x^i/-'>g # A&(i#&@(bca#%L &K vrn &'tz>tz.sb(DwmM%. (sppypy^A) <& ^ ^;L4:, mt ct o w 7 > h ©m^mmzfia. • teb^6© o. »^©SII%#M^mSl75#^^LTW^©T, C ti6t%#b &&6ti.y°U'Jx.y h ■ PTMT'W^$nTV^^j:e)^5MW^7X(7)A-A^'f Jl/ISTCDZI- yx^l/-'>3 >„ %# • /\°-A^-<;i/©tiS^StiL/ct)©©, EStW TAO, c ©fijm -##©%%%%#!##?#, ^W-tf)t£.y°u'Jx.9 Ky^tco^Tii, - & o , y o >;x ^ b ©$ W< 0©##^%g. - aez^D^mbyoyxf n. h • E^tt^s^-r^fc*©sssijs (sppyny^A) 3&m*frcwa#, ypyx^hA®m^fmm^&%. # (m##m ©mm&^-^Hu^mE (^m^^-cmmi#© iilSti®^5~6$>5) o - yo^x? h%#6ty;i/$#m^©^A©m^%^m&A^. t u A%:< ^u© T (##%#) , CDMtof^ffich LTtoS^o • iy^;i/ir©a^^ynvx^ b©—mtbx. IX %/X—)]/ • 7KM6nxM> • ^%*;i/4=-##(D89%&A#a#&##&%* %mmt)mmt u-mws. Jl/^—Mi?$)^)o • Wmt*oTi5D, ta£ < £ nr v > 5= • BSAWb© W ttZiT^Z *«, &JM*£LT^fflLTViS *A&A%W. £ob^Z.L, • *m*W*>i>tt'Z-oT&'O, ■xvyv. *fcii • ^#'6, T*,%. Jl/f—iUMT&'S. • %SCfiJffl$nTV^yn vx^7 Mi, X D5a-f-f KWO, i^Dyx^ hO-#aLT(0fm#^(:^63. • i^tI»yDyx^ bOZmtML^o X^T-f 7)%#. H5S, • y< 7-(Daik U)#/N,7*7*(I17?~2^ □ 5i-x-r u^juto, ^□yx^ ho—SStLTOftMttW-C&S^. X^f^ jws. XI * 1. < > M^s>7 (Z) 892 PJ (P=1015) b±A (604PJ) , 7< (522PJ) ch&oT W6. T&O, ^ rammmu 001995 ^ ^C4otf£X7'Jl/^-f£lnS«, M WS 477 7? kl (It) 185 PJ) 1.1 -1 x^/L*'-;!#iz6<^6/W^vxx^l/f'-(Z)hk$ (1995/1996) Wood Biomass Total Share of Share of Energy Energy Energy Wood Biomass Unit: PJ Energy Energy Bangladesh 144 564 845 17% 67% Bhutan 13 r 13 16 81% 81% Cambodia 79 80 95 83% 84% China 2,911 6,717 34,690 8 % 19% India 3,833 6,060 12,827 30% 47% Indonesia 837 892 2,921 29%! 31% jUsBpws^i: :y :r'E;. 35 X35 41 85% 85% Malaysia x#:::..-83 154 :mmm2 8 % 14% h 1 Maldives 1 4 25% 25% Myanmar 286 289 335 mmm% 86% Nepal 298 wmMm 89% Pakistan 492 883 1,960 25% 45% Philippines 287 451 1,397 21% 32% Sri Lanka 159 164 250 64% 66% Thailand 370 2,213 m:ismm. 24% Vietnam wmwm 892 a»g#m 68% (tititi) FAO-RWEDP zh—A^\—k (httpV/www.rwedp.org/ ) (&) ":\-4 11, 1 #m^#<, ESSF^X^;!/^—CD3tiJ^7H^'VXX^;l/4£—T$>^)= 1.1-2 ESOTlcjoit^/W^-vxx^l/^-MkS Wood Energy Biomass Energy Total Energy Year TJ Share TJ Share TJ Bangladesh 1995 28,500 15.9% 114,900 64.2% 178,900 Cambodia 1995 383 71.9% 383 71.9% 533 India 1996 375,000 8.1% 1,094,878 23.5% 4,656,003 Malaysia 1995 NA NA 65,188 16.2% 402,644 Maldives 1993 293 22.6% 293 22.6% 1,297 Nepal 1997 3,684 1111:131% 3,935 24.7% 15,951 Pakistan 1994 NA NA 92,318 21.9% 422,280 Philippines 1995 38,220 13.7% 77,533 27.8% 279,211 Sri Lanka 1996 21,773 42.6% 26,826 52.4% 51,163 Thailand 1997 42,789 6.1% 194,853 27.8% 700,367 Vietnam 1995 i::iliillo 19.8% 87,250 39.8% llillillilill (titift) FAO'RWEDP ^—$/ (http7/www.rwedp .ore/ ) (B) 15% - 2 - 1.2 1.2.1 mn 1998 (45,675kTOE) \t, 1990 (30,642kTOE) ^L| 1.2-1 (1998 *f) mum ttm X^/V4r— (kTOE) (%> iksm## 37,216 81.5% —07. 3,237 7.1% mmm 23 0.1% □—07. 52 0.1% 915 2.0% 2,247 4.9% B;*Mn=n 26,243 57.5% LPG 1,770 3.9% Pre-Gasoline 3,702 8.1% Reg-Gasoline 1,639 3.6% vx'yh!^l4 2,709 5.9% *T« 45 0.1% HSD(E;6) 12,816 28.1% LSD (m;A) 102 0.2% 3,460 7.6% 882 1.9% nts 6,854 15.0% 8,459 18.5% m# 3,188 7.0% *@£ 2,254 4.9% 779 1.7% /Wx 2,238 4.9% it 45,675 100.0% (titiM) ASEAN Centre for Energy 7h—A^\—V (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) S 1.2-2 f;/HIdi^to — 3 — 1.2-2 (Sti : kTOE) 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 8,958 8,771 8,861 9,173 8,459 "Iffi 3,426 2,945 2,872 3,200 3,188 3,253 2,512 2,297 2,273 2,254 6 564 629 684 723 779 Atfx 1,715 2,685 3,008 2,977 2,238 /WS#nf 30,642 45,729 49,250 50,130 45,675 WliWIIx^ JU3Fr(D$cW 29.2% 19.2% 18.0% 18.3% 18.5% (tih$M) Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) TThailand Energy- Situation 1998J (# 1.2-3 #^) . (kTOE) 18,000 16,000 14.000 12.000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4.000 2.000 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 01.2-1 SSSRnicfc(t^x^;u^-;ieS(7)^ (Hjjft) Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) ^Thailand Energy Situation 1998J - 4 - 1.2-3 ;aOCfclt-5*«glJl*;U=F-S'J;i!j*Srt!R (1998% Stiz : kTOE) m# 5# WJj /WtTX It FOOD AND BEVERAGES 82 709 20 461 3,444 4,716 TEXTILES 81 499 - 471 - 1,051 WOOD AND FURNITURE - 29 - 52 11 92 PAPER 403 170 - 99 - 672 CHEMICAL 346 376 244 458 176 1,600 NON-METALLIC 2,145 365 493 317 164 3,484 BASIC METAL 98 225 - 244 - 567 FABRICATED METAL - 126 120 437 - 683 OTHERS (UNCLASSIFIED) 82 1,353 - 88 - 1,523 1+ 3,237 3,852 877 2,627 3,795 14,388 (utiA) Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) ^Thailand Energy Situation 1998J 1.2-4 dees mit: rtoe) MODERN ENERGY tm LPG -tm Wt) /hit m# 'Mt It BANGKOK METROPOLITAN 185 0 620 805 9 10 0 19 824 MUNICIPAL AREA 103 0 199 302 5 23 0 28 330 SANITARY DISTRICT 126 1 152 279 38 56 0 94 373 RURAL AREA 636 12 636 1,284 2,312 2,165 46 4,523 5,807 It 1,050 13 1,607 2,670 2,364 2,254 46 4,664 7,334 (titiM) Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) ^Thailand Energy Situation 1998J (&) BANGKOK METROPOLITAN (CtiU Bangkok. Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani. Samut Prakarn. ±/W^-"7XT0.9 - 5 - 1.2-5 /W*vxx*;u*'-lc|igf (1998 5, Ifi:f h» 7® A'flX •raft -;*x* 24,939 4,826 13,278 43,043 ;u*'- $S)A 7 7 Siti -5 -5 «$Blt 24,939 2 4,826 13,287 43,045 x * ;u -42 -175 -731 -948 f—$E# -16,475 3,295 -2,364 -15,544 e&si- -16.517 3,295 -2,539 -731 -16.492 EEMHF 8,422 3,297 2,287 12,547 26,553 SSOT 2,167 2,151 12,547 16,874 6,246 3,297 136 9,679 (Ihift) ASEAN Centre for Energy /h—A^—A (http V/www.ace.or.id/ ) 1.2-6 fill (kcal/kg) ## 3,820 6,900 3,440 /<#X 1,800 £=f5 1,160 2,600 S*S*te 3,030 (hlA) Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) ^Thailand Energy Situation 1998J $-S*T/hE8%SI8S* 6® tEUt)5 oJSeT$>5 (spp -fnif 7A). S 1.2-7 «. KTlc5BSro^#9ttSS$T. — 6 — 1.2-7 SPPyo^AICcfc-SsSWKft Firm Non-Firm Total Proposals submitted Number of projects 67 26 93 Generating capacity, MW 7,686.81 631.36 8,318.17 Sale to EGAT, MW 4,459.90 180.31 4,640.21 Accepted into the program Number of projects 30 23 53 Generating capacity, MW 3,496.91 591.86 4,088.77 Sale to EGAT, MW 1,958.40 175.61 2,134.01 Type of fuel Waste - 1 1 Bagasse - 14 14 Paddy husk, wood chips 3 3 6 Natural gas 21 1 22 Coal 5 2 7 Oil 1 - 1 Biomass - 1 1 Black liquor - 1 1 Contracts signed Number of projects 30 20 50 Generating capacity, MW 3,496.91 556.40 4,053.31 Sale to EGAT, MW 1,958.40 149.57 2,107.97 Supplying power to the grid Number of projects 21 19 40 Generating capacity, MW 2,169.43 553.90 2,723.33 Sale to EGAT, MW 1,343.40 147.37 1,490.77 (titift) NEPO I"Thailand Biomass Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 (00 (Firm) (Non-Firm) C 7 - 1.2.2 JMl@ma±(£> 4i°Xlz^fcZ> 21 7m*n (93 # tfe-DX^&o JtiBStoaM! (D52%)0^m, 25%#^##, 16%##gg#2:^3TW6. mnm GDP #mbTtL 80 #####23.2%, mm##21.5%T&o%:#, 84 # cm##m^u, 99 ^^^, mm##32.4%, ##m##io.5%^(Dm##±i/TeT 60 A®t###C#8 #J#####[:%$LTW/h#, T#TW6t)(D(D, 2000 #Tt39.8% (B^#M(:j;6 2000 ^2 ^#S) ^:, MS, ^ 1.2-8 (2000# Sr^fo ma^-xT#, (^tf^-^) &75:oTW6. 1.2-8 f (2000# *nmm (h» ~^TEoW& 51,210,472 * 23,402,900 WVvWJl 18,508,568 iPt>5CL 4,571,450 ^ Vh/X — A 3,403,731 jw -y "j zf)v 2,280,959 %E3% 2,235,680 nj-j- 1,720,000 35Jt7 1,373,162 vy=r- 1,350,000 (utift) FAOSTAT (http://aDDs.fao.ore/ ) m ae^-xT±:{5 io ss^wtiv/to (ASEAN Centre for Energy M#) T## LTV^^>0 - 8 - 1.2-9 Atfx 0.4Nt/B(D^a3#^A0n:$^TV^^, ^c#x#x 11, 17.6M1 a&#o4. LTii 58om 270m #m2fn:(A5. 1995 ^ 1:11 4. 8Mt (D e,(D^ ^ 1.82Mt 6 LT ^#$q(D 0. BSKKl&j/c&o 1996 t)^e,^l B^^O 100lR±MoJ#gT$,6±m 312 ^RlrT&O, 260 ^^116^##%#, a^##Z#Tll, ^M-B35.8MW(D%mm^^^^. ##E;%tll96t/B, ^#m#T174kWT^^). %#(D##Ttl%:<, #<^&a##GLTW:5. {t^89^^<7-ax^-A%>i%>(D#$ll, 40% 30(D^L7A##I# (^(7)3^16 11±m#%#) T^^20 7ah> f^mm^iiio -Y JU/X—A #Z#(Df #^#^#11 530kW (:#T6. EC-ASEAN COGEN programme HJzoT 4, lOOkW 03-vi^l/-va >^##LTV^o (utiM) ASEAN Centre for Energy —A^\—V (http V/www.ace.or .id/) # 0 - 9 ~ 1.2-10 SBf : Chakkaraj, Nakorn Ratchasima : Chi a Meng Co. Ltd. soo h>/ mmxm m 3iA^nyc=i-i/x^i/-'>ah : 17t/h : 2, SOOkW y^fAi ##^*#:3,930,000US$ (±7^1$, M#<) #m) Bertrams Konus GmbH (Germany) mx± ^7°Dyx^ bon-r^ Energy Conservation Center of Thailand (ECCT)^U^LTco (utiJft) Le Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux A/Nv-y (http://www.cragx.fgov.be/) b m 1.2-2-El 1.2- \Z NEPO (National Energy Policy Office) M&W (^2))o - 10 1.2.3 fcm&mmm GDP 98 5T 0.1 GDP #W#±A#:(:A^6#J^H61 ^p(D53%^ G 93 5C# 26%^a#ML^:. 77 ^ C^±(D#m#A, 89 ¥lC«*^(D{jtE^lh^^L7co 90 5JVM, (D^#Wit)aT#3 6T, 7^v^. Te%i3(9, #%aj;3^ e 1.2-11 %>m'\(om±mmt%mmm (1993% #&: 7^7) E# Bxll it* M^bSP 105,534 13,421 12.7% dbSB 106,028 47,019 44.3% 7ESP 64,938 15,006 23.1% 44,197 8,005 18.1% it 320,696 83,451 26.0% (E) (7D@f*(7)WT 1 ha= 6.25 (KA) /^>3/7B*A^Z^mBr (1998/995%) J (mmm) 1.2-12 ^411 ■ i^flf E# 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 7WEMM 231.5 119.4 64.9 62.3 34.9 7^##A# 2,468.4 2,923.9 5,302.1 4,433.0 3,597.0 *##*# 55.2 37.4 192.5 3,238.9 2,624.7 mftmmm 2,644.7 3,005.9 5,174.5 1,256.5 1,007.1 V\ £fctlA • IraiMfflTfeDM • ^}ii< o (mm) (1998 /995 %) j (EmA) E 1.2-1 11.9 % s#iTu0, 5^ ^ $m^5^ 1 7/(7/CD@OT&, 1 ^/=0.16ha)£fc 0 22m'T&6. JMt±(DA) i/7 - 18 - 7oo;ii-yr$.o, m&tt UTfiM-ts ^ 1 h>a^O 300~400 A’-VSTTSfnti, ESj:LTfflffliiJ|g(C»5 iI5.nTl>5. Sfc, 4' VU^tlTfrbtlTl^fc*. 3-i?x*V-xa 1at A, 2 &!'<> - 19 - ■is *>r ic kif&mmmmm (20C HE m m (1,000 H) (X103t) 7K41 2,100 3,066 6,100 6,710 m 172,000 6,364 Oi¥ 130 23 » 7,682 1,690 42 8 — 17,861 (titiS) : FAOSTAT (http://aDDs.6io.org/) 1.2.5 mm±m ASEAN Centre for Energy U T tA - 22 - 1.2-14 IfcSS Siirtse USA Economic Development 56/7 Prachachune Rd, Thungsonghong, Bengkehen, Manufacturer and distributor Co Ltd Bangkok 10900. of windmill for water pumping Tel: (662) 589 2221 and briquetting. Biomass Fax: (662) 589 0935. briquetting machine, biomass gasifier The Energy Conservation Thai Tower Bldg. FI 9 Rangnum Rd Rachathavee, Energy consultancy firm. Centre of Thailand Bangkok 10400. Biomass CHP, biomass Tel: (662) 6427090-6 combustion system Fax: (662) 6427099. The Energy and Environmental 50 Phaholyothin Rd, Bangkok 10900. Energy and environmental Engineering Centre Tel: (662) 5614 621 -5 ext 258 engineering consultancy firm. Fax (662) 5790545. Landfill gas system, biogas Bangkok Industrial Boiler 368 Sukhumvit Rd, Samrong, 10270 Samutprakam. - Company Ltd. Tel. (662) 398 0143 Fax. (662) 749 1969. German Thai Boiler Gtb Bldg. 79/7 Moo 2 Srinakarin Rd., Nongbom, Pravet, 10260 Bangkok. Engineering Company, Ltd. - Tel. (662) 3660400 Fax. (662) 3660399 Getabec Gtb Bldg., 79/7 Moo 2, Srinakarin Rd., Nongbom, http://www. getabec. boiler.com Pravet, 10260 Bangkok. Tel. (662) 366-0400 Fax. (662) 366-0399. HANSA International Co Ltd 33/29 Sukhapiban 3 Road, 10240 Bangkok. Tel. (662) 7316209 - Fax. (662) 3751610. K.B. Boiler (Thai-Taiwan) 560/157 Asoke-Dindaeng Rd. Bangkok. Industrial Company Tel. (662) 247-6138 - Fax. (662) 246-8770. Rolls-Royce International Ltd. 11/14 Soi Ruamrudee, Wireless Rd. 10330 Bangkok. Tel. (662) 251-9336, 252-2388 - Fax. (662) 253-3406. Sino-Thai Construction 28th Fir., Sino-Thai Tower, 32/59 Sukhumvit 21 (Soi - Services Co. Ltd. Asoke), 10110 Bangkok. Tel. 258-9310, Fax. 259-0498. Sinothai Pressure Vessel And 40 Bangna-Trad, Km. 4.5, Prakanong, Bangkok. - Iron Works Company. Ltd Tel.-Fax (662) 398-6183. Solar Trading Co Ltd 603 Ladye Road, Klongsen, 10600 Bangkok. Tel. (662) 4382912 - Fax. (662) 318 7325. Thai Steam Service & Supply 292/21 Sukhumvit 77 (Soi Onnuj) Suanluang, Praves, 10250 Bangkok. Company. Limited. - Tel. (622) 332-7700 Fax. (622)311-4840. Thavom Machinery Co. Ltd. 168 Sukhumvit 8, Bangkok. Tel. (622) 251-1234 - Fax. (622) 253-4414. Vatana Phaisal Engineering 368 Sukhumvit Rd., Samrong-Nua, 10270 Samutprakam. Co., Ltd. - Tel. (662) 398-0143, 361-5357-61 Fax (622) 398-2815, 361-5356. ({±SA) ASEAN Centre for Energy A(http://www.ace.or.id/ ) j: - 23 - 1.3 1.3.1 MR (3,484US$, 1999 ^), L^L?5:^6, E l.l-l 8%T&^(DT, yw^"7x%4;yi/f-(D a^7 >:> 'f )V t,W-^^tf&1k(D:T'— ^G3^E^tlT^<5 £)CD(ZX %4Vl/4r"—###Kl H, aT^/w %r E 1.3-1 D¥-&%$&m yxV^-vxflll (TJ/1000t) m# 13.4734 A St 28.8888 (titiM) Ministry of Energy , Communications and Multimedia ^National Energy Balance Malaysia (1980 - 1999) J 1.3.2 SH^SS^ ##^^6 6, m#7Km#^GDP(:6#'5#J^#70 99 9.3%(h^3TVi^. C(D#mCt;L 70^ft#^C^a##m ^3^:. y%7^6^TW6. ^- ^3T##Thv7, $t)4#J(D5>j:7^6^TW^:o L^L# ^(D|@zK#(7)A^##(:j;6#fA(y)#^ ^d'AcheD^, 91^1#, y - 24 - x7tt98 13%£&oT^3o ^ 1.3-2 □nCD^jHii (2000 1.3-2 V u-'>7ICZcE^fFtKD^SS (2000 *f0 ig # ±mm (h» ;u/t—a 56,600,000 * 2,036,641 1,600,000 ^.m if a 768,900 =mj-yy 683,000 545,000 4rf "j\t/N 380,000 /U>7y7)l 134,000 TT^ 130,000 asm 120,000 (titiM) FAOSTAT (http://aDD8.fao.ore/) (m liA-Xt±it 10 nog 1.3-3 (t-oi) 2000 56.6g^hXb^- -if;i/±m(D±m#y 9 > p o p s o a ac6T&-5. ✓t" 'i' yi//N— A 6^1^). 4:0%^ v^3 PORIM A^9>^-y3^<;i/A-Am$ &E# m&oyxf'A j; 0%6$(Z) ^w3-s;%4;k-s/3 #%1C EC-ASEAN COGEN programme Johore d^ot^TH —vx ^i/-^3h^##LTW6 mi.3-3#m)o (EC-ASEAN COGEN programme (D#gi:3^TIl, #4$##) @m:4;oT/WxWXto< - 25 - 1.3-3 (-to 2) ^ 1.3-2 C^L%:j;5k:'7k-S/7T##) 2 ST] TW6 (2000 ¥)o > mDfia awo^c, #^(7)^ma%4;;u4:-m(D LfrLtSLtfZ, EC-ASEAN COGEN programme \Z j;oT Pendang (:#3^T3-i/%4;k-^3>y9>h^##L^C A^:C«h^6, mi.3-4#m)o (tfjjfe) \l7 U y^f, ASEAN Centre for Energy 7—A^\—i? (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) 1.3-4 Johore 0/\°-JUiflCfc (1£ ^-yi^lz-yg > SfVr : Pontian, Johore (Malaysia) (v>#^—100 km ^t®) : Kilang Sawit United Bell Sdn. Bhd.