D an M Ark Efter 1742
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Naturhistorie-Selskabet I København 1789-1804
Naturhistorie-Selskabet i København 1789-1804 Elin Strøm Historisk institutt Universitetet i Oslo August 2006 1 Innhold Innledning 3 Reform og dannelse 5 Konflikten i den botaniske have 7 Forfatteren 13 Abildgaard viser sin gode vilje 15 Dannelsen av Naturhistorie-Selskabet 16 Planen 17 Direktørenes redegjørelse 20 Abildgaard og direktørene 22 Martin Vahl 26 Lokaler 27 Theatrum naturæ 30 Kampen om Theatrum naturæ 32 Frihedsstøtten 41 Medlemmene 43 Undervisningen 45 Zoologi 45 Botanikk 46 Vahls undervisning 46 Mineralogi 49 Kjemi 50 Selskapets botaniske have 52 Naturalmuseet 54 De reisende 57 Daldorf 57 Pálsson 58 Steffens 59 Rathke 62 Vitenskapelige møter 65 Skriftene 67 En brysom anmelder 70 En blomsterglad mesen 73 Administrasjon 74 Økonomien 77 Abildgaard og et kongelig naturalmuseum 80 Naturhistorie-Selskabet legges ned 82 Fortalen 83 Etterord 86 2 Innledning Naturhistorie-Selskabet ble stiftet i København høsten 1789. Det var en privat forening, dannet i den hensikt å gi undervisning i naturhistorie, etter at universitetet ikke lenger hadde noen lærer i dette faget. Professor Morten Brünnich, som i de siste årene hadde forelest i zoologi og mineralogi, var av kongen blitt sendt til Kongsberg som oberberghauptmann. Og universitetets naturalsamlingen, Theatrum naturæ, som Brünnich hadde hatt ansvaret for, ble lukket. Da C.C. Gosch i 1870-årene ga ut sitt store verk Udsigt over Danmarks zoologiske Literatur, viet han et kapittel til naturhistorieselskapet og dets forskere. Martin Vahl som var lærer ved selskapet, ”var Danmarks berømteste Botaniker” skriver Gosch,1 og det var han som ”tilkommer Fortjenesten af at have holdt dets Virksomhed vedlige”, mens det var P.C. -
G.C. Oeder's Conflict with Linnaeus and the Implementation of Taxonomic and Nomenclatural Ideas in the Monumental Flora Danica
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 71(Suppl. 2):53-85. 2019 53 doi: 10.26492/gbs71(suppl. 2).2019-07 G.C. Oeder’s conflict with Linnaeus and the implementation of taxonomic and nomenclatural ideas in the monumental Flora Danica project (1761–1883) I. Friis Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK–2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Hitherto unpublished parts of the history of the Icones … Florae Danicae (1761–1883), one of the largest illustrated botanical works published, are analysed; it covered the entire flora of the double monarchy of Denmark–Norway, Schleswig and Holstein and the North Atlantic dependencies. A study of the little noticed taxonomic and nomenclatural principles behind the Icones is presented. G.C. Oeder, founder of the project, approved the ideas of Buffon and Haller and rejected Linnaean binary nomenclature because of its lack of stability of genera. In the Icones …, Oeder cited all names used for each plant in chronological order, with the binary Linnaean name last, to which principle Linnaeus reacted. By the end of the 18th century, Linnaean nomenclature had become standard, apart from in Flora Danica and a very few other botanical works. Applying Linnaean nomenclature elsewhere, O.F. Müller, editor 1775–1782, and M. Vahl, editor 1787–1799, followed Oeder’s norm in the Icones. J.W. Hornemann, editor 1810–1840, followed Oeder in his first fascicles, but began experimenting with changes towards Linnaean nomenclature from 1810. After 1840, subsequent editors consistently applied Linnaean principles for accepted names and synonyms. Keywords. Accepted names, genera, natural classification, species, synonymy Introduction In his excellent monograph on how the Linnaean reforms gained general acceptance among botanists, Stafleu (1971: 260) specifically stated that he left out a discussion of C.G. -
Denmark–Norway, 1761–1769: Two Missed Opportunities?
