Vegetation of the Arctic Slope of Alaska

By LLOYD A. SPETZMAN

EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4 AND ADJACENT AREAS, NORTHERN ALASKA, 1944-53

PART 2, REGIONAL STUDIES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 302-B

Prepared and published at the repuest of, and in cooperation with, the U.S. Department of the Navy, OJce of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan; Director

The U. S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Spetzman, Lloyd Anthony, 1920- Vegetation of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. iii, l9S8 p. maps,. diagr., tables. 30 cm. (U. S. Geological Sur- vey. Professional paper 302-B. Exploration of Naval Petroleum Re- serve no. 4 and adjacent areas, northern Alaska, 1944-53, pt. 2, Regional studies ) Prepared and published at the request of, and in cooperation with, the U. S. De~t.of the Naw,-. Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves. Bibliography : p. 54. 1. Botany-Arctic regions. 2. Botany-Alaska. 3. Arctic regions. I. Title. (Series: U. S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 302-B. Series: U. S. Geological Survey. Exploration of Naval Pe- troleum Reserve no. 4 and adjacent areas, northern Alaska, 194453, Pt. 2) 581.9787

- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 55 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS

Page Abstract------19 Plant communities-Continued Page Introduction ------19 Aquatic communities of lakes------..------,-- 29 Environment------21 Successional relationships------30 Coastal plain ------,------21 Representative localities------30 Foothills ------21 Coastalplain------30 ,- 23 Mountains------Barrow Village and Point Barrow------30 Plant communities------24 ------32 Niggerhead meadows ------,------24 33 Wet sedge meadows,,------24 Flood-plain and cutbank communities ------25 33 Dry upland meadows...... 27 36 South-facing rubble slopes------27 Mountains------37 North-facing rubble slopes------28 Killik River near Easter Creek ------37 Communities on outcrops and talus------28 Anaktuvuk Pass near Tulugak Lake------37 Limestone------28 Lake Schrader and Lake Peters ------39 Sandstone and conglomerate------28 Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Shale------29 Alaska-,------__------Schist ...... 29 Selected references------,------Basalt ------29

ILLUSTRATIONS

[Plates 7-10 follow page a,plates 11,12 follow page 301 PLATE7. A. Niggerhead meadow community; B. Wet sedge meadow and oxbow lake on river terrace. 8. A. Vegetation on flood plain of small stream; B. Flood-plain woods. 9. A. Detailed view of Dryas-lichen dry meadow; B. Zone of mountain heather on slope. 10. A. Detailed view of vegetation on sandstone talus; B. Lake-margin vegetation. 11. Vegetation zones, A. Along small intermittent drainage in the foothills; B. Along entrenohed stream. 12. Vegetation of sandy outwash with blowouts.

FIGURE4. Index map showing outline of zones...... 5. Climatic data for the Arctic Slope......

6. Coastal plain vegetation at Point Barrow area ------,------7. Foothills vegetation at NoIuck Lake ......

8. Mountain vegetation at Anaktuvuk Pass ------,------

TABLES

TABLE1. Growing-season temperatures of stations on the coastal plain, foothills, and mountains- - - ...... 2. Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska- - - - ...... 3. Important and conspicuous lower plants on the Arctic Slope- -- - ...... m

EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4 AND ADJACENT AREAS, NORTHERN ALASKA, 1944-53

VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA

tracked vehicles (weasels), which can cross rivers as The environment of the Arctic Slope is described by phpsio- well as hills; and by folding boats, by means of which graphic provinces, namely, the coastal plain, foothills, and travel started near the mountain front and continued mountains. Topography, rock composition, soil, vegetation, and climate are considered for each province. down many of the major rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Six major plant communities, which together compose the Several supply and transportation centers, such as tundra of the Arctic Slope, are described. These are the nigger- Point Barrow, Umiat, and Barter Island, were estab- head meadows, wet sedge meadows, dry upland meadows, lished by the Navy, from which one could fly to the flood-plain and cutbank vegetation, outcrop and talus vegetation, most remote part of the Arctic Slope in a few hours. and aquatic vegetation of lakes. The dominant and secondary plants in each community are given, as well as local variations From 1945 to 1951, the Navy provided relatively in the vegetation which are related to minor habitat differences complete aerial photographic coverage of northern such as slope exposure or bedrock. Alaska, from which good maps were compiled by Lines of successional change, primarily for the vegetation in photogrammetric methods. the foothills, are suggested. This vegetation study began in the summer of 1946 Seven localities, representing the common habitats of vege- tation occurring on the Arctic Slope, are described to illustrate and continued each summer thereafter through 1951. natural mosaics of plant communities. In 1946 and 1947, while a student at the Usiversity of Included is a list of 439 species of higher plants which grow on Minnesota, the writer was a summer employee of the the Arctic Slope, together with their distribution, altitude U. S. Geological Survey, and began a collection of range, abundance, flowering period, and habitat. Thia list is Arctic plants. In 1948 and 1949 this study was sup- based on about 4,500 collections of plants made from 1945 through 1951, supplemented by information of previous col- ported by a grant from the Arctic Institute of North lections which is compiled in HultBn's flora of Alaska. America. In 1950 and 1951 the writer was again employed by the Geological Survey and continued INTRODUCTION collecting and observing the Arctic flora. During this Plant collections from the Arctic Slope of Alaska have 6-year period some 4,500 plants were wllected from been made periodically since 1826 (3ult6n 1940). As more than 50 localities on the Arctic Slope (fig. 4), of ships were the prevalent means of transportation, and which about 3,000 were collected by the writer and overland travel was very difEcult in summer, especially 1,500 by other persons, mostly fellow workers in the across the coastal plain, almost all plant collections Survey. made before 1945 were from a narrow zone along the These collections were critically studied at the coast. Thus the foothills and mountains of the Arctic herbarium of the University of Minnesota, under the Slope remained relatively unexplored botanically until guidance of Prof. W. S. Cooper, with assistance from 1945. several authorities on Alaskan plants, primarily Eric Since 1945 much of the interior of the Arctic Slope Hulth, of Sweden, and J. P. Anderson, of Iowa State has been explored botanically in reconnaissance manner College, both authors of works on the flora of Alaska during the United States Navy's geologic exploration (HultBn 1941-50; Anderson 1943-52). of Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4; the U. S. Geological The writer is grateful to the many persons who have Survey participated in that program as a cooperating contributed to this effort; to the Arctic Institute of agency, and the present report is a byproduct of that North America, which furnished field expenses in 1948 cooperative effort. Exploration parties traveled by and 1949; also to the U. S. Navy and the U. S. Geo- small airplanes on skis, floats, or wheels; by amphibious logical Survey, which made this exploration possible. . .. 50 0 50 100 150 200 Miles 1.38.1 I I

FIQUBE(.-Index map showing outline of wnas used to illustrate known distribution of plants on the Aretfc Slope 01 AUks snd bartion olfignres 47, and 8. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE, OF ALASKA 2 1 ENVIRONMENT During the summer months constant strong winds The Arctic Slope of Alaska extends from the crest of average more than 12 miles per hour, and 70 percent of the Brooks Range northward to the Arctic Ocean and the time cloudiness or fog prevails. from the Canada-Alaska boundary, 141' W., westward FOOTEILLS to Cape Lisburne. It extends more than 600 miles east-west and from 100 to 200 miles north-south; it The foothills are 10 to 100 miles in width anci more constitutes one-seventh of Alaska, and is roughly equal than 500 miles east-west, narrowing at both ends. In in area to the State of Minnesota. elevation, they range from sea level near Cape Lisburne The Arctic Slope is divided into three physiographic to about 2,500 feet along the mountain front. The provinces (Payne and others, 1951): the coastal plain, foothills have been above sea level since the Early the foothills, and the northern slopes of the mountains. Cretaceous epoch, and for the most part were never Each of these provinces has unique topography, geology, glaciated. They consist of rolling hills and valleys, with soil, vegetation, and to some extent climate. moderately drained slopes and poorly drained lowlands. Most of the foothills, except possibly along large rivers, COABTAL PLAIN are underlain by permafrost within a few feet of the The coastal plain extends about 500 miles east-west surface. Frost polygons, outlined by low ridges, are and is as much as 100 miles wide; it ranges from sea typical in lowlands, whereas vegetation hummocks, level generally to about 500 feet and locally to 1,000 accentuated by frost action, are typical of the uplands. feet in elevation. Parts of the coastal plain were below There are few lakes in the foothills, and large rivers sea level as recently as the Quaternary period. meander down broad incised valleys. The coastal plain is extremely flat, poorly drained, and The foothills consist of two subsections. The north- almost entirely underlain by permafrost from a few ern foothills are characterized by long parallel east-west inches to a few feet below the surface. Frost polygons, ridges and valleys; the ridges commonly are formed of in the form of shallow depressions as much as 50 feet in sandstone and conglomerate. The southern foothills diameter, separated by low ridges, are prevalent, espe- have complex topography, forming isolated hills of sand- cially wherever there is vegetation cover. About one- stone and limestone separated by lowlands commonly fifth of the coastal plain consists of lakes, which remain underlain by softer rocks such as shale. partly frozen until early July, and streams, which thaw In the foothills three soil types are widespread: re- in June and meander toward the coast in broad, shallow, sidual silty soils on the uplands, peat deposits in the braided, silty to sandy channels. wetter lowlands and depressions, and coarse sand and Surficial material of the coastal plain consists pri- gravel alluvium along the flood plains. Sandy glacial marily of Quaternary deposits, as much as 250 feet thick, outwash is also present locally in valleys near the moun- of unconsolidated gravel, sand, and clay, in most places tain front. The residual soils, even though subjected to overlying Upper Cretaceous conglomerate, sandstone, considerable frost action, have a characteristic profile. and shale. Locally east of the Colville River there are The A-horizon is generally dark brown, high in humus, hills of unconsolidated Tertiary gravel. acid, and is about 6 inches thick. The B-horizon is Much of the coastal plain soil is coarse, derived from commonly light gray, silty, acid, and forms adobelike unconsolidated deposits, and generally contains reddish- masses when dried; it is 1 to 2 feet thick, and locally is brown plant remains near the surface. In broad shal- exposed at the surface in the form of frost boils. The low wet depressions, thin deposits of peat are common, C-horizon is perennially frozen, thus preventing down- mostly formed from sedges and mosses. Along flood ward drainage. Peat soils are formed of detritus of plains and beaches there are clean mineral soils, sorted mosses, sedges, and small woody plants; they are by wind and water. usually permanently frozen a few feet below the surface. The climate of the coastal plain (fig. 5; table 1) is Alluvial soils contain strata of sand and boulders, and modified by the adjacent Arctic Ocean. The average they thaw to a depth of several feet, especially where temperature of the 3 summer months, June through they have little plant cover along streams. August, at Barrow is only 38OF; the average diurnal The foothills climate (fig. 4; table 1) is more suitable range during this period is lo0, and there are only about for plant growth than the climate of either the coastal 600 day-degrees above freezing during an entire summer. plain or the mountains, primarily because it is warmer. The average frost-free season, 17 days at Barrow, has From records compiled at Umiat and scattered field no real significance, because plants are actively growing observations, the average summer temperatures are at before and after this period, and the microclimate is least 10' warmer in the foothills than at Barrow or frequently several degrees warmer than the air tempera- Barter Island on the coast. The foothills have more tures recorded. hours of summer sunshine, yet greater precipitation ~oo~r6. Climatic data for the Arctio Slope. Average monthly temperature and precipitation at Barrow (%yest record) on the coastal plain and at Umiat (3-yea record) in the foothills. U. 5. Weaffier Bnma. 2

GEOLOGICAL SLRVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 305 PLATE 8

A. YtGi.1 \TI01 Oi\ FLOOII l'L\IT OF SRI1I.L S'I'RESM Fcltleaf willow, Slzliz alnxensis, 3 to 5 fcct high, ncnr banks covered by rottongrass, Eriophorum scheachzeri ant1 horsetail, Equisetr~maraense. Shaviovik River drainage basin, 1.000 feet elr~ntion,July 1917.

B. FLOOD.PLAIN WOODS Feltleaf willow, Saliz olaxensis, 20 feet high. Umiat, Calville River, 350 feet elevation, August 1947. GEOLOGICAI. SL'HYLT PROFESSIONAL PAPER 302 PLATE 9

A. LILI ~ILEDv~t.\v OF DRI I.'.LI(.Hc\ nl:) \ii.\rlc,n Plants about 1 inch high. On moraine, south end of Tulugak Lake. July 1919. Detailed view, 1 meter square.

C. ZONE OE AiOUNTAIN HEATHLR ON SLOPE Dry.meadow slope showing dark zone (center) of mountain heather, Cmsiope tetragons, where snow accumulates, and light zone of Dryas ocropetnla-lichen vegetation (above). Anaktubuk Pass near luluguk Lake, view north, July 1949. GEOL(X;IC.lL BTRYJ:T PIIDFESSIO.UA~J~PAPER 3 02 PLATE L 0

Sparse growth of Dryoptcris jmp~nns,Snrifropn tricuspidntn, IIierochloe nlpinn, and lirhens. \nnktuvttk PI~SE,mottntain slr~~~r.rast t,f Tuluxak I.ake, 2,500 fr-et elevation, JoI! 1919. Detnileci xieu, 1 meter square.

Shallon- southern rncl nf Lakr Peters showing cattongrass, Eriophorum ongustifolium, sedge, Cnrex nquntiles. Lake is opaqur frnm glacial rock floor. View oast, 3,500 feet elevation, Jnly 1948. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASEA 23 TABLE1.-Growing-season temperatures of stations on the coastal plain, foothills, and mountains [Items marked with an asterisk (*) indicate data lost. Field observations and U. 8. Weather Bureau data for Bmw]

&day temperature summarim (OF) for- Station Range Frost-free period June July August

1946 Sagavanirktok River Max 76 81 80 70 -- 65 75 85 84 75 78 76 59 82 78 78 60 -- June3-July 24 (foothills). Min 21 34 33 34 -- 42 36 39 44 32 31 34 30 30 31 37 32 -- (52 days). Mean 47 56 55 54 48 50 50 55 64 52 51 54 51 56 48 52 44 -- Barrow (coastalplain) Max 33 42 53 47 52 48 43 73 61 59 60 50 45 61 66 52 54 51 July 7-15 Min 19 27 29 30 30 29 27 30 33 27 29 28 28 31 28 31 29 31 (lodays). Mean 26 34 36 35 38 35 34 47 45 35 38 39 35 44 39 39 37 39 1947 Shaviovik-Canning Max 76 70 74 74 74 60 62 54 84 84 84 72 56 64 73 52 67 64 July 3-Aug. 3 River (foothills). Min 25 34 30 28 34 28 30 32 34 42 43 40 31 25 31 28 27 34 (32 days). Mean 42 47 47 46 50 43 44 42 61 62 60 51 40 44 47 37 44 44 Barrow (coastalplain) Max 32 34 34 32 41 40 40 39 58 61 53 50 48 47 56 40 60 48 July 9-30 (22 Min 21 21 22 21 26 29 29 29 34 37 32 31 33 33 34 32 37 32 days). Mean 25 29 28 27 35 34 34 34 41 49 41 39 36 37 41 34 41 35 1948 Lake Schrader-Sad- Max 50 50 55 55 60 55 60 65 68 74 70 75 79 60 80 57 45 50 June 2Z-July 9 lerochit River Min 20 27 28 26 26 35 35 31 35 33 30 32 36 34 29 20 14 23 (17days). (mountains). Mean 33 33 38 37 43 44 47 46 52 49 44 49 55 48 48 37 32 34 Barrow (coastalplain) Max 37 33 37 36 38 40 62 62 57 70 42 51 58 46 55 45 41 37 July 5-19 (15 Min 24 24 22 31 32 32 29 34 34 30 30 33 35 36 29 27 26 23 days). Mean 27 27 27 32 33 33 38 45 45 42 33 40 45 40 38 34 32 28 1960 NoluckLake(foothil1s) Max 46 60 58 66 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 60 75 63 63 75 65 53 June 8-Aug. Min 26 29 35 42 (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) 38 40 33 36 42 30 29 25 (78days). Mean 39 41 45 52 47 44 53 64 58 58 62 49 52 50 48 56 49 44 Barrow (coastalplain) Max 35 37 42 41 40 49 46 48 49 48 59 38 57 58 45 47 40 49 June 28-July Min 21 24 29 32 30 31 32 32 31 32 37 30 29 33 31 31 31 31 13(16days). Mean 30 30 35 36 34 39 38 40 39 40 47 35 40 47 36 40 36 39 than along the coast. Umiat has an average temperature glacial lakes. Two large springs occur in the mountains, from June through August of about 4g°F, with a Shublik Springs near the Canning River and TuIugak summer diurnal range of 20°, and it receives a total of Springs in Anaktuvuk Pass. about 1,800 day-degrees above freezing in summer. In Exposed bedrock in these mountains includes great July, days with a maximum temperature of 75'3' are 1 thicknesses of limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, and common, and freezing is relatively rare, though snow shale. Schist is also common in the east, as is basalt flurries occasionally occur in midsummer. Precipitation locally. is scant, about 4 to 8 inches per year, with the greatest Because of glaciation, frost action, and rapid erosion amount in summer in the form of lght showers. of steep slopes by running water, little soil has accumu- MOUNTBINS lated, and vegetation is sparse in the mountains. Loose The Brooks Range is the northerly continuation of material is quickly carried down mountain streams into the Rocky Mountain system. It is widest, highest, and broad valleys, where extensive alluvial fans are formed. most rugged in eastern Alaska, and it decreases in width Moraine and outwash deposits are locally common and height westward, from about 9,000 down to 3,000 along mountain valleys. feet elevation, over a distance of 500 miles. The lower Little is known about the climate of the mountains, north-south passes through the mountains are at about except that it is generally cooler than the adjacent 2,OW feet. These mountains were uplifted near the end foothills in summer. Climate is highly variable from of the Cretaceous period, and have since been con- place to place, but, in general, temperatures decrease tinually above sea level. Pleistocene valley glaciation with higher elevation. Slope exposure has a great was widespread, and small glaciers persist today on some influence on microclimate. Further complications are mountains which rise above 6,000 feet elevation. caused by convection currents upslope which some- In several valleys along the mountain front, com- times cause summer thunder showers, wind channels monly at about 3,000 feet elevation, are large, beautiful along valleys, wind barriers, and rain shadows. -2 24 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1044-63