% 20¥(DHE<7)$>5 Bell ^;i/— mi m 0 MMUSmEF8 £mtt53—sxtU —>3>MA$hfcIt8 tf'1'7- : 35t/h (23bar) %##* : 1, 200kW yXfAWi E6S8$8 : 676,262 USS (SSglV, ±*I«fc<) ?m&*lsHX4# : 3 FpHT Babcock Energy Ltd. (United Kingdom) c/o Vickers Hoskins (M) Sdn. Bhd. Turbinenfabrik J. Nadrowski (Germany) miAm c/o J. Nadrowski Asia Pacific (M) Sdn. Bhd. hOn-T^t'-Hl Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)^'S^Lfto (ttift) Le Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux /jv-AA-y (http://www.cragx.fgov.be/ ) — 26 ~ 1.3-5 Pendana (Dfi/KXi! (C £> (1£ i§Br : Pendang (Kedah y >H CD A lor SetarjfiO : Ban Heng Bee Rice Mill (1952) Sdn. Bhd. % iot/h ####%# m (mmm) : 8t/h (32bar) %mmtJ : 450kW yXfAi 1, 150,000 US$ (*#!$, 3 ^ mmm&: 1997 ^10^ Vyncke N.V. (Belgium) c/o Regional Office in Malaysia «SI± ^^7°Pyx;7 Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)U/ho (titijft) Le Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux 4v~ AA.—V (http://www.cragx.fgov.be/ ) - 27 - Carpet of oil palm trees cover the Malaysian landscape. m 1.3-1 (ttiS) Malaysia Airlines ' Going Places], Feb.2001 — 28 — Ready for harvesting...which is done every 10-12 days to ensure that the fruit bunches are gathered at their prime. H 1.3-2 (ttiS) Malaysia Airlines f Going PlacesJ, Feb.2001 Transporting the fruit bunches from the plantation to the mill is commonly done using lorry or a tractor-trailer combination. H11.3-3 (titiA) Malaysia Airlines f Going Places], Feb.2001 - 29 - 1.3.3 PS£S;BLTl^fc&T$>5o Sl*0*tojfJDX^SWfi£<£> ¥Svl/-'>7^43V^Tti, 85 *Zfr SUlk^tlTl^o Sviz-'>7 6nTtiV^^=fo(7)CD, MtiE*5:0JELTV^o ##m#KL m±£fc(Dm 60% # 1.3-6 L77 l/—5/7(D#^#OA^m^^7o 1.3-6 7l/-y7^1i04I: (1999 *f) ±aam tarn (m3) Fibreboard 1,000,000 Industrial Roundwood 21,751,000 MDF 1,000,000 Other Indust Roundwd 844,000 Particle Board 250,000 Plywood 3,904,000 Pulpwood,Round&Split 700,000 Roundwood 29,461,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 20,207,000 Sawnwood 5,241,000 Veneer Sheets 760,000 Wood-Based Panels 5,914,000 Wood Charcoal 488,000 Wood Fuel 7,710,000 (itiift) FAOSTAT (http://aDDs.fao.org/) ^(D^frch&oTV^I^y^MTl^ ***£$• SOlti: 1.3-7 %%iJ(D^L±6##(D#aim^# 1.3-8 iC^To —Jj, XB^l/—5>7T1X Matang - 30 - 1.3-7 C§Hi:Tm3) 1997 ¥ 1998 ¥ 1999 ¥ 16,823 11,307 13,096 1,688 1,304 1,191 ¥# 2,321 2,301 2,611 607 393 458 Mj&MA 47 40 26 y ^ ¥— F ¥— F 53 52 49 /X—¥^7¥¥— F 77 31 69 MDF 146 104 207 s® 2 3 3 F¥v¥(X10^ F>) 68 102 157 (mm sTiDc ## 1.3-8 (1999 ¥) #$» Otitis % % (Xio 3m3) (Xio^m^) Miri 1,308 21.9 55 5.4 Bintulu 1,771 29.7 336 32.7 Tanjung Manis 2,442 40.9 450 44.0 Linbang 309 5.2 5 0.5 Kuching 14 0.2 108 10.6 Lawas 101 1.7 38 3.7 Sundar 22 0.4 32 3.1 6-n- 5,968 100.0 1,023 100.0 (m#) stidc m# - 31 - MIRIi M/Vlc HI TI.MBKII EXPORT POINT IIIVIRIONAI.OFFICER STinr HKMHJi'AHTKHS # BINTUIA INDUSTRIAL ESTATE TAN.JUNG MAS'IS KAPIT SOUTH EAST KALIMANTAN SRI AMAN m 1.3-4 (tHft) STIDC - 32 - e<, mz*mzmmLtc&mxM'T:7 an±7,m(Dm\z%m ltcv > LT^a. cn$T\ 3o%~so%a#m^ ^ia. L^L, (D^jm (:MTa^n±e < m — y%j:0 EC-ASEAN COGEN programme \Z «fc o T Ben tong tljoV^T l,500kW ^7% (^ 1.3-10 #M) > Tanjung Manis (Sarawak) (C&UT l,650kW ®a-yx^l/-y 3 >7°7> h^\ ^tc Keningau (Sabah) (CjotAT 1 7j kW 9 Gemas (Negeri Sembilan)\Z ie^T%#y^>h^#LTv^a. ^CO^T^ck^lOO.OOO C(Z)5^$t3^(D2H# 1.3-9 7 l/-j>70^#m#0%i#^(1995 ^) ¥SvL/-v7 -thA'M th7V^#l 10.OOOmW^StDSmiii 341 52 70 10,000-30,000 mWtDi^Ili 343 59 54 30,000 m3/^i®iMlt§ 26 115 110 eezm 49 38 43 >^Iii 111 78 21 - 33 - 1.3-10 Bentonq Z> iS0r : Ben tong (^7y)V>7 -;U4;D 90km #3%) : Sim Hoe Wood Industry Sdn. Bhd. ytfoQEM* fToTV^XSo : 16t/h (22 bar) mmmti: l.sookw yXrA Wi : 1,611,000 US$ 3.5 ^ VYNCKE N.V. (BELGIUM) NADROWSKI (GERMANY) c/o Jebsen and lessen (Malaysia) m%Am Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)Lft0 (titiS) Le Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux dv-y (http7/www.cragx.fgov.be/ ) - 34 - 1.3.4 •7^-->Tlc*t'j'5£Bti:ES® 81.3-11 7U-->7ICfc(t£®S&@IS#KD?e£* (2000 #) IS^C J m w\ (1,000 IS) (X103t) 7K4: 155 226 * 723 795 # 120,000 4,440 lil^ 232 42 m 1,829 402 ¥ 175 32 — 5,937 (HBft) ##[ : FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) 1.3.5 ASEAN Centre for Energy UT V^•?> V 1/ — y7 —H 1.3-12 - 35 - 1.3-12 (*<0 1) TECHNOLOGY / Advance Boilers Sdn Bhd 21A Jalan Jejaka 3, Taman Maluri 55100 Kuala Lumpur. HARDWARE Tel. 7349097, Fax. 7349098. BB Electrical & Engrg 502 Jalan Kapar KLG. Tel. 342-2833, Fax. 342-1780. Enco Engineering Sdn Bhd Lot 43 Rawang Integrated Industrial Park 48000 Rawang, Selangor. Tel. 6913223, Fax. 6913222. Hamada Boiler (M) Sdn Bhd 94B, Jalan SS24/2, Taman Megah, 47301, Petaling Jaya. Tel. 704-4966, Fax. 704.9061. Inmech (M) Sdn Bhd 94, Jalan SS24/2, Taman Megah, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel. 704-5555, Fax. 704-0555. International Combustion Block 15, Pioneer Road North, 01-79, Singapore 2262 Technic PTE Ltd. Tel. 268-0145, Fax. 268-0147. J. Nadrowik Asia Pacific No 25, 1st floor, Jalan USJ 10/1D, Subang Jaya, 47620 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Tel. 736-6873 (turbine only). Jessen and Jebsen (repr KKK) 16 Jalan 51 A/225, Petaling Jaya. Tel. 776-3722, Fax. 775-9130 (turbine only). MechMar Energy Sdn Bhd Lot 8, Section 13/2, 46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel. 756-2522, Fax. 756-5761. MechMar Boilers Sdn Bhd 97 B Jalan Casing, 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Tel. 603-5193688 / 7565803 Fax. 603-5191368. Pittsoon Sdn (repr Sunds Lot 338,3rd floor, Wisma HLA, Jalan Raja, Kuala Lumpur. Defibrator AB) Tel. 242-9301, Fax. 248-5840. Siemens Power Generation 19th floor, Menara Tan & Tan, 207 Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur. Tel. 264-4388, Fax. 264-0126. System Dynamic Sdn Bhd 38 Jalan SS 19/7, Subang Jaya, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel. 734-3913, Fax. 734-8286. Southern Waste Management 20 Jalan Wan Kadir 1(1/71), Off Turn Mohd Fuad Taman Turn Dr. Sbn. Bhd. Ismail, 60000 Kuala Lumpur. Tel. 603-7169619, Fax. 603-719906226. Thermo Indust Boilers & Vesels 89 Kaw Perindustrian Integrasi, Rawang. Sdn Bhd Tel. 692-8828, Fax. 692-0813. Transtherm Engineers Sdn Bhd Lot 26B, Jalan Mamanda 4, Am pang Point, 68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, West Malaysia. Tel. 451-1382, Fax. 451-1392. Turbo kraft (Wp. Dresser-Road) No 7, MJ/3, Medan Maju Jaya, Batu 7, Jalan Klang Lama, 46000 Petaling Jaya. Tel. 794-8248, Fax.794-4536 (turbines only). Verton Trdg Sykt 12 Jalan SS4/17 Petaling Jaya. Tel. 776-8812, Fax. 776-5088. Vickers (M) Hoskins Sdn Bhd Lot 6074 Jalan Haji Abdul Manan off Jalan Meru, 41050 Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel. 603-3927385, Fax. 603-392-7389. Visdamex PO Box 29, Lot 84, Kulim Industrial Estate, Kedah. Tel. (04) 489-2099, Fax. (04) 489-2098. Vyncke No 35A, 1st Floor, Jalan SS2/67,47300 Petaling Jaya Tel. 774-7993, Fax. 774-7632. Wembley I.B.A.E Sdn Bhd 11 Psn Selangor Alam. Tel. 559-2801, Fax. 550-5771. - 36 - 1.3-12 (f0 2) mm* SERVICES Boilers & Steel-Works 74 Jalan SS15/4 Petaling Jaya. CONSULTING Engineering Sdn Bhd Tel. 733-9490, Fax. 734-4990. AND Cathay Engineering & Trdg Co. 65 Jalan SS2/2 Petaling Jaya. CONTRACTING Tel. 776-2263. Cheong Technical Services & No 18 Jalan Sg Rasah 35, Kaw Perindustrian Sg Rasa KLG. TRDG Tel. 342-4799, Fax. 342.4799. Dandang Teknik Sdn Bhd 13, 13A Jalan SM 11, Taman Sri Manja, Batu 61/2, Jalan Kelang Lama, 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Tel. 793-2311, 793-1613, Fax. 793-2080, 793-2081. Fabriasas Engineering Sdn Bhd No 9, Jalan Lima, Taman Perindustrian Batu 3, 4000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tel. 550-7162, 550-7278, Fax. 550-7136. IMS - Engineering 2nd floor, Bangunan Universal 44, Jalan Penchala, Petaling Jaya. Tel. 794-8428/794-8336, Fax. 794-8426 (repr among others Blohm & Voss turbines). Inmech (M) Sdn Bhd 94, Jalan SS24/2, Taman Megah, 47301, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel. 704-5555, Fax. 704-0555. Jitufluid Engineering Sdn Bhd 11, JalanGangsa, SD5/3D, Bandar Barn Sri Damansara, 52200 Kuala Lumpur. Tel. 632-1014 up to 16, Fax. 632-0986. Kejuruteraan Asas Sdn Bhd Taman Maju Jaya Off Jalan Cheras 27A Lrg Bunga Matahari 1B KL Tel. 985-5633, Fax. 985-5636. Kumpulan Chemineer 12A, Jalan SS2/61,47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Engineering Sdn Bhd Tel. 775-6636, 775-4558, 776-6354, Fax. 776-0306. Lucovest (M) Sdn Bhd 15 Lrg PJS7/20B Petaling Jaya. Tel. 731-0885, Fax. 731-1330. Steamline Engineering (M) Sdn No 6, Jalan SS26/11, Taman Mayang Jaya Industrial, 47301 Bhd Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tel. 703-8881 up to 83, Fax. 703-8883. Tenaga National Engineering & Floor 15, Menara Chung Khiaw Bank, Jalan Raya Laut, Kuala Consulting Lumpur. Tel. 294-2121, Fax. 294-4494. Tenaga Tiub Sdn Bhd 11 -1 Bdr Menjalara Kuala Lumpur. Tel. 633-3368. Unimech Engineering (KL) Sdn 31 Jalan 20/14 Petaling Jaya. Bhd Tel. 7765688, Fax. 776-9746. Mechmar Energy Sdn Bhd Jalan Perunding U1/17, Section U1, HICOM-Glenmarie Industrial Park, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor. Tel. 603- 5193688, Fax. 603- 51913 68. System Dynamics Sdn Bhd 38, Jalan 5519/7 PJ, Selangor. Tel. 03-7343913. (titift) ASEAN Centre for Energy —V (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) OfFftk — 37 ~~ 1.4 1.4.1 E£R IdiSftfcST&So # 1.1-1 lZ^^o\Z, /Ht7XX^j^-H — ##(D 31%^A&6T^6o ^:A^^VXX^;i/^-(D^Sm 892PJ £*fU &837PJT&5;i M • TU^{bA'fft»tiTV^0 BttgBcDjgHTteEiPclS • MEXS • -fe y X < > H^s/7T^m±(7)^ o2: ux± 9#T# 3 ^(D 2 5. m 1.4-1 \z^ >Y*i'7 \z&tf&n^mtJz*))/^-- CiniCctn^ /Ht7X© 1996^0# 178MW ii^oTl/^o 1.4-1 Renewable Energy Potential Installed capacity Planned installed Utilisation (MW) 1996 (MW) capacity 2003 Geothermal 20,000 589 1,654 Hydro 75,624 4,190 6,428 Micro/Minihydro 493 21 60 Solar energy (PV) 4.8 kWh/m2d avg 5 119 Wind energy 448 at 3-6 m/s 0.5 1 Biomass 49,807 178 260 Biogas 684 0 233 TOTAL 143,056 ~ 5,000 8,755 (HiA) ASEAN Centre for Energy 7h—A^\—v (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) 1.4.2 i969^\z]&^rcmmm%5t)^m(D*r-mLTmmgMm (D-’DtZtl, • S^oii^cA'EbnTV^^o tob^CL, T \t, 1994 W' 6 #85 6 # 5 * %• £5bZ z.LteE^mM% 38 - ^:LT7^U ITI^O 1997, 1998 Xjl/X— X a £ V , ###(7)iR#L t jllllMITo tz1999 ¥tijt^>SLTV^o # 1.4-2 iC^SSjEoSCD^MOSS- (1985 —1999 ¥) 1.4-3 JC 2000 ¥?C 10 pan0®4IIBto 1.4-2 '(>F*'>T\zmz>±mmm&±mw(Dtm (##:f 1985 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 % 26,542 32, 334 33,216 32,095 32,004 32,419 jr* yp/t 14,037 15,441 17,002 15,134 14,728 16,323 £5bZZU 4,330 8,246 9,307 8,771 10,059 9,507 UA 1,055 1,573 1,614 1,553 1,714 1,621 A-A;6 1,243 4,480 4,960 5,380 5,101 5,280 1 1 u rr 311 458 479 428 391 402 -y-h^+t: 1,899 2,077 2,076 2,192 1,492 1,492 (mm) 1.4-3 ±#1Og%B0±^m (2000^) IFPeD £ss (h» 51,000,000 Jl'/'S—A 34,000,000 ithO+t 21,400,000 ^■Y VpA 16,346,698 ZlUj-yy 16,235,000 (Him) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) (&) $s^-x-e±tir io no g ^mm bfc0 ES 100MW ftCDMjj^^(Dfcftn&TTlzmpJZtlT& D , PSKSK(SPPA)£(DifafelZ - 39 - 1.4-4 -<>(■*© 1) |B|mi:11 1920 #^(:y7>A-y3 >##«bLT #A$a, #1.4-1 1999 #(D^g#1^ 528 7] mm, m# IRtl-iJ &#mLTW&. 2001 #^6A-A Jr 4 Jivt—A LT43 0, 2 4LA7F7TB*, ##yy>y—ya >i:j;ommi:KAL, ^ 300 ^h>l:t#L^o L^L, #mil#A####^#ADLT4s 0, 1999 #lll49^h>(b, < > K^yy (:# 56 /i^Agr^jmL^3-ix%4;k-y3 >7°y> h^CCm#^(T)7 6l:me$^6?^A^oTV^. -€-^^^11^^73# (6MWX3 = 18MW), A7h71# (6MWX ^Ay^JiA 1 # (1MW) ArtX ^(D^##1125MWA^6. $61:, 10# (#84MW) (DA^Xyo^j:7h^M$aTV^. A7F72# (^ 28MW), #777%^!# (3MW), AU7 7^71# (4MW), ^7^7^6# #29MW) &/c, $#FSgKl:j;o!:, $61:m4sj;U(4:^A7h7, 77 7%7#i:^ ioMW7yxoyo>;%7 ## - ^g77AAbf A^#A6^16. 1970 # 200 7] MmiimMAo^^ABT 1978 #J^I$, #^Aom[l# ($9 2%) &_b[g5#U:&m±, 1984 # A#A6#1TW6. 7^A;1/^T11, 50MW7 7A(D#S#MM7 H3fO 07^:7 (titiS) by U >A ASEAN Centre for Energy y_A(http://www.ace.or.id/ ) # OfWc 1.4.3 75%1:$B^T6$9 1 # 4,400 ha t1^5 ^Bl&± - 40 - Htt, Stt, X;l/XZ7V$%*#'#©# #*®ics*nrv^. ##©«wsStti$E ioo%h##t, f ESMFtC&^TtfBttTU-E,. 1967#c r^HSSffiJ- r#ES*ttJ .hUofc&Bliaijit/u /£&§$. 1970 &A©#m**Ai0cmj3j:^m%Ra©mmt:):j;oT, i960 toicti® (Mmmstoa sn, 1985 #icttife®toc*ihsnfc. V 1998 ¥©msa*ss (IMF) ©aalCJ;0S»'»S4ft-5Ci;t7j:ofc^\ TFtiHdtS^SH/WSf, »/t 2000 #9fl©'f>F^->7$#Hdtt (CGI) IC-titj- 5±Stta^UT$tfBhfcS#M@©*hS©fc»i), ■ ®43C7j:a#£T*5. C©j:57jA*l6ttlSPg$tt- £E • MW»£©#SDiB«$ 1^0/7 S6Ttt#5?6 • ^Xlft(ti©41-L'ESlc/$AbTH5. S 1.4-5 IC< > F#->7© 1999 #K431f6#E#l©EE#&#f. 1.4-5 -f > K*->7©t*Stel©#i (1999#) £Spapg £Sm (m3) Chips and Particles 448,000 Fibreboard 85,000 Hard board 20,000 Industrial Roundwood 31,357,500 MDF 65,000 Other Indust Roundwd 3,248,500 Particle Board 213,000 Plywood 4,437,000 Pulpwood,Round&Split 3,248,000 Roundwood 190,600,508 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 24,861,000 Sawnwood 2,427,000 Veneer Sheets 927,000 Wood-Based Panels 5,662,000 Wood Charcoal 146,000 Wood Fuel 159,243,008 Wood Residues 388,000 (HIM) FAOSTAT (ht.tp://aDPS.fao-org/ ) (^--Mg) MiliX7h7, *'J7>^>, 77^X'>®I# -UStolc^nBroitiXT-ttSEeA^-T^ —tf;i/6E%Hc«koT, eesce, 10,000~50,000m3/#©@a|g* SSf7>Sye»1400 K-k$ 0. C055 20 A0fT tt 50,000 m3Z#Sr@x5|gASjfoTV^» ®sa^*:y hZVXIC/W-SBStS, to*© 8EX®l£ftoUT*;EUT^5„ i)]l:7 0Tlt S*tolcttT-f —fe>%eSffoTj3 0, Am#i#©»Wi*© - 41 50,000m3Z¥J^TC)5aaf^^Wt';5'nEXSti 40 50,000-200,OOOm3Z¥ D-i/%^I/-Z3ZZA7"A(:j;3T, £tlT&0, EC-ASEAN COGEN programme CioT, Lft 2 "D <£> 7° Di/%/7 h^##LTW^. ^ 1.4-6 \Z Palembang £$>5SMtfXlST<7)WJ (EC-ASEAN COGEN programme) (D# Ic^ttfT o 1.4-6 Palembanq SB? : Pulau Borang (Palembang, X7h7) : PT Kurnia Musi Plywood Industries : Priosoetanto International Corporation (PIC)#lC#T ^ 850mVB(DM#T7(D&6^K#. imxm 0 h^lS ^<7- : 35t/h : 3, 500kW y^xAi mm&'MM : 1, 600,000US$ (±*ZSI^<) Aalborg Boilers/Aalborg Industries (Denmark) m%±m c/o PT Aalborg Sunrod (Indonesia) OM) Le Centre de Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux dv-AA-/ (http://www.cragx.fgov.be/ ) 1.4.4 - 42 - (A-& *£>&o ^ 1.4-7 Z.tVZ Johansson % (T. B. Johansson (3/^ rRenewable Energy] , Island Press, 1993) CD (m) j^T(Dj;3(:75:6. m 1.4-7 -<>K^'>7icfc(t-5M*ii*tt©5e4a (200090 s#c m wi (1,000 M) (X103t) 2,859 4,174 * 12,102 13,312 800,000 29,600 Uj¥ 14,121 2,542 m 9,353 2,058 7,502 1,350 ^It — 53,036 (tfift) : FAOSTAT (http V/apps.fao.org/ ) 1.4.5 Hi£&it ASEAN Centre for Energy L T tA <5 i/7 IZ$5'&/'$'(’ 1.4-8 0T&5. 