City Versus Countryside in Mao’S China: Negotiating the Divide Jeremy Brown Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02404-5 - City Versus Countryside in Mao’s China: Negotiating the Divide Jeremy Brown Index More information

Index

Adultery, 127.SeealsoSexual misconduct Cai Shiming, 171, 185 Agricultural Cultivation Bureau (Tianjin), Canada, grain imports from, 67 183 Capitalists, deportation of, 141, 146 Agricultural production, 36–37, 54. Central Party Academy, 213, 227 See also Grain policy Chabei, migration to, 32 Agricultural Publishing House, 184 Chan, Anita, 10n Alexopoulous, Golfo, 151 Cheek, Timothy, 230 Anhui province, famine in, 60 Chen Boda: on bourgeois films, 122n;and Ash, Robert, 36n class struggle in Xiaozhan, 118; conflict Australia, grain imports from, 67 and violence encouraged by, 110, 125–126; and consequences of Four Backflow households, 184 Cleanups movement, 132–135;and Bad elements: deportation of, 141, 143, Four Cleanups movement, 112; 146; and downsizing campaign, imprisonment of, 135;andJiangDeyu 84–85n case, 108–109; Mao’s relationship Baodi: cultural life in, 202; sent-down with, 8; and peddlers’ markets, 75;on youth in, 120–121, 131 three togethers, 121; and Zhang Beggars, 31, 40, 59 Fengqin case, 113–114; and Zhou Beijing: and Cultural Revolution Yang’s work assignment, 113 deportations, 142; Tianjin’s proximity Chen, Xiaomei, 207n, 213n to, 10; vagrants deported to Tianjin, Chen Yi, 142 33 Chen Yonggui, 228 Beiyang Cotton Mill, 90 Chen Yun, 34–35, 83–84, 91, 97 Beiyang military training camp, Cheng, Tiejun, 78 111 Chi Biqing, 175 Beizhakou, Four Cleanups movement in, Class enemies: deportation of, 141; Four 111 Cleanups targeting of, 12, 109–110, Bi Yuanzhen, 72 111, 112, 116, 123 Big third front, 173 Cleansing of the Class Ranks campaign, Black market, 73–75, 112, 161 148 Bo Yibo, 23, 25, 34, 42, 109n Coercive repatriation, 77n Bowker, Geoffrey, 6 Cohen, Myron, 46n Bureaucrats, retention of, 17–19 Collectivization, 11, 42–43, 44, 105, 171

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02404-5 - City Versus Countryside in Mao’s China: Negotiating the Divide Jeremy Brown Index More information

248 Index

Confucianism, 206, 207 Disaster victims, 30, 31, 39–40, 43, 49 Construction projects, 56 Discrimination: against landlords and rich Corruption: and Four Cleanups movement, peasants, 116; against political 110, 123; and sexual misconduct, 127 deportees, 160; against return-to-village Counterrevolutionaries: deportation of, workers, 102; and rural-urban divide, 141, 143, 146; and downsizing 229, 229n, 231 campaign, 84–85n; and Four Cleanups Dissuasion stations, 45 movement, 125 Divorce, 98 Crime: deportation for, 146;and Dongya Wheat Flour Company, 18 downsizing campaign, 90, 92–94;and Downsizing campaign, 77–107; complaints Great Leap Forward, 64, 73–75;and against, 92–94; consequences of, sent-down youth, 131 105–107; and crime, 92–94; “Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius” explanations for, 79–86; factory and campaign, 206, 214n, 218 office leaders’ handling of, 88–91; Cultural identities: and deportation, 161; family exemptions from, 94–99;and and in-between spaces, 169–170;and Great Leap Forward, 12; negotiations native place networks, 5–6, 5n;of on, 89–90; petitions against, 92–94; return-to-village workers, 99, 103;and reactions to, 86–88; suicides due to, 91; rural-urban divide, 46, 46n terminology use of, 12n; village Cultural Revolution, 137–168; deportation experiences of returned workers, targets, 141–150; fighting of 99–105 deportation, 150–159; and Great Leap Dynamic compromise, 6–7 Forward, 8; human costs of, 3;and political deportations, 13;and Economic Daily on Tianjin Ironworks, rural-urban divide, 166–168; village 181, 196 experiences with deported individuals, Edema, 70–71, 184 159–166 Education, 2n, 5, 116–121 Electrification, 5, 103–104, 186 Daming Steel Mill, 49 Embezzlement, 146 Daqiuzhuang, 227–228 Employment: family connections to obtain, Dazhai model village, 204 47–48; and household registration Dazhongzhuang, 205–206 system, 47–52; of rural migrants, 49; Debt forgiveness, 134 and rural-to-urban migration, 37–38, Deng Xiaoping, 201, 210, 216, 221–223, 46; and sent-down youth, 120–121;in 225 Tianjin, 36 Deportations: fighting of, 150–159; Esherick, Joseph, 94n funding of, 145; and household Eyferth, Jacob, 4, 4n registration system, 43–47; humanitarian exemptions to, 156–157; Families: deportation of, 146; downsizing political, 13, 140, 141–150, 151, 167; campaign exemptions for, 94–99;and and rural-urban divide, 13, 166–168; famine in rural areas, 59;and settlement fund demands for, 163–164; household registration system, 47–52, targets for, 45–46, 46n, 141–150; 193, 193n; and rural-to-urban village experiences with deported migration, 39, 39n; and sent-down individuals, 159–166;from youth, 119–120 Worker-Peasant Alliance Farm, Family plots, 84, 109 189–190 Famine: and Great Leap Forward, 12, Deportation Work Groups, 140 58–73; human costs of, 3; illnesses and Destroy the Four Olds campaign, 142–143 deaths from, 64, 70–71, 184;and Dikotter,¨ Frank, 7, 65n, 67n industrial production, 72;inrural Ding Yun, 137–138 areas, 58–65; and urban hunger, 54,