PLANT COMMUNITIES soils. Drainage is fair, though water accumulates in The Arctic Slope lies in the zone where tundra vege- holes dug down to the frozen layer, and the surface tation predominates, north of the transcontinental soil is usually saturated for a few weeks during the coniferous forest, or taiga zone. Tundra vegetation spring thaw in late May. consists of several plant communities which are char- One plant dominates in niggerhead meadows, the acteristically treeless, and almost completely cover tussock-forming co ttongrass, Eriophomm w~~m the ground. Where the vegetation is very sparse, spissum, commonly called niggerhead. This species as in the Brooks Range, rock desert is a more appro- forms tussocks 6 to 10 inches across and equally high, priate general name for the vegetation. The distinction separated by mossy channels a few inches wide. The between arctic and alpine tundra is impossible to make tussocks flower very early in the growing season, from on the Arctic Slope, although several species of plants late May through June, at which time they are grazed are restricted to alpine situations, and form what might by caribou. Locally, between the tussocks, small be called alpine communities. Trees are not entirely mounds or patches of bare soil, called frost boils, are lacking on the Arctic Slope; along larger valleys in the squeezed to the surface by frost action. Lichens and foothills and to a lesser extent in mountain valleys mosses are common in niggerhead meadows. there are narrow belts of tree-sized feltleaf willow and, Secondary plant species scattered through relatively locally, balsam poplar. The white spruce-tree line closed stands of niggerheads include various grasses along the southern slopes of the Brooks Range occurs and sedges, small shrubs, and herbs. usually between 1,000 to 2,000 feet elevation. There Grmses and sedges: are no natural spruce on the Arctic Slope, but the Arctagrostis latifolia writer in 1949 and 1950 transplanted a few to a south- Carex bigelowii facing slope at Umiat; they were still alive when last Luaula cunfusa observed in 1951. Poa arctica Small shrubs: Six major kinds of plant communities are widespread Betula nana malie on the Arctic Slope: Dryas integrs'folia 1. Niggerhead meadows Empetrum nigrum Ledum pakstre decumbens 2. Wet sedge meadows Saliz pulchra 3. Dry upland meadows reticulata 4. Flood-plain and cutbank vegetation Herbs: 5. Outcrop and talus vegetation Eutrema edwardsi4 6. Aquatic vegetation of lakes Polygonum biatorta plumosum Rubua chamaemorus There are, naturally, local variations within these Saussurea angudifolia communities, transitional areas between communities, Sazifraga hieracijolia and local areas with other plant communities. Coastal punctata nekoniana plant communities were not sufficiently studied to Frost boils locally have a few smdgrasses and herbs. develop generalized descriptions for them. Small passea and herbs: Plant communities, as described below, consist of Chr~aoepleniumwrightii natural associations of plants restricted, in general, Featuca brachyphylla to a typical habitat; that is, a close interrelationship Juncua biglumis between the vegetation, climate, soil, drainage, and, for some plants, rock type and slope. WET SEDGE MEADOWS NIGGEEHEAD MEADOWS About half the area of the comtal plain and about one-quarter of the foothills are covered by wet sedge The niggerhead meadow community (pl. 7A) is meadows (pl. 7B),but in the mountains they me widespread on the Arctic Slope. It is characteristic of scarce. These meadows are characteristic of flat poorly the elevated southern parts of the coastal plain; it is drained lowlands, the margins of flood plains, and lake the dominant plant community in the foothills, where it margins. They usually occur on peaty soil that re- continues for tens of miles over gently rolling hills, mains saturated throughout the summer, and the sur- dissected locally by small drainageways lined with face is usually covered by a few inches of standing shrub willows; and it occurs locally along the lower water. During summer the upper 1 to 2 feet of soil slopes of mountain valleys to about 3,000 feet elevation. thaws, gradually melting downward and forming a These meadows are mostly on residual soil modified level frozen subsurface to which one sinks when walk- by frost action as previously described under foothill ing across these meadows. Frost polygens are well VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA developed, giving .a paddy-field appearance of basins Cottongr888ee: 50 feet or more across, surrounded by low ridges 6 to Eriophorum angustifolium callitdx 12 inches high. nrsaeolum lsuwthriz Carez is the dominant genus in the wet sedge mea- Horsetail: dows, comprising about three-fourths of the vegetation. Equisetum paEvstre Any of several species of sedge or cottongrass may Rushes: dominate in a given part of a wet sedge meadow, be- Juncua biglumis triglumis cause most of the dominant species expand by vegeta- Scirpue caespitosus austn'ws tive growth to form a local patch of only one or two Small heath shrubs: species. The flatness of most wet sedge meadows makes Andromeda polifolia the habitat within each polygon fairly uniform. Slight Chamaedaphpre calyculata differences between neighboring polygons, such as water Ledum palustre decumbens Ozywccus microcarpus level, favors one species of sedge over another, with the Small willows: result that the predominant species may differ in closely Saliz fuscescens adjacent polygons. There are many mosses, a few pulchra minute liverworts, and generally no lichens in this reliculata community. richardsonii Herbs: Carex aqwtilis is usually as abundant as all the other Cardamille pratensia Carices combined. This species has a wide habitat Chrysosplenium tetrandrum tolerance; it grows on flood plains, in wet meadows, Lysiella obtusata along lake margins, in wet sand, or in peat. The Pediculatis pennellii largest plants grow as high as 18 inches in the foothills, swletica Petasites frigidus but in the Point Barrow area this species is less than 6 Pinguicula villosa inches high. vulgatis Other sedges which dominate parts of wet sedge Rubue chamaemorus meadows include : Saxifraga cernua folwlosa Carex chordorrhiza hirculus membranacea Tofieldia pusilla rarijlora Triglochin man'tima rotundata Vakriana capitato FLOOD-PLAIN AND CUTBANK FI:OMMUNXTIES Along the Arctic coast the grass Dupontia$scheri and the cottongrass Eriophomm scheuchzeri are locally Extensive nearly level flood plains and steeply sloping dominant. cutbanks occur along major streams. The flood plains Secondary species, fairly common at least in some are usually several times the width of the stream under wet sedge meadows, include grasses, sedges, cotton- normal flow. The cutbanks occur where the stream grasses, rushes, small heath shrubs, small willows, undercuts the walls of the valley. Flood-plain soils various herbs, and horsetail. Some of these plants are are, for the most part, coarse gravel, sand, or silt sorted typically found on the fiat wet parts of the wet sedge by alluvial action; cutbank surfaces are highly variable meadow, whereas athers, especially the shrubs, are either of bedrock or unconsolidated material. When typically found along the ridges which separate the the streams thaw generally in late May to early June, polygonal depressions. the vegetation is partly destroyed on both flood plains and cutbanks by floods and floating ice masses, leaving Cfrssses : bare surfaces upon which plants can readily become Alopecurus alpinus established later in the summer. Four successive stages Duporltia jischeri psibsantha Hierochloe paueifia of vegetation develop in this environment, in the follow- Sedges: ing order: Pioneer stage, tall-shrub stage, low-shrub Cor& bicolor stage, and finally niggerhead meadows. These stages evolve as the habitat is gradually changed owing to downcutting of the streams, reactional effects of the vegetation, and variations in the permafrost level caused by insulating effects of the vegetation. The pioneer or invasion stage is characterized by many kinds of plants (about 75 species at Umiat) both

TERRITORY OF ALASKA 0EpARTMEbT OF MINES COLLEGE. ALA6K4 26 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-113 woody and herbaceous, usually widely spaced with bare Herba-Continued areas between individual plants (pl. 8A). Typical pio- Ozytropis spp. Papaver macounii neer species include horsetails, grasses, sedges and Parnassia kotzebuei rushes, shrubs, and many herbs, especially pinks, mus- Pedicularig spp. tards, legumes, and composites. Most of these species Phloz sibirica are typical of both flood plains and cutbanks, but several Polemonium spp. are found only on one or the other. Saxifraga spp. Senecio lugens Horsetails: Solidago multiradiata Equisetum arvense Taraxacum spp. variegatum Zygadenus elegans Grasses : Agropyron spp. The tall-shrub stage, which develops several tens of Arctagrostis latifolia years after the pioneer stage, usually on slightly elevated Bromus pumpellianus parts of the flood plain and along the base of cutbanks, Calamagrostis inexpansa consists of dense willows with a sparse undergrowth of Deschampsia caespitosa Festuca altaica shale-tolerant herbs, mosses, and lichens. The most rubra conspicuous species, by reason of its size, is the feltleaf Hierochloe alpina willow, Salk daxensis (pl. 8B), a sparsely branched odorata tree 10 to 25 feet high, which spreads by vegetative Poa arctica growth to form clumps and patches. In addition to glauca Trisetum spicatum the shade effect, this stage has greater competition Sedges and rushes: between species, increase in soil humus and litter, and Carez aquatilis cooler soil-temperatures. membranacea The principal species in the tall-shrub stage of the physodcarpa flood plains in the foothills include trees, shrubs 3 to 10 rupestris feet high, herbs, and many mosses and lichens. Eriophorum angustifolium echeuchzeri Trees: Juncus arcticus alaskanus Populus tacamahacca castanew Saliz alaxensis Luzula spp. Shrubs: Shrubs: Alnus crispa Potentilla fruticosa Salk arbusculoides Salk alaxensis desertorum arbusculoides glauca acutifolia niphoclada niphoclada pulchra pulchra richardsonii richardsonii walpolei walpolei Shepherdia canadensis Shepherdia canadensis Herbs: Herbs: Artemisia arctica Awnitum delphinifolium tilesii Anemone richardsonii Aster sibiricus Astragalus eucosmus Astragalus alpinus Dodecatheon frigidum umbellatus Hedysarum alpinum americanum Cardamine richardsonii Parnassia palustris Castilleja pallida Pedicularis capitata Cerastium beeringianum verticillata Draba spp. Polemonium acutiflorum Epilobium angustifolium Polygonum wiviparum latifolium Primula egaliksensig Erigeron spp. Pyrola grandiilora Erysimum pallasii secunda obtusata Hedysarum alpinum americanum Valeriana capitata mackenzii Lupinus arcticus Following the tall-shrub stage, the low-shrub stage is Melandrium spp. Merckia physodes dominated by smaller willows and heath shrubs. Its Minuartia spp. development is correlated with continued accumulation VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA of organic debris, abundant growth of mosses, and re- Sedges and rushes: Carex misandra duction in the depth of soil thaw in summer because of obtusata the insulation blanket thus produced. The mossy rupestris layer is probably unsuitable for germination of many scirpoidea kinds of plants. The larger willows may persist locally, Kobresia myosuroides but gradually die out. On upper parts of cutbanks the simpliciuscula pioneer stage is generally followed by the low-shrub Lu zula confusa Shrubs: stage. Empetrum nigrum The principal species in the low-shrub stage are Loiseleuria procumberas shrubs and a few grasses and herbs. Rhododendron lapponicum Saliz phkbophylla Shrubs: reticulata Arctostaphylos alpina rubra rotundifolia Betula nana exilis Vacciniz~mvitus-idaea Cassiope tetragons Herbs : Led~.mpalustre decumbens Bupleurum americanum Rhododendron lapponicum Minuartia arctica Saliz niphoclada macrocarpa pulchra Ozytropis gracilis richardsonii maydelliana Vaccinium uliginosum nigrescens vitis-idaea Pediculoris lonata Grasses and herbs: longsdosjii Arctagrostis latifolia Phlox sibirica Eriophorum vaginatum spisszcm Polygonum viviparum Sazifraga flagellar& With increased organic accumulation the low-shrub oppositifolia stage is gradually replaced with the very stable nigger- refleza head meadow community. However, the low-shrub Silene acaulia may persist for a considerable time on well-drained Tojieldia coccinea river terraces and steep cutbanks. Around the margins of outcrops of sandstone and DRY UPLAND MEADOWS conglomerate, which form east-west ridges in the This community is found along ridges and on rubble Noluck Lake area, small rock fragments accumulate on slopes, where bedrock is close to the surface, and on moderate slopes. Rubble slopes that face south have very porous soil, such as alluvial fans, and the driest two distinct seasonal aspects during the growing season parts of river terraces. The soil is generally coarse and and a considerably different vegetation than north- mineral, containing a small amount of humus near the : facing rubble slopes. surface. Dry meadows are most common along the SOUTH-FACING RUBBLE SLOPEB mountain front between 2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation, where in places they cover more than half the surface. The soil is warm, dry, and partly covered with dry- The vegetation of dry meadows is somewhat sparse, meadow vegetation. The principal species is Dryas and usually only a few inches high (pl. 9A). Plant asso- octopetala. The secondary species give the slopes a ciations differ from one place to another, but Dryas colorful rock-garden appearance. octopetala and lichens are usually of primary importance. Spring aspect, June: Dryas octopetala is a low-spreading mat plant a few Androsace ochotensis inches high, with twisted prostrate woody stems and Draba spp. creamy flowers about an inch across. Erysimum pallasii Other than Dryas octopetala, there are many kinds of Hierochloe alpina Kobresia spp. low plants, such as grasses, dry-land sedges and rushes, Ozytroph nigrescsna ground shrubs, and various herbs, especially pinks, Pedicularis bnata saxifrages, legumes, and louseworts. Phloz sibirica Silene repm Grasses: Summer aspect, July: Arctagrostis latifolia Antenna* spp. Calamagrostis parpurewens Arenaria capilloris Festuca brachyphylh Arnica spp. Hierochloe ctlpina Astraga2us lepagei 28 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53