MEETING VENUS C. Sterken, P. P. Aspaas (Eds.) The Journal of Astronomical Data 19, 1, 2013 Denmark–Norway, 1761–1769: Two Missed Opportunities? Per Pippin Aspaas University Library of Tromsø, N-9037 Norway Abstract. Despite a promising start in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Denmark–Norway was not a Great Power of Astronomy any longer when the eight- eenth-century transits of Venus occurred. Official activity relating to the transit of 1761 was very limited; in this respect, Denmark–Norway was completely overshad- owed by Sweden and Russia. In 1769 steps were taken to invite an astronomer of international reputation, the Jesuit Father Maximilianus Hell. He arrived in 1768 and left the country two years later, having published an elaborate report in the name of the King Christian VII. Although Hell’s observations from Vardøhus were successful, Denmark–Norway failed to re-establish itself as a country capable of deliv- ering noteworthy contributions to the European community of astronomers. Sweden and Russia displayed a higher level of activity, both quantitatively and qualitatively, making the impression of Denmark–Norway’s lagging behind even stronger. 1. Introduction Throughout the eighteenth century, the northernmost part of Europe was divided between three powers: Denmark–Norway, Sweden, and Russia. They all encom- passed territories with very similar advantages as far as the transits of Venus were concerned. However, the history of Venus transit activity in the three countries men- tioned is far from uniform. Other contributions to these Proceedings analyze Venus transit activities in Sweden (Widmalm) and Russia (Bucher). There are also case studies on individual astronomers active in these parts (Pekonen, St´en & Aspaas, Voje Johansen, Kontler). -
Gerald Murnane
WORLD OF THE BOOK Books are mirrors of many worlds: worlds here and distant, past and present, real and imagined. Through text and image, they act as keepers of ideas, of knowledge and of stories. This exhibition showcases many of the rare, beautiful and historically significant books held by this Library on behalf of the Victorian community. It celebrates the unique place of books in our hearts and minds, taking you on a journey through the history of book production, design and illustration, from the medieval era to the present day. BOOKS AND IDEAS ‘[T]he book is an extension of the eye...’ Marshall McLuhan The history of ideas is mirrored in the history of the book. Books have altered the course of history itself, through the dissemination of ideas that have changed how we think about the world and ourselves. In many cultures across different eras, books have played a highly symbolic and iconic role. There was a time when it was thought that the world’s knowledge could be collected between the covers of a book. The information explosion of recent times now makes it impossible to contain the world’s knowledge within one library, let alone in one book, yet books continue to be a powerful means of informing and inspiring new generations. The Dome Galleries You are standing in what was once the book stacks for the whole library. This photograph shows the storage of ‘elephant folios’ (very large books) in this very spot. Librarians used the spiral metal stairs to retrieve the books requested by readers sitting at desks below in the Dome Reading Room. -
Martin Vahl (1749-1804) – Den Første Norske Botanikkprofessor
Blyttia Norges Botaniske Annaler Martin Vahl (1749-1804) – den første norske botanikkprofessor Per M. Jørgensen Jørgensen, Per M. 1999. Martin Vahl (1749-1804) – den første norske botanikkprofessor. Blyttia 57: 53-60. Martin Vahl (1749-1804) – the first Norwegian professor of botany. This paper commemorates the 250th anniversary of the birth of the Norwegian botanist Martin Vahl, present- ing the known facts about his childhood and youth in Bergen, his study years in Copenhagen and Uppsala (with Linnaeus 1770-1774)) and his scientific activity, mainly as professor in Copenhagen(1786-1804). His main contribution is that of preparing and publishing several fascicles of the prestigious «Flora danica», comprising both flowering plants and cryptogams, particularly fungi and lichens, and describing plants from exotic regions of interest to the Danish Crown (West