1.4-8 >T > aufttf PT. Boma Bisma Indra PT BBI cab Jakarta Gedung, Granada Lt III, Jl Jend Sudirman Kav.50, Jakarta Tel: (62-21)-5252248 Fax: (62-21 )-5254241. 15~176kW„ PTIMSF Jl Pulogadung No 12, Jakarta Timur mm Tel: (62-21 )-4604047, 4892450, 4893960 Fax: (62-21)-4609087 - mm Pondok Indah Plaza Kav 22, Jl Taman Duta I, Jakarta 12310, PT Spektra Matrika Indah Tel: (62-21 )-7653180 Fax: (62-21 )-7691 005 - mm. AtoSeti. 30~50m3» Aalborg Sunrod Indonesia Jl Rawa Sumur II Blok 3, Kav CC7, Kawasa Industri Pulo Gadung Tel: (62-21)-4610569 Fax: (62-21 )-4610568. Stork Indonesia Wisma GKBI Suite 3506, Jl Jend Sudirman No 28, Jakarta 10210 Tel: ( 62-21 )-5740545 Fax: (62-21)-5740540. PT PAL/ABB Ujung Surabaya, PO BOX 1134, Surabaya Tel. : (62-031 )-3292275 Fax : (62-031)-3292493 Babcock Wilcox Jl Bawal Batu Am par, Pulau Batam Tel. : (62-778)-411860 Fax : (62-778) 411866 LI PI Bandung Jl. Cisitu no. 21/154, Bandung 40135. (HjjSQ ASEAN Centre for Energy —V (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) — 43 — 1.5 ^ hd-AlCfclt-SiA-f 1.5.1 fflfift E 1.1-1 ICSUfcix CAM 3-7XZ%H/f—©j±#lA%*ll/f—###© 68%& £»Tt5 9, —!$$!8©?8IH$fi©80~90%ti;ir, *K. **, fe6, ###^%. £toA''f*-7x*®icd:5fetoT6y 1 ±cEmm©macm©6trT©6. iSJ9ER©iWe®fc«i). X 3 ll/XK^©A##©-K*aTI±m#6 LT#. $, ffiWSSfcfiJfflLTAS. am c t & a wt ut. %##$©*©mam^$^©e RX’nyzA^SIKdnTA-e.. &*, &#*C#©mB^A© C 6. H*iiJfgE$S@xfcaS(&##ttii^S /uTAg,. hfw 7 o©*sg%**icK^snTi3 o. &%*©±*em*aa«T©im 0 t S>2>0 # 1.5-1 7 1te«©±ife;Sffltt;£ (## : AXf-lW No. ## ## ### 1 ttUCSB, MSB 2,038,421 228,096 190,887 6,637,922 2 711,744 55,502 187,692 87,311 216,187 3 670,323 1,882,259 166,097 68,890 2,330,485 4 544,513 1,858,767 144,159 55,043 1,915,340 5 WSM 629,208 3,266,626 89,190 53,117 1,580,342 6 955,916 509,207 141,647 97,251 635,087 7 2,654,066 304,310 165,303 165,006 666,865 ^h±A±± 7,907,207 9,915,092 1,122,184 717,507 13,982,228 (%) (23.88%) (29.95%) (3.38%) (2.16%) (40.63%) 33,104,218(100%) (lBM) ASEAN Centre for Energy dt—A A—X (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) 1.5.2 S3$$IE*#I **8ISH©±Si)'»ttft®4ET, 99 ^7?®#gm(D^m^W- -ft*, *xx-9-a\ BSA£7)taiEsnTH5.. s/tes^Aibic^o. n-t-, *& £ © iS 0aPf£#j © £E fc # XS X © 5„ * 1.5-2 CAtt£E*©##$\ E 1.5-3 C 2000 ¥C43tj--S>a8A-XT©±ti: 10 — 44 — 1.5-2 tmn&smm (##: t k » 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 3/ 21,590 22,837 23,528 24,964 26,397 27,524 29,146 31,394 ## 9,153 9,036 10,504 10,737 12,210 13,310 13,560 14,104 4,910 5,633 5,630 6,501 6,879 6,638 7,523 8,757 7,527 8,168 7,395 7,726 7,309 7,576 8,063 8,533 -erott&E" 2,624 2,665 2,670 2,607 2,821 3,094 2,708 2,860 •nit 24,215 25,502 26,199 27,571 29,218 30,618 31,854 34,254 (m*) 1.5-3 10 pap i (ttJift) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) (&) io nps ^ 1.5-4 4550 ^ h>T, C:(D3^97.8%^T^##^(7)/W^'7X^A^)TW6. ##^/W^"7X'7X(D78.7%, # 1.5-5 7±7>lZtiQMlsfcZ.tfrt> EC-Asean COGEN Programme £jM!LTV*£ ^ bfrZ, ^ #nc(Dx^-ATt^^6aA^x^fmL^yai;%x 6. — 45 — 8 1.5-4 *K ■ #$?S/H^""7X(»#S *(h>) -&fHc IgtH: A.*#s$y —~Ts( £?)l/7^— K 120,000 60.0% 0.3% m# 80,000 40.0% 0.2% /Mi- 200,000 20.0% 0.4% IBB ## 200,000 50.0% 0.4% 100,000 25.0% 0.2% 100,000 25.0% 0.2% /Mt 400,000 40.0% 0.9% 200,000 50.0% 0.4% 200,000 50.0% 0.4% /Mt 400,000 40.0% 0.9% 1,000,000 100.0% 2.2% B.**9)f t)W6 1,500,000 75.0% 3.3% 500,000 25.0% 1.1% /Mi* 2,000,000 4.5% 4.4% s®ciyg • itie 10,000,000 28.6% 22.0% m&mm 15,000,000 42.9% 33.0% 10,000,000 28.6% 22.0% /Fit 35,000,000 78.7% 76.9% 3,000,000 75.0% 6.6% 1,000,000 25.0% 2.2% /j# 4,000,000 9.0% 8.8% 500,000 14.3% 1.1% m# 2,000,000 57.1% 4.4% 1,000,000 28.6% 2.2% /J# 3,500,000 7.9% 7.7% 44,500,000 100.0% 97.8% ISMI- 45,500,000 100.0% iti# : #E#tiSI%Y(MARD)8S, 2000 — 46 — 1.5-s htAictsif tb , ft) 50%^j### t L (D £ $ tit ^ § C t U EVNK \t kWh A;tfx C(D^^6:9#U:(7)1 B^^l](DmmoT#mH 87,000 250MW f:mTapT#t#i&5. 6(7)T, A^x^m g| 1.5-L |g 1.5-2 /uT$)6. [RlST^S^^ff o T43 D , MWzJz-DTlZ^MftbnJ 2000 #j\ t>ntztf. £8Kkt 3, 255 75 Vy\zmi)\)htCo io 7m±t)&Kx , 5 t/h 50 sookw m±(7)%^6^#^43c^ oTw^. m&, ^--xh^uya^ix-yyo^m^oT, o>^7#(7) 50kW(D3-$;%4;y-s/3 >yxf-A^#E$aTv^« 2ookw 63-ix%$i/-y3 (utiA) ASEAN Centre for Energy —i? (http://www.ace.or.id/) # j; m 1.5-1 /wx%mffiTt>tiT\.\zfc7 tr >*<0#a*iJ» - 47 - 01.5-2 fg®£ (80 0 1.5-1> 1.5-2 \Z Hoa Binh Sugar Cane Company (H#) 0 bfc %#m#^2,oookw. 1.5.3 ##&###) 20^h>X)##, 10^h>^ykX^-H^ E 1.5-6 /< h±A(Cj5(j"6###l0!±#m (1999 5) ^mas £M (m3) Industrial Roundwood 4,556,000 Other Indust Roundwd 2,140,000 Particle Board 2,000 Plywood 37,000 Roundwood 36,730,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 2,416,000 Sawnwood 721,000 Wood-Based Panels 39,000 Wood Charcoal 20,000 Wood Fuel 32,174,000 (ttift) FAOSTAT (httpV/apps.fao.org/) - 48 1.5.4 1960 h±At:#A2fL 1975 ^zm—'ZtlTZX^ b'TA 1-15m3 0§S©^§iI^/Ht^X7°7>h^ h±A) n >-r;i/^s^(Wy< h^-A)tc 3,000 ABr&^o hOEBWffiti 200-250 H';i/TS>^)= ^oTkmmmBmmmc a m 1.5-7 c/< Z.tl\Z Johansson b (T. B. Johansson ($tA f"Renewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) (D /< hd"A (2000(2C *f) @ g'J (1,000 IS) (X103t) 7K41 2,897 4,230 4,137 4,551 # 196,188 7,259 Lij^ 544 98 & 20,194 4,443 ¥ — ' — fr#f — 20,581 (Hjife) MMt : FAOSTAT (http://anns.fao.org/) ei 1.5-3 *T\Ly,&\znir%mnm3m\sta\'(*ii7 c?:jyb ifnx Mi 2 7i 5fflf§^o m# 1 m 7,400 mm) 49 - 1.5.5 mmtm ASEAN Centre for Energy 7°^ > 1.5-8 1.5-8 * hd-Aicfclt^/W^-vxx^lz^-ggillM im The Institute of Energy (Hanoi) 100kW£T(3,5,7,10 m3) hgs Vietnam Boiler Company (Hanoi) AtfXx 7- (0.05 —125 t/h X SEE 0.7~25 kg/cm2.) Research Centre For Thermal Equipment and /K'f 7— (2 T/h , #ME 40 kg/cm2) NRSE (Ho Chi Minh City) - 50 - 1.6 1.6.1 E 1.1-1 (7)85%^6)6TV^o GDP (D 52%(1999 1995 ^© Aot>th%cj;a^ 10 86%#m-#mmc %$LTW^,. m±\t, mt\zmt£%T >7- >umu 6^i^* ois*Ma*s±£>$j 8m&&®T&v, ^ D 3 >;i| 1.6.2 mm%mmMi m& 3^(D#C^3t)5CL, 3-b-^6^&^. E 1.5-3 t:lI^-XT±fe 10 E 1.6-1 SS5o±ti 10 S B OEm# (2000^) m## Em# (h» 2,155,100 WF5TE 173,600 69 t6CU 77,280 + f ytfA 71,000 51,900 TEIZc 46,000 35,000 /Ht'>7Jl/ 34,000 /o> 33,000 32,100 (utift) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) (E) mm^-XT±^ 10 ppg £MtiLfc„ l1S(Dffljl6L*m> l)E^LTBEStitLTWB* 2)JiiteftKo< £>n3/h£&{f i/M©*tItbT|iJffl, 3)t(D ^SSiM(D fete* t Lxmm , 4)E^UTEK(CLT cn^(D%m\zm'tz>%tWr&)f£:r'-?iEM\zftt>nT^f£ vx 0, %#LTm#(bLTWH3fia. — 51 — FAO 1997¥IC*5tj'-5*#®8.*Sltt549 7: m3 *>. 87%fCfcfc-5 480 77 m3 7)#@WT&*3 , 7tXt:toTttEtHi^S^M-WaftzgjrftoTjo 0,1997 ^Ci3It-SHtijffit: A *-5flJ-&« 28%T\ &SDDa(29%)t:*ViTS 2 S. 7^XT1ffll fSt8ttJSiiJ '0#m# I 4801 01.6-1 £tiS : Committee for Planning and Cooperation ‘Basic Statistics ’, FAO ‘Yearbook Forest Products 1995-1997 ’, (5e4£, #T6^±#:0'ea^37.6%, 10.6%^A&6, 61 0|1996 ^25 Turn3, ##j^#0^m^9^4f m\ $@#^^#^2^6f m3T&o^:. C tl 6 < 'ra*MlKF tUV, 400kg 0|gE^6 6m3 0*^ lm3 (DMttfr 6 70—100kg ttittSWKOUTtt, itetii©SB*lSSI6tetoi®*;E>R*£roiLTSitilct"-E>l$ i)\ »ri:UTfcfiJfflLTtr>5. -*869lc«g***sx^.;^-&fijfflf Sfetffl* ITff4#i LT4f UfcttT. Sr-t>ta/j: 5t)s, mdf, xxtf- H6:£"co#lnWlMnaD{t:®il^Jli,>»i/^ 7*xi;j3tt5iS$ftEtt. ±#^4-xX7LAT*#G#sn3 H W © SttitiSt$# #!£L-T, *#Sa75t7'f-fe>X61X#L,TttSSffHi6SICD'f'1rU7u-f i»*i£>m:u.5. BStts^xofc»tt6ic*«ttE^*An6ffoT*±i!iicteiex5.. BllttSCJ:-5A1$*©iK8f$lcSdtiy uce $<££■©««&, **@E^iR#LxE# - mmacwmL-c^&iK • |i|lt5*&li, D^tUTy SSiAd-KB^zfcS. mx i: ©f w # w 6. s«mcte»5^M • mmmMmmi 1 t' X > -y 1 v > rfi AH © First May Timber Processing 11.(1990 SESM 300 =S)Tti> ###(C t&xfcSM.s-f-'vrx-f i:#wlt ^i5,ooom3x, mam%# S8tiM45m 3p >7A 3 £)T£B3;$2aLTlVj;K ##m40%(7—9ifi 25- 30%), 60% £ fc oTV^, • E/s^msm Hx>7^ 60 hiriM^&gTS Phounsavath %(1984#^##M%. 40 £)«Bft)ft LTV^0|gPt), Em 20m3T, 065%T&6. 7<(: nmgnws, H%>77 6^bA^\ 65 km#A(D#^% Kaphet %(1975 #X 0 ##, %## 30 &)TkL ESfflOE titLTffimzmmLT^z>0 $g#(D#AI:^ 4-5m3 A 0 # h 7 y 3 ZF Kip £3£&5. ^^(D#^#^19 h>T\ 5^h7y - 53 - soukanh&(DMn?zmxm\zmimnr'3 • j&m • g^v ^3 AT, 4$CD^$£'T12 1 @(D%#%@(12 gm)T*mm-?z>mm\z24m3t, 10 te, 1 m 70Kip T, M#2:^&%±HMam%T^mLTW6. 1.6.4 # 1.6-2 Johansson 6 (T. B. Johansson (5^ I"Renewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) 0 1.6-2 (200090 HE mmm # S»J (1,000 H) (X10% zK4^ 1,007 1,470 987 1,086 H 12,028 445 Llj# 100 18 m 1,101 242 # — — — 3,261 (Hjjft) M.$k : FAOSTAT (http://aDDS.fao.org/) — 54 — 1.7 1.7.1 E9i S»MH8 1.1-1 CSLfc J; 5 lcx*;i/^— 89%$[5i6T45 0. 79%a&-3 TV^-5. ^/1-;l/IC*V>TB#*e.S3iSn5*KE#0SJ-&tt, 1995/96 fptClB^T, 73%£&oTV>-5. 1.7.2 J8**Jg*#l *. -/j-k T$>9, *###«&EA##±#:0 6 iOt^t-irai41ift(*' /hS-ir-^fedC V-#tl)lconrtt6$6Bj®T$o7c^\ 80 TH5. Ctltt, 4;Etty5tfiV>Ci:AWj:aeT. HSI©£Eettffi©B7->' TSSHCtt 10-30%t)6VX ^©SStt, H±©30%-5$**C®VTl3B-r, *#£*■«» Mftitatirzmati, &6S, ai-srofl-feign, T+#wm#w#fsfia. *1.7-1 icae^-xT0±ti; 10sag&$r. ££5et>\ tvtsz 1.7-1 SSB±to 10 on i ©£8# (2000 ^) mfF# (h» * 4,030,100 TE5WI7 2,103,426 1,445,450 # 1,183,530 1,182,500 295,380 b^v> 135,000 122,751 31,798 ■$s®a7 28,000 (ttiM) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) (S) fil^-XT±t 10 Dap@ Lfc, x*)u^-]mmm<)imMmmMm£&JMW'tLT^z£ffiM£tL%0 1985/86 1,250 75 h ^0^3^02 67.4%/^'tlST £#>b tlT V^o 1.7.3 ha)^mT(/)a &VT$>%o ^A°-/V(DSWEti 480 75 ha T\ 1995 3 - 55 - H±0 31.5%e6», itRroB±ICdS»-5»JSHi6l/X m 1.7-2 ha) 7fcMx^;Mr —M @#cf ha) % ##@#(1995) 4,822 33.70% ^^#B«(1995) 4,766 33.30% ##(1994) 4,509 31.50% (utiM) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia ^—v (http://www.rwedp.org/ ) 1.7-3 i999^(D#m#i(7)^mm^^T. 1.7-3 T'A°— (1999 dk&op B &.mm (m3) Industrial Roundwood 620,000 Roundwood 21,962,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 620,000 Sawnwood 620,000 Wood Charcoal 35,000 Wood Fuel 21,342,000 (titiS) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) >7.(1994 0 T& 1.7-4 ^>/t-;U(Cfe(j-^^SW^:^gX^;U^-0ag|&/K7 >X(1994 £E) f h> 4,258 37.2% 3,990 34.9% 2,608 22.8% 199 1.7% ici-SftiS 390 3.4% -a Bt(A) 11,445 100.0% HtHS •erH-(B) 12,787 100.0% *?*S/'?7>X(A/B) 90% (RlA) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia v (http://www.rwedp.org/ ) - 56 A#:(D 79%&6#TWao m^BE^^t)/c6LTW6. - #A# - %/X— 885 7j ha T, ## • 673 75 ha £%/££*!& = 1,750 ^h>aE#t 6^16^, C(M% 600^h>H^|^(7)iR #^oT#T^6. 1.7.4 1.7-5 Z.n\Z Johansson b (T. B. Johansson I"Renewable Energy] , Island Press, 1993) CO 1.7-5 ^A-;wc&(:T6mmmmmw5&&# ###* m m (1,000II) (X10% 3,500 5,110 41 7,031 7,734 # 17,797 658 Oi^ 6,500 1,170 m 900 198 ¥ 870 157 — 15,027 (tM) mm : FAOSTAT (http://aoos.fao.org/ ) - 57 - 1.8 1.8.1 # 1.1-1 0^81%i^oTl^o T&a. *ia5R^ox^M-jB#»n*p* 0 76%££&Tl>ao -##0 EESRm*tojS 23%T, ^(D 50%^Eti" * A^T ££> ^tlT^ a. m#eBT^EE'm#^2:t)(:^jmTam#(7)^a/u^^g^T#mL/T^a. m 1.8.2 X—^ WT^##^g|(7)##(D^#T& 0, APCD 90%(7)^|f-^5xTV^a pf##(D@#nS±£#:GD19 3% £ £ #) > AW 6%> fatiW 56%£ £ #) T V :> a» #fi A(D 93% tiSSIOTLT£> 0 % m#ggp% GDP ^ 43%& A#a. 711/—V, X/X 1.8-1 ^na±ilL 10 5q B wwm ^m# (h» i7t>5Cl/ 70,000 "Fi7>p 58,000 50,000 34,100 7FH 20,000 12,800 (utiA) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) (m mm<-xT±@: 10 s.s l^0 oTv^a. ay-^ > M 58 - 1.8.3 • 35*8# • **B*ttHTfflaOTS5. 0 8.8%T$>-5. 1.8-2 y-fha) B#(f ha) | % 2,756j S#@li(1995) 58.60% %%#B#(1995) 2,748 58.50% 413| ##(1994) 8.80% (tfjjft) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia ^—v (http-//www.rwedp.org/ ) 1.8-3 1999 1.8-3 y-f >[cj3(t6#m#KD±mm (1999 so 4ti m ng an £■* (m3) Industrial Roundwood 45,000 Other Indust Roundwd 27,000 Particle Board 8,000 Plywood 5,000 Roundwood 1,751,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 18,000 Sawnwood 18,000 Wood-Based Panels 13,000 Wood Fuel 1,706,000 (titiA) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) 5,945 Z H >T\ ^(7) 6 ##^AZ#^ 6 ##$&#"€-4%, 0.4% - 59 - 1.8-4 7-^>lCfe(t£il£flVd:;fcgx4^U4f-0^g/\^>X(1994 *F) Th> % 3,797 63.9% 1,678 28.2% 239 4.0% 25 0.4% 206 3.5% 6#(A) 5,945 100.0% "□It(B) 819 100.0% $$6a’5>X(A/B) 726% (HiA) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia —v (http://www.rwedD.ore/ ) 1.8.4 ^ 1.8-5 Z.tl\Z Johansson 6 (T. B. Johansson 13/(P rRenewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) CO 1.8-5 mmm @ B'J (1,000 SI) (X10% 4 6 4^ 435 479 # 310 11 lll^ 42 8 m 75 17 # 59 11 — 532 (Hi#) m%C : FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) - 60 1.9 5 * yv-ICfclta/W 1.9.1 #KR 1990 f I: *5tj-?)5 t XX—©X^II/^-Eti: 80%$T/'0*/H ^XXTtiid 6hTI/>-5«5$ 0 20% e-#0$m& «lbT£*7)b **ijffl©®SS/H *xxrox*;|z^-M%ICttg brft 9, nss^abo. i ##ee;:&6 = i->x-##K##^M(MSTRD)A%#m%&@aLT©6. 5 -v XX-IC.feH'SftiMMmA'f tvxigitt 3 T* m3 TS-5 1.9.2 ftHSEHtt, HHGDP© 35%. gtstAP© 62%(©-fnfe9 7*fJl), utti© 36% (96 f &) ^ff#B%© *ttmax»0. -ivVV (xf7f^) /llS«£*i'ibfcIERftTbhX*®7W£* *fc. -r x v-xmBi$tt©^«t6$Ttt, am - mm#? (=r xfta) fti'feie^ntni.. &#«##«#. ##. 1E#;E#©*Afta=j;&®#ft*©@m:i\ SEBU© KAlcaStolc® 0ffl/bT* V, 6*tett®E-^am$B-L'Cii8n*l@tc$.-6. V7)1 b, tt^ALTRH©®*3£ettttffi©7-X7SgB£tbi£UTffi*Zpt;:$5,, ^•E©(feE6S*©7c8bicli. {b*aEfl4>®E©$$69#t|B. #EB«©ffi*. 