Summer aspeot, July-Continued shallow rocky soil, finds little competition from other Bromua pumpellianua species. Buplcurum americanum Calamagroslis purpurascens Several minor varieties, related to difTerences in Carex rupestris rock type and exposure, have been distinguished, but Castilleja pallida further study would undoubtedly reveal additional Delphinium brachycentrum minor varieties. Dianthus repens -NE Epilobium latifolium Erigeron spp. Limestone, of the Lisburne group, which forms many PotantiUa spp. rugged peaks in the Brooks Range, appears ashy gray Taraxacum spp. and barren from a distance. It is very resistant to Tojieldia coccinea weathering, and forms little soil (pH of about 7 to 8) NORTH-FACING RUBBLE SLOPE8 which accumulates in crevices. This limestone ha. a The soil is cool, moist, and almost completely covered very scant vegetation, chiefly of saxifrages: with plants, primarily Dyas octopetala and saxifrages, Sabifraga caespitosa silenejlora with Cassiope tetragona in snow-accumulation areas davurica grandipetala (pl. 9B). Vegetation is composed of moss, herbs, and oppositifolia low shrubs: tricuspidata Arctosiaphylos alpina rdra 1 Scattered ferns, grasses, dwarf herbs, and mat shrubs Aetraaalua umbellutw are also common: Diapensia bpponica obovata Androsace ochotensis Empetrum nigrum Cyslopteri(r fragilis Geum glaciale Dryas octopetala Lloydi5 serotincc Festuca brachyphylla Loiseleuria procumbens ytropis nigrescens Lupinus arclicua Phlox sibirica Lywpodium selago adpressum Poa arctica Myoaotis alpestris asiatica Tofildia coeeinea Ozytropis mertensiana Woodria glabello PedictlLris langsdmfi Pyrola grandi&a Dense patches of mountain heather, Cassiope tetra- Saliz reticulato gma, are found in snow-accumulation areas. Sa~sureaanguatifolia Wfraga bronchial& funskmii davurica grandipela2a Sandstone and conglomerate (pl. IOA), which form escbcholleii ridges along the mountain front, commonly appear ampy llifolicl greenish brown from a distance. They are resistant tricuapidota to weathering and form coarse soils with a pH of about Senecio alropurpureua tomsntoaa Therofon richardmaii 5 to 7. Vaccinium utiginosum Various plants, such es Dryas octopetakz, Saxifraga spp., or Smelkowskiu calycina, are locally dominant on Patches of grass grow around ground squirrel diggings these rocks. Scattered about the coarse rock fragments along ridge crests : are ferns, grasses, and small herbs: Arctagrostis latifolia Poa arctica Arena& copiUaris glam Dianthw repens Wetumspicatum Dryopteria fragram Hierochb alpina QOMMWNITIES Obi OUTQROPS AND TALUS Kobresio myosuroides Communitieg on outcrops and talus occur mainly Luzula mfusa in the higher parts of the foothills and in the mountains Poa gtauca Saxifraga bronchialis funslonii from about 1,500 to 4,500 feet elevation. Above 4,500 davurica grandipetak feet most of the mountains are bare except for rock eschscholtzii lichens, but a few flowering planta grow up to about oppositifolia 6.000 feet. sezpyllifolia The vegetation consists of only a scattering of plants, tricuspidata Selaginella aibirica not combined into characteristic communities. Ex- Silene acaulis tensive areas of bare rock are exposed between patches repens of plants. Each plant, confined to a small pocket of Woo* glabsllo VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE# OF ALABKA 29 Along the mountain front are several very large beau- Shale outcrops generally consist of crumbling bare tiful glacial lakes in valleys dammed by moraine, gray-black unstable slopes, usually with a stream including from east to west Lake Peters (pl. 1023) and undercutting the base. Shale is very weakly resistant Schrader, Sagavanirktok, Shainin, Chandler, and to weathering and erodes rapidly. Very few plants Kurupa Lakes. Lake bottoms are usually of organic can get a footing on such material. A few herbs, muck, though some oxbow lakes have sandy bottoms usually with deep tap roots, form a scattered growth and some mountain lakes have boulder bottoms. locally: Lake shores are commonly surrounded by ice-push Crepis nana ridges as much as 6 feet high. Descurainia sophiaides Rivers on the Arctic Slope do not contain higher Epilobium angustifolium plant vegetation except locally in backwaters. Most Ermanio borealis of the smaller streams dry up or freeze to the bottom Erysimum inconapicvum &ytropis mertensiana in winter, and these have clean sand or gravel bottoms. SCH18T Some streams, as the outlet of Lake Schrader, are perennial and have algae-covered rocky bottoms. Schist outcrops generally appear bluish from a dis- Two large perennial springs occur on the Arctic tance. They are moderately resistant to weathering, Slope, Tulugak Springs in Anaktuvuk Pass and Shublik and form well-drained flaky soil. The vegetation of Springs in the Canning River valley. These areas ferns, grasses, saxifrages, and low shrubs is somewhat contain a few species of plants not found elsewhere similar to that found on sandstone: in the region. Betula glandulosa Very few kinds of higher aquatic plants grow on the Carez ecirpoidm Arctic Slope, and their distribution is erratic. Plant Cyetopteris fragilis Dryopteris fragrans communities in each lake are usually arranged in con- Empetrum nigrvm centric bands, corresponding to depth of water. Most Festuco brachyphyUa vegetation is limited to water less than 4 feet deep, and Lycopodium selago adpressurn the depth preferred by any given species decreases Poa alpinia from the foothills northward into the more severe gb- 8ali.s rotundijoliu climatic conditions of the coastal plain. Each species 5mifraga da.urh gtandipetola forms an extensive colony, mostly by vegetative eschscholleii means, once it becomes established, thus excluding oppo&ij olia most other species. Two ecologic life forms occur, re$exa rooted submerged and rooted emergent aquatics. Selaginelta ea%irica Woodaia glabelta The former are relatively unimportant and usually lacking; the latter play an important part in the ob- literation of lakes through the accumulation of peat. Several exposures of reddish-brown basalt occur In small lakes, the remains of emergent aquatics from east of the Canning River. They are moderately re- the lake margins accumulate, with the result that sistant to weathering, and had a vegetation interme- the water is gradually replaced by fibrous organic diate between that on limestone and sandstone, of debris and the bottom gradually freezes to higher ferns, grctsses, and saxifrages: levels, which eventually permits the development of a mat of vegetation over the lake bed. Thus, a wet sedge meadow is finally formed. In the spring growth of aquatic plants is retarded, owing to the slow warming of the water, but in the fall the water helps to protect the plants from freezing during early frosts. The principal aquatic plants are submerged rooted aquatics, which grow in as much as 4 feet of water, emergent rooted aquatics, in 1 to 3 feet of water, and Almost all aquatic vegetation of the Arctic Slope marginal emergent aquatics, in less than 1foot of water. occurs in lakes. On the coastal plain, broad generally Submerged rooted aquatios: shallow lakes make up about 20 percent of the surface. Potamogeton 8pp. In the foothills and locally in the mountains oxbow Ranunculw gmelini yukonmenaSs lakes along major valleya are theLpredominant type. Sparganium hyperboreurn 30 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-6 3

Emergent rooted aquatics: In the mountains atmospheric and soil conditions are Arctophila fdva very erratic. Slopes and ridges are unstable and poorly Equkeium limosum Hippuris vulgaris vegetated, whereas the valleys have been overrun by Menyccnthea tnyoliata Quaternary glaciers and extensive Recent alluvial fans. Potentilk palwtris The most widespread plant community between 2,000 Ranunculw pallasii to 4,000 feet is the Dryas-lichen dry meadow, which Marginal emergent aquatics: may prove to be the climax vegetation for this area, Carex aquatilk which also is in need of further study. Eriophorum angwtifolium Caltha palustris a~ctica Alopecurus alpinus REPRESENTATIVE LOCALITIES Sandy lake shores commonIy have scattered plants Descriptions given here are of seven representative on the beach, with willow thickets a few feet above lake localities on the Arctic Slope in which rather intensive level, investigation was carried on. These are intended to supplement the general treatment just presented, by SUCCESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS showing specific examples of vegetation consisting of A single climax vegetation type does not exist for several major and minor plant communities in mosaic. the entire Arctic Slope, because various parts of this Local environmental factors and local terrain features area differ so greatly in topography, soil, geology, and of general interest are also described. climate. However, lines of succession leading to nigger- COAlSTAL PLAIN head meadow climax are fairly clear in the foothills, and possibly a second climax of Dryas-lichen dry meadow BARROW VILLAGE AND POINT BARROW occurs in the low mountains. Situation.-Point Barrow (fig. 6) is the most northerly In the foothills the niggerhead meadow may be ac- point of land in Alaska. For this reason it has attracted cepted as the climatic climax, for the following reasons: scientists for the past century. In the native village I. Niggerhead meadow is by far the most extensive of several hundred people, houses are scattered with community, covering an estimated 60 percent of no special arrangement, as there are practically no the foothills province, as well as parts of the streets. The houses have no underground wells or coastal plain and mountains. It grows equally pipes because the soil is constantly frozen almost to well on various kinds of soil, on ridges and in the surface; however, underground rooms are used to valleys, and on all slope exposures, as long as the store frozen meat. In favorable weather many of the gradient is moderate. natives live in tents along the sandy coastal beach, 2. It is believed by the writer to have been little dis- In general, they are a part of the natural environment, turbed by climatic change or such agencies as and do little to disturb natural vegetation. fire for the past several centuries. Since the The coastal plain around Barrow is flat and has many Cretaceous period this province has remained lakes. In July and August land travel is very diflicult above sea level and most of it has not been glaci- across this area. The Arctic Ocean is frozen during ated. Thus, the vegetation has had time to de- most of the year, and pack ice frequently lies along the velop considerable uniformity. shore in midsummer. Point Barrow probably has the most severe climate Field observations suggest convergence of several lines of any part of the coastal plain. The average frost-free of succession, xerarch, mesarch, and hydrarch, into nig- season is 17 days, the July average temperature is gerhead meadow. This is summarized as follows: 40°E', and there is no physiographic hindrance to the Xurarch Mearch Hy drareb constant strong winds. (bedrock ridges) wood plain) (lake) honeer plants Vegetation.--One hundred and eight species of higher Crevice plants Tall shrubs Aquatic plants plants have been identified within a few miles of 1 Low shrubs 5. Low shrubs -, Niggerhead meadow c Wet sedge meadow Barrow. Plants are, for the most part, depauperate and poorly formed. One life form which seems to The coastal plain is very young; parts of it were below survive well here is the perennial, rhizomatous grass sea level into the Quaternary period. Much of it has with shallow roots. This sort of plant has sufEcient extremely poor drainage; wet sedge meadows occupy underground storage tissue to develop new leaves in about half of the area. Coastal-plain vegetation does short favorable periods and has strongly developed not show very clew lines of succession, and oeeds vegetative reproduction; it is protected during winter further study. by even a thin snow. .I. .llAu\G .*\I 1LL I\ 1 t,i~\li'~'~E~lI)[: 111 i(,k. Ih '1 IIL l~O~l'IIl1l.L.~

Stream margin zone of seilpes, Carer nqrrntilis and Petasites frigidus; 11i~1,c.r zone of xillorv sllrubs, Salzr pulrhrfi ant1 S. richnrdsorzii, ahout 3 frpl higl~. Wcst side of 5l~nviorikRi>er rlraitnapc 1,;1sin. \~PWcast, 700 fret clrvation, June 1927.

North-facing (left) side with nlountain heather, Cusriope tetmgona and dwarf birch, Retule nnno, above the snowfield; willow mats, Seliz polnris and S. reticularo, n few inches I~igh,brlow tlre snow; willun shrubs, Salrr: nlnrer~sis and S. richardsonii, 5 tu 10 fcet Iiigh, along t11c sire;tm; anrl willow clumps, Snlis niphociail~t, 2 fret high, on tlkr sooth-facing (right) slop?. We51 siclc of Satllerochit River, 2,C00 feet elevation, late July 1948. VEGETATION ZONES Gl?OI,M+IC'AL SURVEY PROREGSTOTAT, P.ZPER :;I):! PL.1TE 12

Frltlcaf willow. Snliz nlnrrnais (Irft ernterl. and Ina sillnr tllickrtc. Soiir niphoclririrl, S. rcnlpori, and S. glrrecn ncotilolto, A~takturuk River near Tu111gnk Lakc. \ic,r> ae.rt. 1.800 trrt ele\ation. July 1918. YEGETATION OF TIXE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALABKA 31

ELSON

LAGOON

EXPLANATION

Wet sedge meadow

Inhabited area

Wet sedge meadows around Barrow Village and Point cottongrasses, Eriophormm mseolum leucothk, E. Barrow are numerous along the margins of lakes and scheuchzeri. Also common are Arctic holygrass, in poorly drained depressions. Carex &pwttilia seems Elierochhe pauciJIora, and bog loueewort, Psdbdaris to be the most common species, but very few fruiting detica. plants were observed during the 1949 growing season. Aquatic plante occur in shallow water along the Fruits are probably formed only in favorable years. margins of small lakes and ponds, namely: Arctophda Plants locally important in wet sledge meadows include ju2w, Ca2th pddarctica, in pleces submerged gr88~es, Alopecumur alpinw, Dzlpontia Jiscliari, and with floating leaves, Cara aquatilis, Eriophorum 48886tiRO--ll

- XERRlfORY OF ALAGKA DEPARTMENT OF MINFF; COLLEGE. ALASKA 32 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53 angustijolium, Hippuris vulgaris, Ranunculus gmelini On the west brackish shore of the sandspit bordering yukonensis, R. pallasii, and Sparganium sp. Elson Lagoon the only important higher plant is a East of Barrow the lakes and lowlands are separated small grass, Puccinellia phryganoides. by moist grassy polygonal meadows, and better drained Around the native village the ground is somewhat low ridges and stream valley slopes, sparsely covered disturbed where natives excavate cellars and dig sod with depauperate plants, mostly less than 3 inches blocks. Common invaders following disturbance in- high. Common plants of these meadows include: clude : Carex misandra Phippsia algida Luzula confusa: 0xgn.a dig ya Pedicularb la& Cochlearia o$cinalis kmgsdor$i Ranunculw pygmaeus Petmites jrigidua Saliz: ovalifolia camden& rotundijolia Situation.-Alaktak is about 50 miles southeast of Sazijraga hierachijolia oppositijolia Point Barrow and about 10 miles from the coast. It Vaccinium vitis-idaea is in a very flat area covered with lakes, wet meadows, and meandering streams. During spring flooding by A few miles southwest of Barrow sea cliffs of silt the Ikpikpuk River most of this area is submerged. A rise to 15 feet in elevation. Actively eroding slopes solitary reindeer ranchhouse is on a low sandhill, per- of silty soil face the sea and border small gullies which haps 10 feet higher than the surrounding flat. This dissect the cliff. On these fresh surfaces a scattered hill is composed of relatively clean sand, probably de- growth of small herbs grow: posited by wind which eroded the sandy and silty Juncus biglumis flood plain of the Ikpikpuk River, a few hundred yards Ozyria digylia to the west of the ranchhouse. Other similar sandhills Polygonurn vivipantm 3 miles to the east are obviously small dunes. Ranunculus p ygmaeua About 60 percent of this area is wet sedge meadow, Sa'fraga rivularis 30 percent lakes, and 10 percent flood plain and dunes. On the drier uplands between gullies grow Festuca Soils here include alluvial silt and sand, windblown hachyphylla and Rumex arcticus. sand, and peat. A coastal strip of sand extends from Barrow Village Vegetation.-Wet sedge meadows here are dominated for 5 miles to the northeast, and beyond this a sandspit by sedges, primarily Carex aguatilis. In addition these continues another 5 miles to Point Barrow. Along the areas have- northwest side of these sands no plants grow near the Alopecurua alpinus water, but several feet above sea level are dense grassy Carex chordovhiza patches of Elymus arenarius mollis and scattered mats lachenalii of Honchenka peploides and Mertensia martima. In membranacea small depressions, protected from the wind, lichen rarifira Chrysosplenium letrandrum colonies have developed. On the southeast side of the Dupontia ficheri sandspit, bordering Elson Lagoon, slight depressions Eriophorum scheuchzeri provide sufficient protection for the development of Pedicularis sudetica scattered stands of small herbs: Saxifraga joliolosa Cochlearia oficinalis Aquatic speciea growing in the lakes were about the Ranumlus pygmaeus as Smyraga rivularis same those found at Barrow, but individual plants caespitosa sileneJEora were somewhat larger. Along the flood plain are Cerastium beeringianum patches of willows as much as 2 feet high, including: Papaver sp. Draba lactea Sal~kalazensis onglorum Larger depressions, giving better protection, exhibit arcticia a grwsy community of Alopecurus alpinus, Arctophila niphoclodo julva, and Dupontia jischeri, with lesser amounts ooalifolicr camdensis PUJC~~ of Poa arctica, Calamagostis neglecta, Puccinellia retCculata paupercda, Salb pdphra, and Potentilla emerginata. richrdsonii VEGETATION OF 'J!HE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALAS- 33

Between the small patches of willows were scattered FOOTHILLS herbs including- NOLUCK W Situation.-Noluck Lake (fig. 7) is in the south- Chrysanthemum huronense Equisetum arvense western part of the foothills about 200 miles west of wriegatum Umiat, 160 miles east of Cape Lisburne, and 6 miles Junw arcticus alaskanur north of the mountains. The lake is about 2 miles Merckia physodes long, 1 mile wide, and about 10 feet deep; it is 2,200 Parnassia kotzebuei feet above sea level. The cast-west depression in which Sendo congestus Tarmacum lacerum the lake is situated primarily consists of shale; parallel Valeriana capitata ridges of sandstone and conglomerate, rising as much as 500 feet higher than the lake, are north and south Sandhills were thickly populated with colorful flow- of it. Rocks surrounding Noluck Lake are Early ering plants when observed in early August. The Cretaceous. species seen were as follows: The drainage from an area of about 8 square miles Anemone parvil~ora flows into Noluck Lake, and Meridian Creek flows out Antennaria ongustata of the lake over a bedrock outlet. Meridian Creek Arctagrostis latifolia flows northward in a narrow incised channel to the Armeria martitima Colville River. Few lakes occur in this general area. Astragalus alpinus umbelladus No trees grow around the margins of the lake, but Campanula uniflora old willow logs as large as 3 inches in diameter were Cardamine pratensis found in some of the eroding lake banks beneath 5 to richardsonii 10 feet of alluvial sediment. Carez rnaritima Evidence of former human inhabitants occurs in Cerastium beeringianum Chrysanthemum integrifolium middens containing much chipped and charred bone, Delphinium brachycentmm mostly of caribou, associated with chert stones formed Descurainia sophioidee into cutting tools. These were found along the western Draba spp. shore of the lake beneath 6 to 18 inches of peaty soil; Dryas integrifolia chipped chert fragments were also found along rocky Erigeron eriocephalua Festuca brmhyphylla ridges which overlook the lake. More recent Eskimo Melandrium apetalum camp remains, such as antler tent stakes and white Minuartia arctico spruce logs, probably carried here from the south side Papaver alboroseum of the range, were also found. A well-preserved musk- radicatum ox skull was dug from a streambank south of the lake Parrya nudicaulis 10 Pedicularis capitata below feet of frozen silt, and mammoth leg bones lanata were collected from the Storm Creek flood plain. langsdorfii One and one-half miles west of the lake is the west- Poa arctica ernmost tributary of the Colville River, Storm Creek, Ranunculus pedatifidus a8nis which drains the area around Thunder Mountain 10 Saussurea anguatifolia Saxifraga hieracifolia miles to the south. During summer this somewhat nivalis braided stream is about 25 feet wide and 1 foot deep. oppositifolia Willows grow to a height of 5 feet along its valley. punctata nelsoniana The frost-free season in 1950 lasted 78 days, and the Seneeio alropurpureur frigidus average July temperature was 57OF. Ice on the lake Silene acaulis Stellaria laeta began to break up on June 20 and was completely gone Wetumspicatum by July 3. The highest temperatures, the greatest I development of plants, and the period during which Two miles north of the ranchhouse, on the southern clouds of mosquitoes was prevalent was from June 25 margin of a lake which has been pirated by a stream to July 25. The first fall frost came with a light snow meander, are silty erosion slopes 6 feet high. Small on August 25. Some plants were in bloom from May 17 herbs found on these slopes include: until early September. Oxyzia digyna Vegetation.-Niggerhead meadows cover most of the Ranunculus lapponicwr moderately rolling uplands. Grasses, herbs, and low Epilobium anagallidifolium shrubs grow between the tufts of niggerhead cotton- EXPLORATION OP NAVAL PB'I!ROLEW WSmkW NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-63