Index 249

65–73; and Worker-Peasant Alliance Guizhou province, industrial projects in, Farm, 184 173 Fang Ji, 133–134 Guo Deren, 153–154 February 19 incident (1982), 195 Feng Jinsheng, 189 Hao Baohua, 155–156 Feng Laofu, 39–40 Hao Cheng, 194, 195 Finance and Trade Commission (Tianjin), Hao Ran, 212 75 Hao Tianyi, 195, 196 Flood victims, 31, 43, 49 He, Jiangsui, 139n Food policy and household registration Health care, 5, 229, 229n system, 40–43.SeealsoGrain policy Heavy industry.SeeIndustrialization Food substitutes, 65 Hebei Four Cleanups Newsletter, 123 Forced exodus, 77n Hebei province: ﬂooding in, 33;grain Forced population transfer, 77n consumption in, 36; resource clashes Four Cleanups movement, 108–136; with Tianjin, 10, 68–69, 174, 205; attacks on rural wealth, 111–116; Tianjin subordinated to, 61 consequences of, 132–136;andGreat Hebei Provincial Downsizing Small Group, Leap Forward, 8, 12; and sexual 84n misconduct, 126–130; and the three Heillman, Sebastian, 230 togethers, 121–125;and Henan province, famine in, 60 Worker-Peasant Alliance Farm, Heping District Mechanized Embroidery 187–188; work teams’ interest in career Collective, 90 advancement, 124–125; in Xiaozhan, Heping District Revolutionary Committee, 111–116, 125–126 138 Freedom of movement, 11, 36–43, 92–93 Hexi District Handicraft Industry Bureau, Friedman, Edward, 77n, 214n 57 Hinton, William, 59n Gang of Four, 213 Hoarding of grain, 35–36, 53n, 65 Gangs, 131 Hongqiao District Revolutionary Gansu province, industrial projects in, Committee, 153, 158 173 Hou Jun, 116, 117, 208 Gao Jianguo, 205n, 220n Household registration system (hukou), Gender equality, 210, 214, 214n 29–52; children’s assumption of Geng Chen, 74, 75 mother’s status, 193, 193n;and Grain policy: foreign grain imports, 67–68; deportations, 43–47; and employment, and Great Leap Forward, 58;and 47–52; and family connections, 47–52; hoarding, 35–36, 53n, 65;and food policy linked to, 40–43;and household registration system, 11, freedom of movement, 93; and grain 34–37, 40–43; and migration policy, rations, 34–37, 40–43; and in-between 41; persistence of, 7; and rural-urban spaces, 170, 172; migration policy divide, 3–4, 13; state monopoly on linked to, 40–43; persistence of, 7, 231; market, 33–34; and urban rationing, and producers vs. consumers, 30–34; 42 and rural-to-urban migration, 37–40; Great Leap Forward, 53–76; and black and rural-urban divide, 3–4, 5, 13;as market, 73–75; and crime, 73–75;goals security measure, 11; temporary of, 11–12; human costs of, 3; and rural permits, 55, 58 famine, 58–65; and rural-to-urban Hu Penghua, 103, 204, 208, 210, 215, 219 migration, 55–58; and urban hunger, Hu Yishun, 103, 104, 130 65–73; and Xiaojinzhuang, 202.See Hu Zhaoheng, 117n, 122n also Famine Huang Jing, 16, 17, 26, 32 Gu Yunting, 126, 127 Huang Kecheng, 16, 20

