Opinion Leader Online E Sfere Pubbliche Nella Cina Contemporanea L’Impatto Di Internet Sulla Società Della Repubblica Popolare Cinese

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Opinion Leader Online E Sfere Pubbliche Nella Cina Contemporanea L’Impatto Di Internet Sulla Società Della Repubblica Popolare Cinese Dipartimento Istituto Italiano di Studi Orientali - ISO Dottorato di ricerca in Civiltà dell’Asia e dell’Africa Curriculum Asia Orientale (XXVIII Ciclo) Opinion leader online e sfere pubbliche nella Cina contemporanea L’impatto di internet sulla società della Repubblica popolare cinese Dottorando Tutor Davide Vacatello Prof.ssa Marina Miranda A/A 2014/2015 INDICE Introduzione a. Ipotesi che hanno dato origine alla ricerca 1 b. Problemi metodologici 4 c. Struttura della tesi 11 Capitolo I L’ impatto di internet suL sistema poLitico cinese 14 1.1 Gli approcci allo studio di internet in Cina: il dibattito tra entusiasti e scettici 16 1.1.1. I cyber-utopisti e il determinismo tecnologico 18 1.1.2. La grande gabbia e i cyber-scettici 21 1.2 L’introduzione di internet in Cina e le fasi della governance del cyberspazio 24 1.2.1. La prima fase: una commercializzazione deregolamentata (1994-1999) 28 1.2.2. La seconda fase: le regole e i divieti (1999-2003) 32 1.2.3. La terza fase: lo sviluppo di una “sana cultura di internet” (2003-2009) 34 1.2.4. Verso una quarta fase? Il ruolo degli opinion leader (2009-2015) 39 1.3 Il Partito comunista cinese e l’occupazione dello spazio digitale: il rapporto con le aziende del web e il fenomeno dell’e-government 45 1.4 L’attivismo online e i limiti del digital divide 50 Capitolo II La teoria deL two-step flow of communication e La sfera pubbLica mediatizzata 56 2.1 Le teorie di Katz e Lazarsfeld sulla diffusione dell’infuenza 58 2.2 L’opinion leader online e il dibattito accademico in Cina 66 2.2.1. Le caratteristiche degli opinion leader da una prospettiva endogena 74 2.2.2. Un nuovo intellettuale pubblico? 78 2.3 Habermas, la sfera pubblica e i successivi contributi teorici alla sua opera 83 2.4 Sfere pubbliche in Cina tra l’età tardo imperiale e il periodo repubblicano 88 2.5 Internet e sfere pubbliche nella Cina contemporanea 95 Capitolo III iL caso ‘Xiamen pX’. interazioni e convergenze tra opinion Leader e inteLLettuaLe pubbLico neLLa fase di assestamento dei meccanismi di controLLo deL web cinese 103 3.1 Zhong Xiaoyong, giornalista freelance e opinion leader online 104 3.2 Il caso ‘Xiamen Px’ e le proteste contro l’impianto chimico 124 3.2.1. Gli effetti sull’opinione pubblica cinese 138 3.2.2. Gli effetti sui media tradizionali 144 3.2.3. Gli effetti sul governo della Repubblica popolare cinese 149 Capitolo IV iL fenomeno deLLa micro-carità e La cooperazione tra gLi opinion Leader e iL governo cinese 154 4.1 Il giornalista Deng Fei tra vecchi e nuovi media 155 4.1.1. Deng Fei, giornalista d’inchiesta e opinion leader online 156 4.1.2. Le inchieste di Deng Fei e i prodromi del suo 164 attivismo online a. L’incidente di Yihuang (Jiangxi) 167 b. La campagna contro la tratta dei minori 174 4.2 Il programma di micro-carità per il ‘pasto gratuito’ 182 4.2.1. Gli effetti sull’opinione pubblica cinese 191 4.2.2. Gli effetti sui media tradizionali 200 4.2.3. Gli effetti sul governo della Repubblica popolare cinese 206 Appendice A Interviste semi-strutturate 210 Appendice B Interviste integrali in cinese 258 Glossario dei termini cinesi 317 Bibliografa 321 Avvertenza Il sistema di trascrizione adottato per i termini cinesi e il pinyin. Nel testo sono riportati in tondo i vocaboli in inglese entrati ormai nell’uso comune, quali, ad esempio: online e offline, opinion maker, opinion leader e opinion leadership, nickname, post, account, blogger, blog e microblog, click, mouse, network, social network e social media. L’ultima consultazione degli indirizzi dei siti web segnalati e avvenuta a fine dicembre 2015. Introduzione a. Ipotesi che hanno dato origine alla ricerca La presente ricerca analizza l’impatto degli opinion leader del web (wangluo yijian lingxiu) sulla formazione dell’opinione pubblica in Cina e descrive il modo in cui il loro operato influenza la società contemporanea. Con l’importanza accordata dal governo al settore delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione (ICT), e in particolare con l’avvento dei nuovi media e di internet nel 1994, sia le forme che i contenuti della comunicazione di temi politici e sociali nella Repubblica popolare cinese si sono trasformati radicalmente, agevolando in talune circostanze una maggiore partecipazione della popolazione al discorso pubblico nazionale. È in questo mutato contesto tecnologico, e più precisamente nello spazio astratto che intercorre tra i media tradizionali e le masse, che si colloca la figura dell’opinion leader online. Tra gli attori più interessanti sulle piattaforme digitali cinesi, giornalisti, autori, intellettuali e imprenditori che fanno parte di questa categoria sono capaci di influenzare l’opinione pubblica in settori differenti, stimolando spesso il dibattito su temi sensibili di natura politica e sociale (mingan huati). Sfruttando la relativa libertà di cui possono godere sulle piattaforme digitali, essi filtrano e interpretano