6SS — 61 — tt- ffiH&S, «BI • W* • % 1.9-1 k 2000 ^ E 1.9-1 J8SB±e 10 BB©4ES (2000# Bfm ¥## (h» /K 20,000,000 WZ3WEF 5,146,991 a 1,228,830 640,013 tztfcg 507,119 7?>? —s mmm/'W-T) 353,997 E91)3cU 349,131 CTl 302,275 tNWFTT^a 270,121 3 3^-vV 262,565 00A) FAOSTAT (http://apps.6o.org/ ) (S) «S^-XT±filOiBBS:ftmLt. 5 nX(1S36 • $ tviWSjjx. -7X. SITE, eWSE-ettSA^RUT*6T. \ts%mmm %saA, w&nfc*. ^6 a t i:K#m©m# ^©tt, %»/)i6©sgjRs-fto vfcx i/v>5#ma WEiEffl©HUESi: V Tf to S hTl > -5. B*^6©m*T. A* • UR©ift)K{t ©♦^it^H e> tifc x t % s> * xs o t 11* i1. 1.9.3 5. (Hardwood) T657)5, 641"5tt*tt 8 ¥Hm± C©##aM©GDPt:AA5#J^-«, 9 7«T1 U^U, ttttilC i5®-5>fijai4 23% (9 6*p«) t«<. mma 6 * %. 9o¥ftcx^r*6fe, ¥-x©##a*». mmtb\zM'pmfa\z»^tztf> 90 BaAfetlttlceCTl^. -3&TE*©«#tt, 90 ¥ftl=A oT*6tt*$SC, B«tt)Stt-WLTiiJn«|p]IC*S. 93 ¥C«###«#m^Xi# *4tl, #a##©fg^####A 62 ^SLtictoih, C©^*, A* ©«S • «mtt£Tm&*;WK Bffi&stc j;5!6mH^®^Sa7a; £©*#»! MpM^PJcaE: $ t\TCo # 1.9-2 1999 ¥ 1.9-2 a f (1999 ¥) ±ms,a ife»S (m3) Industrial Roundwood 3,348,000 Other Indust Roundwd 1,000,000 Plywood 8,000 Roundwood 22,574,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 2,348,000 Sawnwood 305,000 Veneer Sheets 2,000 Wood-Based Panels 10,000 Wood Charcoal 25,000 Wood Fuel 19,226,000 (titiA) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/) 1993 ¥-94 78%^¥###X& 0, - A^# - ##@#(:owx FA0T^m%¥¥^-m^^6##@mHm±(D41.3%, A ##@#140.9%^A86T$30, 15.8%^^:oTV^. ¥fc> X¥¥ 1998 ¥ 3 ^B#AtCd3#5##@## 343,700km2 TEI±@#<£> 50.8% -ei m m m 1.9-3 s f am* - - #n AHx¥¥¥—M @#(¥ ha) % ##@#(1995) 27,151 41.30% ^##@#(1995) 26,875 40.90% #%(1994) 10,421 15.80% (IWA) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia 7h —A^\—v (httpV/www.rwedn.org/) 50.3%&A^)T^O,^V^TA^#, -eco#cD#m, ai#\zx%\t0.7%& £ & 5 ic ii s7j: 1 x #A, 23,058 ¥h>T\ #%%#^#^###^ 5.6 fpXIU-9 TV^-So — 63 — 1.9-4 % —#$om =Fh> % mmmmzim&miizx&mftsm. 65,341 50.3% 44,957 34.6% f®#®##ICA^#% 11,782 9.1% JftttlciSttiS 6,844 5.3% Al#lcj;^wa 970 0.7% ^ft(A) 129,894 100.0% &m-(B) 23,058 100.0% S$6A'7>X(A/B) 563% (tuft) Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia 4*—A A—~y (httpV/www.rwedn.org/ ) Bti#§g®itAlc*t®T5fc». flS#$®WRlcd:^ES«to«Sm7)iifiB8Sn-3 o&S. HlATiiJnt'-SgWSBlCfSASfc®, Wif##-^-7>i'*n-7'<73R4 • 5 x >v—SSECtt. — 0, Afflcaa%i/i*:&, CLi-UfclWeySilCillESiaiCck-S/HTtxxx'^XA- ->3 >®®fi£7)twi!gT$,£>. 1992 FAO ®#%*N%$11/f-M*7°DX"7A(RWEDP)&mCT. #*Ji® fss®t)^icEy®s*»$r»ii)-es-$>&A^$£'®»A-:ER^s»6n, j$%£± IfTS/A eRStttt FAO ^•7>yi/-IC®fi£VPc3 53.XA^#gtoEMS#ift|-j3ViT* $fiSilT60, AlsIbTH-5tt8ilcS-6. ii4iT®afes^sa'tti}AWM*i'¥^eis — 64 — y ' )\y ' h V—^fy >^tt(Sein Pan Trading Co., Ltd- SPT%, KyawWinTun Jueng B*(7)S t—tLTz£i\ WS&v—SSti 1999 ¥irEffib^= SPTthUti, 1.9.4 SS%JE$#l UNICEF ©$-B#tC Jltltf, 5 -V >v-lc $-1,520 7j3M~ 200 7? 81, AX 250 75m, W • t//'Xl30 755ji, W.& 2,420 75Mtt£.^>T^Z>. cn6®E$^6%4T-5A''f *-7XX*Jl/=?-tt5SSST 1,037 ShVttO, 5 + >T-0x^;F=ti-if|#© 75%l:#mf 6. ISWa/H **'xft*®aSA"trSSi* ©WEMifii: t fc A tl B ©S«l|«3/b B # B tl 3 A U X A, U XJ-f-n^tl 63 7? h>£6t®2tl, 5 -7 Ax'—ICt3lt-5A U AA, U AtoilffEffllto^tl-e'tl 20 {§, 150 {SICfflST-5 7)1, %CtiB©#EA-©#- A'XS^i&li, nx • HAtnn-A • /|\* • HM£A:i:©fPii©»K*£ 7%~i5%iiSn$ ■6-51$/)', 1IJS©#BICt>jll-TlA5 = cfru 5-vy^-iztsif^mmm^mmKtbt-$ws 2ti5©,»-e, ao« &*M©*W£ ATffitotrCtSO, ##Mmiim/uT^%VXUNICEF,1992). ALX, l)t#K#©M* - #&#mATW»W. 2)®»Ak3*lt9i$ • WMWiE WELTISo. AAAmifBti^. %-rztgi'Smzt/vEt, sbic, **9^ SS*A:£>x*;F^-® TttA«SAX©fW • ^&A#AT^6. 8 1.9-5 ICS f X x-—ICtolt-BzEll&SlrtofilWBIESrTKlA AtllC Johansson B (T. B. Johansson It/;1 fRenewable Energy! , Island Press, 1993) © (*) &M%T6A, KTOiAtCftS. — 65 — 1.9-5 s -v (2000 #) HE m m (1,000 H) (X103t) tK4^ 2,441 3,564 10,964 12,060 43,522 1,610 Oi^ 1,392 251 m 3,914 861 ¥ 390 70 — 18,416 (ttiM) SHE : FAOSTAT (http://aDDs.fao.org/) — 66 ~ 1.10 1.10.1 tiEiR 1995 95PJ T, 84%^£^)Tv^o £#>Tl^ (^1.1-1 #B0)O 1.10.2 ^USES^i # 1.10-1 (C 2000 ¥tC&tf5£SSHra 1.10-1 ^Eqnp±ti 10 n°n B <7)£jES; (2000 *E) Bkftto ^mm (h» * 3,762,000 7WT 147,000 ZtoZU 140,000 69 t5cU 95,274 67,500 ^l/>x 63,000 =i ^"jV 56,000 %E3A 40,000 35,063 7>4- 35,000 (tHft) FAOSTAT (http-ZZapps.fao.org/) (S) SS^-XT±e 10 S, g $}6£ti Lfc. *i*ii«iKiit*«''5 • *s • ^i3xts.E&&z,f)K m# • eKAEicfflfflsn zctb£<, ^0@m%$;t/f-mtLTMm6frrv)6A4m6^Tz&w. -/TTttCcO^ICMfa^-^^TFSVTjSD- BAIC43(t5a$tt$Ho S 0 1.10.3 1.10-2 ^^>^^7^43^6 1999 ^ ~ 67 ~ 1.10-2 ft (1999 50 ^Mpp B *tmW (m3) Industrial Roundwood 1,040,000 Other Indust Roundwd 630,000 Particle Board 228,000 Plywood 15,000 Roundwood 8,157,000 Sawlogs+Veneer Logs 410,000 Sawnwood 10,000 Veneer Sheets 68,000 Wood-Based Panels 311,000 Wood Charcoal 10,000 Wood Fuel 7,117,000 (HiA) FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) mL/TV^A[]H95%^±'r&0, ^0(DALIt7l:A^Al—y^^iWLTV^. * 84%(D#^T#t)tlTV^, LPG a^iW2flT^5#A'&&5/K 7 (D#^ LT#m c -T&a. ccoj^c, ^a/ua(D^>^i/7(DAan, #LTWa##Zt:&:5. Am##^A^#^6##'##l:A#Te6 H%:033&^)o ^(D ^ 1985 5T& 0, ^ (D ^ .t: 0 t:% o %::: <> /^W' 5. at • 7—7^#%LTV^V^o - 68 1.10.4 ^ 1.10-3 ZLtl\Z Johansson 6 (T. B. Johansson (3/0^ I"Renewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) (7) 1.10-3 *>7K^7lCfc(**Sj^ft*tt (LHA) SSffc : FAOSTAT (http://apps.fao.org/ ) - 69 - 2. W^BI 2.1.1 9- (National Energy Policy Council : NEPC) T&D, f ^tlTV^o NEPC OTICttxTTT —fl&MHili* (Energy Policy Committee : EPC) 0f (National Energy Policy Office : NEPO) National Energy Policy Council (NEPC) Energy Conservation Promotion Energy Policy Committee Fund Committee (ECPFC) (EPC) 1 National Energy Policy Office (NEPO) m 2.1-1 (utiS) S%c4V l4MSS#W^r NEPO HP (httoy/vwwv.neoo.(X).tlVdoc/doc-manaQe.htm m 2.1-1 The Secretariat of the Prime Minister (##W) ^ Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (US • ISIrUB-o-#) * Ministry of Commerce (M5##) * Ministry of Communication and Transportation ' ###) * Ministry of Defense (SKt#) ^ Ministry of Education (#W#) Ministry of Finance (M##) * Ministry of Foreign Affaires (3W&#) * Ministry of Industry (Ilf) * Ministry of Interior (F*9##) ^ Ministry of Justice (MB#) Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (33# • Ministry of Public Health (4%##) Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (## • Wfci • ###) * Ministry of State University Bureau (3;##) (£tiS) CIA HP (http://www.odd.cH3v/cia/Dublicatior^chiefs/ ) # B : NEPC ## • • ### (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment: MOSTE) — 70 — (Department of Energy Development and Promotion : dedp) ^EE^nrv^o Ministry of Science. Technology and Environment (MOSTE) ------Governments Organization ------Office of the Secretary to the Minister ------Office of the Permanent Secretary ------Department of Pollution Control (PCD) ----- Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) ------Department of Science Service (DSS) ------Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP) ------Office of Environmental Policy and Planing (OEPP) ------Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP) m 2.1-2 MOSTE (CfcttS DEDP (fMA) ## • * ### MOSTE HP (http://www.moste.ao.th/eng/index.htm) (1)NEP0 NEPO \t NEPC T> (the National Energy Policy Council Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)) , ^ pf (the Royal Decree on the Solution and Prevention of Petroleum Oil Shortage, B.E. 2516 (1973)), #{£}§(£ (the Energy Conservation Promotion Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)) m 2.1-3 NEPO E® El Secretary General ] Deputy Secretary Generali I IntemajLAuditor^ - Personnel Section - Administration Coordnation and Public Relations section Office of the Secretary"^ — - Finance Section - General Administrative Sub-section - Petroleum Exploration and Development coordnation Section - Petroleum Business Section Petroleum Division - Petroleum Pricing Section - Administrative Sub-section - Load Forecast Section Power Division - Power System Development Section y - Power Economics Section - Administrative Sub-section - Energy Policy and Planning Section Energy Policy - Energy information Section and Planning Division - Overall Analysis and Projection Section } - Admhlstratlve Sub-section - Energy Conservation Section Energy Conservation and _ - New and Renewable Energy Section Renewable Energy Division - Energy Conservation Promotion Fund Section - Administrative Sub-section (lBH) SWEI4VLf—NEPO HP (hlb^WwneDO.ao.1hWTiirvNEPO-Roles-E.hlml) - 71 - (2)DEDP DEDP H%%)l/f(the Energy Development and Promotion Act, B E. 2535 (1992)) MOSTE ®JSi: LTISESft, - Sil • E%. EB, ES^coWIBS* VTH-5. Office of Office of the secretary j energy cooperation Finance division Work plan division j Training division Design division r Reg&m!* Of enWy A Regional office of energy Recanal ofk* of erergy & Rmg»onal of*%e of energy & and pfomotrbn 1 # devdopmmt and promotion 2 de-volopmenf and prmrotib'i ' * development aid p'omofibn 4m Bunajolixwrg,' A Guiear cHmoijy & nj'enuo' .'rrro\s 12.1-4 DEDPlMEI (titiM) DEDP HP (http://www.dedp.go.th/eng/default.htm) (National Economic and Social Development Board : NESDB), ^ (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand : EG AT) > "If SHE IB HI 4a ti: (Metropolitan Electricity Authority : ME A), (Provincial Electricity Authority : PEA), 9 'i Jls^r'—h yty— (The Energy Conservation Center of Thailand : ECCT) b tl L/h/W tTX CHP CO FS IHS) ^HSLTV^o • CIA HP (http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) • BWCTTVNEPO HP (http://www.nepo.ao.th/doc/doc-manaQe.html ) - 72 - • DEDP HP (http://www.dedp.QO.th/eng/default.htm) • ## • WM * ### MOSTE HP (http://www.moste.ao.th/ena/index.htm) • TirT>X^;i/^£—ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerav sector/renewable enerav/index.html) 2.1.2 (Prime Minister's Department) (Economic Planning Unit) 1r ^'/a> (Energy Section) , X^/l/4^— • jIIS • 7# (Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia), i# (Ministry of Primary Industries), V lx —y7 • X^)l/^— • ir >7 — (Malaysian Energy Center: MEC) ^ Rf#x%;|/ 4^—(Special Committee on Renewable Energy : SCORE) #2.1-2 ?l/-y7KMi Prime Minister's Department (HSW) Ministry of Agriculture (###) Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism (3tfL * S#j • #7^#) Ministry of Defense (@R^#) Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (@1*1$£31 • ###f71%#) Ministry of Education (#W#) Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia (X^l/4^— fflfH • v;i/77 x/7#) Ministry of Enterpreneur Development (A#!##^#) Ministry of Finance (±##) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (#»##) Ministry of Health (f%##) Ministry of Home Affairs (1*1##) Ministry of Housing and Local Government ({7^3 • fti#S^n#) Ministry of Human Resources (A%MM#) Ministry of Information (###) Ministry of International Trade and Industry (@EMS • SH#) Ministry of Land and Cooperative Development (±# • #@#lo#^!#) Ministry of National Unity and Social Development (IKla • ti:^H^#) Ministry of Primary Industries (#—^C^##) Ministry of Rural Development (tiTOIlM#) Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (## • • ###) Ministry of Special Functions in the Department of the Prime Minister (!MW# ^#) Ministry of Transport GS##) Ministry of Women’s Affairs foil!#) (utiA) CIA HP (htto://www.odd.aov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) # - 73 - 3L*)V*r—t.{7 Va >M^H-*6liCSESnfc-bi'-> 3 >©0£oTS D, •5&*4>Tpn:77A0*5£SfiSL-O>5. DIRECTOR GBMERAL Dato’ Iskandar Dzakumain Badarudin l...... DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL (MACRO HANNING DIVIS ON) (SECTORAL PLANNING UNISON) Y.M. Riga Date Dadc'HalipaihEia Xaharaton R. Babul Ahidet DISTRIBUTION SECTION rOREIGN INVESTMENT PRIVATIZATION SECTION (DIRECTOR) C OMMUTEE SECTION (SENIOR DIRECTOR) (SECRETARY) Alihan AM. Hamid HaniSih Hessen ZainuMin Hj. Abd. Rahman MACRO EC ONOMICS SECTION GENBIAL SERVICES SECHON INFRASTRUCTURE* UTHHIES SECTION (DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) Dr, Victor Wee JZtolkifii Yaacob 2ubir Abdul Aziz HUMAN RESOURCES SECTION LEGALADVK OR SECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SECTION (DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) (SENIOR DIRECTOR) Yep Kim Lien Aim. Suleiman Zeinab Abd.Karim REGIONAL EC ONOMICS SECHON COMPUTER DIVISION DEVELOIMENT BUDGET SECTION (DIRECTOR) (PRINCIPAL ASST. DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) Freddie Cho Abdul Ghani Botdk Yusuf Rahm a n HmUcmI Dew BMarang Caiuiiilw ENERGYSECTION (PRINCIPAL ASST. DIRECTOR) (DIRECTOR) Hoar Akim Khan Yap Slew Hong TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION (DIRECTOR) Ir. Ooi. Gin Ho ay C OMMERCE AND INDUSTRIAL SECTION (SENIOR DIRECTOR) Mdhd Zarif Mbhd Zsrnan AGRICULTURAL SECTION (DIRECTOR) Adamy Abdullah EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE SECTION (DIRECTOR) Patricia Qua Yoon Mbi 0 2.1-5 EPU E«0 (U1A) EPU HP (http://www.epu.iDm.mv/) y7 • I^/W- • (Malaysia Energy Center: MEC), — 74 — HUTt"(Special Committee on Renewable Energy : SCORE), — (Center for Environmental Technology and Development Malaysia : CETDEM) # MINISTER DEPUTY MINISTER SECRETARY GENERAL 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 MANAGEMENT & j j COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION INTERNAL MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY LEGAL DIVISION AUDIT COMMUNICATION 1 ENERGYDMSION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION | j 0 2.1-6 %4VHr- - m@ . 