EXPLANATION

N iggerhead meadow Dry meadows, including ve etation Wet sedge meadow on outcrops and rubde

wl \-/- Flood-plain vegetation Late ice and snow areas Crests and divides

WOWE ?.-Foothills vegetation at Noluck Lake. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE) OF ALASKA 35 grass. Many small drainageways with intermittent represent former lake beds. The vegetation is similar streams occur throughout the rolling niggerhead mea- to that described under major plant communities. dows (pl. 11A). These are usually small 1inear.depres- Around the border of Noluck Lake, submerged in sions, 6 to 15 feet below the surrounding level, which about 3 feet of water with a sandy bottom, Potamogeton remain partly filled with snow somewhat later in spring pectinatus grows. In shallower parts of this and other than the surrounding meadows. Two minor plant com- small lakes is a grassy growth of emergent aquatics, munities grow along these drainageways; in the lowest such as: part t,he vegetation, grassy in aspect, consists of sedges Arctophila fulva and herbs : Caltha palustris arctica Cares aquatilis Anemone richardsonii Eriophorum angustifolium Caltha palustris arctica Hippuris vulgaris Carex aquatilis Potentilla palustris lachenalii Ranunculus gmelini yukonensis membranacea I hyperboreus Equisetum arvense pallasii variegatum Sparganium hyperboreum Eriophorum angustifolium scheuchzeri The roots of these plants usually form in the water Juncus castaneus Ranunculus nivalis a tangled fibrous mat, insufficient to support the weight Suxifraga cernua of a man, which extends downward about 2 feet to a hirculus frozen layer below. The transition from aquatic vege- Along the sides of these depressions are dense low tation to wet sedge meadow occurs in some places. willow thickets, Sdix pulchra, with a colorful herba- Along Storm Creek, west of Noluck Lake, there are ceous undergrowth : sand and gravel flood plains. Most of these support patches of willows, 2 to 5 feet high, including- Aconitum delphinifolium Anemone parvijlora I Saliz alaxensis Artemisia spp. niphoclada Astragalus umbellatus pulchra Curex montanensis walpolei Cerastium beeringianum Corydalis pauciflora Beneath the willows and scattered over the sands are Dodecalheon frigidum many colorful herbs and grassy plants- Logotis glauca stelleri I Arnica spp. Myosotis alpestris asiatica I Artemisia spp. Pedicularis capitata Aster sibiricus Petasites frigidus Astragalus alpinus Polemonium acutijlorum Polygonum bistorta plumsum umbellatus Carex aquatilis Salk reticulata Saxifraga punctata nelsoniana membranacea Cardamine bellidifolia Valeriana capitata Castilleja pallida Most of the dry meadows around Noluck Lake occur Cerastium beeringianum on rubble slopes, where bedrock closely underlies the Crepis nana surface, and drainage is good. Locally dry meadows Draba spp. Equisetum spp. have the aspect of a well-kept rock garden. There Erigeron purpuratus seems to be little competition between plants; individ- Festuca altaica uals do not generally touch one another. About half ffedysarum alpinum americanum of the higher plant cover consists of mats of Dyas Juncus castaneus octopetala. In addition there was a scattering of many Luzula confusa Melandrium taylorae other species, which showed some preference for north- Merckia physodes or south-facing slopes, as described in the generalized Oxytropis spp. section. On south-facing sandstone block talus of Tent Papaver macounii Mountain on the south side of Noluck Lake, the most Parnassia kotzebuei common plant is Smelowskia calycina integrifolia. Pedicularis capitata Polygonum bistorta plumosum Lowlands, saturated during most of the summer and Senecio spp. containing wet sedge meadows, cover extensive areas Stellaria spp. around Noluck Lake. Some of these, though not all, l araxacum spp. 36 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53

Moderately late-melting snow patches (pl. 11 B) pro- Soils of the valley are mostly coarse alluvium or peat, vide seepage downslope late into summer, and com- whereas those of the rolling hills away from the valley monly have a vegetation mat dominated by mountain are mainly residual and silty. SoMuction is pronounced heather, Cassiope tetragona. In places, however, where on Red Hill a few miles northwest of Umiat; some of the the snow barely melts by the end of summer, as in deep red silty unstable soil is almost without vegetation. gullies, or on steep north-facing slopes seldom reached Vegetation.-Two hundred fifty species of higher by the sun, vegetation is almost absent. The species plants grow within a few miles of Umiat. Niggerhead which occur sparsely in very late snow patches are- meadows, essentially as already described under major plant communities, cover about 80 percent of the rolling Oxym'a digyna Phippsia algida hills away from the Colville valley, with willowbrush Poa paucispicula following small drainageways. Ranunculus nivalis Flood plains and cutbanks have the vegetation fea- pygmaeus tures previously described in the generalized section Saxifraga caespitosa sileneflora (p. 25), including barren flood-plain bars with scattered rivularis plants, willow woods, alderbrush, willowbrush, and niggerhead meadows. Situation.-Umiat airstrip is on a river terrace on the At Umiat the aquatic vegetation in 20 oxbow lakes, north side of the Colville River 3 miles west of Umiat averaging about one-eighth mile in length and 2 to 6 Mountain (elev 915 feet), a landmark which from the feet in depth, was compared and found to be highly south looks like an overturned boat. The river valley variable. Sparganium hyperboreum, Hippuris vulgaris, is 2% miles wide at this point, and the valley flat is Menyanthes trifoliata, and Potentilla palustris were about 350 feet in elevation. The Colville River flows found in about two-thirds of the lakes, all but the last east, is usually very clear, and is cofined to a few chan- forming pure stands. The following plants grew in nels, the widest of which is one-fourth to one-half mile only one-tenth of the lakes: across and about 10 feet deep in summer. The river- Ranunculus pallasii bed consists of clean sand and gravel, and there are no gmelini yukonensis higher aquatic plants in the main channels. Utricularia macrorhiza Equisetum limosum The flood plain is made up of gravel bars, sand bars, Caltha palustris arctica and higher islands which are under water only in spring Arctophila fulva floods. Many of the bars are barren and level enough for the landing of small airplanes on wheels. Willow Concentric zonation was evident in all lakes, but the trees and shrubs are common on the islands. patterns were variable. No submerged rooted aquatics Along the valley, terraces stand well above the river were observed, though Potamogeton was collected from under normal conditions. On these terraces are shrub other lakes near Umiat. The free-floating Utricularia thickets or wet sedge meadows, depending on local grows in shallow water. Sparganium, with floating drainage. Old stream meander scars with oxbow lakes leaves, is in the deepest water--about 3 feet. At 2-foot are also common features. The largest meander scar depth Menyanthes, Equisetum, and Arctophila occur in is between Umiat and the north side of the valley; the various combinations; at 1 foot, Potentilla and Hippuris scar contains within a 3-mile span 12 fairly large oxbow dominated. Cares aquatilis and ETiophorum angusti- lakes. The largest, Umiat Lake, is 1 mile long. folium grow around all the lakes. This zonation sug- Cutbanks and bluffs are common along the river gests an order of succession, with the lake eventually where it flows against the sides of the valley. The changing to a Carex-Eriophorum wet sedge meadow. largest of these is a steep slope from the top of Umiat Wet sedge meadows occur on the river terraces, es- Mountain (915 ft) down to the river (350 ft). Talus pecially between lakes along old meander scars. They slopes have formed along former cutbanks. Outcrops are divided into polygonal areas 10 to 50 feet across by of sandstone preserve fairly steep bluffs along the small ridges as much as 1 foot high formed by frost valley. action. A few inches of water stands within the poly- The rolling hills away from the valley are covered gons, usually fairly uniform in depth within individual with niggerhead tundra, except along small ephemeral polygons. Few plant species grow in any one polygon. streams and on widely scattered ridges where bedrock Carex is most abundant in the centers of the polygons, is at or near the surface. In these places shrub willows whereas Salix is most important along the intervening occur. ridges. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA 37

Three miles north of Umiat, as well as locally else- ANAETUVW PASS NEAFt TULUUAK LAJXE where in this area, sandstone is exposed along high Situation.-The pass (elev 1,800 ft) was studied ridges. Certain plants of alpine &nity grow here: along the north side around Tulugak Lake (fig. 8) Anemone patens multijida where the valley is about 46 miles wide, with mountains Arctostaphylos alpina rubra rising 3,000 to 4,000 feet higher on both sides. Alluvial Betula gladulosa fans occupy about one-third of the valley on either side, Cystopteris jragilis with the central third occupied by the Anaktuvuk Diapensia lapponiea obmia River and its flood plain, plus moraine and outwash Kobresia myosuroides simpliciuscula deposits containing many pit lakes. Anaktuvuk River, Loiseleuria procumbens which has a bed of fine sand, is shallow and turbid. Lycopodium selago adpressum Small dunes and blowouts (pl. 12) have developed Tojieldia coccinea especially on the north side of stream meanders. Woodsia glabella Mountains along the sides of the valley are limestone Solifluction slopes poorly covered with vegetation of the Lisburne group and conglomerate and sandstone occur on Red Hill. Species growing here include: of the Noatak formation. Tulugak is a deep lake about 1 mile long and mile wide and is fed by the Dryas integrijolia large perennial Tulugak Springs along its east side. El ymus innovatus Vegetation.-The most widespread plant community Minuartia macrocarpa at lower elevations in Anaktuvuk Pass is the Dryas- Saxifraga oppositifolia Silene acaulis lichen dry meadow, which is found on rubble slopes, Spirea beauverdiana alluvial fans, and well-drained outwash. This vegeta- tion is usually about l inch high, and about 90 percent Silty erosion slopes along Bearpaw Creek had scat- of the higher plant cover is Dryas octopetala. Other tered Descurainia sophwides. Owing to the activities species found are as follows: of the white man and earth-moving machines, scattered areas near Umiat have been stripped of their natural Anemone parviflora vegetative cover or burned. The area of the airstrip Arnica spp. Bupleurum americanum has had an interesting development. The soil here is Carez capillaris fine sand, pH 6.2. In 1947, I saw only two plants of rupestris Senecio congestus near Umiat; in 1950 both sides of the scirpoidea airstrip were lined with a vigorous weedy growth 3 Hierochloe alpina feet high, of this species. Kobresia myosuroides Lupinus arcticus MOUNTAINS Ozytropis maydelliana nigrescens EUJXK RIVER. NEAR EASTER CREEK1 Pedicularis capitata Polygonum viviparum On a steep south-facing slope along a tributary Silene acaulis stream, at an elevation of 3,000 feet, is a small grove of Tojieldia coccinea Populus tacamahacca. The average height of the trees was 8 feet, the maximum 12; the diameter 1%to 2 True niggerhead meadow is not extensive at these inches. This is the highest elevation at which balsam higher elevations; it occurs only locally on alluvial popular has been found on the Arctic Slope. slopes with seepage. The following species were found On the north face of a summit ridge, on quartzite, in association : shale, and sandstone rubble at 6,100 feet elevation- Carex aquatilis the highest elevation from which higher plants have bigelowii been collected thus far on the Arctic Slope-sparse membranacea growth of the following species was found. Dryas integrifolia Eriophorum angustifolium Luzula conjusa vaginatum spissum Potentilla elegans Saliz reticulata Saxifraga bronchialis funstonii serpyllijolia Many areas intermediate in moisture conditions Selaginella s8irica between the Dyas-lichen dry meadows and moist Smelowskia calycina integrijolia niggerhead meadows, such as well-drained alpine

I Observations by Arthur Lachenbmeh in 1949. slopes and river terraces, support a low woody growth EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53

I EXPLANATION

Dry meadows. Wet sedge meadow Sparse vegetation I local brush on outcrops and talus D 0 y-\ Flood-plain vegetation Shlftlng sand lcef ield Landform boundary

W P A 7 Willow Poplar Alder Spring

FIGURE8.-Mountah vegetation at Anaktuvuk Pass. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF UBKA 39 of willow, birch, and heath shrube, with herbaceous Vegetation on outcrops and talus showed some varia- undergrowth. tion correlated with type of rock. The vegetation on Willow, birch, and heath shrubs: limeatone and on sandstone differed considerably, Dryas Arctostaphylos alpina rubra though octopetula was important on both. On Betulo nana exilia sandstone and conglomerate the vegetation is notice- Casiope tetragona ably denser than on limestone. Late snow areas were, Dryas integrifolicr as usual, characterized by Casswps tetragona; other Rhododendron lappmicum heaths were sometimes found with it. Salix arctica reticulata Herbaceous undergrowth: Anemone parvijeora Situation.-Lake Schrader and Lake Peters south of Astragalus umbellatus it are two large connected lakes in a deep glacial trough. Equisetum palustre They are separated from one another by a glacio- Hedyearum alpinum ammicanurn fluvial fan formed by Snake Creek, which flows into the Polygmum viviparum lakes from the west. The lakes are at an elevation Tojieldia pusilla of about 3,500 feet, and each lake is about 7 miles long Near the base of the alluvial fans, where seepage and 2 miles wide. Mountain streams fed by melting occurs, there is tall brush of feltleaf willow, S&z snow and small glaciers flow into the lakes, and the alazensis, and some alder Alnw crispa, the former with lake fork of the Sadlerochit River flows northward out an undergrowth of common horsetail, Episetum of Lake Schrader. The water of Lake Peters is opaque amense. Near the southwest end of Tulugak Lake, on from glacial rock flour; Lake Schrader is clear, its a south-facing bank, is a small stand of Populus tacama- bottom is covered with clean boulders, and along its hacca 10 feet tall, 3 inches in diameter, and about 30 margin are ice-push ridges, as much as 6 feet high, con- years old. The flood-plain habitat is poorly developed taining boulders as large as 2 feet in diameter. In along Anaktuvuk River in the pass, for the river is 1948 ice covered parts of these lakes until July 18. incised with few bars on which plants can become Mountains surround the lakes on all but the north established. side; the highest is Mount Chamberlin, 9,131 feet high, In the lowlands along the river are scattered wet a few miles southeast. Around Lake Peters most of the sedge meadows, where the soil had a pH range from mountains are of schist of the Neruokpuk formation, 4.3 to 6.5. Carex aquatilis was the most common but around Lake Schrader there is 480 limestone of the species; the following were also growing: Lisburne group. Lateral moraine depita form low hills along the sides of the lakes, and a moraine dam Andromeda polifolia Carex chordorrhiza establishes the north end of Lake Schrader. membranacea In 1948 the terminus of the glacier on Mount Cham- rnisandra berlin was at about 4,500 feet, and along Glacier Creek, rarijlora the valley below the glacier, there is a, series of morrrJnes rotundata containing boulders as large as 10 feet in diameter. Equisetum palustre Eriophorum scheuchaeri Vegetation.-The vegetation of these mountains is Juncus biglumia very complex, with local variation due to bedrock, soil triglumia accumulation, slope exposure, drainage, and difference Pedicularis sudetica in elevation. Rubus chamaemorua From an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet the vegetbtion Said reticulata richardsonii cover, made up of about 150 species of higher plants, was in most places complete. Dry meadows were most No higher aquatic plants were found in Tulugak extensive, with minor amounts of niggerhead meadow, Lake. However, in a shallow lake, about 1 mile south- lake-margin wet sedge meadows, and flood-plain com- west of Tulugak Lake, two concentric zones occurred; munities. Over the rocky glacial moraines, a thin soil in the deepest water Arctophila j'ulm with some Spar- has formed on which there was no general dominance, ganium hyperboreum formed a zone about 75 feet wide; but local concentrations of Dyas, Salk, Cassiope, next to shore was a zone about 20 feet wide of Eri- Minwlrtia, and heath shrub communities. Alluvial ophomrn angustijolium with some Hippurh vulgaris, flood plains and fans supported vegetation similar to Alopecurw alpinu8, and Caltha palust&. On the shore the generalized flood-plain community previously de- were willows, Salk alazek and S. richrdsonii, as scribed but with fewer species. Salk alaxensis was 6 much as 10 feet high. feet high near I.ake Peters. It was not found above 40 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53 4,000 feet; at this elevation it grew about 2 feet high. Minuurtia, mmocarpa Between 4,000 and 5,000 feet most of the vegetation, Oxytropis mertensiana nigrescens consisting of about 80 species is confined to rock crevices Pedicularis capitata and the borders of small mountain streams. Many kanata of the stream-margin species are sparsely represented Phlox sibirica along a few streams, and some streams have bare bed- Potentilla bijlora rock channels. On north-facing slopes with late snow uniflora Sakzk reticulata patches Cassiope tetragona is the dominant species, but, Selaginella sibirica in general, the most widespread genus in this elevational Smelowskia calycina zone is Saxijraga. Slopes on these mountains, facing Therofon richardsonii in various directions, are as steep as 30' or more, and Trisetum spicatum little soil accumulates. Permafrost is absent in the Vaccinium uliginosum thin layer of soil and rock fragments overlying the bed- uitis-idaea rock, and drainage is excessive. Many plant com- Above 5,000 feet on the northwest side of Mount munities are localized around seepage from snowfields Chamberlin there are a few flowering plants, but none at higher elevations. The important species of Sazi- grow above 6,000 feet. The only common higher plant jraga in this zone are- species in this zone are Luzula confusa, Potentiila elegans, Smifraga bronchialis funstonii and Selaginella sibirica; rock lichens are extensive. caespitosa silenejlora davurica grandipetala ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS GROWING ON eschscholtzii THE ARCTIC SLOPE OF ALASKA jlagellaris oppositifolia 2 punctata nelsoniana Table is based on about 3,000 plant specimens col- rejlexa lected by the writer from 1946 through 1951; collections serpyllifolia reported by Hult6n (1941-50) from this area; and the tkuspidata following additional material: Number of Other common species include- Nam of cdlcctm Year plants Robert Black ---,------1946,1947,1950-- 284 Androsace chamaejasme lehmanniana Robert Chapman-,------c- 1946,1949,------85 Arctostaphylos alpina Robert Champan and Robert 1945------, 35 Artemisia gbmerata Fellows. Robert Chapman, Richard Olson, Betula sp. (dwarf) and William D'Olier. Bupleurum amerimum Paul Emerson,------Cardamine bellidifolia Clare Gudim------Cassiope tetragona Lawrence Irving------,- George Gryc and Allen Kover- - - Cystopteris fragilis Arthur Lachenbruch------_--- Dianthus repens Arthur Lachenbruch and Milton Dryopteris fragrana Lachenbruch. Empetrum nigrum Richard Olson------Peter Scholander------Erysimum pallasii Peter Scholander and Walter Flagg-- Festuca brachyphylla Lloyd Spetzman and Russell (3eum glaciale MeGregor. rossii Ra Thompson------_-,---- Ro ert Thompson Hierochbe alpina g ------Irvin Tailleur----, ------Luaula confusa Lycopodium selago adpressurn TABLE2.-Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska [A. Indicates abundant; 0, common; 8, f~carce;L, local; X, collections sean by the writer. I[ coIlection8 recorded by HultBn (1941-W) not seen by the writer; asterisk 111, indicates species that wcur in sreas adjacsnt to the Arctic Slope, eiihd in Canada or on the south slopes of the brooks Range]