i messaggi ufficiali dei media e li diffondono verso i milioni di utenti che ne seguono l’attività, condizionando il livello di priorità dei temi sull’agenda politica nazionale. Rispetto ai media tradizionali, hanno inoltre una maggiore efficacia poiché al pubblico la loro azione appare trasparente, priva di secondi fini e di conseguenza maggiormente credibile. L’impianto metodologico del presente lavoro adopera metodi di natura sia qualitativa che quantitativa, per cogliere le differenti variabili del fenomeno oggetto d’indagine: l’identità degli opinion leader, i criteri tramite cui valutare il loro contributo alla diffusione di temi d’interesse pubblico e l’influenza della loro attività siasull’utenza che sull’agenda politica del Pcc nel corso dei principali casi che li hanno visti coinvolti in difesa di un interesse pubblico (gongyi). La tesi adotta l’approccio del case study, conducendo una ricerca empirica su alcuni eventi che mettono in evidenza lo sviluppo di un vivace dibattito critico tra i netizen (wangmin), incentivato proprio dall’intervento degli opinion leader online. L’analisi di questo particolare gruppo di individui consente inoltre di allargare il campo d’indagine e speculare su questioni legate agli effetti dei nuovi media sulla cultura e sulla società cinese: le possibili convergenze tra l’opinion leader online e la figura dell’intellettuale pubblico tradizionale (gonggong zhishi fenzi), la nascita di spazi aperti al dibattito critico in una sfera pubblica mediatizzata che prende forma sul web. 1 L’ipotesi centrale del mio lavoro è che proprio l’attività online degli opinion leader in Cina, secondo la teoria del two-step flow of communication enunciata da Paul Felix Lazarsfeld1, abbia interposto tra i media ufficiali e la popolazione un ulteriore livello nell’interpretazione delle informazioni. Lo spazio di internet non è infatti necessariamente soggetto alle forme e ai contenuti della retorica dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa ufficiali (in ragione del loro ruolo politico, essi hanno una natura sostanzialmente parziale) e in determinate condizioni permette a coloro che vi accedono di esprimere una propria opinione critica sugli affari pubblici nazionali. A causa delle caratteristiche interattive dei nuovi media, inoltre, l’informazione ha iniziato col tempo a fluire anche dal basso verso l’alto, andando a incidere sul discorso pubblico e in alcuni casi particolarmente significativi anche sulle strategie del Partito comunista cinese: la mediazione degli influential ha permesso di condizionare il livello di priorità di alcuni problemi sociali all’interno dell’agenda nazionale, determinando ad esempio l’alta incidenza di temi come le carenze del sistema del welfare, la protezione ambientale e la lotta alla corruzione. Negli anni recenti, studiosi di scienze sociali e comunicazione sia in Cina che all’estero hanno concentrato i loro sforzi nel tentativo di indagare le ripercussioni economiche, politiche e sociali dell’impatto dell’ICT e in particolare di internet nel contesto cinese. L’analisi però in molti casi ha sottovalutato la funzione sociale degli opinion leader e, come dimostrato dallo studio sistematico effettuato da Bu Wei e Jack Qiu sulle pubblicazioni in materia2, è stata di norma privilegiata una prospettiva macro-sociologica incentrata sulla governance del web a livello nazionale o globale. Gli studi dall’estero si concentrano con insistenza sui rapporti tra internet e politica e cercano di identificare il modo in cui gli attivisti esercitano il dissenso, mentre le ricerche sull’opinion leading e sulla formazione dell’opinione pubblica in rete sono invece piuttosto rare. Gli studi cinesi sono concepiti prevalentemente per l’industria dei media e il più delle volte non riescono ad aggredire questioni “micro” o “meso” sociologiche come ad esempio le variazioni regionali nell’utilizzo della rete o le caratteristiche di gruppi specifici dell’etnografia digitale. Inoltre, quando si occupa dell’opinion leader online, l’accademia cinese tende a sottovalutarne il ruolo sociale per studiare dal punto di vista 1 Per maggiori informazioni, cfr. il secondo capitolo della tesi. Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, Hazel Gaudet, The People’s Choice, Columbia University Press, New York, 1948; Elihu Katz, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications, The Free Press, Glencoe, 1955. 2 Jack Qiu, Bu Wei, “China ICT Studies: A Review of the Field, 1989-2012”, The China Review, vol. 13, n. 2, autunno 2013, pp. 123-152. 2 commerciale vantaggi e svantaggi che la popolarità dei contenuti diffusi dagli influencer possono comportare per le aziende del web. La mia ricerca mira a dare un contributo innovativo dal punto di vista tematico alla descrizione di questo fenomeno, senza però focalizzarsi sul tema della contestazione né sulle sue potenzialità in termini di marketing, ma offrendo piuttosto nuovi spunti di riflessione su alcuni aspetti che meriterebbero maggiore attenzione: il ruolo sociale degli opinion leader e le connotazioni e conseguenze sia positive che negative della loro attività sulle piattaforme digitali per lo sviluppo cinese.
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