771/f7#m*0 (tiBA) x^tl^— • jlla • 7# HP (httD://www.ktkm.aov.mv/main.html) Ti-A^-Dk d,AS©±@HII&A*'f T7X |s|8#IC'7 lx — y/S? • i£itW?EBfr (Standards and Industrial Research Institute Malaysia: SIRIM), V 7 — 7(Forest Research Institute Malaysia: FRIM), v U — x7 / x —A-f jUjJf^pJr (Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia : PORIM) i SIRIM tt;H*7XMl©eWb • imWBK • FRIM T6R&R#x*;i/f-#*. 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1/^(Institute of Energy : IE) xjvi/f-mmom^ @4##-##§4 a#x4;;i/4r- -#x^;i/f - -#fx^;i/^-#i:#6m^ -#5%, [##*#] - ^4^##)# CIA HP (http://www.odci.aov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) - mzm, 2000.03 • US * MARD HP (httD://www.aaroviet.QOv.vn/english/default.htm) • T*feT >xA44 —tz>^— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerav sector/renewable enerav/index.html) 2.1.5 7^r*fcc WM&Mmfam • #%## (Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts : MIH), (Prime Minister’s Office) • t£ # " (Science Technology & Environment Agency : STEA) /i < tTX IC'O^TteltS • #S# (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry : MAF) ^'194- LTL^. e 2.1-5 Prime Minister’s Office (###) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (SS * #S#) Ministry of Commerce (i^S#) Ministry of Communications, Transport, Posts and Construction Gift * 3# • • ISxW) Ministry of Education (#W#) Ministry of Finance (M##) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (fH&#) Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts (IH • 4%S#) Ministry of Information and Culture (## • ^3{L#) Ministry of Interior (F^S#) Ministry of Justice (f&##) Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (%fW.I • Ministry of National Defense (BKf#) Ministry of Public Health (^##) (titiS) CIA HP (http://www.odci.aov/cia/Dublications/chiefs/ ) # - 82 (1) MIH (2) STEA • ^^^IWUx/D CIA HP (http://www.odci.aov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) • S2E, 2000.03 • 7'feT>X^Jl/^£—tr>7— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerqy sector/renewable energy/index.html) 2.1.6 7-A-Zl/EW^X^;!/4^-611 (Ministry of Water Resources : MWR) iCiSfKc? (Nepal Electricity Authority : NEA) %U^"X%Jl/4r(Water and Energy Commission Secretariat:WECS), ## • t£#r# (Ministry of Science and Technology) lZ##$^TTW6ft#X%/I/4r'— 0Eiiiz:>7v— (Alternative Energy Promotion Center: AEPA), (Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology : RONAST) - 83 - E 2.1-6 Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (## • #|p|#a'#) Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation * #7^#) Ministry of Defense (BK?#) Ministry of Education and Sports (#W • X#) Ministry of Finance (MB#) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (^B#) Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (## • ±#f%^:#) Ministry of General Administration ) Ministry of Health ({%##) Ministry of Home Affairs (BB#) Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies (Ii * • #$q#) Ministry of Information and Communications (## • jiff#) Ministry of Labour and Transport Management (^#• jSIIWS#) Ministry of Land Reform and Management (ffl±55cl: • #@#) Ministry of Law and Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (f&B • li^#) Ministry of Local Development (i&#HI^#) Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (###t®#) Ministry of Population and Environment (AP • ###) Ministry of Royal Palace (EEHllli^#) Ministry of Science and Technology (## • t£M#) Ministry of Water Resources (zKMM#) Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (£;f£ • • %^j#%#) (titiS) CIA HP (htto:/Awvw.odd.aov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) # (1) NEA (2) WECS (1995 ^) (3) AEPA 1996#!:## - (4) RON AST - ^ CIA HP (http://www.odci.QQv/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) 2000.03 nedo, 1992 • NEF News vol.7 no.3 • TirT>X^jl/^—-tr>^— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerav sector/renewable energy/index.html) 2.1.7 7-f (Ministry of Trade and Industry) (Cl8B$TlTl^1IAD (Department of Power: DOR) ST$> <5o e 2.1-7 Ministry of Agriculture (###) Ministry of Education and Health (#W • {%##) Ministry of Finance (MS#) Ministry of Foreign Affairs 0M»S#) Ministry of Home Affairs (AS#) Ministry of Law (f&S#) Ministry of Trade and Industry (MU • Ilf) * • (tfjjft) A CA HP (http://www.cxjci.goy/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) (1)D0P • CIA HP (http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) • B^I#S0SiEvWS W>2M, 2000.03 mmmmmmmmm, nedo, 1992 • 7-fe7>xA/Mr—ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/energy sector/renewable energy/index.html) - 85 - 2.1.8 mm ^ t (Ministry of Energy) >V-#AA# (MEPE).KlU# (Ministry of Mines). 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(4) Ministry of Science and Technology (5)Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (6) Ministry of Forestry (7) Ministry of Electric Power * CIA HP (http://www.odci. aov/cia/oublications/chiefs/ ) 2000.03 (^F±A, -'>y) i:j3#5%7;i/4r- - nedo, 1999 • 7*tr7yx^) 1/42—"tr >7— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/energy sector/renewable enerqy/index.html) 2.1.9 fi>i^'y7nmno^xsm%mmwn\ (Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy : MIME) > ## • ## • ### (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing : MAFF) - 87 - m 2.1 -9 The Council of Ministers (#>##) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing QBS * ## • ###) Ministry of Commerce (i^##) Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (JCit * ###) Ministry of Economy and Finance * ###) Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (#W • ## • X#) Ministry of Environment (###) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (ft# • SE1SX#) Ministry of Health (###) Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (XU • #&lll * #) Ministry of Information and Press (## • X&#) Co-Ministry of Interior (®##) Ministry of Justice (f&##) Co-Ministry of National Defense (BTO#) Ministry of Planning (at®#) Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (#% • jBff#) (titirft) CIA HP (http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) ^ (1)MIME MAFF MIME —nR HitfE L T l ^ •5) (2) MAFF MIME [##*#] • CIA HP (http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/ ) 2000.03 • 7X7 >xXjl/7 —X>7— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/energy sector/renewable enerav/index.html) - 88 - 2.2 2.2.1 ^©A-f^TX* IJfflKSS H$@SadM% 5 »¥M (NESDP) tC43^TX^;l/^-©**R®*1£66e>n TH-5. 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S»iSiLTli /x &a#x$ii/f-#mm-mij A#s£n, m-m A#mi:»£titi«2001 ^bvum fet&Srer*>S. t®± 5&A'r :tZXtlJffl£®Sb-rSfglSiJ®*ft7’D//7 Atti& Wiz^/i/r$$stirsrns. */d, A'AttXXtiW-®MfS£jg:B:tti!tUr®-ft$tim&/!i‘o/dZ)U AK ^■rxxrnt^-wtOTffiiiid^^sx’n x*7 Att, H®ig^fBc*t s x xs-er# xs&.g^&stsnrns. S®I$A\ SWtt#S*«idt5tts/t'f *AXMffl l:H-i66 -fc o r £> 9, ##*#!: 96 j3tj--5lLR*l6IC^$CD*ife$rSAUTSfc.iS)flS#ttS&V8$:it*T-5g|6]Srt) [##*»] • FAO/RWEDP, 1998-2000. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia (CD-ROM) • S^SSHtoUSa;#* $2 6, ttB3SA«^-«Aia$^, 1998.03 ■ T-£7>X^Jl^r—1>7 — ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerav sector/renewable enerav/index.html) • h'yt'Xa'f H ^hAA, JETRO, 1997.08 • *Ht:TU>y$S$ 2.2.5 1986 *E 11 At)®, 8 M A LZiSrS# ■ 7 *©$?§, ®$®&S!©?*S, #£S,B$:B 1990 ¥iC^fi8Sn/tX*/V^-SdlTtt. KT(0 5 6tlT ©5. ®BlrtCfe5Xt-R^-«*l05l5.tbi<®fi3X hTM%T*-55R^®KroM -5 ®##*iS$®S1"5/t86, titol-ftSitSiU, #4"5-©@©#i%#x*;|/4:—© «#m$N#T5 9®AiCj3tj-5/W®XAX*;t/f-©$WH. 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Si6i£Al;y 1--5SB, @m%*©m£©^B%#6©o tB#me#o%, Am*©?&®6#% IC*5tt-5*KM©E$n7>/X7>X$: ®^itx^ji/^-stcttsiji5g^*-5fc*,a»tt*REw^©tt#^a [#**#] • FAO/RWEDP, 1998-2000. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia (CD-ROM) ■mmmomsMm w,2m, aasAs^sAwed, 2000.03 ■7'srm SUSfSiiABI (*n-)V • t>rf> • X-X» l:*ifa#x$;|/f- ft«*IEW?Enrtgtt*i®iSS, NEDO, 1992 • 7t7>x4VI/f —tr>X— ACE HP [Renewable Energy Information Network (PRESSEA)] (http://www.ace.or.id/enerav sector/renewable enerov/index.html) 2.2.8 5 -y *vxIMBtE ESr • ttSE 5 X^tHB (1996-2000 f *, MM GDP ©T^fiMVSM; 6%£ bsise) c©rtt, 3^>7-A±©x*;i/f-#m©mz-p#emA. Ammx?;i/f-&#$j: < PltoT-5 C t^xt©F4-iS*©S*W*«H t/ioT *fc. *B©ffilc*©Tfe. #x*;i/fc dI: j;6##%%x*tl/ affi©X^Jh^-ft*lc43(rriiD±(fP,nT^-5*B/ > ®HSx7©h^-©a*«stt»T«.fe»,ii»Brti&A«*!Stt-r^TM«T5. ©E#®?ftBRtFdfXB©4SlttS:ifi», -£©SE***«T-5. ®5?6S®©$Bic^ka, mm©5m##m#&#Aisi:amf-5. @toic#a^»©x*;h42-j**SM/>sa-5= - 101 - 5 -y >"7—lC* 5tj--5$#*tiEl 50%ICffiTVT*T*D, t:eto< t $ • *tt£*CT. 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ASMSZ&W 25.52% - 109 - 3.1-2 *Jry'>3.7n-T-7)\'m (in USD) wmrnMSm ISilll ttilll miiiHisiK 6 INVESTMENT equipment (1,065,000) (3,195,000) (1,065,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 import duty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 civil works 0 (420,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 other costs 0 (460,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tessafemafoehveshiert 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Investment (1,065,000) (4,075,000) (1,065,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 INCOME energy savings 0 1,637,133 1722,264 1,811,822 1,906,037 2,005,151 2,109,419 4,289,268 power sales 0 441,202 464,145 488,280 513,671 540,382 568,481 1,155,944 demand savings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 steam sales 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ash sales 0 77,009 81,013 85,226 89,658 94,320 99,225 201,762 lesiJuescfsposalsa^gs 0 46,413 48,826 51,365 54,036 56,846 59,802 121,601 other income 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Income 0 2,201,757 2,316,249 2,436,694 2,563,402 2,696,699 2,836,927 5,768,574 COSTS labour 0 176,902 186101 195,778 205,959 216,669 227,935 463,481 maintenance 0 168,057 176796 185,989 195,661 205,835 216,539 440,307 fuel 0 628,655 661345 695,735 731,913 769,973 810,011 1647,067 other costs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total costs 0 973,614 1,024,242 1,077,503 1,133,533 1,192,476 1,254,485 2,550,856 DEPRECIATION 0 266,250 266,250 266,250 266,250 266,250 266,250 266,250 PROFIT BEFORE TAX 0 961,893 1,025,757 1,092,941 1,163,619 1,237,972 1,316,192 2,951,469 PROFIT AFTER TAX 0 961,893 1,025,757 1,092,941 1,163,619 1,237,972 947,658 2,125,057 NET CASHFLOW (1,065,000) (4,075,000) 163,143 1,292,007 1359,191 1,429,869 1,504,222 1,213,908 2,391,307 CUMULAH£CASHFl£W (1,065,000) (5,140,000) (4,976,857) (3,684,850) (2,325,659) (895,790) 608,432 1,822,340 26,685,736 SHARE CAPITAL 532,500 2,037,500 532,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 BANK BORROWING 532,500 2,037,500 532,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 DEBT SERVICE 0 (818,432) (818,432) (818,432) (818,432) (818,432) 0 0 FNANCNGNETCASHFLOW 0 0 409,712 473,575 540,759 611,437 685,790 1,213,908 2,391,307 0 0 1,424,046 883,287 14,240,446 2,035,483 2,721,274 3,935,182 28,798,578 EQUITY CASH FLOW (532,500) (2,037,500) (122,788) (473,575) (540,759) (611,437) (685,790) (1,213,908) 2,391,307 3.2 MSMScogAHroa-fe. ^h±A. 7*x. $/i-ii/. x'-X>, 5^>v-. * >#yTi:onTli, ScStoii^TaS SfcsX iSSESfr k: d: 5BtX-'A’-h#lc«IBUTvx HE. 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Wig*ffC»*$nTV'5 13ff©rt4ff«. ©$S6®WLT©5i. 1996 ¥E¥^6E6 T©6. 3.3-1 ifctiSSIgfftoESS, JSSIt (M : H7JA* -7) (1999 ¥*) mm mftizmn hhim 3,760,844 2,681 /<>3»|gff (##*) 1,182,878 526 94mm (m&%) 727,438 533 th-f7ABS (ZS*) 685,387 496 (WS*) 441,594 418 94mA (S«»A*) 335,007 361 7v7lgff (M7y 3Ufl-) 156,839 119 DBS - f ^7 (>H7ya Ufl-) 107,709 96 — ^ — K • > h > 63,481 67 a U 7M —) UOB • =59-999 OH7y giJf-H 60,512 65 BWIRfir 1,663,329 1,151 7;u>7-i' (KB*) 994,819 647 tM7A-/7-f ($g*^BW) 270,787 211 A>^99hn^iJ9> (*®*-»llW) 161,418 177 A>994 (KB*) 236,305 116 5,424,173 3,832 : Thai Bankers' Association (mM) jcif mn 1997 f ©%#&#©##?##-7)#AL/tA$A%©g#R##mi©%R7)#flTj3 112 0, lT^-5 CF8) . 77tt&Sfc WT®ff$#^EttW-5/5^6E#®ft*roiR#tCttft6Ta*tt«,>6Stj'TH-5. 3.3-2 (2000510 a) *e%. < > rtttieflttAttv-f j-x. 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Aroun Mai Bank,Lane Xang Bank Lao May Bank 1999.7 (Paktai Bank.Nakhoneluang Bank,Lao May Xang Bank B32#SS*lgff Agriculture Promotion Bank 1991.9 A#mm*gff Joint Development Bank 1989.1 Vientiane Commercial Bank 1993.2 Vietnam Laos Bank 1999.5 *1-BIBffS:J£ Siam Commercial Bank 1992.12 Thai Military Bank 1993.2 Ayoudhya Bank 1993.4 Thai Farmers Bank 1993.5 Krungthai Bank 1993.8 Bangkok Bank 1993.8 Public Bank 1995.12 Standard Chartered Bank (li^EfiS^P/r) 1996.6 Bill* : ■klfeSgffjgfi ($*) JCIF *S SfcHSMiJ. -e®7k$PH»4)©'r >x i/^$ii^^icTiHi-5*iFic$xe^n6<££\ *«igg*6Mtiiinfctfi-ic $>5„ *^-'X©EC5*X «&SiM#fg«£7Kt% 120 3.3-11 741— ::tiSi;:::I mmm wmm 96 w^m ;§«:y 2000/30 ?M7" 7^(M2)Jgin* 7.8 31.9 16.4 26.7 65.8 113.3 78.4 49.7 NA 30.0 32.1 35.0 NA 35.0 34.9 35.3 BH*&*'J(6 mmm.• imf ifs (m#) jcif mm 121 - (6) —)V */-5-;iz(y*E«ll«T8(7)ai3-eS-5„ gyfitt (me) iSHEff©SSj: 0 isa®ursfcfcto- L-cw6. 3.3-12 StilttMCfiiR ISfr mm 98 #4 a mar 11 ff 469 $l$„ Hg©4=./t-;i,SgR(NB) TSK^/l-iVm^StEiifgSSST, 3.3-13 ARteamm# 90/91 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 M2 ©#OT*(ltl^Stt%) 19.5 14.4 11.9 21.9 20.9P NA 11.0 11.0 11.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 fip) 49.9 56.0 57.0 63.3 67.7 68.7 (E) P : W$«. * : ** : 12 fllSW.'S : Ministry of Finance Economic Survey (M2), IMF IFS(M2 iHPV) (ttiA) JCIF X# - 122 - (7) '7*' —% ><7)^16^11^3;:/—^ >HfT(Bank of Bhutan) > (Royal Insurance Corporation) , 7* — ^H^BizIMEl'n (Bhutan Development Finance Corporation) > 7* —^>11HscHfr (Bhutan National Bank) 3.3-14 1994 mm 1996 1997 1998 mm 13-17.