250 Index

Huang Yuanzhi, 154–155 Li Zhisui, 123 Huazhuang and Worker-Peasant Alliance Li Zhongyuan, 68, 69 Farm, 186, 187 Liang Xiao writing group, 208, 208n, 209 Hukou. See Household registration system Liang Yangfu, 50–51 Humanitarian exemptions to deportation, Lieberthal, Kenneth, 18n, 20 156–157 Life expectancy, 2n Human wave tactics, 134 Lin Biao, 142, 152, 152n, 173, 206 Lin Liguo, 167n Imports of grain, 67–68 Lin Tie, 61 In-between spaces, 169–199; and Cultural Link, Perry, 217 Revolution, 187–191; and proletarian Literacy, 2n, 5 peasants, 171–172; suburban Liu Ende, 157–158 workshops and factories, 57;and Liu Fuji, 18–19 Tianjin’s industrial development, Liu Guanghan, 131 173–183; and Worker-Peasant Alliance Liu Haiyan, 40n Farm, 183–187.SeealsoTianjin Liu Hongwu, 180 Ironworks; Worker-Peasant Alliance Liu Jinfeng, 113, 114 Farm Liu, Nini, 69–70, 70n Industrialization: and Great Leap Forward, Liu Pichang, 62, 66, 67, 67n 11–12, 54, 55, 56; prioritization of, 69; Liu Qingshan, 22–28 and rural-urban divide, 233;and Liu Shaoqi, 18n, 19, 20–22, 83, 83n, 84, systemic inequality, 4; as third front in 134 war preparations, 137n; in Tianjin, 61 Liu Zehua, 216 Inﬂation, 80 Liu Zhanyuan, 40 Intellectualization of rural areas, 116–121 Liu Zheng, 159, 164–165 Irrigation, 5, 104, 181–182, 186, 218 Liu Zhijia, 197 Liu Zihou, 68, 127 Jiang Deyu, 108–109, 113, 121, 125, 134 Luo Pinghan, 78n, 105 Jiang Qing: arrest of, 213, 219, 226;and Luo Ruiqing, 92–93, 142 “Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius” campaign, 206;oncultural Ma Zhongtai, 139n offerings, 210n; model operas MacFarquhar, Roderick, 112n, 142, 147, promoted by, 202, 207n;and 149n rural-urban divide, 8; and Wang Madman of the New Age (play), 147 Zuoshan, 212–213; Xiaojinzhuang Madsen, Richard, 10n visited by, 14, 200, 202–203, 207 Mao Zedong: achievements of, 2n; on class Jianshezhe (Ran Huaizhou), 190 struggle in Xiaozhan, 118;on corruption of cadres, 25, 26;on Kershaw, Ian, 112n cultural offerings, 210n, 222, 222n; Kong Zhiqiang, 48 and Cultural Revolution, 141, 142;on Dazhai as model village, 225;and Landlords: deportation of, 141, 143, 146, downsizing campaign, 80–81, 105;and 149, 167; discrimination against, 116; famine conditions, 54; and foreign and downsizing campaign, 84–85n grain imports, 67; and Four Cleanups Land reform, 84, 109, 111 movement, 111–112, 113, 134;and Language issues, 5, 17, 161, 198 grain supplies, 34, 35; and Great Leap Lee, Hong Yong, 17 Forward, 8, 76; mobilization model of Letter writing, 223 politics, 18n; on party discipline, 23;on Li Xiannian, 66, 68 political deportations, 145, 145n, 167; Li Xianyuan, 175, 176, 177 on “poor and blank” countryside, Li Zhi, 188, 189 118n; on revolutionary change in rural