Indies, West Africa and India (Tranquebar)), altogether 1100 new species. He was also occupied with redescribing the original material of Linnaeus to clarify the numerous misunderstandings that he had seen during travels in Europe, as contemporary botanists mainly relied on the illustrations cited by Linnaeus. However, Vahl died before he had finished this task, leaving his main work, «Enumeratio Plantarum», unfinished. At his death he had a position among European botanists rather like that of his teacher Linnaeus. Per M. Jørgensen, Botanisk institutt, Universitetet i Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5017 Bergen. Feil i overskriften? Den første norske botanikk- professor var vel Christen Smith, han som døde på Kongofloden i 1816, før han rakk å tiltre profes- soratet (Lynge 1951). Joda, han var den første som ble professor i faget ved Det kgl. -
Medieval Monastery Gardens in Iceland and Norway
religions Article Medieval Monastery Gardens in Iceland and Norway Per Arvid Åsen Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; [email protected] Abstract: Gardening was an important part of the daily duties within several of the religious orders in Europe during the Middle Ages. The rule of Saint Benedict specified that the monastery should, if possible, contain a garden within itself, and before and above all things, special care should be taken of the sick, so that they may be served in very deed, as Christ himself. The cultivation of medicinal and utility plants was important to meet the material needs of the monastic institutions, but no physical garden has yet been found and excavated in either Scandinavia or Iceland. The Cistercians were particularly well known for being pioneer gardeners, but other orders like the Benedictines and Augustinians also practised gardening. The monasteries and nunneries operating in Iceland during medieval times are assumed to have belonged to either the Augustinian or the Benedictine orders. In Norway, some of the orders were the Dominicans, Fransiscans, Premonstratensians and Knights Hospitallers. Based on botanical investigations at all the Icelandic and Norwegian monastery sites, it is concluded that many of the plants found may have a medieval past as medicinal and utility plants and, with all the evidence combined, they were most probably cultivated in monastery gardens. Keywords: medieval gardening; horticulture; monastery garden; herb; relict plants; medicinal plants Citation: Åsen, Per Arvid. 2021. Medieval Monastery Gardens in 1. Introduction Iceland and Norway. Religions 12: Monasticism originated in Egypt’s desert, and the earliest monastic gardens were 317. -
Perspectives DOI 10.1007/S12038-013-9316-9
Perspectives DOI 10.1007/s12038-013-9316-9 Natural history in India during the 18th and 19th centuries RAJESH KOCHHAR Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali 140 306, Punjab (Email, [email protected]) 1. Introduction courier. We shall focus on India-based Europeans who built a scientific reputation for themselves; there were of course European access to India was multi-dimensional: The others who merely served as suppliers. merchant-rulers were keen to identify commodities that could be profitably exported to Europe, cultivate commercial plants in India that grew outside their possessions, and find 2. Tranquebar and Madras (1768–1793) substitutes for drugs and simples that were obtained from the Americas. The ever-increasing scientific community in As in geography, the earliest centre for botanical and zoo- Europe was excited about the opportunities that the vast logical research was South India. Europe-dictated scientific landmass of India offered in natural history studies. On their botany was begun in India by a direct pupil of Linnaeus not part, the Christianity enthusiasts in Europe viewed European in the British possessions but in the tiny Danish enclave of rule in India as a godsend for propagating the Gospel in the Tranquebar, which though of little significance as far as East. These seemingly diverse interests converged at various commerce or geo-politics was concerned, came to play an levels. Christian missionaries as a body were the first edu- extraordinary role in the cultural and scientific history of cated Europeans in India. As in philology, they were pio- India. neers in natural history also. -