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 ifitb 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 mm 14.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 IS■sss 13-15.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 -y—tfxfj (sffssst-) 15.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 profit 17.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 IMF,Bhutan :Statistical Annex, 1999 - 123 - (8) 5v>7- 5y>v-TttffifF, UT©5. 99¥6fl*a&20fr© RRfl6ff^s$uriz^(TS#!!9). gm*ge©-em^ o ©mmmma%WT atuR-#- 5AA£<,«M»fc*«S©»TAM00A«TtASieT&-5o $A. 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AOA ©, RF=fl®ffHA-y v 1-ilTi8-jll_.SSAK$SATt >A, 3.3-15 SKISff-R smM&B Myanmar Citizens Bank Ltd 92.5.25 92.6.2 Co-operative Bank Ltd 92.8.3 92.8.21 Yadanabon Bank Ltd.(Mandalay) 92.8.27 92.9.11 First Private Bank Ltd 92.5.25 92.10.6 Myawaddy Bank Ltd 93.1.1 93.1.4 Yangon City Bank Ltd 93.3.19 93.4.1 Yoma Bank Ltd 93.7.26 93.8.14 Myanmar Oriental Bank Ltd 93.7.26 93.11.18 Myanmar May Flower Bank Ltd 94.3.17 94.6.9 Tun Foundation Bank Ltd 94.6.8 94.6.14 Kanbawza Bank Ltd 94.6.8 94.7.1 Asian Yangon International Bank Ltd 94.3.17 94.10.18 Myanmar Universal Bank Ltd 94.11.21 95.1.24 Asia Wealth Bank Ltd 94.11.21 95.4.30 Myanma Industrial Development Bank Ltd 96.1.12 96.2.15 Myanma Livestock and Fisheries Development Bank Ltd 96.2.9 96.2.15 Co-operative Promoters Bank Ltd 96.3.22 96.7.6 Co-operative Farmers Bank Ltd 96.3.22 96.7.6 Sibin Tharyar Yay Bank Ltd 96.6.26 96.7.4 Innwa Bank Ltd 97.5.15 97.11.28 (&) 99 ¥6 mm*: L^L 89 ^ 9 ^ CH, 12 ^<0 4%frZU%\Z3\^±lft>tlfCoJt(D'l& ^^)(C§|#±^f6n,96¥?C15.0%(h7^^^\ - 124 - S 3.3-16 (Sti : %) l;:fli; WME 90-91 92-94 MmM 96-98 99 2000 4.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 12.5 15.0 12.0 10.0 a« o *«) 1.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 mm (5 *) 3.0 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 14.0 11.0 9.0 g*&«& 0.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 SfflSS (3 *fl) 1.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.5 12.0 10.0 9.3 $»H& (6 fifl) 1.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 12.5 10.5 9.5 b?*jb& d *ps) 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 9.0 BtSES (12 #) 10.9 10.9 10.9 12.0 12.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 sa^fu (SFamEePMisi) sews - 15.0 16.5 16.5 16.5 18.0 15.0 15.0 - 12.0 14.5 14.5 14.5 16.5 14.5 14.0 (&) mmm = f (mm) jciF m# - 125 (9) *>7tt'vJ 3.3-17 gumm-a flWT ## «t=*S8ff ngis?7 nawmm'rM 2001 ^*$Ticseitsn5^$ eraisff 22 a-bibr 7ff (4"f 3ff. 75>X. 7U—>7. fc*. 6-1 ft) 2000 ¥ 3 ft W£ (&#) JCIF #$4. IMF,Cambidia!Statistical Appendix 2000 July 3.3-18 :S:l!lSlli|iilSiil!iiHll!:Sf 2000 n 3 6 9 12 111 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 ^^0 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.4 18.5 18.5 18.6 17.7 17.7 17.8 17.5 17.3 17.1 17.3 (titiS) IMF, Cambidia .Statistical Appendix 2000 July - 126 - 4. $9M»Htt£ 4.1 4.1.1 «5H IEA (H&SxSAl^-fiW) 1997 5SltiE"mi6#£ #®#*%*ll/f-® A4#j (OECD (giSto A «!%«#) SfiidSlcTt* 2010 ¥t:ttiKl 5 SJ. 2020 ¥iCtt*9 6 fKtiSAU L® <' t)® Ccotctb. 4-m. #tcK®J$*Ai*6#£n-57v7 •*¥#tMStiC6b,h'tS§ll% i6±Bic*Tx*;iz4 !-S#n®ilS^®6:Sn.giS6£fiSEI5±'ex*;i/4;-ro$ OECD ®M;jfHC Jctllf. 1990 f It K13 S # *#B (OECD MS) ®X*1I/ ^-gm^xtojxXStt GDP ®e 1%IC7 S’&StoC&U M%ii±BI (OECDlMDffi B) XHTQ LXA4.5%l: S&SX13D. M%m±BI:6oXx*;i/f-aM®g% toftS^*g»T*S®=b® vAisxftaKinx.. esh AWfl1A±SA:llfi,h/1$;oT®-5, -A. ABtS SA, /J\m#*A^®#rX^;i/f-a!g'TLAAm#A:mBa**#® LS®. Sfc. 6. AM«AgXftS^^«^£(ct»tfli^jt±HtcAoT. #®#A T AS# ASASlS. S6C. IR%iS±Bt;l3STti;*B1tfE»sS»T*BAEfflTfcS7)t. j: ntf. 3yit=iilB®FS® X >7 7S«®6. SS1b®tig£A«»< StlT ®5.A**s'20«AAStt7-5^Hfct1T(^. CvLtcj&m • «£Sft-fS£Att. t®7j<8proi6]±, «ASSfflUfcSrASHfflS#®S'JttieeaC T#B®##SAKmW#6A®7&-5. Wtcisa • SmMSicMvm, AH«A:iSI3®»^5.JS< fflSnTV'S S id, iiBBe#fl6gtitSj#7 ^A,«0%S7S'J V Mm®#rX*;t/f-®#AA@*X# *mBtRI#l:.-a®M*A±mi:^®TA*x?H/f-^#x%H/f-®### ^#$#Aigm^AlX#X®6 ^t, mcx@7K#i:ta'$oTs&. sx^si/^-cELTtt. fctta, 7#-m fflg.ZW>tf%Ctt,z£r), #rX*;t/f-®#A€m$HoT®6. - 127 - UNDP 2W:%—X#S|#&03)O&'5/c#x4'#t @ c 6. (D7i%—A9-^^^#^m%u^7yn —^^g;mL33&6. m8ij(Dyns;%/7h/c^[:y^>h^mT(7)TH^<, 8~io hcov^T. A9 —^7Cf< 0 ^ 4.1.2 tft^-iSff m34#M;i/ B: 4.1 -1 ASTAE (DS£fiTt£x*;U:£-\Z%%~Jn vx £ h Cambodia Rural Electrification & Transmission Indonesia Second Rural Electrification Indonesia Solar Home System (SHS) Lao Southern Provinces Rural Electrification Lao Rural Electrification Nepal Power Development Vietnam Power Development Vietnam Rural Energy I Vietnam System Efficiency Improvement Vietnam Rural Energy II (titiM) IEA HP (http://www.worldbank.org/) - 128 - 4.1-2 GEF h Thailand Promotion of Electricity Energy Efficiency (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand's (EGAT) Demand-Side Management Office (DSMO)) Climate Change Enabling Activity (Office for Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP)) Building Chiller Replacement Program (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand) Removal of Barriers to Biomass Power Generation and Co-generation (National Energy Planning Office) Climate Change Enabling Activity (Additional Financing for Capacity Building in Priority Areas) Malaysia Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment) Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (Ministry of Energy, Telecommunications and Post) Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests and Associated Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Primary Industries) Indonesia Biodiversity Collections (Research and Development Center for Biology (PPPB) of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Herbarium Bogoriense and Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense) Renewable Energy Small Power Project (RESPP) (BAPPENAS; Ministry of Forestry Kerinci Seblat Integrated Conservation and Development DGEED; Private Sector Developers) Eastern Indonesia Renewable Energy Development (National Power Utility (PLN)) Solar Home Systems (SHS) (Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Indonesian Rural Electrification Steering Committee) Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (COREMAP) (National Development Planning Board (BAPPANAS) Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)) Climate Change Enabling Activity (INS Ministry of Environment) Emergency Response Measure to Combat Fires in Indonesia and to Prevent Regional Haze in South East Asia (UNEP) Clearing House Mechanism Enabling Activity Maluku Conservation and Natural Resources Management (Provincial Government of Maluku, District Government of Maluku Tangara, Directorate General of Regional Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, Ministry of Forestry) Conservation of Elephant Landscapes in Aceh (Fauna and Flora International) West Java/Jakarta Environmental Management Project (Jabotabek Waste Management Autority; Ministry of Public Works) The Greater Berbak-Sembilang Integrated Coastal Wetlands Conservation Project (Wetlands International - Indonesia Programme (Wi - IP)) Vietnam Conservation Training and Biodiversity Action Plan (United Nations Office for Projects Services) Vietnam PARC - Creating Protected Areas for Resources Conservation (PARC) in Vietnam Using a Landscape Ecology Approach (United Nations Office for Projects Services) Enabling Activity for the Clearing House Mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity (National Execution) Climate Change Enabling Activity (Hydrometeorological Services (Institute of Meteorology Hydrology)) Lao PDR Wildlife and Protected Areas Conservation (National Office for Nature Conservation and Watershed Management (Department of Forestry)) Climate Change Enabling Activity (Science Technology and Environment Organization) Off-grid Electrification Pilot Demonstration, A Component of the Laos Southern Provinces Rural Electrification (Electricite du Laos) Nepal Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal (Department of Parks and Forests) Climate Change Enabling Activity (Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Science and Technology) Clearing House Mechanism Enabling Activity Upper Mustang Biodiversity Project (King Mahendra Trust for Nature and Conservation (KMTNC)) Arun Valley Sustainable Resource Use and Management Pilot Demonstration Project (Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN)) Landscape-scale Conservation of Endangered Tiger and Rhinoceros Populations in and Around Chitwan National Park Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation (Forestry Department, Nature Conservation Division) Climate Change Enabling Activity (National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan) Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Ministry of Agriculture) Integrated Management of Jigme Dorji National Park (Royal Government of Bhutan Forestry Services Division, Ministry of Agriculture Forest Services Division (FSD) Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)) Cambodia Climate Change Enabling Activity (Government of Cambodia) Biodiversity Enabling Activity (Ministry of Environment) Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Pilot Project for the Virachey National Park (Royal Government of Cambodia Ministry of Environment) (ttiJft) IEA HP (http://www.worldbank.org/) (&) Myanmar HSBticfe L 4.1.3 UNDP UNDP 1990 &tM (1) f < Country Cooperation Framework(CCF)Tttfr 5 (2)/^— h y — v v 7° dHlMf CCF -UNCAP 7°USf7I± (%---? 1), F±-^LT(7)%#j(%- —V2) TfeD, ^ 6C, hf5 UNDP (DfiJtiJ-S^'v^c^OT^^o M^yny^A&Mtl^tiT&D, ■£<£>£&^uy)\\W$<(DWLMWi(D ^ y o y X 3 >)HSIi^(The Mekong River Commission: MRC)H 1995 # 4 ^ Klftil^t'U >^^7, ^^X, AF±A(Z) 4 /rgC^^T, mt LTfzimZtlT^&o MRC \t 1957 ^ £19:4 $ tltc X 7 yWM^ (Mekong Committee) £31 #$^T43 9,4 ^a^F^T^aCTmfif § d ©IITS?)o MRC 4 -3(D^ET1$®jLTV^o (Dmm^^mii:, (%@##s/x7A, ut-Ft> mafb, f-x^-x, tyu>y) ^)A&g*mM^a*@#::m6yny9A/y[]i;%^ F 130 - #*, Tkffiglca-sx ’n'/^A/i/nvxX f- ®»«, ifis- *«s, (2) -7I/-V7 71/-->7tC*tj'-5CCFttAtili3g LT©6. r©:/n-7xX Hc=kD. e*toc£tt5H£igtgx^l^-igE©itW i@$y, ?as8»$^x#m»^i|ij#sn, ssica, ccDt&m^u-yrmtmzmt. G"f, C SliS/X- Vly-AXS Zp • S86ffEB/T(SIRIM)&t7x^.;l/=y — • ®fl • 7 # (Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia)T$> 0, 25,000 US$© ASTAita 5 tlT 7-5 = (3) -f>F*'>7 GEF©X=F-AtLT, r^ji7-77C^ft-5U--f ©ft««li(7|y-A7. A > H *->7)J, r$7-77S«C45tt-5m%®«At:a©7c6i)©;X-hd —->y7 ‘©«®J- h Ua-JHi£*IC#7i' (4) A HAA ®BE©l@S«ffi©#E*. ffiA-ffc©-r>-tr>7y 7', gtitesicisttsgaw* 7-;i/©%# - 131 - ©SSr F±A© UNDP 7'n?7AiLT, r*ig««(c® Bj . >?#«###% , CFC©'J-»'f^;i/t#mM zsti, rs* $fc, GEFroX;E-^^7> h-/ni/5Ailt, reach Ma HiEtiBI: W-SS . fQuang NgaiWBinh Son tlfiKIC jStt-SSx^^l/^-Rur #$fb8#©*&J . fThanh Hoam Ngoc Lac itiEIC j3tj--5B*©1W©3tE6WJ/8 ri6®tcfctj-5Htwri6x^;i/^-j th- s^RurERflrofsi'itmmzmmzL, UT, ny-f rfrtC£©T 18 ^©fflCsfl, US$700,000 TgQSSnTt^-S. 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ISTH7L, UNDP-GEF/Capacity 21 \ZTA3 (ADB CD'M& ^m^T 1999^^6%^o/c#AmPg^^[:T6t(DT&6) . yn^jL^FTT^ GEF (7)^7^ > F 4.1.4 IEA LT^6. $w:, ammchoMm^^fbL, 2001 IEA —##7°^ > (IEA Bioenergy Strategic Plan, 1998^2002 ^) Ttl, aT(D7 3(7)B^^^LT^6. - 133 - BH 3 : B#6 : IEA (D/U 'tS.^JV^r-t REWP (Dm'M&tf—Wt£-&Z>o m 4.1-3 2001-2003^1: IEA CfeUTt7 Task 28 Solid biomass fuels standardisation and classification Task 29 Socio-Economic Aspects of Bioenergy Systems Task 30 Short rotation crops for bioenergy Systems Task 31 Conventional Forestry Systems for Sustainable Production of Bioenergy Task 32 Biomass Combustion and Co-firing Task 33 Thermal Gasification of Biomass Task 34 Pyrolysis of Biomass Task 35 Techno-Economic Assessments for Bioenergy Applications Task 36 Energy from Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems Task 37 Energy from Biogas and Landfill Gas Task 38 Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems Task 39 Liquid Biofuels (titiS) IEA HP (httD://www.ieabioenerqy.com ) m 4.1-4 1998-2000 IEA blx-f Task 16 Technology assessment studies for the conversion of cellulosic material to ethanol in Sweden Task 17 Short rotation crops for bioenergy Task 18 Conventional forestry systems for bioenergy Task 19 Biomass combustion Task 20 Thermal gasification of biomass Task 21 Pyrolysis of biomass Task 22 Techno-economic assessments of bioenergy applications Task 23 Energy from thermal conversion of MSW and RDF Task 24 Energy from biological conversion of organic waste Task 25 Greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems Task 26 Biotechnology for the conversion of lignocellulosics to ethanol Task 27 Liquid biofuels (titiS) IEA HP (http://www.ieabioenerqv.com) - 134 - 4.2 EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME «, EC COGEN «^-(7)43'Tf1ffgii^^tf'5 tth\Z, ASEAN (D # A oT# ^ A 6 %#J ^#3. COGEN SECRETARIAT Asian Institute of Technology X X EUROPE ASEAN Consultants Country coordinators "Policy Makers Business' Partners m 4.2-1 EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME (##) EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME HP (http://www.coaen.ait.ac.th/ ) A##!:#, (Full Scale Demonstration Projects : FSDPs) TV^6. ^BO#^3AMC3WT X>Mx—if— —^, The "COGEN Business Line" I: H, "COGEN DATABASES”, "EUROPEAN DIRECTORY”, "PRE-INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY STUDIES” & If "MATCHMAKING SERVICES”# (Dif- H A^& "COGEN DATABASES”!?ti, ASEAN (Dttt • fifyfc • IfC/tT HP TSEIt, ASEAN (D/W *#^(7)#### • ASEAN ItaTOTpfl^^x-^X-X^S^nTV^o "EUROPEAN DIRECTORY”T\t,ASEAN L/z/W^'TAX%;l/f-^#^ - 135 - "PRE-INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY STUDIES”^, COGEN (D^#7K/Wlf-i>3>tNkrT "MATCHMAKING SERVICES”Tti, 3-D y A°0H# '7L/-yT^8f#, OH ^y7^1fMr&^. E 4.2-1 EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME THfi££*lT(A57l=l h Kiln drying through wood waste energy (Thailand) Efficient use of wood waste for kiln drying activities (Thailand) A 600 kW power plant for a paper company (Thailand) 2.5 MW cogeneration plant for a rice mill (Thailand) 2.5 MW cogeneration plant for a wood complex (Thailand) Palm oil wastes for a 41 MW power plant (Thailand) Efficient combustion for a MDF factory (Malaysia) Biogas plant for a rubber factory (Malaysia) A 1.5 MW cogeneration plant for a wood complex (Malaysia) A 450 kW rice husk-fired cogeneration plant (Malaysia) 10 MW power plant for a wood complex (Malaysia) Wood waste energy plant for timber drying (Malaysia) Wood waste for a 1.65 MW cogeneration plant (Malaysia) Cogeneration in a palm oil mill (Malaysia) An efficient wood waste-fired boiler for a plymill(Indonesia) (titiS) EC-ASEAN COGEN PROGRAMME HP (http://www.coaen.ait.ac.th/ ) — 136 — 4.3 NGO 4.3.1 7l/-77IC*5lj-.g>StfiJ $#• *tiESt:£tt6@)Ey®*8ifi]mcEU"m, 77-77T?tt-Ti77-7® DANCED (x7X-7##m%&%. The Danish Cooperation on Environment and Development) £: ® 7l KHS t: $> -5. DANCED ti 1992 fBttts y HCjotT-SEE^ESEiCET-SSSKtBx.. 