Index 251

areas, 82, 82n; and rural-urban divide, People’s Daily: on agricultural production 233; subordinates’ misinterpretations directive, 80; and downsizing campaign of, 112n; on third front war gag order, 85n; on Great Leap Forward preparations, 137n, 173 in Tianjin, 55, 55n; on Jiang Qing and Marriage, 98, 193–195 Xiaojinzhuang, 227n;onLiuQingshan May Seventh Cadre Schools, 140n and Zhang Zishan corruption case, 26; Media coverage: downsizing campaign on Tianjin Ironworks, 196;on prohibitions on, 78, 85, 85n;of Xiaojinzhuang as model village, 209, Xiaojinzhuang model village, 221–223. 210, 218, 221, 222–223, 227n See also specific newspapers People’s Liberation Army, 10, 16–17 Medical care, 5, 229, 229n Perry, Elizabeth J., 230 Migration policy: household registration Petitions against downsizing campaign, system linked to, 40–43; and stipends 92–94 for migrants, 32.SeealsoDeportations; Pickowicz, Paul G., 77n, 214n Rural-to-urban migration “Pig cafeteria,” 183 Mobility restrictions, 11, 36–43, 92–93 Policy Research Office (Tianjin), 71 Model state farms, 172 Political deportations, 13, 140, 141–150, 151, 167 Nankai District, Tianjin, 183 Political night schools, 208–209, 220, National security and deportations, 144 224–225, 226 Native place networks, 5–6, 5n “Poor and blank” countryside, 117, 118, Natural disaster victims, 30, 31, 39–40, 43, 118n 49 Population Office (Tianjin), 43 Naughton, Barry, 173, 191, 233 Porridge stations, 31, 31n New China News Agency (Xinhua): and Poverty, 110, 121, 176–177 downsizing campaign gag order, 85n; Professional beggars, 40 on grain shortages, 44; journalists in Professional networks, 99–100, 104–105 Xiaojinzhuang, 209 Profiling of deportation targets, 45–46, 46n Nie Bichu, 175, 194, 195 Propaganda: on downsizing campaign, Night schools, 208–209, 220, 224–225, 81–82, 86; on ration reductions, 71;on 226 sent-down youth, 110, 119, 120, 121; Ningxia province, industrial projects in, on state monopoly of grain market, 35; 173 on Xiaojinzhuang, 203, 204, 207, 221, Niu Yong, 62 225n North China University, 18 Protests: against downsizing campaign, Notice Number Four (Tianjin Military 90–91; against Four Cleanups Affairs Committee), 158, 158n movement, 129–130; of Tianjin Ironworks employees, 193–194, 195 Office production, 24 Puppet army and police, 146 Operas, 202, 207n Purification of urban spaces, 13.Seealso Deportations Peasants: cultural identity of, 46, 46n;and grain policy, 33–35; and household Qinghai province: as destination for registration system, 11, 30;and migrants from Tianjin, 46n, 184, 184n; in-between places, 13; and power industrial projects in, 173 hierarchy, 6; and rural-urban divide, 3, Qiu Xiang, 194–195 21–22, 232; terminology use of, 1n;in Tianjin, 37–40.SeealsoRural cadres; Railway deportation, 45 Rural-to-urban migration Ran Huaizhou, 190, 191 Peddlers’ markets, 75 Reactionary party organizations, 146 Peking University, 208, 208n “Recruit fiancees”´ policy, 194–195