Distribution (Bee flg. 4) a*z3' amtio slope 8 Elevation 2 a Botanfcsl name Oommon name $ range (feet Habitat Coastal plain Foothills Mountaim 4 aEeu" a

------4 k Eqnisebcem Horsetail family: JZguiaetuma~eL. -....-.------.Common borntail .-..--X X X X X X ---- X X X 04,600 C 7-8 Wet Sandy flood pm. limosum L. .---.--.-.--.-.---.----.Bwamp horsetail.-.-...- .------.---.. X ---- .----.-- ---. ---- 360 L 7-8 Umiat around oxbow lakes in shallow water. paluafre L. Marsh horsetail--..----- X X X --.-X X X W.500 8 7-8 Wet dwdows. 4 .-..-----...-.-..---.---. ...-.--- -..- P prakme Ehrh. ---.--.-...----.-.-.Meadow bomtaIL --.-CC ---- X --.-X X -.--.-.- X X .--- BX3.000 C 7-8 Wet grassy dr-0 S~OPW scirpoidesMichx...... --.-----.-..Little horsetail ----.--... -.-.------..X X X ..--X X X 3E&3,WO C 6-8 Damp mossy Stresm margins. M wraegatum Schleloh. ..-.--.-...-.-.Northern horsetail.------..x E x X X .---X X x BX3, WO C 6-9 Damp sandbsrs and gravel alluvhl f8m. Clubmoss family: C anno~numL. var. punurn 8tiB clubmoss....-.----- ..------.--.-. ---- .--.---- -.--X X 3, WO L 7-8 Dry rocky mountain saddle, east side of Canning River at 6Q0WN. 3 LyooGzG(Lapylale) Desv. 0 selago L. var. odpr~8WmDwv. Fir clubmoss.------.------..--H X X X ---.X X X 8004,000 C 6-9 Moist crevices in outerops of limastone, shale, conglom~~~te,whist, ..-.. and basalt; mossy slopes. fZ: 8dSghellaC0Se: 8pikemoss famil 8clagineUa 8ibiriea (MlldB) Hleroa ..... ~orthernep&moss ....--... --.- -.-- x -..-X ..-.X X x 2,000-6,000 C 6-9 Dryschist, alpine and crevkes basalt. in outcrops of sandstone, limestone, conglomerate % Polypodiace+ Fern family: ~stopUraufraoili8(L) Bernh. -.------Fragile fern ------.....-...... x X X ...- X x H 6lHM.m C 7-8 Alpine crevices in outmops of sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, and schist; also gravel slopes. 8M Drllopterisfiauran8 (L.) Bchott. --.----..magrant shield fern .-.- X x --.-X x 6004,000 C 7-8 Alpine crevices aspecially in massive sandstone, also limestone, ...----.- ...- --.. x shale schist a6d basalt. Woodsia alpina (Bolton) 8. F. Gray--.- Alpine woodski-.-.--...- ...--.-. .--- -.-. ---- X ---.------...-- 1 £40 L 8 Sandstke crevices Sadlerochit River vslley. k glabdZa R. Br. ----.....-.----..-.--Smooth woodsis -.-...------.-.-. .--- --.. X X ---- X X x 400-6 000 C 7-8 ~lpinecrevices in s&ndstone limestone, and schist; also gravel slopes. d beL. R. Br. - ---- Rust woodsia --.--...-.-..------.---- -.-.---- -.------x 1, WO L 7 Qabbro crevices, ~~uktuhRiver. Pine Iamfy: d3 Wicrwcommunb L. var. mmtana Low juniper -..--.-.--.---.-.-... ---- .-.,.--- X ---- .... X x 1,0004,000 L 6-41 Moist rocky alpine slopes of sandstone schist or gravel. Shaviovik Ait. andHunt Canning Fork. Rivers; also mountain hope 4000 ft, ~ol$River at m t' *%a fllawa (Maoh) Voss...... - White spruce...... -...-- ---.-...... - .-.. -.-- ..-- --.- --.- X WO-1,100 L 6-9 There are no natural spruee on the Arctic Slope except perhaps near --.. the Mackenzie River but a few seedlings transplanted to Umiat 8 have survived seversf years. Sandy flood plains and south-facing slopes; poor growth in bogs; in Noatak drainage spruce extends from a few miles above Kotsebue to Noaktak-Kugururok junction 0 from here 18 miles east alon Noatak and 24 miles north alo4 Kugururok. long the ~ohnekiver south of ~naktuvukPess from Hunt Fork unction spruce extends 7 mi& north along John River, to 2,000 it dv,and 10 miles along Hunt Fork, to $500 It elev. & Bur-reed family: % RwS8mi&'perbmm La&. .---.-.- Northern bur&- - -.-- t ...- X X X ---- X --.-X M,600 8 7-8 Pond margins in 2-3 it of water. Sterile collection from Point Barrow. Pondweed family: E ~~t~ietvntttw Bdb. w. mi- Northern pond"& ---...... x ...... --...... 360 L 8 Submerged aquatic in sandy-bottomed streams and ponds east of IdIw (Raf.) fern. Umiat. frliformia Pa. ..-...--.---.--.-----Filllorm pondweed ..-----... .-.- -.-- X X ---- ...-.-.. -... 860-1, WO L 8 Submerged uatb in shallow sandy-bottomed ponds; Umist and ---- Sadlerocbi%ivw. Submerged agmtb in shallow ~andpbottomedponds. pecfnahcs L. .-.--.....-.---.-.-----Fennel-leaved pondweed eedeedeedeed ------X X -.------.-X ---- 360-4000 L 8 Bche11(:hzeriaceae: Amowgrass family: !Wg&chin maritima L. ..------.-----Seaside srrowgra98 .-----.---.-.- X ---.X X ---- .-.----. X W1,000 8 7-8 Emergent aqwtic in wet sedge meadows. pdwkb L. Marsh arrowgmi~..------. ------.---- .--- .--- .-.- X WO S 7 Wet sedge meedow margins in Wow standing water. Noatah .-.-.--..------.-----.- ---- River. Gmmheae: Qmfamily: A bppon aladkanum Borlbn. and Alaska wheatgrass--.------X X ---.---- X ---- 860-1,WO 8 7-8 Baresandb8rS. %err. laf&hm (Soribn. and Smith) Whestgrm .-.------..-.X -.--X X X -.--X X ---- 0-3,500 C 7-8 DO. Rydb. sericcum Hitchc. ...--.------.------....do ...------;---..-.------X X --.------.-X %0-2,000 C 7-8 DO. frachgeadum (Link) Malta--.----.- .------do ~....---UUUUUUUUUUU .-.-...- .-.- ---. -.-- X ------.----- 2, WO L 7 Sandbars along 88dler0cMt River. AIopenuus dpinw 8m. ...---.---.-----Mountain foxtail.------H X x x X X ---- X X ---- 0-3, WO C 6-7 Wet sedge meadoars; lake and stream margfns. Ardagros#sldjdia(R.Br.)Grhb .-.- Arctag~atIa-----.------X X X X X X ---- X X X 0-4000 A 7-8 Moistmeadow~lopa4;8811dbarsand~tbanks. ArcfophUajulaa (Trh.) Rupr. --.--.-...Arctophib .-----...-----X X x x X x -.-.X x ---- 0-6000 C 8 M&ns of silty-or sandy-bottomed lakes, or slowly movfngstresms; brsckib coastal wet meadows; in water to 4 ft deep or wet soil. Sramw pumpcRianw Borlbn. -.:-.---.- Arctb bromegrsss------....-.- .--- X X t x --.-X X x 8004,500 C 7-8 Bare sandbars, cutbsng,, lake shorn, and rubble slopes. T~BLE2.-Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska-Continued

nisMbntlc~1 (- a.U

Anti0 810m Oommcmnsme Habitat

Onun-tlaned c&=#mtf~ mmdcRsb Wiochx..) 1,000 L 7 Moist meadow, Maybe Omsk. Bmlv. A. mY.-.------xsobrto (Ebrk) thrrta I-.---*.-- mmw- R. Br. --,,------,.,-.. Wpodtum CWtgUii Balbn. and Mem. .. De-schmpsia eacspftow (L.) Besav. ..-- SSP. ~dental&Hult. --.--.------.-- vw. slam (Hartm.1 Sam. ------.. hpon#a jisdkri R. Br. - -..-.-..-.-.-- BP. ~dhmztho(Rupr.) Hult. -.--- a-uavrhuI,.rlandUI(w) Hdt. knoPnJur BeaL- --.----.--..------IWw dtaka W.------~Wrnllaf3chult. ------I,. -----*-.------.------IifwPLlord*(sw.)B.radB .----- (L.) wa..---,... -.--.--.- smw&W~R.Br.------. Pbfpwia -Wda (Soland.) R. Br. ------Pw CJarOaCrr m.) Lindm. .--..-.--.--- dPhL. ------ma a. Br. -.---.------.------braebvantlkro Hull. ,-.,,--.,--,. =&I------VaWy- - - .------LenuraN -. .-..---.-*---,--.. &lot6 Wbn. snd Merr. ---.---,-- Parr*8inJn Bath. sn8 Merr. ---- #aaafba 'Rh ------ep ------

Accdncllia anputldo (R. Br.) Rand and Redfield. huprtono (Krecs.) Kit. -...------,- pa~EUlCl (Holm) Fern. and v.Kth. phwganoldm (Trie) Bcribn. and Merr. !W&m rplcdurn (L.) Rlcht. --.---1-- eibihm Rupr. ------0 =iv MW~...... --..... aq~otrl& ah1.-.-.------otrdmca seht ---..-...-.------aurea Nutt. ------.------MwhAn. ------Wwii Torr. and Sch- -.---,- WPiuarUL------tapitdo L. --..--..----...--..------Capitate sedge..-...---- Dry river-terra meadows. chordorrhiza Ehrh. .-..---.-.--.--..Creeping sedge.--..----- Wet sedge meadows. wet river terraces. concrnna R. Br. ..-.-...----.------.------.----.----.------Wet meadow Sag~vanirktokRiver; mossy floor of white spruce woods, ~oahRiver terrace. garbcri Fern. ssp. bijaria Fern. .-----.------.------.-----.- -... ------.------X ------.------L 7 Habitat unknown, probably dry mountain slope, Canning River. gadMk. . ------X ------. L 7 Habitat unknown Umiat area. glareoso Wahl. -.-----.--.------.------.------_--- H x X x X ------x ---- 2,000-3,SM) S 7-8 Stream and wet sehge meadow margins; lateatow areas. Mlnonatea Wormsk. -----.-----.---.--.-----.-.--.---.------.---X ------.------.------Habitat unknown. Price River. krawei Boeckl. -..---.--.-.----.---.--...---...-.-..------.X ---- X X ---- X X ---.350-3,500 S 7-8 ~ryriver-terrace ieadows. ladenalii Sehk. --.--.---.---.-----...--.-----.-.--.------.-X ---- X X X --.-X X ---- 0-3,WO C 7-8 Margins of small and wet sedge meadows; in some areas in shallow water. lugens Holm --.----..------..--.---.------.--... ------.-X X ------X 350-2,000 8 7-8 Sedge m ows along river terracea. maritima Gunn. -----.--..------.Seaside sedge-...------H X X X ...- X ---- X ------0-3,000 S 7-8 Sandy ssesof lakes and streams. mcmbranacea Hook. ---.---...---..Fragile sedge------.--X X X X X ---- X X X 0-3,500 C 7-8 Wet sandy stream margins; in some areas in wet sedge meadows. micraglochin Wahl. ----..---.--.--.Northern uncinia --.----.-.------X X .---X .---.--- 350-2,000 8 7 Wet sedge meadows. misandra R. Br. -.-----..--...-...-I Short-leaved sedge-..--- 1--.- 1 X ( X I X 1 X [ X I----( X I X I X ( 0-4, 000 [ C ( 7-8 1 Drymeadoys; rocky slopes of eandstone and Ilmeatone; a few in wet montoncnsis L. H. Bailey- ..--.--..Mountain sedge-..------nardina Fr. .-----.------.-----.----..------nwrodeano Holm---..--.---.--.--- .--.-....------.------obtuaata Lili. ...---....-...----.----.-...----..-..------phuaourrpaPre sl--.-.-.-..------.-...----..------.------..---- X X X X ---- X X X 350-3,SM) C 7-8 Stream-marginsands. podowrpa R. Br. .-.-.....-.-...... Long-awned arcticsedge------.-.-X ---.X X X X ---.2,0004,000 C 7-8 Sedge meadows damp rocky alpine slopes. Ps ra-kfi Komarov-.. .-.-..-.------....-.-.----.------x X ..------.-.------.------.---.---- L 7 Coastal wet sedhe meadows. M rariflora (Wahl.) Smith .....-...... Loose-flowered alpine H X X X X X -.-.X X X 0-3,500 C 7-8 Higher parts of wet sedge meadows out of standing w~W. sedge. 2 rotundato Wahl. -..-..-....-.....-.Round-frnited sedge----- X --..X X X ------X ---- X 0-2, 500 8 7-8 Wet sedge meadows in shallow standing water. 5? mwtria All. ----..---...... -...... Rock sedge--._------.--X X X X -..-X X X 360-3.500 C 7-8 Dry alpine meadowr rubble slo s of limestone and sandstone. seirpoidcn Michx. ---.-----....-....Bingle-spfgo sedge------X X X X X .-.. X X x 0-5,000 A 6-7 Dry meadows alpir;e rubble sKpes of limes ton^ sandstone, W- 8 glomerate, sdale, and chert; also on river sands ddgravels. 0 rtvlosa 0. A. Mey. .-...-.--.....--.--.-..---...-.-...------...------.-X ..-.. -.-. ..-- --.. ---- .--.------.S 7 Sedge meadows Colville and Etivluk Rivers. ?I subspathacca Wormsk. -...-...-----.-.-..-.---.--.------.X X --.--.------..-- .--. ---- .--- 0-8CnI L 7 Coastal wet sedb meadows around point Barrow and Bagavsnirktok River forks. a supina Willd. ssp. 8panfocarpa I.--.--...... -.-.------I I---- I---- 1 X I-.-- I---- I---- I ---- 1 ----I 7 1 Dry south-facing gravel slope at Umiat. ,(Rtnnd- - - -- ., --Hnlt -- -. I 500 I L I n tcnuiflora Wahl. -.------....----.-.------.-..-.---..-.------_-.------_- --.-X -.-.---. ------L 7 Habitat unknoww Umiat area. ursim Dewey -..-.---.-.-.------.---.-----.------.X H ..------.-_--_-- -.-..-.-_-.-- L 7 coastal; habitat &own; Point Barrow eastward. k- va nata Tausch ---.._--.------.....-.-..-..----..------.---.--. ---- X X -.------X .... x 350-5500 8 7-8 Dry meadows. w P'Uiamafi Brit. -----.-.--.-----..-.....-----.---..---.-.------.------X X X -.--.--.. X X 350-2,500 8 7-8 Do. L!! J3rfophommangwtifdium Honck. --... Tall cottongrass ------x X X X X X X X X x 04,000 A 7-8 Emergent hydrophyte of lake margins, stream margins, and wet sedge meadows. dg brachuantherum Tr8utv. -.--.-..-..--.-.....-...-.------_--- .-.-X X X ------H 350-2,200 8 7 Sedge meadows. m callitrfz Cham. ----.-.....-.-...--.Arctic cottongrass------x -.-.X .-.----- X X X X -.-. 0-3.500 8 7 Wet sedge meadows' usually in standing water. k? medium Anders. -..----.....------.-...-..--.--..-.------H ------.-.------.-- .--- --.------.------..--.--..-- Habitat unknown; 1;robably wet sedge meadows; Cape Lisburne. rwaeolum Fries var. Zcucothrta ---...------.--.-.------X X X X ------X X ---- 04,500 S 7 Wet sedge meadows and wet sand along streams. % (Blomgr.) Hult. M rcheuchzeri Hoppe ------...--.-.----Whlte cottongrass -.----- x X X X X X .--.X X X 0-3,500 C 7 Do. 0 u nattbm L. ssp. spfs8um (Fern.) Niggerhesd---.-.------x X X X X X X X X X 0-4,000 A e7 Niggerhead meadows. rolling moist foothtlls; most abundant plant q %"It on the Arctic Slope.' Kobresia &omroidcs (Vill.) Fiori and Bellard kobresia--.------X X X X X X X X X 04,000 C 6-7 Dry slopes and hilltops; sandstone and conglomerate OUtcrOPfJ. Pa0l. * utmpliciweula (Wahl.) Mack. .---, Many-headed kobresia------X X fX X X .-.-X X ---- 0-3.500 C 6-7 Dry slopes and alpine meadows. 5: &frpuacaeapitoaw L ss auutriacw Tufted club-rush.-..------.-- X -.-.X X ---- X ------350-3,000 8 7-8 Wet sedge meadows; usually in shallow standing water. (palla.) ~sch.and draek. Juncaceae: Rush family: e Junw arcticzls Willd. ssp. alaakanw Arctic rush --.--.------.-X H -.-- X x ---- X X X 04,500 C 7-8 Wet sandy margins of streams and lakes. Hult. biglumis L. .-.----.------..-..-----Two-flowered msh ---.------X x x x x ---- x x x 0-3,~0 7-8 Margins of wet sedge meadows;silty frost boilsinniggerheadtundra. castanew Smith ------...------Chestnut rush ------.-X X X X ---- X X X 350-3,m C 7-8 Sandy margins of streams and lskes. trimL. .-Three-flowered rush ------..--.-. ---- X X X .---X X X 35+3,500 0 7-8 Margins of wet sedge meadows. ttczda confwa Lindb. ..----..-.-.-----Northern woodrush ----- x X X X X X X X X X 04,000 C 7-8 Dry meadows, stream terraces, rocky slopes, and crevices. muUiRora (Retz.) Lej. var. frigidcr ------.----.------.-...-_------,-- x ------. X X X EiN-8, 500 S 7-8 Rocky alpine meadows. (Buch.) Sam. nfoaMs Lsest.) Beurl. var. latfldia Snow woodrush------.-- x X H X X X X X X X 04,m C 7-8 Dry meadows and river terraces. (4eLm.I Sam. pardflora (Ehrh.) Desv. .------Small-flowered wood------.--.X ------X ---- .---350-2, 000 L 7-8 Moist sedge meadows, Umiat and Anaktuvuk Pass. rush. wahlenhergii Rupr. -...-.-.--.-.-..-.--..------.------H ---..-.. -.-. ---- ..------.---.Umiat; habitat unknown. Melanthacese: Bunchflower family: Tofieldhcocciw Rich. - .--..------.---Northern asphodel.----- .------X X X ------X X .---6004,000 S 7 Dry rocky alpine slopes and hilltops. pwrillo (Michx.) Pers. ..----.---..-False asphodel------.-X ---- X X ---- X X X 350-3,500 C 7 Margins of wet sedge meadows.