77 19944 ; t:##x%)t/f- €«iS«S:)SM8BSnfcSHT$,t). 7-77 • 77'J*ili!«® 7 ilLTl'5. 7 7—77T(i, *M*#tirolSS6 FRIM fctSAUTSiSLTjsy , *S$IS$6t> at:. *tijjnxE^68PttiSh5)*HS68*%Wa®^'f Fx-f 7 (1999) T(>5. £7c. DANCED ti 1994 7 U~ ->7®&±Stf aSj* IT. #%M*® 5 3®^g&*mt: 7 • s«is*6*klt43d. 4.3.2 AF±AI=j5lf6$#l A !'7Alcj3tt^/H*7XX7)h4 i-®#Si:^^-S.7|lFBljSAtt. H4BJ#gx^ )1/f-®#&$#t:M7-5#'*a»®6^Tr@x6a-Cj30. :®#a»® t tT®:l mtS®l:ti. X7 x~t7 • FT 7 • *7 7^- □ 77 • B*»a®fSAS$»$fctf 6 ns. B*^6®ta®s*t:tt, ##- A## (ti-'xTS'), (V7x=S, 120MW) &a*?;fc3 (ESmaBBAJl, 2001). *Mxt-)h^-®5c4¥?iJffl®^»T-ti. FAO *11996 ¥*' 6 31® U fc. #####& 40-50%*T»iK)-e«-salt,&7)'£a®SiA7"n7x7 F*i&-5. 7c®. ##**l:43tTg,#&##«+3)l:%®XAT®A® UtiBX FTA##f4*£ S-iz>7—, 2001). *ffi®®A*HTti. X7x-77A6®5 x7a 77F2001 ¥ 2 fl hAASrtt m.#mm®@'(b#&®/c®®*m*a/wri-xxx$;t/f-*###i:Mf-sm-im •JSiKLws (m##mma®m,2ooi). 4.3.3 ®7*77ICj3lj-5SPJ 3EB7£A*'f*xx*®T$>5.EtifWI:*7»^7n7x7 htbTtt. #@7/77 7tt«**tii»*£ L7c* 75k77E»MtlftD-li*l*. 9 . EU A*®* LT, -UK • # r • «K»a®*mi:j3tn6x*;i/f-$im®##ib • efes&awal-t. afcs^ea ®WM=7x;tf-A-A£4toL7cX F-7flJffl7j:i:£*i*U/c (GTZ, 2001). AKx^lh^-SfMLnc/tT^-xxWrtt. BW71-® NGOA'ItiiSLTA-BBR - 137 - X b-7>5Sca^$£'®M% • fS^Dyx? htoSW-S-ESffiT-S. CEDAC (A>#y7SIWfEM^-tr>X-) tt 1997 IXME^ttit NGO T. nX 73'< o • - :u#w# - #### - e&am% cedac 77>X (CFSE, CFSI), K-f "J (Frederich Norman Foundation) ©Ilia® I3/j>, B U±Aa;i/-7\ tfxV->a'yXB*&£'fcB3j LT©-5 (CEDEC, 2001). #^-^6©#S)#E©B*S*AVTtt, 7<3('7>H%© Concern Worldwide ;w a#xX7 > h 1:^3yn -Xxx FSStSLfc^?* ojigx*o/\*'f*#x:/7>h©!S:B-mm«#%©####): tot«© XCBPV/ifctoTtt^^-D/ifcisbXafe-B. S 61c, BE-EB3X hfeW&a&fc ■oxnmtts.-Dtc (##B&t#m,2ooD. - 138 - 5. mmmKDim 5.1 5.1.1 7-k7>l#fflTti> EUt^T, EC- Asean COGEN Programme £HMLT4oD, C(7)T"n//7Al: j;oT, C(7)7n/f^ 77K:4o^T&, COO EC- Asean COGEN Programme CD-^5ST\ ^fc^tl^lZbW. #{7#, lllo^^MICO^T^b/:^ CCT'kA cn6d7-7^r^CtC, %$M (1) EC- Asean COGEN Programme 5.1-1 EC-Asean COGEN Programme IC&(t5/W;*VX%E(D7tt7> v^MTtl ft® tmtzimm SH±(D Iif& St@M& It /Rr>'>-WU rztxmzi -y-bo+f Art* 5,797 GWh/vear 46 46 1,900 MW * t, 2,422 GWh/year 44,000*8 78 66MW EFB+Shell+Fibre 379 GWh/year 15 15 69 MW mvifft-Qomi* 86 GWh/year 777 data not data not available available d'AOMJ data not available # 200 data not 950 MWe available OtiA) The EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme rEVALUATION OF CONDITIONS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BASED ON BIOMASSJ , August 1998 ^6), A (EFB + Shell+Fibre). Jsft 3^rfA?l£) (7)5 IMD, 1995/96 ^(7)^##^/<-7^aT(7) ^:t)(7)T&6. - 139 - 5.1-2 EC-Asean COGEN Programme (-££> 1 ) am mmtzmmv m mum Process energy required: 25-30 kWh/tonne of sugarcane 0.4 tonne of steam 1 tonne of 100 - 121 kg sugarcane sugar -y-h^+e /Wx Waste: 290 kg Bagasse - 100 kWh y-ht*■. 50.5wTJhz (94/95) : 14.645 ~S75 b> : 2,500 Process energy required: Paddy milling and drying: 30-60 kWh/tonne paddy 1 tonne of 650-700 kg Paddy White rice * Waste: 220 kg Husks - 90-125 kWh : 5tZh £A±.(Dffl& Process energy required: 20-25 kWh/t 0.73 tonne of steam 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunches 140 - 200 kg palm oil —A EFB+Shell+Fibre Was te: 600-700 kg POME - 20 m3 biogas 190 kg fibers + shells 230 kg empty 120 kWh fruit bunches > FFB (Flesh Fluit Bunches ) £S3 : 2.25 U7J b > (95/96 f) sigsmmwfw]: 5,520 mi/xrn (&) POME Utc/UimffittMl£ LTU&IV, (m#) The EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme fEVALUATION OF CONDITIONS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BASED ON BIOMASSJ , August 1998 — 140 — 5.1-2 EC-AseanCOGEN Programme(f02) am tmtzmmw) mmum Energy Required: Sawmill: 35 - 45 kWh/m3 1 m3 of Debarked BBB 1 0.5 m3 Sawn Wood Wood Log f mi nrrniti m Waste: 0.5 m3 Wood Residues 1^ ~ 80 kWh Energy required: Plywood: 110 kWh/cu.m. log + 1.2 tonne of steam 1 cu.m, of Debarked Wood Log wm I Waste: 0.5 cu.m. Wood Residues ~ 120 kWh $Km36l7KT->'>-WUMIiffoWfclN. (m#) The EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme TeVALUATION OF CONDITIONS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BASED ON BIOMASSJ , August 1998 5.1-3 EC-Asean COGEN Programme Provinces 0.5 -1 MWe 1-3 MWe 3-6 MWe 6-10 MWe >10 MWe Chumpom 2 Surrattani 7(1) 21 (1) 5 1 (1) 1 (73 MWe) Krabi 1 2 1 Satun 1 3 Ranong 1 1 1 Pangnga 2(1) 1 1 Pattalung 1 Trang 8 9 5 1 Pattani 2 4 1 Yala 10(1) 6(1) 4(1) 2 Nakomsri 11(1) 3 3 4 1 (44 MWe) Songkhla 9(2) 9(1) 5(1) 4 1 (52 MWe) Narathiwas 3 2 1 1 (41 MWe) Chonburi (3) 1 (2) 1 (254 MWe) Rayong 4(2) 6 3 1 (17 MWe) Chantaburi 1 1(1) Total 62(11) 70(4) 28(2) 14(3) 6 Note: Figures represent the number of sawmills; those in parenthesis represent other wood product factories Source: Prasertsan and Vanapruk, 1997 (tijjft) The EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme fEVALUATION OF CONDITIONS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BASED ON BIOMASS J .August 1998 (m lOMw^T^x#^ ( ) 5.1-1 (C^T 950MW t (2) NEPOlCck^M nepo >opJIE14h OV^T> l^^ffl/cCg^S^rfT'Ov^L (NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 ) o 2U: (X#xK (##), 0#2X au±yy (512) 6, 2 6i:#mcms ^rfroTl^o # 5.1-4 II xn6 - 142 ~ 5.1-4 NEPO Rice Husk Palm Oil Residue Bagasse Wood Residue Corncob Cassava Residue Distillery Slop Coconut Residue Sawdust (EFB, Fiber, Shell) Source industry Rice mills, -40,500 Palm oil mills Sugar mills Sawmills, production Corn Tapioca starch Whiskey distillery Coconut plantations, Wood products mills in country plants milling/agriculture factory factory peeling shops and oil mills Source of biomass Rice paddy Fresh fruit bunches Sugar cane Saw logs, parawood Corn Cassava Whiskey Coconut Wood trees, processed wood Source output, tonne/yr 20,000,000 (avg. 2,176,000 (1995) 50,000,000 (as 5,800,000 4,000,000 7,000,000 750,000,000 1,400,000 5,800,000 1986-1995) planned) Supply forecast Slightly increase, 1 to 10 to 15 percent Stable Fluctuating 5 percent increase Stable Slightly increase Stable Fluctuating 2 percent per year growth per year per year Biomass production rate, percent of 23 44 (EFB: 23-25; 28-30 53 (average) 25 40 (Slurry: 30; Skin: 48 (300 percent x 16 47 (Fiber 35; Shell: 7 Fiber: 11-15, Shell: 10) percent) 12) 6-8) In process use, percent of source negligible 10-20 23 negligible negligible negligible negligible negligible 3 Total biomass supply, percent of 23 24-34 5-7 53 25 40 48 47 4 source Biomass collectivity, percent of supply 50-80 90-100 90-100 60 50 90-100 90-100 Fiber: 60; shell 40 95 Total biomass availability, tonne/yr 2,300,000-3,680,000 470,000-740,000 2,250,000-3,500,000 1,836,000 500,000 2,520,000-2,800,000 356,000-396,000 361,000 220,400 (excess only) (67-83 percent moisture) Higher heating value, kJ/kg 14,100 8,400-18,250 (avg. 10,000 10,000 15,000 9,150 (dried to 40 15,500 16,500 (average) 10,300 -10,800) percent moisture) Fuel consumption, tonne/yr/MW 9,800 14,050 14,100 15,500 9,200 17,100 (average at 7,700 8,400 13,400 40 percent moisture) Aggregate power generation potential, 234-375 33-53 160-248 (existing 118 54 75-84 46-52 43 16 MW excess bagasse only) Price, Baht/tonne 50-100 0-200 0-150 50-100 300-400 Slurry: 100-200; No commercial value Fiber: 50; Shell: 0-300 Skins: 250-300 500-800 Other uses Soil conditioner, fuel, Fertilizer Production of Fuel, particle board, Furfuryl alcohol, Slurry: alcohol, pellet Fuel, fertilizer Fiber: furniture, Joss-stick, fuel, brick making medium density fiber charcoal fertilizer, fuel admixture; Skins: fertilizer; Shell: fuel, mushroom planting board, fuel fertilizer carbon powder (titiM) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 UX hyv^L^AT, ^-WfKD^m^mgLT^m^^^WLTW'g). ^ 5.1-5 Klz^:r>S/'Wl/(7)^;#4 @(7)/iT TVX^SCDlf'fESn^^ATo 5.1-5 NERO IHElCfc(t^%E7f yf 'i )l//t — A t)^£> /ifix £se (10‘t/^) 20 2.2 50 5.8 fijfflsrmmzm. oo‘t/#) 2.3-S.7 0.41-0.74 2.25-3.5 1.8 maismm (kj/kg) 14,100 10,800 10,000 10,000 a/s/w) 9,800 14,050 14,100 15,500 mrVytAlt (Mill) 234-375 33-53 160-248 118 (Hi#) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 (&) : 100 : 17T#(D4M#ZP6#t#L:t. EFB, Shell, Fibre $:M#^LTV^ 'bo ^Xx>X-5/3 mww# : AT 85%Tm#UTW5. E 5.1-1 X#X, ^#(D4@#(D/W^TX^#m — 144 — 5.1-6 NERO SISilffcOgISiigSjrtotbR Palm Oil Wood Industry Rice husk Bagasse Residues Residues Fresh fruit Source output, 106 tonne/yr Rice paddy Sugar cane Wood bunch Black & Veatch (average) 20 2.2 50 5.8 EC-ASEAN COGEN 22 2.25 50.5b >17b Kinoshita, et al 20 <1 43 - Residue produced, 106 tonne/yr Black & Veatch (average) 4.6 0.97 14.5 3.48 EC-ASEAN COGEN 4.8 0.95 14.6b Unknown Kinoshita, et ala 5.6 0.31 10.3 Available residue, 106 tonne/yr c Black & Veatch (average) 3.0 0.58 2.88 1.8 EC-ASEAN COGEN Program 0.79 0.95 14.6b Unknown Kinoshita, et ala 2.77 0.16 5.16 - Potential power generation, GWh/yr Black & Veatch (average) 2,270 320 1,520 880 EC-ASEAN COGEN 400 350 5,700 Unknown Kinoshita, et al 1,261 27 970 - Capacity factor, percent Black & Veatch 85 85 85 85 EC-ASEAN COGEN 68 63 29 Unknown Kinoshita, et al 85 85 30 - Potential generation capacity, MW Black & Veatch (average) 305 43 204 118 EC-ASEAN COGEN 66 69 1,900 950 Kinoshita, et al 170 4 370 - Notes: a Values in italics are derived. Values in bold are assumed. All residue quantities from Kinoshita have been converted from dry-basis assuming moisture contents of 10, 30, and 50 percent, for rice husk, palm oil residues, and bagasse, respectively b There is some uncertainty as to the number used to calculate to the power potential. c Different assumptions are used for residue availability. In general, B&V estimate is for residues readily collectible and not already in use, COGEN number is for residue “structurally ” available, Kinoshita estimate is 50 percent of total production. (HjA) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries! , Nov. 2000 (&) Black & Veatch NEPO (Black & Veatch EC-ASEAN COGEN Program 5.1-1 C0mA^6#BaLTV^„ Kinoshita, et al Charles M. Kinoshita, et al l~Potential for Biomass Electricity in four Asian Countries! presented at the 32nd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1997.)fr ‘tD — 145 — o) EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme NEPO L/c% M£froTU&lX 1 f®I(?)i4I (C Johanson b (T. B. Johansson (5^ rRenewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) 5.1-7 gmmmmwTjvi/#-^ > v ^ (2000 *f) as llftll m m (1,000 ffi) (X103t) (PJ) XK41 2,100 3,066 46 6,100 6,710 101 m 172,000 6,364 86 0i¥ 130 23 0.4 B 7,682 1,690 29 # 42 8 0.1 frm- — 17,861 263 5.1.2 A<^"7XOj; %T##T 5.1.1 T^bfc NEPO OigTJi, <, mm, 10 %### bT,f®M&FSfJ®£«UT^3 (0 5.1-1 \Z 10 XM # 5.1-7 ± S 1 ST'18/h L fc EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme O—#T#@ £ tl/r%SES0WJ Tte, t)^^6^#T^l600kW , 2,500kW CO NEPO O^g^T H, 8,OOOkW^^XO^#y^>h^#^#^V^a^#$^lT V^-5. - 147 - 5.1-7 10 Sanan Thitiporn Karnchan-ab Liang Hong Sommai Plan Chumporn Woodwork Mitr Kalasin Southern Facility Muang Thanya uri Sugar Chai Rice Rice Mill Creations Palm Oil Creation Sugar Mill Palm Oil Rice Mill Rice Mill Mill Mill Facility type Rice mill Rice mill Rice mill Wood Palm oil mill Sugar mill Wood Sugar mill Rice mill Palm oil mill products products New plant or modifications? New New New New Mods. Mods. New New New New Residue available from facility, t/yr 98,670 13,800 27,600 4,000 89,100 20,834 31,680 76,000 33,000 73,500 Total residue use, t/yr 86,900 79,000 79,000 134,000 111,860 34,216 54,000 76,000 33,000 73,500 Residue type Rice husk Rice husk Rice husk Wood Palm oil res. Bagasse, Wood waste Bagasse Rice husk Palm oil res. waste others 3 corncob others 3 Annual heat available, GJ/yr 1,225,868 1,113,900 1,113,900 1,380,200 1,564,000" 406,980 510,300 725,040 465,300 1,072,932" Net plant heat rate, kJ/kWh 18,708 18,708 18,708 21,015 49,500" 47,205"d 21,900 17,400 18,700 21,700" Net plant output, kW 8,800 8,000 8,000 8,800 4,550 1,850 3,100 5,600 3,300 6,200 Output sold to EGAT, kW 8,800 8,000 8,000 8,800 2,520 1,850 3,100 5,600 3,300 5,366 Cogeneration? Steam flow, tonne/hr No No No No Yes, 31.85 No No No No Yes, 13.9" Est. total project cost, US$ mil 5.0 1.95 8.65 13.4 9.73 14.6 