G.C. Oeders Bemærkninger Om Norsk Skovbrug Gjorte Under Og Efter Hans Rejse Til Norge 1755-1760
G.C. OEDERS BEMÆRKNINGER OM NORSK SKOVBRUG GJORTE UNDER OG EFTER HANS REJSE TIL NORGE 1755-1760 Peter Wagner Botanisk Museum og Centralbibliotek Sølvgade 83 opg. S 1307 København K G.C. Oeder's remarks on Norwegian forestry 1755-1760 Georg Christian Oeder 1728-1791 Key words: Forestry timber trade, history Oeder, Norway I 1755-1760 rejste Georg Christian Oeder, læge og botaniker i dansk- norsk tjeneste, i Norge for at samle planter til det botaniske værk Flora Danica og gjorde samtidig iagttagelser over økonomiske forhold i dette rige. Da Oeder efter sin hjemkomst havde udviklet sig til en habil økonomisk analytiker, hvis meninger fik betydning i den økonomisk-videnskabelige diskussion i de følgende 30 år, kunne det være interessant at se, hvorledes en sådan økonomisk indsigt opnås på en rejse i Europas udkant. Oeder beskæftigede sig med meget andet end forstvæsen, men kun dette skal behandles her1. Da Oeders forslag går ned i specifikke detailler, er det nødvendigt at forudskikke dels nogle oplysninger om hans forudsætninger, dels om norsk forstvæsens historie op til Oeders ankomst. OEDER OG DE BOTANISKE ANSTALTER PÅ AMALIENBORG Efter den store nordiske krig 1700-1720 var dobbeltmonarkiet Danmark-Norges økonomi svag, og den svækkedes yderligere af en afsætningskrise for landbrugsvarer i 1730'erne. Da regeringen var klar over, at den ikke kunne ændre konjunkturerne, overvejede den andre tiltag, f. eks. nye afgrøder i landbruget, opdyrkning af hederne og bedre skovpleje. Hvis nye methoder og dermed moderne videnskaber skulle indføres og gøres nyttige, var regeringen klar over, at undervisning og dermed lærestole heri var nødvendige. Et første forsøg på at indføre viden blev gjort i 1750, da universitetets patron, chefen for danske kan- celli, Johan Ludvig Holstein (1697-1763) tvang universitetet til at tildele Georg Tycho Holm (1726-1759) et stipendium, så han kunne studere hos den berømte Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) i Uppsala. -
Of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Vol. 25, No. 1 Bulletin Spring 2013 of the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Inside 4 What We Collect on display 4 In Memoriam Kazunori Kurokawa 4 Illustrated mushroom books, part 1 4 Open House 2013 Rumex obtusifolius leaf [Rumex obtusifolius Linnaeus, Polygonaceae], watercolor on paper by Julia Trickey, 2006, 55 × 36.5 cm, HI Art accession no. 7755, © 2006 Julia Trickey, All Rights Reserved. Gift from the artist. News from the Art Department What We Collect opens Whether working alongside botanists for scientific and horticultural publications or preparing artworks for collectors, galleries or commercial use, artists throughout the centuries have added their individual perspectives to portraying plants and have made lasting contributions to the botanical record and the history of art. What We Collect: Recent Art Acquisitions, 2007–2012, includes work by 41 artists active from the 18th century to the present in Europe, Asia and North and South America. The items in the exhibition are organized by topics and create a context for the collecting practices of the Hunt Institute’s Art Department. The artists working before 1900 include Pancrace Bessa (1772–1846), Sydenham Edwards (1769?–1819), Will Kilburn (1745–1818), James Sowerby (1757–1822), William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), W. A. Meyn (19th-century), Powe (18th-century) and Christian Schkuhr (1741–1811). The contemporary artists featured include Bobbie Angell, Wendy Brockman, John Cody, Felicity Rose Cole, Carolyn Crawford, Paul Dobe (1880–1965), John Doughty, Beverly Duncan, Josephine Eyston Elwes, Alison Gianangeli, Janice Glimn-Lacy, Audrey Hardcastle, Lizzie Harper, Christina Hart-Davies, Lyn Hayden, Richard Homala (1934–2009), Job Kuijt, Donelda LaBrake, Peter Loewer, Rogers McVaugh (1909–2009), Susan G. -
Mellern Provinsialisme Og Internationalisme Dansk Naturvidenskab I Oplysningstiden