252 Index

“Recruit old workers’ children” policy, 195 Shenyang, deportation of vagrants to Refugees, 30, 31, 43, 59 Tianjin, 33 Republican period, 5, 5n Shengfang, famine in, 64 Retained bureaucrats, 17–19 Shi Zhirui, 173, 190 Return-to-village movements: during Shunkouliu, 217, 217n 1950s, 38–39, 43, 44–47;and Sichuan province: grain surplus in, 67, 67n; rural-urban divide, 16; targets for, 46, industrial projects in, 173 46n.SeealsoDownsizing campaign “Six-character principle,” 173–174 Return-to-village status of reclassiﬁed Sixty Articles on Agriculture (1961), 75 deportees, 150, 152, 163 Small third front, 173 Revolutionary modernization, 2, 2n, 8, 11, Smuggling, 41, 53n, 72 14, 35, 43, 101n, 229, 230 Socialist Education Movement, 58, 111. Rice cultivation, 111 See also Four Cleanups movement Rich peasants: deportation of, 143, 146, Social networks, 5, 102, 104–105 149; discrimination against, 116;and Society youths, 118 downsizing campaign, 84–85n Solinger, Dorothy, 77n Rightists, 143, 146, 184 Song Jingyi, 67 Rittenberg, Sidney, 59 Stalinist development model, 4 Rural cadres: corruption of, 110, 123; Star, Susan Leigh, 6 cultural challenges for, 17; hoarding of State farms, 172.SeealsoWorker-Peasant grain by, 65; quality of, 20–22;and Alliance Farm takeover of Tianjin, 17–19 State Friendship Farm, 172 Rural poverty, 110, 121, 176–177 Su, Yang, 145 Rural-to-urban migration: and agricultural Suburban workshops and factories, 57 production, 36–37, 54;ofdisaster “Suffering from Famine” (kuaiban victims, 43, 49; and downsizing performance), 53 campaign, 106; and employment, Suicides: and deportations, 139, 157, 158; 37–38, 46; and family networks, 39, and Destroy the Four Olds campaign, 39n; and Great Leap Forward, 55–58; 142–143; and downsizing campaign, and household registration system, 91; and Four Cleanups movement, 126, 37–40 188 Rustication.SeeDownsizing campaign and “Sent-down youth” Tan Zhenlin, 66 Tangshan, deportation of vagrants to Schmalzer, Sigrid, 1–2n Tianjin, 33 Schoenhals, Michael, 112, 142, 145n, 147, Tao Ligong, 162, 163 149n Technical skills, 99–100, 104–105 Scott, James, 6 Temporary hukou permits, 55, 58 Secret society leaders, 146 “Ten new things,” 210 Selden, Mark, 77n, 214n “Ten ranks of people” (shi deng ren, “Sent-down youth,” 108–136; doggerel about inequality among confrontations with, 130–132; as life villagers), 217, 217n experience, 232; at Tianjin Ironworks, “Ten types of people” (shi zhong ren, 195–196; and urban employment deportation targets), 145–147, 148, pressures, 12, 110, 120 149, 151n, 158, 189 Severance payments, 85, 85n, 88, 150, 152 Third front, 137n, 173–175, 191 Sexual misconduct: deportation for, 147, Three Antis anticorruption drive, 23, 26 153–154; and Four Cleanups work Three togethers, 121–125 teams, 126–130 Thurston, Anne, 140n Shandong, deportations to, 161, 163 Tianjin: Communist takeover of, 15, Shapiro, Judith, 178n, 190n 16–17; and Cultural Revolution

Index 253

deportations, 137–168; and downsizing Tuozidi, Chen Boda visit to, 121 campaign, 77–107; and Four Cleanups, Twelve-Article Emergency Directive 108–136; governance in 1950s, 15–28; (1960), 75 and Great Leap Forward, 53–76; historical overview, 8–10;and Underground party members, 17–19, 20 household registration system, 29–52; Unger, Jonathan, 10n and in-between spaces, 169–199; University admissions, 229, 229n industrial output of, 61; resource Urban intellectuals, 140n clashes with Hebei province, 10, 68, Urban-Rural Liaison Stations, 140 174, 205; rural areas under control of, 62–64; and “sent-down youth,” Vagrants, 30, 33, 44 108–136; subordinated to Hebei Vogel, Ezra, 18n province, 61; vagrants migrating from Volunteers for return-to-village program, other cities, 33 79 Tianjin Agricultural Cultivation Bureau, 187 Walker, Kenneth, 36 Tianjin Civil Affairs Bureau, 19, 32 Wan Li, 196 Tianjin Construction Materials Company, Wan Xiaotang: death of, 141, 147;and 89 deportations from Tianjin, 44;and Tianjin Daily: on Dazhongzhuang, 206;on downsizing campaign, 106; and famine Tianjin Ironworks, 192;on in Tianjin, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70–71;and Xiaojinzhuang, 207;on household registration system, 30; Xiaojinzhuang’s night school, 209;on leadership of, 8; and sent-down youth, Zhang Fengqin, 113, 115 117n; and Tianjin subordination to Tianjin Evening News on family Hebei province, 61, 65–66 separations due to downsizing, 95 Wang Du, 215–217, 224, 227 Tianjin Fabric Factory, 165 Wang, Fei-Ling, 5, 30 Tianjin Grain Bureau, 44 Wang Guiyin, 116 Tianjin Ironworks: and Cultural Wang Haiguang, 36–37 Revolution, 187–191; as in-between Wang Hui, 122 space, 13–14, 169–170; labor shortage Wang Kaiwen, 87–88, 93, 98–102, 106 at, 195–196;locationof,175–176; Wang Kangzhi, 113 management of, 175–183; production Wang Man, 80 issues at, 191–197 Wang Mantian, 205, 216 Tianjin Labor Bureau, 183 Wang Miekong (Wang Xiaoxian), Tianjin Livestock and Poultry Bureau, 183 208–209 Tianjin Metallurgical Bureau, 169 Wang Nianyi, 139n Tianjin Military Affairs Committee, 158 Wang Peizhen, 117, 117n Tianjin Municipal Implementing Wang Tinghe, 202, 220n Deportation Policy Ofﬁce, 162n Wang Xian (Wang Shuxian), 213, 214, Tianjin Revolutionary Committee, 219, 227 147–148 Wang Zuoshan: and agricultural Tianjin Suburbs Four Cleanups Bulletin, production, 212; criticisms of Deng 123 Xiaoping, 216; and development of Tianjin Tiantie Metallurgical Group Xiaojinzhuang, 211–212; and downfall Corporation, 196–197.SeealsoTianjin of Xiaojinzhuang, 200, 201, 226–228; Ironworks and gender equality, 215;andJiang Tianjin Village Livelihood Ofﬁce, 64 Qing, 207, 212–213; on Wu Dai’s visit, Transitional villages (guodu cun), 186, 205n 187 Wealth as target of Four Cleanups, Tsinghua University, 208, 208n 111–116