Zygodnaw clegam Pursh -..------.---.-Glaucous zygadenus ------~ ---- X X X X ---- X X X 350-2,000 C 7 Dry slopes, cutbanks, and sandbars. Liliacaae: Lily family: *AUium sibiricum L. -.--.-.-..-.---....Wild chives -..------.--...--- .--- .------.-x ---.------8 7 Habitat unknown; Noatak River valley. W&a serotina (L.) Reich. .----...--..Alp lily..-.-.---.----.-- H X X X X X ---- X X ---. 13-4, 500 C 57 Moist rocky open slopes. TABLB2.-Annot&d ldst of pbnb growing on the Arctic Sbpe of Alaaka-Continued

DhmbUtbm (see ar. 4) -81oW Common name Habitat 0088tal plain -Foothills

a ------4 R orchi- Orohld fsmny: &&Um Mm Chat. ---.----.--..--Coraltoot- ....--...-UUUU ------.X ------.------X ---- 800-4 000 L 7 Mossp damp slo IJdakpuk valley and 8sgsvanirktok River forb. mr*~aa (~tush)~eich. --...-. ~orthernbog orchid-.------.---x ---- x x --.------x L 7 wet sedge mad%s on w slope; moasy floor oi whfte -00 woods along Neat& River. 8.uopoeae: winow faulIl]r: Populw toaombawa Mill. --.------.Balsam poplar -...... ---.--.,--- -..- X X X .-..X X X l,OW4000 8 6-7 Flood lains of major rivem along monntstn front south oi the Cob vine%Uvez and Ignek volley; generall 10-20 ft h- lamat slmg ~T~iverdmimgn, ft higg, el2 in.%eter. ~lq the sou side o! the Bmob- the bslsam poplam eutend III- vaeya sevdmnes farthersthan white rp- Bdtxabmab(Anderss.) Cov. -.-.--.-Feltlealwillow .---.----- .---X X X X X X X X X (04,000 A 6-7 dlongmalorstream vdem sand orWtysonnear-* 2-6 ft high on coastal dl0-25 g high in foothill&2-5 it high abov6 a,mftelevation. cFjlietsouroeoi~o~don~ctio~~opa. ~m0hPm.--.------...-.---- bmtioamov---..-----.----.--. X X X X ---- X X ---- var. a- &dm. ._...... ------...... -...... ------.--.X ---.X X --...-...... X .--I 04,000 0 6-7 River terraa and &y alpine meadom; to 13 in. high. W. Salm .-----,----.-.,.----.------.-.------....- --.. ---- X ------.----.. ---- .--- --La-. --La-...... _...... _...... ------.-...... x .... x x .... x x x Bairn c 6-7 T-. udb- .m ambmslongmal~ri~(vs; H n -ma archPall. .-.,----.----...-..-----Amth ninw .--.,------.--.. X H X ---- X .---X X X M,rn O 6-7 Moist &ymegdm rivsterraoaq rubble dopee of sandshm limesWne;to6in.hjgh.

ardolim~k'sHuit. .---.--..-.-.-----~-.-.~~---.-~..-..k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k' H -..---.. ---- .--.-... ..-. ..------.--,--..--...------.----.. Habitat -horn, Point Lay. hrdavf hndm. "-.------.--.------.--.---.-.------.---.------.X X .------X ---- a50-2,m 8 6-7 Gravel bam along majorrivem; to 4ft high. bafrati&na Hook. var. an#Mfdh .~~~--.---.-.--.---dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdh -.-.------.-X ------X ---.a, 600 8 6-7 Moist alluvial lens from limestone and schist rnombluq found &om hadsna. Canning River east' forming patches 2 ft high. Nrttt.var.mdaeB dl.-----.-.----,-...------.------.-.--- X X ------X ---- ;ISM,m 8 6-7 Rookyslopesofshale'sndIlnz~l-2fthlgh. Andem .--.,------.,.,----.-..--.-...-.------..--.---X ---- X -.------X ---- 1,600-2,rn 8 0-7 ~et~erne~oasandalo~vslle'~;tolithf~h. daerhmmIUch .....---.------.---.------H --.-X X ------X ---- Wa,rn 0 6-7 Flood-plainsands.Wfthigh. &d&rh Hult. --.--.------..------.--..------.------.--.H ------.----- .------.------.--.------Habitat unknow6 Oolville delta. jwww9iJAnderss. ------.--...-.-~-.---...~-----erssersserssersserssersserssersserssersserss H ------.---X X ---- .---.--- .--- 8 6-7 Wetsedgemeadonsandriver~tolfthigh. vff. teducta Ball ....------...------.------..----.------.--,.--. ---- X X .-.----- ..------.---) 350-a,rn gladatid Anderas. ------.------.-...... --..H H ---- .--.------..---- .------.-..--- .Habitat -own, Point Banow to Mackende River. &am L...... ------..---.------H --.----- .---X ------.-- v.a (Hook.) 8 -- --X --X X X --X --X 350-3,000 0 6-7 Sandban along major strew, about 3 ft high. var.glabrcsu~Andersa.----.------...----.------.--.------X -.--.--7 ---- X mackenziana (Hook.) Barratt var. -----.--.----..------.--.------X ---- .-.------3,000 L ---.-.Bandy shm of Shainln JAB. ~ogemmaBall. mvrtillijdta bnderss. --.---.--.----.----.------.-.------.-.-.------X ------.------I, 800 L ---.--Gravel alluvial fan east side of Tnlugak Lake, Ansktuvuk Pass. nipbadada Rydb. ------.---..---.--..--.--..------.---X X X X X ---- X X X 0-3 C 6-7 Sandbars cutbanks small stresm vaUeys' 2-4ft high. oauf dia Trsutv. var. cam&na& ------.--.-.---.------X x ---- H ---- X ------X --.- 0-~OOO8 6-7 ~lood-pl& and coaktal sands; vinelike &owth a few inches high. 8cf;u. pbkbophylh bnderss. .------.------.------. yyyyyyyyyyy E X H X X X .-.-X X ---- 04,000 C 6-7 Dry rocky slopes of sandstone, limestone, and shale; mat shmb to in. hlgn. @ark Wahl. var. sdwyncru* ...-..--...... -.------X x ------X X ---- x x -.-- 0-6.000 C 6-7 Late-mow -; limestone mvfcea; mat shrub to 1 in. high. Rupr. pulcAraChsm.------.---.-----...-----.-.---.---.----.------X X H X X X .---X X X Coastal beaches, sandbars and terrsoes, small stream wlleys, fledge 6-7 t meadows, and 8andstone talus; 1-3 ft high. low. 57 MOM twpameadows; 1-3in. high. wr. 0igantfjoh Ball------.-----.--- .------X X X X ---- X ------0-3,~A mu. drdunda Ball ------...... ------X ---- rlclhrdronii Hook. ------.------.-.------x x x x x ---- x x x 0-3.000 0 6-7 8andham la~mareas,andwetBedsemesdmsalong~tpol~ ridges; b3 ft high. rolundtfdh Trautv. ---...-----.-.-.--,--.---...------tvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtvtv X X X X X X ---.X X ---- 04,000 A M DI'Y mesdowa late-snow amalpine outcro of schist, m, limestam, &d shale; mat shhb $64 in. higr

.wt&U&m Ball ------RORORORORO ------.------RORORORORORORORORORORO --.------..-.------X ------Habitat -own, ItldUik River. a2(Cov. d Ball Ball -- - --x X X x --x x X 360-3,rn C 6-7 Elsndy flood plsinsof malor stresrrm; 1-48 bigh. Betolaesae: Blrch Wy: Alw u&pa (Ait.) Pursh ...... --.-----G al ------X X --X --X 360-2, L 6-7 Green alder followe the valley of the Colville River from Umist west to the mouth of the Ipnavlk River with a few small stands farther west. There Is one Isolated stand on a sandstone outorop aerosa 1 I the Csnning River from bhubllk Springs; 3-8 tt high. B$k& glondubr Mlohr. -..--.-.--.---OIsnduler biro8..-.. .--. ---. naw L. asp. dZi8 (8ukatoh.) Hult. - DwwI Mmh ..---... . . - - - X

Buckwhest family: p°FoaRipia Ohndial I,. .-..--.---.-...--. ------.------H Habitat unknown, probably wet; Point Lay. OE*fa dlqlno (L.)Hill -.--.----...----. Momtein somL .-.--.-- IX Disturbedmclr crevices. and eroded coastal eilt; slpine lateglow srea~;dsmp I nlggpahaad S3IldS. Pbl mum b&torta L. ssp. plumomm Blstort.------.--.------Molst rlwr temess, meadows, and flood-plain (J,sn, Hnlt. rklpotu* L. ...---.------.--.----Alpine bintort ---.-.----- Moist stream vallepa, wet sedge meadoas, and alpine slopes. Rnma clcctow L. ssp. aim (~COP.) QIWU sotrel------Dry, usually south-faciug, eroding slopes. Love. I .n*uTraM ...... --...-- Arctiedock ...... Moist rontng meadows; In wme place8 on bam 8Uty soil erpoasd by I I frost action. Ohed~opodbea: Gooaefoot family: MI*Z. tndtdow (&halt.) Povertyweed ...... Dry south-laoing m&t.une outcrop and rubble dope, 8adlerwhit (f-1 I Rlvet. Pow: Purdme family: Cb to~uro~~&idh Pall. ssp. gramid- 8- be8utl...... -.-----. South-fadm wet meadow Wow 8811dntom ridge south slde of Lake dkHulk Noluck. - MlmeniLua 0.A. Mey. --.-.--.--..Alaska spring beauty- .. ..-. Wet soil; aommonly below latasnon arena in alpine vallem. tuberow Pan. -----.--.---.-.------TuberoussWine~uty. .... Wet meadows in alpine vdlepa in Luke 8chrader area. CaryophyUaarae: Pink family: Arcnath m rfa Poir. -.------.-.-..Beautiful aendwort- -..--.-- Alpine sandy rubble slopes. dicrono&?(O. and 8.) Hult. ------...... Dry alpine rubble slopes around Noluck Weand Thunder Mom- I bin. Habitat unknown. Point Barn and CoIlinson Point in Camden Sr%krs lake shores sandy ooastal Wes,and dry meadows. Bare sandy rubble slob. OknUw rcpcns Wffld. -.-.--.-.-.-----Northern pink ..-.---..----- Alpine crevioas and rubble slopes of sandstone and bestone. Honchya PGproidsr (L Ehrh. ------..8eabeach sandwort..---- X Sandy seashore beaches. Mdandrium a tulum (L.) Fend.-.-.-- Nodding lychnLs.. ------X Dry meadows slopes and sendbars. m HI. - Arctic lyohnis....-. ----- X Dry alpine slopes and sandbars. . - - -- Molst flood-plain sands. ia#loroe (Robins.) Tolm. -.------.-.---.------.-(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC(IC .--- Merckfa bqaodcr (Ftsch.) Flsch. .--.-.-Merckh.. ...--.-.-.---- .--- Sandy flood plains of major streams. ~nw&arelica (ate~.) Asch. and Arctic sandwort.-.------X Dry alpine meadows and sandbass. Orsebn. Mpmo (L.) Bchhand Thell. ...-----.-..-----.------..-- Habitat unknown; Sadlerochit River. &gom (a. and 8.) 8ohtsch. .-.-.--. Ross sandwort-....----- .-.. Bandy flood plains. loricifolh (L.) Eohhz. and Thell. - - Laroh-leaved sandwort.- ..-- Dry rocky alpine slspea. moeracorpa (Pursh) Ostanf. .---.--.Long-podded sandwort.. H Dry meadowa and alpine slopes. oWurUobtl (Rydb,) Houae--.-....--. .------. Habitat unknown. Badledit River. rubella Wahl.) (fnwbn. -..-.------.------H Sandbars and dry )slopes. iwwhringiahpwa (L.1 Fed .------..------. Flood-plain sands, ternmeadoas, at Umiat. ~rni~medio em^...... 1 snow mrlwort ...... H Coastal sandy beaches at Point Barrow. Bilena acaulh L. .-----..------..--.----Moss pJnk .-.-.--- .--..- Dry open slopes hilltops, alpine meadows, and crevice8 in bestone, I x sandstone, and basalt. rcpens Pam. ---.--.---.-----.-.--Pink Caulpion-.---...--. ---. Alpine orevim in sandstone and limestone; Canning River eastward. BWlarfo croasi olfo Ehrh. - ----.---.--..Fleshy starwort .---.----H Wet grassy lake margins. /~mf~u.aaLottb. .-..-.-.----.-.---.I ~oa~hlch~~d .--.---.. H Sandy coastal beaches and lake show. locta Rich. (Including cUiobepoh 8hiWstarwort ------X Sandy flood-plslns, coastal sandy beaches, and alpine meadows. Wntv.). 1 I Habitat unknown, Umiat. no. noMntho Hult. ..--.------...... --.------. ~ry>finerubble slopes. Ranrmculaceae: Buttercup family: Aa*Um dd~hinifdiumDO...... ) M-hmb ...... I.... Moist alpine slopes usually growing with grssses. Am- dnimndndii Wata Anemone I--. Moist sandbarn, &mce meadows, rubble slopes; eastarn part of ----.----.-1 --..-----..----I mountaiu front. mullfccpr (Qreene) Btsndl. ....-----Alaska blue anemone---- X Dry rubble slopes. western part of m0UIltsin front. nordsaflma L. ..--.------.------Narcissus -flowered ---. Dry alpine meadows; central ~a~tof mountsin front. anemone. poruipOro Mlchx. ..------..------.- Northern anemone .----- X Moist alpine meadows and valley slopes; sandbars. pauns L. ssp. muUf~Ua(Pritwl) Pasqmflower-..------Dry hilltops; csntral pa~tof foothills. Zamels. margins OT rfcllarMHook. -...---..-.-.----Yellow anemon8 ..------X Stream in sun shade moist alpine meadows. CbrUkr pdwft* L. vsr. ardfclr (R. Br.) Yellow marsh marigold- Emergent aquatic in shallow, howly moving water; with fl08tiW Huth. leaves at Polnt Barrow. DdpAinium brocb#centrum Ledeb. - .--- Dwarf larkspur.-. -.----H Alpine meadows small damp mmvalleys, rdwslopes. plowurn Wats. ...---.-...-----.--.Olarnus larkspur .-..--- Moist alpine str&m marglna; Oanning River esstwsrd. TABLE2.-Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska-Continued

Distribution 3- (See fig. 4) -a- 82 -+? Arctic Slope Botsnical name Common name Habitat Coastal plain Foothills Mountsins

------Ranmculaceae-Continned Buttercup family-Con. Ranunculus aguatilis L. var. eradicatw White water-buttercup-- .... ---.-.------X .---.-.. ---. .------. 350 L 7 Aquatic in small oxbow lakes around Umist (R.repktns in ~ulm Laest. 1941-50). fimmula L. var. jilibrmis Michx. .. Creeping buttercup ------X ------350 L 7 Semiaquatic in mud- west end of Umiat atrstdp. &idus gsr. and Kir. ------.-...... ---_ ------X ------2,000 L 7 Dry hilltops; Nuka kiver. glacialis L. var. chamissonis -.-.------.-.--.------.-.------.------X --.------4, 000 L 7 Rubble slope; Thunder Mountain. Schlecht. pmdini DC ..-.------.--..------.------.------..-.-. ---- X ---- X ------var. yukonnwkr (Brit.) Benson -.------..-.-.------X X X X X ------X ---.I 0-31 600 a Emergent Or submerged 'quaMc of lake msrm.

