Porcelain and Botany

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02 Three pieces with decorations based on Flora Danica copper engravings: large dish with wood horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticus), based on plate 1182, volume 20, published 1797 (bottom); dessert plate with lichen (Lichen vespertilio Lightf.), based on plate 1125, volume 19, published 1794 (top); and fruit salad plate with mushroom (Agaricus micaceus Sibth.), based on plate 1193, volume 20, published 1797 (right). Porcelain and botany Flora Danica. 1790–1802 Shortly after the launch of the blue designs, Design: Anonymous multicolour flowers appeared on Danish porcelain in Manufacture: Royal Porcelain Factory the form of vines, bouquets and scattered flowers from ornamental plants. The flowers were lifelike and detailed but appeared in designs where purely decorative concerns took precedence while realism was a minor concern. Thus, flowers were combined For centuries, floral motifs have been used to without regard for their actual size or for whether decorate both East Asian and European porcelain. they naturally grew in the same area or bloomed at Flowers also played a key role when Denmark the same time. The Flora Danica pattern represented established a domestic production of hard-paste a very different approach to aesthetics and meaning. porcelain, patterned on German methods, with the founding of the Royal Chartered Porcelain The scientific interest in flowers Manufactory (later renamed Royal Porcelain Factory) The background and inspiration for the Flora Danica in 1775. pattern came from scientific literature and botany. In the factory’s earliest designs, the flowers The first scientific book on wild Danish flora, Simon appeared in blue and otherwise naturalist Paulli’s illustrated botany, was published in 1648 at reproductions of bouquets and individual flowers, as the initiative of King Christian IV. In 1752, the German in Blue Flower or the highly stylized buds, branches doctor and botanist Georg Christian Oeder came to and leaves of the blue fluted pattern. Both patterns Copenhagen as Denmark’s first royal professor of have proven their staying power and become design botany. One of his tasks was to collect specimens for classics. and publish a comprehensive ‘Flora Danica’ covering 18 19.

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G.C. Oeder's Conflict with Linnaeus and the Implementation of Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Ideas in the Monumental Flora Danica
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):53-85. 2019 53 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-07 G.C. Oeder’s conflict with Linnaeus and the implementation of taxonomic and nomenclatural ideas in the monumental Flora Danica project (1761–1883) I. Friis Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK–2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Hitherto unpublished parts of the history of the Icones … Florae Danicae (1761–1883), one of the largest illustrated botanical works published, are analysed; it covered the entire flora of the double monarchy of Denmark–Norway, Schleswig and Holstein and the North Atlantic dependencies. A study of the little noticed taxonomic and nomenclatural principles behind the Icones is presented. G.C. Oeder, founder of the project, approved the ideas of Buffon and Haller and rejected Linnaean binary nomenclature because of its lack of stability of genera. In the Icones …, Oeder cited all names used for each plant in chronological order, with the binary Linnaean name last, to which principle Linnaeus reacted. By the end of the 18th century, Linnaean nomenclature had become standard, apart from in Flora Danica and a very few other botanical works. Applying Linnaean nomenclature elsewhere, O.F. Müller, editor 1775–1782, and M. Vahl, editor 1787–1799, followed Oeder’s norm in the Icones. J.W. Hornemann, editor 1810–1840, followed Oeder in his first fascicles, but began experimenting with changes towards Linnaean nomenclature from 1810. After 1840, subsequent editors consistently applied Linnaean principles for accepted names and synonyms. Keywords. Accepted names, genera, natural classification, species, synonymy Introduction In his excellent monograph on how the Linnaean reforms gained general acceptance among botanists, Stafleu (1971: 260) specifically stated that he left out a discussion of C.G.