254 Index

Wei Rongchun: as downsizing volunteer, Yang Hucheng, 175n 77–78, 94; on famine conditions in Yang Jisheng, 159n Tianjin, 70–71; migration to Tianjin, Yang, Rae, 139n 49–50; and sent-down youth, 130–131; Yang Zhengmin, 175, 175n, 176, severance payment to, 85; village career 177 of, 102–105, 232 Yangwuzhuang and Worker-Peasant Welfare stipends, 48 Alliance Farm, 186, 187 Wemheuer, Felix, 58 Youth.See“Sent-down youth” White, Lynn T., III, 10n Yu Fang (Yu Ruifang), 213–214 Whyte, Martin King, 3n, 4n, 230, 231 Yu Zuomin, 227–228 Worker-Peasant Alliance Farm: and Yuan Shikai, 111 Cultural Revolution, 187–191; Yue Daiyun, 139n deportations from, 189–190;as Yunnan province, industrial projects in, in-between space, 13–14, 169–170; 173 management of, 183–187;peasantsas temporary workers on, 172; production Zhang Dajun, 161–162 issues at, 197–199 Zhang Fengqin: compensation for seized Wu Dai, 192, 205, 206, 207 property paid to, 135; and Four Wu Li, 33n, 101n, 105 Cleanups movement, 113–115, 125; Wu Mengyong, 185, 186, 187, 188 and grain quotas, 133; sexual Wu Yifu, 178 misconduct allegations against, Wu Yuannong, 68 126–127; violence against, 126 Zhang Huaisan, 73, 141 Xi Jinping, 232–233, 233n Zhang Shiqing, 39 Xiaojinzhuang, 200–228; and Cultural Zhang Shufen, 95 Revolution, 210; Dazhai competition Zhang Xueliang, 175n with, 225–226; development of, 14, Zhang Yulun, 122, 125, 126–127, 202–211; downfall of, 226–228;and 134 Great Leap Forward, 202; leadership in, Zhang Zishan, 22–28, 31 211–221; media coverage of, 221–223; Zhao Yingjie, 176–177 as tourist destination, 223–224 Zheng Sansheng, 204 Xiaozhan: Chen Boda in, 108–109, Zheng Yougui, 33n, 101n, 105 121–122; Four Cleanups in, 111–116, Zhou Enlai: and food shortages in urban 125–126 areas, 66, 68; and Jiang Qing, 214n;on Xie Beiyi, 174 lending food to rural areas, 64;on Xie Xuegong: on deportations from political deportations, 145, 145n, 167; Tianjin, 148–149; leadership of, 8;and on safety of Mao during Cultural Tianjin Ironworks, 173, 192;and Revolution, 142; and third front Xiaojinzhuang model village, 205, 209 industrialization, 173; and Tianjin Xie Yan, 61n, 62n, 64n, 66n, 67n, 70n production quotas, 61–62 Xing Bo, 184–185 Zhou, Kate, 217 Xing Qiulu, 40 Zhou Kezhou (Zhou Fulan), 213, 214, Xing Yanzi, 116, 117, 208 215, 219 Xinhua news agency.SeeNew China News Zhou Yang, 113, 116–117, 117n Agency Zhuang Zedong, 211 Xiyouying, 114, 115, 133 Zou Shaorui, 176, 180, 183, Xue Meng, 119, 120, 121 195