hyperboreus Rottb. -.-----.------.....------..------.._-X ---- X ------.-.-1,000-2, 600 S 8 Semiaquaticof sandy lake margins. & piL. Lapland buttercup ------...- X ---- X X X .------X 100-5 500 S 7 Moist mossy valleys and gullies. a& L...... ------.----snow buttercup ...... H x x x x x --- .---x .... O-3,000 c 6 Late-- ruau damp mar&s ofs- &reams. (R nioa1ismdR. 8zllphureu.sarivery similar, and intermediate foms occur.) panasii Scblecht. ------..------Pallas buttercup ------X X H X X X ------.-----.. 0-2, ,500 C 7-8 Emergent aquatic in lake margins. pcdatifcdm J. E. Smith var. aDnb Northernbuttercup.---- ..-- X X X X X ---- X X ---. 0-3,W 0 6-7 Dryslopes. (R. Br.) Benson. g a.- Pygmy buttercup .-.----X X ---- X ---- X ---- -.--X ..-- 0-3,600 C 6-7 Late-snow areas, coastal disturbed areas, and sands.

anbinti R. Br. ------.------.------.-----.------X ------.------..----_--_--_-_--- Habitat unknown Point Barrow. sulphurcur Soland. - ....-.---.-.--.Sulphur buttercup------X H X X X ---- .---X ---- 0-3,600 C 6-7 Late-snow areas, Get valleys of small alpine streams. (lee R. nfwlb note above.) *tarwri Qreene------.----.------.------...... -.--.--. .--..-.. H .. ..--.... .---.-.. ---. ------..---._--.-_------. Habitat unknown. Arctic cosst of Yukon Territory. ~lktmmaZpinumL. Arcticmeadowrue....------.-.-X X X X .---X X X 1,0004,600 S 7 Moist alpine creiioes in sandstone and mestone; wet meadows. Papaveracsae: POPPYfamily: Papaoer&moseum Hdt. -.-.--.------.------.----.---.------X X ---.------X --.. 0-3,600 L 7-8 Sand mounds at Alaktek; glactsl moraine and outwash at ~~k~ Scbrader. macounfi Oreene .,...-..-.-..nf-nfnfnf-Macoun POPPY------.---H X X X X -.--X X X X 0-6,000 C 7 Sandbars dry alpine meadows, mevim and rubble slopes of sand. stone a&dshale. radicatum Rottb. ------.----.Arctic POPPY---.. - -..--- X X X X X X ---- X X -... 0-5,000 C 7-8 Dry meadows, hilltops, sandbars, and outcrops. Fumarlsceae: Fumewort family: Carydalis pauciflora (Steph.) Pen. .----Few-flowered corydalis-- .-.-.--- X X X X ---- X X H 60&3,600 8 6-7 Damp mossy valleys of small alpine strams. Cmciferae: Mustard family: Arab& lyratu L. --..-..----...------Rockcress .------..----- .--_---- .--. X --..------._---..--- -._- 3M)-500 6-7 ssp. kamchah (Fisch.) Hdt. ..-..-.---.--.------.------.._------X X ------.--.---- ) sandbars' Braya purpuresm (R. Br.) Bunge------.------H X X ---- X ------..-.X ---- 60-2,000 L 7 Sandy flood plains at Alaktak limestone talus, Katagtur& ~i~~. Cardamine beuidifolia L-.------. Alpine mess------X ------X - --- X X X X ---- 0-4 600 S 7 Moist alpine meadows sandbhs. microphyUo Ada m...------.. --.------.------...----- H ---- X ------X ---- 1, W-3: 500 S 7 ~oistalpine meadowieast of canning River. pratensis L. -.-..------.----- Cuckoo flower .....------X X X X X X ---- X X .-.- 0-3.500 C 7-8 Wet meadows and lake margins. purpurea 0. and 8. .------..Purple bittercress------.------X X ------1, COO-2,500 S 7 Open wet soil, north-facing alpine slopes westem mountain front. richardsonii Hult. -...------.- ---.--.------.---.------. X X X X X X ---- X X ---- 04,000 C 6-7 Riverterraces,grassyslopes sedgemeadows Cochlcaria officinalis L. ---.------S - - --H X X ------. 0-100 L 6-7 ocean beaches and sandy fliod near coast. Descurainia sophioides (FLsch.) Schulz-. Northerntansy mustard- ---- X X ---- X X ---- X ---..--- 0-2 600 L 7-8 Shale outcrops and freshly eroded cutbanks. Drabs dpino L. .-----.---..------Alpine whitlowgrass------X X ---- X X ---- X X --.- C-3: 500 8 7 Dry alpine meadows and dw slopes. Material partly with white flowers and partly with yellow flowers. chamisaonis (3. Don------...... ---..... ---- X X ------X ------2,000-3,500 S 7 Dry alpine slopes and hilltops. (D. cacsia in Hulth 1941-50.) cinerea Adam.------.------H X ---- X -.------..---- 1,000-3 000 S 7 Dry slopes and hilltops. craa8ifolia Orah. -..--...-.--.------.--.------_.------.-...-_- X ---- X X ------..---- 350.3:~ 8 7 Dry slopes. walatu E. Ekm. ------.------iH ------.-.---_.--_.-----.- Habitat unknown; Icy Reef. flodnizensb Wnlfen.---- -..------.-...------enenenenenenenenenenen .------1.. X X ------X X ---.350.3,600 8 7 Dry alpineslopes. ghbclkr Pursh ------.----.------H X H X X X ---.X X ---- 0-3, 600 C 7 Moist sandy cutbanks (also called D hfrta L ). &&a Adam ----.------..------X X H X ------.----.- .--- _-.- 0-3,000 8 7 coastal sandy beaches and dry alp& laneedlafa Royle ....-.-----.------,------.------.... X X - X X - --- 60-2000 8 7 Siltymoundsalongcosstcutbanka. tongfpes &up ----.------...... _.----- x x ---- x ---- x x ---. 5~43-3:500 7 cutbanks and dry slopas macrocurpa Adams------.-.------H H ------_------Habitat unknown; Point BBR'O~and Oamden Bay. nwdi.9 Lq. --- .------.-..-.------X ------X ---- X X --.- 0-4,O 8 7 Coastal sandy beaches, dry slopes and mevim inlim-ne (Several other doubtful species Draba occnr in Arctic ha.) Ermunia borealis (Oreene) Hult. ------X X ------X ---- 2,W,500 L 7 Barren erodmg slopes of shale and course limestone talus. Byrfmzlm i~~Pi~~m(Wab.) row-e 1 - - X - X X ------350-2,000 S 7 Shale and gravel eutbanks; hmiat and Sadlerochit and Shavlovik MacM. flower. Rivers. poUosii (Pursh) Fern. -.... ---- .----Pailas wallflower.------.---H X X X ---.X X --.. 350-4,600 C 6-7 Dry sandbars cutbanks and rubble slopes. EWsma edwsrdsii R. Br. --.------.-----.....-...------H X X X .---X --.-X X ---- M,000 0 6-7 ~rctieand aliine meaddws. . . LcspwreUa arctica (Worm&.) W8tS. ...I Arctic bladderpod-..--.-(- 1,000-3,000 Well-dralned limestone pebble alluvlal ians east of Canning River. Moist meadow srd.~es,sandbars, and roak orevioas. Sandy stream and Lake margins.

Coarse dry alpine mbbIe slopes and crevices in sandstone, limestone, var. intcprifolia Drurey ------+--. -....------. and conglomerate. var. media Drurey --.-.------.----.------.-----..------. Var. intcgrijolia all along mountain front' var. media along eastern var. porsildii Drurey ------.------. mountain front; var. porsiklii in central hountaln front near An&- tuvllk Pass. Thlas iarctifum Pors. ------.---.....Arctic pennycrass .-.---. Only a few plants found; Sadlerochit River terra. ~oruiriahumilis (C. A. Mey.) Bchulz- Northern rockcress-.-.-. Sandbars, Umiat and Eagavanirktok River. Crassulaceae: Orpine family: Sadum roseilm (L.) Soop. ssp. intcgrij* Rose root --.-.------.-. Dry coastal meadows and dry sandstone ridgea; Badlerochit River to Num (Raf.) Hult. Barter Island. Baxiiragaceae: Sariirage family: Chruso8plcnium iowensis Rydb. ,--.--. Water-carpet------.---. Thls species is yellowish and bas 8 stamens. 811t mounds at Alak- tak; coastal wet sedge meadow at Barter Island ktakturuk River. tctrandrum Th, Fries--.---..--..--- Northern water-carpet.. Semiaquatic, margins of ponds, slowly moving &reams, and seepage areas. wrightii Franch. and Sav. ..---..-..Bering Sea water-carpet. Moist alpine outcrops of shale and sandstone; silty frost boils in nig- gerhead meadows. Parnassia kotzcbuei C. and 8. .----...--Kotzebue grass of par- Moist soil along streams. nassus. palustris L. ,.,-.--.-----..--.-----Northern grassof-par- Sandy and silty flood plains. nassus. Saxifraga bronehialia L. ssp. fwstonii Spotted saxifrage------. Dry alpine meadows, ridges, rubble slopes, and crevices in sandstone, (Small) Hult. limestone and shale. eoespitoua L. ssp. tfkncflora ..-.-...... -,--.------. Coastal sanhy beaches, sandbars, late-snow areas, and:crevices in (Sternb.) Hult. sandstone and limestone. mnuu L. --.----..----...--.------Nodding saxifrage-.----. Wet SOUalong streams; wet sedge meadows. davurica Wffld. as grandipebla Purple saxifrage.------. Alpine moist rocky slopes; crevices in sandstone, shale, and schist. (~ngl.apd Irm.) gut. eschscholtz~~Sternb. .---.------.--.Ciliate saxifrage --.----.. Alpine crevices in limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and basalt. Dry alpine meadows, mountain slopes of limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and basalt4 foliolosa R. Br .-...-.....-.-.------. .--.----.-.----..-.------.-. Wet meadows late-snow areas. hicracijolia Waldst. and Kit. -.-.... Hawkweed-leaved mi- Moist valleys kdmoist rolling meadows frage. Aircubs L. ....-..--..----.------Yellow marsh saxifrage-. Wet sedge meadows. nioalis L. ..-.-....-.------.------Alpine saxifrage..------. Dry meadows and rubble slopes. opposftifolia L. ----.--..------....-. Purple mountain saxi- Moist rocky alpine slopes, crevices in sandstone, limestone, shale, frage. schist, and basalt; late-snow areas, silty frost bolls in niggerhead 1 meadows. plcnetata L. ssp. nclmiana (D. Brook saxifrage-..-.--... Valley and upland meadows, river terraces, and cutbanks. Don) Hult. radiata Small----.--.--..------. -..----...-----.------. Habltat unknom coastal. refleza Hook. --.-.-.-..-.-.--- .. . -. Yukon saxifrage.---.--. . Dry rubble slopes.'cutbanks, and crevices in sandstone,:conglomerate, schist, and gabbro. rioularid L. ....-.-..-...... ------I Alpine brook saxifrage.. Coastal sandy beaches, late-snow areas:in small alpine valleys. cerp~llijoliaPursh-...... -. Thyme-leaved saxifrage. Moist alpine rubble slopes of sandstone and shale. *apicata D. Don .-..-...... Spiked saxifrage...... Tundra meadow John River at Hunt Fork. tricudpidala Retz. -...... Three-toothed saxifrage. Cutbanks, ridges, dry rubble slopes, and crevices in sandstone, con- glomerate and limestone. unalaschensid Sternb. .--.-.-.--.-... Unalaska saxifrage----.. Habitat unknom Cape Lisburne. Thcrojon richardaonfi (Hook.) Kze..--. Richardson saxifrage--.. Moist rocky alpin; slopes, usually along base of north-facing slopes. Grossulariaceae: Gooseberry family:

Ribea tristc Pallas -...----..---laslaslaslaslaslaslaslaslaslas Red currant ------.---. South-facing brush slopes; Umiat Mountain; Tulugak Springs in Anaktuvuk Pass. Rosaceae: Rose family: Dryas integrijolfa Vahl. .. ..-----.----.- Entire-leaved mountain Moist to wet meadows, niggerhead tundra, and clay slopes. avens. octopetala L. .------.---..--.--.___Eight-petaled mountain Dry alpine meadows and rubble slopes of sandstone limestone, and avens. conglomerate. Most abundant plant along mountsin front. Qeum glaciale Adams .-.-----.---..-----Glacier avens-....------. Moist alpine meadows and talus, especially on north-facing slopes. rossii (R. Br.) Ser. --.--.------.--- Alpine avens -.------Moist mossy river terraces. PotcntilZa biflora Willd. - .------Two-flowered cinquefoil. Dry rocky slopes and crevices in sandstone and limestone. elegans C. and S. ..-----.-.-.--.---Pretty cinquefoil ----.--. Moist crevices in sandstone and Umestone on high mountaintops. emerginata Pursh-.. ------< --.------Arctic cinquefoil------. Moist meadows cutbanks, end talus slopes. jrticL I ~undrrtyellow rose ----. Cutbanks, brush slopes, and wooded flood plains. hookeriana Lehm. ------.---.---.--.--..-----.------Cutbanks and rubble slopes. muUifida L...... Cut-leaved cinquefoil. .. Dry cutbanks, Canning River eastward. nivea L. --..---...------Snow cinquefoil.-----_-- Cutbanks and rubble slo~es. pahatris (L.) Scop. ------.-Purple marsh cinquefoil. Wet sedge meadows andiake margin emergent aquatic. pulehe& R. Br. ---..--.----_--..------.------Dry coastal meadows. unipora Ledeb. ------.-..-.---.---One-flowered cinquefoil- Dry meadows and rubble slopes. vahlfana Lehm...... Dry cutbanks, alluvial fans, and rubble slopes. oirgulata A. Nels. .--.------.-----..------Gravel cutbanks; Umiat and Sadlerochit River. TABLE2.-Annotated list of pknts growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska-Continued

D~bu~ ;a (8ee@. 4)

Amuo Slope Botanical name Common name Habitat Coastalpls$l Foothills Mountalna level) 8

------SasaoesbCon~ued Rose famlly-Con. Rosa miatlark LindL -.-.-..-.------.Pfickly rose .------.--.------X ------.------WO L 7 South-facing sandstone talus slo at Umist. Ruhd arctimu L...... Arctic dwarf raspberry-...... X .... X ...... 1,W%000 L 7 Wet meadows around ~h~blik~ringsin Cuulng River and Tulugak Springs in Anaktu Pas.