Mellern provinsialisme og internationalisme Dansk naturvidenskab i oplysningstiden AF HELGE KRAGH Naturvidenskaben er i sit væsen international, men projekter og reformer, og man havde i almindelighed praktiseres normalt under nationale rammer. Særligt en positiv holdning til lærdom og videnskab, også når for mindre og noget perifere lande er der derfor altid denne vedrørte udforskningen af naturen. en fare for provinsialisme, for at dyrke videnskaben i Interessen for og tiltroen til de nye naturvidenska en lokal sammenhæng og uden den nødvendige åben ber var hovedsageligt baseret på to elementer, der i hed over for de impulser fra udlandet, der er afgø perioden var karakteristiske for hele det oplyste Eu rende for en videnskabs vitalitet. I dansk naturviden ropa. For det første anså man naturvidenskaberne skabs historie har der været perioder, hvor denne som nyttige, ja ligefrem nødvendige for den merkan åbenhed har været stor, men der har også været perio tilistiske politik, der var tidens herskende økonomiske der, hvor den var ringe. I oplysningstiden havde man ideologi. De videnskaber, der i denne henseende blev et noget anstrengt forhold til udenlandske lærde, især anset for særligt væsentlige, var de mere praktisk be når disse bosatte sig i Danmark og søgte at indgå i det tonede videnskaber som botanik, mineralogi, naviga lokale og indspiste videnskabelige miljø omkring uni tionslære, kartografi og medicin. Men også andre og versitetet i København. Denne ret frygtsomme hold mere teoretiske videnskaber, fx fysik, matematik og ning til de »fremmede« - og generelt en fastholden astronomi, blev opfattet som nyttige for samfundet, ved det nationale perspektiv i forskningen - er for om end nyttige på en anden måde (Kragh 2003). -
Peter Thonning and Denmark's Guinea Commission
Peter Thonning and Denmark’s Guinea Commission Atlantic World Europe, Africa and the Americas, 1500–1830 Edited by Benjamin Schmidt University of Washington and Wim Klooster Clark University VOLUME 24 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/aw Peter Thonning and Denmark’s Guinea Commission A Study in Nineteenth-Century African Colonial Geography By Daniel Hopkins LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: View of the plantation Frederiksberg, near Fort Christiansborg, early 1800s. RAKTS, Rtk. 337,716 (Courtesy the Danish National Archives [Rigsarkivet]). Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952821 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual "Brill" typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1570-0542 ISBN 978-90-04-22868-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-23199-3 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. -
The Expeditio Litteraria Ad Polum Arcticum
Chapter 5 He Came, He Saw, He Conquered?: The Expeditio litteraria ad Polum Arcticum In these northern regions, so rarely visited and so little explored, everything is of interest, and Father Hell studied everything. jérôme de lalande1 ∵ To commission a high-quality, internationally respected astronomical observa- tion and thus restore Denmark’s dwindling fame as a “nation of astronomy” was no doubt the chief ambition of Hell’s sponsors. In the very first letter from Foreign Minister Bernstorff to his Viennese envoy, the only explicit aim of the expedition is observation of the transit of Venus from Vardø.2 Although the expedition’s timeframe expanded significantly, with the departure from Vien- na finally set more than a year ahead of the astronomical event, there is no evi- dence in the ensuing diplomatic correspondence between Vienna and Copen- hagen to suggest that Denmark–Norway was preparing to support a wholescale encyclopedic expedition entailing years of exploration and voluminous publi- cations.3 Such plans, however, soon took form in Hell’s mind. Besides bending to God’s will, Hell must have been all too aware that to the Republic of Letters the region in question was still virtually a terra incognita. It was exotic and “liminal,” with the aurora borealis, polar night, and midnight sun, along with extreme weather and natural dangers such as the maelstrom of Moskenes, and above all the indigenous Sámi (Saami, Sami) population—known in those days as “Lapps”—forming intriguing objects of study with a broad popular ap- peal.4 The Lapland voyages of Linnaeus and Maupertuis in the 1730s had 1 Jérôme de Lalande, Bibliographie astronomique avec l’histoire de l’astronomie depuis 1781 jusqu’à 1802 (Paris: Imprimerie de la République, 1803), 721.