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Gerald Murnane
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G.C. Oeders Bemærkninger Om Norsk Skovbrug Gjorte Under Og Efter Hans Rejse Til Norge 1755-1760
G.C. OEDERS BEMÆRKNINGER OM NORSK SKOVBRUG GJORTE UNDER OG EFTER HANS REJSE TIL NORGE 1755-1760 Peter Wagner Botanisk Museum og Centralbibliotek Sølvgade 83 opg. S 1307 København K G.C. Oeder's remarks on Norwegian forestry 1755-1760 Georg Christian Oeder 1728-1791 Key words: Forestry timber trade, history Oeder, Norway I 1755-1760 rejste Georg Christian Oeder, læge og botaniker i dansk- norsk tjeneste, i Norge for at samle planter til det botaniske værk Flora Danica og gjorde samtidig iagttagelser over økonomiske forhold i dette rige. Da Oeder efter sin hjemkomst havde udviklet sig til en habil økonomisk analytiker, hvis meninger fik betydning i den økonomisk-videnskabelige diskussion i de følgende 30 år, kunne det være interessant at se, hvorledes en sådan økonomisk indsigt opnås på en rejse i Europas udkant. Oeder beskæftigede sig med meget andet end forstvæsen, men kun dette skal behandles her1. Da Oeders forslag går ned i specifikke detailler, er det nødvendigt at forudskikke dels nogle oplysninger om hans forudsætninger, dels om norsk forstvæsens historie op til Oeders ankomst. OEDER OG DE BOTANISKE ANSTALTER PÅ AMALIENBORG Efter den store nordiske krig 1700-1720 var dobbeltmonarkiet Danmark-Norges økonomi svag, og den svækkedes yderligere af en afsætningskrise for landbrugsvarer i 1730'erne. Da regeringen var klar over, at den ikke kunne ændre konjunkturerne, overvejede den andre tiltag, f. eks. nye afgrøder i landbruget, opdyrkning af hederne og bedre skovpleje. Hvis nye methoder og dermed moderne videnskaber skulle indføres og gøres nyttige, var regeringen klar over, at undervisning og dermed lærestole heri var nødvendige. Et første forsøg på at indføre viden blev gjort i 1750, da universitetets patron, chefen for danske kan- celli, Johan Ludvig Holstein (1697-1763) tvang universitetet til at tildele Georg Tycho Holm (1726-1759) et stipendium, så han kunne studere hos den berømte Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) i Uppsala.
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Mellern Provinsialisme Og Internationalisme Dansk Naturvidenskab I Oplysningstiden
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Peter Thonning and Denmark's Guinea Commission
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The Expeditio Litteraria Ad Polum Arcticum
Chapter 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered?: The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum In these northern regions, so rarely visited and so little explored, everything is of interest, and Father Hell studied everything. jérôme de lalande1 ∵ To commission a high-quality, internationally respected astronomical observa- tion and thus restore Denmark’s dwindling fame as a “nation of astronomy” was no doubt the chief ambition of Hell’s sponsors. In the very first letter from Foreign Minister Bernstorff to his Viennese envoy, the only explicit aim of the expedition is observation of the transit of Venus from Vardø.2 Although the expedition’s timeframe expanded significantly, with the departure from Vien- na finally set more than a year ahead of the astronomical event, there is no evi- dence in the ensuing diplomatic correspondence between Vienna and Copen- hagen to suggest that Denmark–Norway was preparing to support a wholescale encyclopedic expedition entailing years of exploration and voluminous publi- cations.3 Such plans, however, soon took form in Hell’s mind. Besides bending to God’s will, Hell must have been all too aware that to the Republic of Letters the region in question was still virtually a terra incognita. It was exotic and “liminal,” with the aurora borealis, polar night, and midnight sun, along with extreme weather and natural dangers such as the maelstrom of Moskenes, and above all the indigenous Sámi (Saami, Sami) population—known in those days as “Lapps”—forming intriguing objects of study with a broad popular ap- peal.4 The Lapland voyages of Linnaeus and Maupertuis in the 1730s had 1 Jérôme de Lalande, Bibliographie astronomique avec l’histoire de l’astronomie depuis 1781 jusqu’à 1802 (Paris: Imprimerie de la République, 1803), 721.
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University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK–2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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