9.71 9.27 9.27 10.59 IRR (base case), percent 32.6 25.5 26.4 7.9 20.4 18.9 4.4 13.3 7.6 11.6 IRR at 43.5 Baht/US$ exchange rate - - - - 15.8 15.9 2.1 9.8 5.1 8.4 IRR at 20% reduced capital cost - - - - 29.4 26.7 8.5 20.1 12.6 17.9 IRR for alternative study (see writeup) - - - 38.5 39-69 27.5 25 46 13-29 13-25 Notes: a Chumporn Palm: palm oil residues (fiber, shells, empty fruit bunch), biogas, coconut husks; Southern Palm: palm oil residues (fiber and shells only), biogas. b Chumporn Palm: includes biogas use of 6,000,000 m3/yr (136,000 GJ/yr); Southern Palm: includes biogas use of 3,570,000 m3/yr (80,682 GJ/yr). c Based on existing power facility performance information considering proposed modifications. d Includes credit for surplus power generated by the existing sugar mill during the on-season. e Average value. Southern Palm Oil requires varying amounts of process steam depending on the season. (utift) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural IndustriesJ , Nov. 2000 Sanaa Muang ^ 5.1-8 1.6MW X2 5.0MW T\ ft\Z6-0(Dl@7kJ:l& 5.1 -8 Sanan Muang Rice Mill Facility "C0)@IE##(D#a#ii Item Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Gross plant capacity, MW 9.0 5.6 1.8 Net plant capacity, MW 8.0 5.0 1.6 Investment, $US million 10.952 9.640 4.931 Fuel type Rice Husk Rice Husk Rice Husk Fuel consumption, tonnes/yr 79,000 50,000 13,800 Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 100-250 100-200 100 Operating hours per year 7,446 7,446 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 100 64 20 Internal rate of return, percent 25.52 13.70 0.54 Source of fuel supply, tonnes/yr Sanan Muang Rice Mill 13,800 13,800 13,800 Kanutanjakij Rice Mill 16,560 16,560 Nitinun Supakij # 1 Rice Mill 11,040 11,040 Nitinun Supakij # 2 Rice Mill 8,832 8,832 Supachai Rice Mill 22,080 Sawangtavorn Rice Mill 6,624 (IBA) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 WIWZ NEPO Thitipom Thanya Rice Mill Facility 5.1-9 1C, Plan Creations Facility 5.1-10 IC> Woodwork Creation Facility (D$0J 5.1-11 1C, Mitr Kalasin Sugar Facility 5.1-12 Id, Liang Hong Chai Facility (Z)WJ&^ 5.1-13 \Z, Southern Palm Oil Facility 5.1-14 IC^T. - 149 - %##(:## (:# WT 6 6. 5.1-9 Thitiporn Thanya Rice Mill Facility Item Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Gross plant capacity, MW 9.0 5.6 3.2 Net plant capacity, MW 8.0 5.0 2.8 Investment, $US million 10.947 9.680 7.476 Fuel type Rice Husk Rice Husk Rice Husk Fuel consumption, tonnes/yr 79,000 50,000 27,600 Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 100-250 100-250 100 Operating hours per year 7,446 7,446 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 100 64 36 Internal rate of return, percent 26.42 14.55 7.23 Source of fuel supply, tonnes/yr Thitiporn Thanya Rice Mill 27,600 27,600 27,600 Ruengthai Rice Mill 3,312 3,312 Wangbau Rice Mill 11,040 11,040 Amnaouypol Rice Mill 8,280 8,280 Hnongyao Rice Mill 3,312 Hnongben Rice Mill 3,312 Hwangdee Rice Mill 13,800 Charoenkij Rice Mill 8,280 (tHi&) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 - 150 - 5.1-10 Plan Creations Facility Table Header Result Option 1 Option 2 Gross plant capacity, MW 10 20.9 31.7 27.9 Net plant capacity, MW 8.8 18.4 Investment, US$ million 12.6 19.1 26.7 Fuel type Wood Waste Wood Waste Wood Waste Fuel consumption, tonne/yr 134,000 254,000 374,000 Total fuel costs, Baht/tonne 200-450 35-350 35-350 Operating hours per year 7,446 7,446 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 114 238 360 Internal rate of return, percent 7.95 28.6 38.5 Source of fuel supply: Internal: Wood res., tonnes/yr 4,000 4,000 4,000 External: Bark, tonne/yr 14,000 14,000 14,000 Small log, tonne/yr 116,000 236,000 356,000 (iijjft) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries! , Nov. 2000 5.1-11 Woodwork Creation Facility Item Original Analysis Larger Facility Gross plant capacity, MW 3.55 34.0 Net plant capacity, MW 3.10 30.0 Investment, US$ million 10.235 31.8 Fuel type Wood waste Wood Waste Fuel consumption, tonne/yr 54,000 354,000 Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 35-250 35-350 Operating hours per year 7,446 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 43.6 419 Internal rate of return, percent 4.4 24.7 Source of fuel supply: Internal: Bark, tonne/yr 15,552 15,552 Sawdust, tonne/yr 6,048 6,048 Chip and discards, tonne/yr 10,080 10,080 External: Bark, tonne/yr 11,520 11,520 Small log, tonne/yr 10,800 310,800 (thift) NEPO (Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries! , Nov. 2000 - 151 - 5.1-12 Mitr Kalasin Sugar Facility Item Option 2 Option 3 Gross plant capacity, MW 3.2 6.1 Net plant capacity, MW 2.96 5.6 Investment, US$ million 2.60 15.645 Fuel type Bagasse Bagasse Fuel consumption, tonne/yr 76,000 76,000 Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 0 0 Operating hours per year 6,220 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 34.3 77.7 Internal rate of return, percent 46 13.3 (tijjft) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 5.1-13 Liang Hong Chai Facility Item Original Option 1 Option 2 Gross plant capacity, MW 3.8 9.5 15.2 Net plant capacity, MW 3.3 8.4 13.4 Investment, US$ million 11.480 15.0 20.8 Fuel type Rice husk Rice husk Rice husk Fuel consumption, tonne/yr 33,000 83,000 133,000 Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 0 0-350 0-350 Operating hours per year 7,446 7,446 7,446 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/yr 45.7 116.3 185.6 Internal rate of return, percent 7.6 24.88 29.24 Source of fuel supply: New rice mill: Rice husk, tonne/yr 16,500 16,500 16,500 Old rice mill: Rice husk, tonne/yr 16,500 16,500 16,500 Nakon Ratchasima rice husks, tonne/yr — 50,000 100,000 (tfjjft) NEPO fThailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 - 152 - 5.1-14 Southern Palm Oil Facility Item Original Study Larger Facility Gross plant capacity, MW 7.0 33.0 Net plant capacity, MW 6.2 29.1 Net sold to grid, MW 5.4 28.3 Investment, US$ million 16.9 46.6 Fuel type Fiber, shell, and Fiber, shell, empty biogas bunch, biogas, and others Total fuel cost, Baht/tonne 0-200 0-200 Operating hours per year 7,919 7,919 Revenue from EGAT, million Baht/year 77 403.5 Internal rate of return, percent 11.6 25 Source of fuel supply (increase over current needs): Fiber, tonne/yr 38,500 64,500 Shell, tonne/yr 20,000 30,000 Biogas, cu.m./yr 3,570,000 3,570,000 Other residues, tonne/yr 250,000 (titiA) NEPO TThailand Biomass Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries] , Nov. 2000 - 153 5.1.3 §!### EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme t bX& £LZc% #y 9 > h ###### saia GEFlC^Tfe, X<0/W^"7X^#^MT^7°Dv%X £<£> ynvxX hTte, Yala fc4o(bT 22MW tC J; 5Roi-Et fc&tAT 10MW n V h> ha £Zc, 5.1.2 NEPO Z*f S ZcZLST^ ^ 6 IFIBtKX NEPOTIC /W^VX^#(D#X(:^T6/\> J&#& ItoTV^o ;\> #5.1-15 FS MmA^uxn^a u-dt &K), x-rEf& tsnr43v> nepo £>*—A^-'XZpb^r>>n ^# #5.1-15 NEPOT#^$flZ:/W^-7X#m#A/\>Hy'y^(7)m# 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Definition of Biomass 3.0 Feasibility Study 4.0 Regulations for the Purchase of Power from Small Power Producers (Biomass) 4.1 Types of Power Producers 4.1.1 Independent Power Producers 4.1.2 Small Power Producers 4.2 Application Procedures 4.3 Evaluation Criteria 4.4 Conditions for Purchase 4.5 Power Purchase Rates 4.5.1 No Capacity Payment (or Non-Firm Contract) 4.5.2 Capacity Payment (or Firm Contract) 5.0 Financing 5.1 Types of Financing 5.1.1 Corporate Financing 5.1.2 Sovereign Guaranteed Financing 5.1.3 Project Financing or Limited Recourse Financing 5.2 Sources of Financing 5.2.1 Commercial Institutions 5.2.2 Bilateral Agencies 5.2.3 Multilateral Institutions 6.0 Project Consultants 7.0 Licensing and Permitting 8.0 List of Equipment Vendors and Consulting Firms 8.1 Equipment Vendors 8.1.1 Steam Turbines 8.1.2 Boilers 8.2 Consulting Firms (utiiSl) NEPO ^Thailand Biomass-Based Power Generation and Cogeneration Within Small Rural Industries HANDBOOK Development and Construction! , Nov. 2000 - 154 - 5.2 TU-2/7ICJ3I**!'tffiSIim 5.2.1 (1) EC- Asean COGEN Programme EC- Asean COGEN Programme (CcfcoT-. X%1i(Dz}t:r >5/-^ ^5.2-1 lSTM^Cck^X 5.2-1 EC-Asean COGEN Programme (Cfc(t3/W*VXfgl|07tvr>:>^;UIM * —A^" 'f Jl/ (1996) (1996) (1995) fii 2,228 A* 21,067 FFB 42,069 tx&^'b 490 10,534 17,669 @#±0/^%" > '> X/U(GWh/year) 245 5,267 7,068 (mw) 43 1,097 1,280 62 - 281 (mw) 28 597 1,280 (utiM) ASEAN Centre for Energy /fr——'J (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) (a) 5t/h £>(±0X^1^ 'B-SX^Ttt 40,000m3/¥J£/,±x *m 10,000mW£U^ A-I±j''OW$£XM$:ftM\ZLT^&0 (2) EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme (C 1 Johanson 6 (T. B. Johansson 1$/^ rRenewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) > 5.2-2 ^(2000#) HE if'T'y's*? >\/ m m (1,000 a) (X103t) (PJ) 7K42 155 226 3 723 795 12 m 120,000 4,440 60 oj^ 232 42 0.7 B 1,829 402 7 ¥ 175 32 0.6 — 5,937 83 - 155 - 5.2.2 MEmkomt EC- Asean COGEN Programme L5-10MWX^X, t^6^#mT6t)(DT 450kW, A—l,200kWX^X(Dt)(DX)##LTV^6. T(D NEPO PTMTH ± S£fT*A 2000 ¥ 1 ft (Clg^S^SLTAS (PTM TfeASIBILITY STUDY ON GRID CONNECTED POWER GENERATION USING BIOMASS COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY] > Jan. 2000) = 5,000kW X9X(D3 —^3 $o^3\ S 5.2-3 tC^TcL^tA 5.60-6.37 ¥> IRR T 18.70-21.78% 5.2-3 PTM gmc&fta 5MW Sitel Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Total investment (RM million) 23.5 23.8 29.4 23.8 Equipment unit cost 20.2 20.2 25.5 20.2 Other costs 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.6 Total annual income (RM million) 7.954 6.601 8.684 6.300 Energy savings 5.914 1.002 7.705 0.951 Power sales 1.594 4.798 0.701 4.819 Residual disposal costs 0.168 0.523 0 0.252 Ash sales 0.278 0.278 0.278 0.278 Annual Fuel Costs (RM million) 2.271 0.892 2.317 1.231 Economic performance Pay-back period (years) 5.60 5.61 6.09 6.37 I.R.R (%) 21.78 21.71 19.5 18.70 (ffift) PTM rFEASIBILITY study on grid connected power generation USING BIOMASS COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY] > Jan. 2000 (&) Sitel: Serting Mill ; Bahau iffixft ; N. Sembilan) > Site2 : Sandau Mill (BfiT# Lahad Data ; Sabah) > Site3: Kwantas Edible Oil Sdn. Bhd. (Pft&M Lahad Data ifi5|); Sabah), Site4 :PORIM-Gathrie Experometal Mill (PfffEM Laba ; N.Sembilan) 156 - 5.2-4 PTM WSlCtelt* 5MW hSAB# Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Energy generated (106kWh) 504.23 504.23 504.23 504.23 i) Energy sales 149.41 449.79 65.75 451.81 ii) Own consumption 354.82 54.44 438.48 52.42 Total costs (RM thousand) 96,596 64,964 105,222 72,769 Fixed costs 44,270 44,406 51,575 44,404 Fuel costs 52,326 20,558 45,516 28,365 Generation costs (sen/kWh) 19.16 12.88 20.87 14.43 Fixed costs 8.78 8.81 10.23 8.80 Fuel costs 10.38 4.07 10.64 5.63 (titiM) PTM rFEASIBILITY study on grid connected power generation USING BIOMASS COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY] , Jan. 2000 (&) +K L 5.2-3 5.2.3 PTM ^ 5.2.2 K^;frLfcl8S£:fTofc efc'3K:, ^-^r;lz/N°—L/cAHHte 3-:x:n;tk-S/3 <;i/(D^jgm#AW:%±LT^t)(D(7X fiiftCDM'pi)tp&£Y)' - 157 - 5.3 -r > k * v 7 icfc (15 5.3.1 (1) EC- Asean COGEN Programme Viz—'>7«h|W|fI(C EC- Asean COGEN Programme \ZJ;oT, /HtVXM 5.3-1 EC- Asean COGEN Programme iZt5tf%/UJbWiM smm (?h» mm.m fFh>) (GWh/3) * 48,181 Rice Husk(22%) 10,600 3,926 w* 31,582 Cane 9,518 Bagasse(30%) 3,173 Logs 18,794 Wood (50%) 9,697 2,424 Husk(35%) 4,622 Shell (15%) 1,918 2,201 EFB(23%) 4,321 CPO 3,758 A— Fibre (13%) 2,442 2,255 FEB 18,788 Shell (6%) 1,217 (UiA) ASEAN Centre for Energy 7——z (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) (2) EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme ICckSIPItli, Jf£ M£fToTlA&lA0 ^CT\ 1 Johanson b (T. B. Johansson 1$^ TRenewable Energy] , Island Press, 1993) 5.3-2 (2000 30 mm @ %U (1,000II) (X103t) (pj) 7K41 2,859 4,174 63 12,102 13,312 200 m 800,000 29,600 400 Ui^ 14,121 2,542 45 m 9,353 2,058 35 # 7,502 1,350 24 — 53,036 767 - 158 - -i y H^yTTIi $S©E®j:B?i:d'5e4,-C,'j:T-5SrtTrf5^e.;t'f ±oTtEUTX*^^-PJfflT5*at)ffl%SnTV>5. * 5.3-3 Ctt«SiJ© AM -ZiiT, lei > x r J1/4S-T. 5.3-3 -f > K*->7ICfclt5/H*^X$IUffl L,t*i#j>i'tJI' m# ±M 1M 1 (kW) ;i/(kW) (kW) Aceh 42,561 Java Barat 40,091 Sulawesi Tenqah 19,026 Sumatra Utara 46,799 JavaTenqah 62,972 Sulawesi Selatan 41,513 Sumatra Barat 26,066 Yoqyakarta 7,740 Sulawesi Tenqqara 41,513 Riau 9,199 Java Timur 125,892 Bali 31,914 Jambi 8,898 Kalimantan Barat 17,507 NusaTeng. Barat 28,211 Benqkulu 8,946 Kalimantan Tenqah 3,792 NusaTenq. Timur 56,722 Sumatra Selatan 26,827 Kalimantan Selatan 8,505 Maluku 5,716 Lampunq 15,773 Kalimantan Timur 4,927 Papua Barat 9,374 Jakarta 731 Sulawesi Utara 16,942 5.2.2 4-% h EC- Asean COGEN Programme D-itL T'j^/jS 4 ft 4 4 5SfUffl l-fc 7’DyiJh, $>5>©tt, *il:iaiSntH5t)Wf). A#X, ^'OV/'S-AJSS S £fto U 7k%« 7"n i>"x X h ©US 1C5. LfrL&tfZ, tttffi • G E F © /t'f4"7X%S©7"DxxX ht)7*D7,7A^4IT41-tr>-t:^StifcC jrfecBO. Rio - 159 - 5.4 5.4.1 Xt>'>*JI' (1) EC- Asean COGEN Programme f EC- Asean COGEN Programme ^5.4-1 6^6. j;(9^ 5.4-1 EC- Asean COGEN Programme Izt5it£/U*’*7MWDX JT>y'J*)lW& * RM# £SM as (f h» «» 6,082 /W'X 3,428 att-tsatsnM (swh/#) 3,041 1,143 |5|%SE^(MW) 528 286 -m®.mu± (mw) 67 286 (tfjjBi) ASEAN Centre for Energy ^—v (http://www.ace.or.id/ ) (2) mmmmm EC-ASEAN COGEN Programme LTc^m^m 1 Johanson 6 (T. B. Johansson (5^ rRenewable EnergyJ , Island Press, 1993) — 160 — 5.4-2 (2000 #) 5# iSrXyt)!' # BU (1,000 HI) (X103!) 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