clkrmaemmm L. ------Cloudbemy ------(MC(MC(MC(MC(MC H X X X X X ---- X X X 0-3, WO C 6-7 Frost mounds in wet meadows usually wlth sphagnum moss. Spiraea bawrdiafla Schneid ------.-Beauverd Spiraea ------X X ------X --.-3504,000 L 7-8 Bare silty landslidas on Red aiu at Umiat south-- mountstn slopes between Canning and ~adlerochtthi-. Legumino888: Pea hrmily: Aaba&w dpinw L. .--.------..--Alpine milk vetch ----__. X X X X X X ---- X X X 04,600 0 7 tisndbars, dry slopes. eucoanw Robin. ------.--Pretty milk vetch ------X X X X ---- X ------350-2,WO 8 7 Flood plains in sun or shade. weHult Lepage milk vetch ------X X X X ---- X X X 350-3,000 C M Dry rubble slopesandwdbars. flutzotineasia Rougqeau ------Sicklepod milk vetch------.---X ---- .------. X ---- X ---- 1,600-3,WO 8 7 Sandbars and rubble slopes. u-8 Bunge------.----- Hairyarcticmilkvetch H X X X X X ---- X X ---- 04,544 C 6-7 Sandbarsinsunorshsdeanddampslopes. Hulua~1mdphtumL.ssp.amer&mum American hedyssrum--.. ---- .-.-X X X X .---X X X 3604,000 C 7 Sandbars in sun or shade and alpine rubble slop. (Michx.) Fedtsch. H. maekmnr Rich. ------..------.-- Wild sweet pea ----.------H X X X X ---- X X X 0-3,000 0 7 Sandy flood plains. htbp'ua nrcmhmw (L.)BigeL Beech pes ------.------H ---- .------Habitat unknown; coastaL Lumw arcticud Wats. ------.-----A~cticlupine------X X X X X X .---X X X 0-2,600 0 7 Moist ssndbars and cutbank& in patches in some places. Wtropisdu@a (Pall.) DO. .------.------opisopisopis-opisopisopisopisopis --.------X X ---.---- X x 350-2,000 B 7 Sandbsrs. gracilid (Nels.) Schum. ------..--Northern yellow oxy------X X X X ---- X X .---3604,WO C 7 Sandbars, cutbanks, and alpine rubble slopes. bps. n Pors. .------.------...------...- X --.--.------X ------1,800 L 7 Valley meadows in Anaktnvuk Pass. =b Pors. .------KohlnasmounCainoxy- --..------X --.----- X ---- X 1,W2,600 L 7 Dry meadows, Oolamnagavik River and Howard Psas. tmpe. ko#ukuken& Pors. -..--.------.---..------.--.---..------X --.---.- X ---- .------x Wl,WO 8 7-8 Flood-plain sands. kueantlio (Pall.) Bnnge ------...------H X ---- X X X .---X X ..-. 0-3, WO 0 7 Bandy flood plains and dry sbpes. a TUV. H --X X --X --x X - WOC 7 Sandbars and alpine rubble slopes. nrcttnuMno Turm.--..----.-----.- .-..----.-.-.------..--X ---- X ------X --.-10004,WO 8 7 Dsmp alpine meadows, alluvial fans, and shale outmops. ~~ (Pall.) Fkh. .------..Black owtrope .-.------.------.--...------H H asp. pcncrca Pall.) Hult. .------..------.------X ------X X ---- river te-l asp. $tgcpRikr Lult. ----.-.-----.--.------...---.------.------X X X X ---. X x X 35063506000 rcommaniana Hult. ------.-..---.------.------.------.------X ------3,100 L 7 Rocky west-facing slope east side of Kurupa Laice a Nu.-- Viscid orptrope- -- .------.------X ---- 1,600-2,500 L 7 Alluvial sands, 8agadktokand Bhavfovik ~iv&. Linscese: Flax famlly: Lkumwemw L. asp. lcmwii (Pursh) Wild flax------.--X ------600 L 7 South-facing sandstone talus at Umiat. Hult. Em trsease: Crowberry famlly: ~mpcaumfl~mL.----.----.-.--.-.- Crowberry -.------X ---- X X X X ---- X X X 06,000 C 6-7 Moist rocky a1 ine slopes and creviess in sandstone, shale, schtst, gabbro, and c%ert;ah in mofst meadows. Violaqeae: Violet family: Vwk eigsib Wb. ssp. repcnr Northm marsh vlolet------X ------700 L 6-7 Moist meadow, stream margin beneath wfflow shrubs, Shaviovik CTum.) Be. River. Elaeagnaeeee: Oleaster family: HwAmdh Canah& (L.) Nutt. ----- hpbe~------X X -.--X X X 350-2,000 0 6 River sandbars, usually in willow thickets. Onaatao8ae: Evenlhg-p&umse family: ~urnp~olWi/dhcmLam. ------Pimpernel willow4mb------X ---- X ..-..------0-2,500 8 7 Bare damp silt of frost boils in nlggerhead meadows. ta/dtum L. .------.-.w -- --- X --X X --X X X W,WO S 7-8 Cutbanks,sandy lakeshoresand,alpinesbpof shaleandsandstma ------hdbar~weed------x x X X X ---- x X X 06,000 A 7 ~oisto n sand-and ~slopes. bfocorplm Haw6Im. .------.------.-.------X ---- X ------1,W2,000 L 7 Wet so~roundShublik Springs in Canning River valley and Tnlu- gak Springs in Anaktuvuk Pass. & - Swam willow-herb------.-..------.---- X X ---- X ---- X 350-5600 8 7 Margins of wet meadows. are's taiffsnily: HimtU btrapngllo L. .-.------.-.-- -- Mare9 tail------.-. - X ---.H ------.------.----- .--.------Habitat unknown, probably a lake margin. WarfaL. ---..------.------Commonmare'stail ..... H X X X X X ---- X X H 04,000 C 7-8 Emergent aquaticof lakemargins. Umbelliferae: hrrsley family: Bu,j.wm amerhmum Coult. and Through-wax..-----.--- --..---- X X X X ---- X X X 04,000 C 7 Rocky slopesand talus of sandstone, limestme, shale, conglomerate, and chert also alluvial 8mda Conioadintum cnidiWibcm Crura.) Dawson hemlock-pars- -.------X X X X ---- X X X 35O-2,600 8 7 Dry slopes,'~~tbauks,high par& of sandbars. PymE: Wlllterpleenley. family: OM- ufliMa (L3 Gray ..---..-----Waxtlower ---.------.-.---- .------,--X WO L 7 Mossy floor of white spruce forest on NoseRiver terracs; and John River at Hunt Fork. Large-flowered winter- X X H X X X ---- X X 7 I Damp mossy meadows along river ~Ileb. green. one-sidedwin------.--.X X X ---- X X 7 Do. Ericaceae: Heath family: 1 Ar&alobu$ifoM4Andromeda L. ------.Bogrosemary---.------X X X X X ---- X X Wet sedge meadows abng river valleys. DIT fd~iIleS~D~S. dIY bevel abn~rfV8I bIIl3W, sand-. and mV- d*cl (L.) SP~.ssp. I Al~be8Ib0lTy.--.--- X x X X X x ---- X x ih rubraElilt. - - - i& sari-e aridllm63tone.- uw-urai (L.) 8 rpmg. ------.------Gram aloine meadow. northeast side of Csnninn Rlvet WW N. ~aaaiopetetragono D. ~on 8now~c'umulation a& in deptessions and OK north-- &pen; K.) .--.-----. moist meadows; alpine erevices in sandato~~,ad llmeatane. Wet sedge meadows along ColvlUe River at Umlat. LcdumpdurbrL ssph~&~(Alt.) Narrorr-haved labrador X X X X X X ---- X B-7 ~iver-tanammeadows and ~ru~h-covered*pea. Hult. tea. 1 lh&kurja prorm- L ) Dm. ----. Alpine azalea------X ------X X ---- X wm m- &=. ------.Swamp cranberry.-...------..------x ------. IUddsndron kpponieem (L.) WahL .. Laplandrhododendron-- X X ---- X X X -.--X VacciniemdiginoaumL. --..------.Bogblu~b011~ ----.------X X X X X X ---.X Cutbanlrs, shrub meaEs, wet 6edge meadows, and rooky alplne r#fs&m L. ssp. minw Lodd. -.--. Mountaineranberrp ..--X X X X X X ---- X 6-7 1 Moist:ea7;ws. nlggerhead meadows, damp rocky slopes, and river-terrace 7 I Rocky alpine slopes and 88ndstone ridges. 6-7 1 Dry barren slopes and rocky alpine meadows. hhmannha 8 ieng.) Hult. - ochotmrb Pfl8d. .---..------..----Plnksndrossce ----.------.-- X X X .---.--- X X acptcntr&marbL..------.------.---...-.------X X X X ---.------X Do&chonfri umC.and8 ..------. Bhwtingstar .--.-..-..--..--X X X X X ...- X X ---. *Douglosia ardeHook. ------..-.~~~~~~..~--..-----loslosloslosloslosloslosloslos- -.------H ---- .------. Pr(mu& kredb Duby. .------Northern rimmm.. --.. H -.--X ------..--...- ---. cgdihel~iaworm&. ~reen~anct'primrom-.... x x x ....--.------. ---- -.------. tuvuk Pass. Habitat unborn. Cape Lisbume. behultschorum Kjellm. .------.--. ------..~.-.---.--UUUUUUUUUU- .....I Plumbaginaeeae: Leadwork family: Armefia maritima (Mffl.) Wllld. .----.. Sea plnk -.------.------7 Dry wastal meadows east of Point Barrow; Nostak River sandy I terrace. Oentisnaceae: Qentlsn famfly: Umtiana ghwa Pall. .--.--..-...-----.Glauwus gentian -.-.----X -.------X X ------X ---. M,000 7 Arctic and alpine silty erosion slopes and gulllea. propfnpwRich .------Four-partedgentlan .------.-- X X X X ---- X X X W,WO 7 Dry slopes and alluvial sands. rodHe Moss gentian ---.------.... -.------X ---- X X ---- l,W,WO 7 Dry alpine slo sand flood-plain sands Ansktuvuk Pass esstward. *LomatogoniemrotPhcm (L.) Fries M ewo------2. 000 7 Collected sougof Ansktuvuk Pass at John River and Hunt Fork ---..- junction in grassy meadow. 7-8 Emergent aquatic in shallow pond margins around Umiat and I Ssgawnirktok River. - - -. -- .- - Phlox famlly: rn awrfca L. - ...... 8iberlan phlox. -.--....---.----- X Dry alpine slopes, cutbmks, and sandbars. Fdemonium ocuNhm Wffld. .------Jacob'sladder -----.-----X X X Grassy meadows. bore& Adama .-.-----...--.------Northern Jacob's ladder. -..----- X Dry sandy slopes, cut-, and sandbars. Borage family: Mountain forgetmenot- -...---- X 6 Dry hilltops rubble slopes and C~YSlopes. danirmlr DO ....-.-.-..-..------...... ---- 6 Dry hllltops)and rubble slo)pas 81'0und hkd0lUk. Mnkuia maritfma (L.) Gray------Sea lungwort------H X g 7-8 I Coastal sandv beaches. -inJalo (Alt.) Don ------Tall lungwort ------7 Floor of &&m poplar woods Nose Rlver tamace. MM+L dputr* 8obmldt asp. adaiica Forget-me-not --...... -1 H l---l X 7 I &page areas and along mo&tain streems. veasrw. 8m h-. Flgwort family: tdi& C bororca Pd..------.--.-.------.-...--- -.-- X 7-8 alpine mmeadows and rabble slope^. pad& 6 8 g. ------Pale psintbb__------I 'asp. a* ---.---.---.----...... ------&Ed, ---- 7 Sandbars and dry rabble slopea. dapanr (OstW.)Pennell-.------..---.---..--..------H X H H LsT #hum Gaertn. var. at6l&ri (0. ------.---..--..--.------.H X X C-7 I Moist valley meadows, seepage areas, and motst rubble slopes. 57 Moist to dry meadows and flood plal~~. 7 1 Mossy slopea and river UM. lanataC.and8 .--.------.----.-...Woolly loumwort -..---- 8-7 Dry arctic and alpine meadows and hilltops snd rabble dopea. langadmfri Fisch. --.-----.------.Arctlcloumwort --.ctlcctlcctlcctlcctlc 57 I Mofst meadows and rlver terrama lappnieccm L. ----,---.--.------Lapland lousewort-. - - - - 7 Damp meadows. o&rf Vahl.-.--.-----.------..------7 Wet sedge meadows In Anaktuvuk Pass. pmdHnlt. ------.------.--..------.. x ---. 7 Wet sedge meadows and wet sop Urntat and Anaktuvuk Pass. &+n Wllld...... Bog lousewort------H x X X 7 Bedge bogs commonly an emergkt aqnatic in 3-6 in. of water wrbdlloto L. ..--.-..----.----..----Verttdllate-1eavedlome- 11111.---x x H 7 8andbsrs ahd river terrsces; from Umlat eadward. ~laddWaktfamily: Hairy butterwort ...------.------. 7 8llty sol1 at pond msrgins. Common batterwort -.-.--.- ..-- ..-- ---. 7 Wet bare silty soil next to amall lakes and wet aadge meadom. Bladderwort-. .--.------.. .------Submerged aquatic in about 3 ft of water in small oxbow l&ea around I //I/ / Umlat. OmhW Broomrape family: ~Lfo101rfoo(C.and8.)Fedtsch.- Poqne-.-.---.-.------.---..-. -..- -..- X --.------.----- X 7 Pardtic on dudlow roots of Alnw a*go and probably with same dtsfributlon (whlch me). PEBntllghmm: Plantatn family: Plonbpo anmen#Am ..-.----.-.--- I Plank&#.,-.-.----tsintsintsintsintsintsin ~~~~~~~~~~------.-X ---.X ---.-... .-.- -.-- --- 7 I Gravel cutbank% Umlst and 8havbvik River. TABLE2.-Annotated list of plants growing on the Arctic Slope of Alaska-Continued Cn 0 a Distribution 9 (see fig. 4) -2- sP ~rcticslope B Elevation 2 Ej Botsnioal name Common name m range (feet $;; Habitat Coastal plain Foothills Mountains 4 above sea 8 a a --4 Cr Rubfacsae: Madder family: Qdiup bore& L. ---.---.-.-..-.-.-----Northern bedstraw.-.------X ---- X ------X -500 L 7 Gravel flood plains and cutbanks;,Umlat and Ssgavenirktok Rivnr. trafidum L. ..---.----.--.------Small bedstraw--_-.------.------X ------.-.--- .--. ---- 350 L 7 Wet sedge meadow, Unuat. Caprifoliaceae: - Honeysuckle family: Linnaea borealis L. .--.----.-.---.-.... TMower -----.------.------X ---- .------. X 1,000 L 7 Habitat unknown Shublik Springs in Canning Rivw Valley. Vhrnum sduk (Michx.) Raf. -...-...- Highbush cranberry--..- -.-. .--. ..-- -..- ---- X ------.X 1,000 L 7 Wet rocky slopes) around Shublik Springs; sandstone s1ope:alow Noatak River. Valerianace,ae: ValdlUl family: Vdrriana mpWa Pall. .-.----..------Ca itate valdlUl .--.---X X X X X X ---- X X X 0-3,MW) C 7 Moist to wet valley meadows. aampanu~scese: ~1uebeEfamily: Campanukr lasiocarpa Cham. --.------.Mountaln hairbell-.------X ---.X X ---- X ------X 1,W3,000 C 7-8 Moist slopes Anaktuvnk River westward. noraL. ------Arctic hairbell .---..---.--.-X ---- X ------X X X ---- 0-3,500 S 7 ~ryrocky o; sandy slopesand dry meadows. Compositae. Composite family: AchiUea borealis Bong. .-..-..---.-----.Northern Yarrow ..-..---.-- X X ---- X X ------3504,500 8 7-8 Valley meadows from Umiat eastward. lanubaa Nutt. -.-.-.------.------~~~.--~~---I)I)I)I).I)I)I)I)I)I) .-....-. -.-- .... X .--.---. .-.. ---- .... 350 L .-----~abitat unkno& Umiat. AntennariaalashnaMslte------.------.------X X ---- X ---- X ---- X 1,000-4,000 C 7 ~ubbleslopesand~evicesinllmestone,ssndstone,and~mn~lomer~~. anqmfata Grreenm. -- .---.-.---.------.----.-.------X - - -- X ------X ------. 0-3,500 L 7 Dry slopes and shale outcrops around Noluck Lake. cnmpacto Malte --.------.------.-.-..---... ------X ------X ---- M,000 8 7 South-fs,cingsiltyslopesof Red HUat Umiat;rocky mountaintopat Lake Peters. ekmniana Pors. .-----.----.------.--.-.------.------.--.X ------X ---- .--. 500-3,000 S 7-8 Dry sandy slopes and alpine meadows. isolcpia Greene---.------.------.------.---- X -.--.--- ...------350 L Habitat unknown; Umiat. philunipha Pars. ------...... ------X ------.----- 350 L ------Do. sdcanwcena Ostenf. .------.--.---.------.-.------X ---..------X ---- 3504, WO S 7 Dry rocky mountain slope at Lake Peters. Umiat. Arnica dpina Olin. var. augmtlfolia A ----X X -- X ---- X X X 350-3, MY) C 7 Dry ridges and slopes, open willow woodslalong floodplsins. Fern. Icssfngii (T. and G.) Omne------.-.----.------..------X X X --.-X X ---- 35&3,500 C 7 Dry slopes, cutbanks, and flood plains. lourseano Fsrr asp.jrigtda (Mey.1 ----.---.----.--.------.-X X X X ---- X X X I33, 500 0 7-8 Rubble slopes, dry alpine meadows, flood-plain sands. Mag. Aricmisia daskana Rydb.------Wormwood ------.--.------X .--.---- -.--..------350 L 7-8 Sandbars along Colville Rlver at Umist. ardica Less...... ------.--..-.-.------X H ------.-- X ---- ssp.comata(~ydb.)~ult.------.------x x x x x x x x x ----I Wm sandycutbanks~~ndbars~mOistmeadOws~ borePa --X --X X X ------X 50-2,500 S 7 Sandbars and sand dunes. frigkia Willd. .------.------.-.-.------.-.--- -.------X ------1, WO-2,000 L 8 Shale and outcrop-cutbanks along Sadlerochit River. gbbuloria Cham. ----.-.------.-.------.--.------..------.-X ------.----- X ------2,000-3,500 L 7-8 Crevices in sandstone and limestone, dry alpine meadows, and al- luvial fans; Noluck Lake to Anaktuvuk Pass. glomerata Ledeb. -.--.------..---..-----..------H ------X ---- X ---- X X ---- 1, MX)-5,000 C 7-8 Alpine rocky slo es alluvial fans and dry alpine meadows tUe8iiLedeb. ..-----.---.-.-.------.------.---.------X ---- H X X X ---- X X X @-4,000 C 7 Cutbanks sandgar; sand dunes) and alpine rubble slopes of md- stone, she,chert:and congloderste. Aar8L.--- Siberianaster ------.------X X X X X ---.X X X 133,500 C 7-8 Alluvialsands,cutbanks,dry slopes. Chtysanthemum arcticum L. ssp. polaris -----.--....------H -.--H H ---- -.------..-- -..------..--.------..----Habitat unhown; coastal. Hult. Ruronmse (Nutt.) Hult. ---.-----.-Lake Huron tansy------X ------60 L 7-8 Flood-plain sands, Ikpikpuk River delta. Also known from lower Colville River. rijoimRich. ------X X X X --X --X X -- 0-3,000 C 74 Coastal dry ridges and dryalpine meadows. Crapianana Rich. --.-----.------.------.-----.--.-.------X X X X ---- X X X 3W,000 0 6-7 Shale outcropsand dry sandy flood plains. Erigcron eriocephalua J. Vahl------Arctic erigeron.-.------H X X X X X ---- X X ---- 04, 500 C 7 Dry meadows, cutbanks, and sandbars.

~ndifi~rzlsHook. ..-.-.------.--.-.------.12121212121212121212------.--H X ---- -.------X ---- 1, C00-2,500 L 7 Canning River, Noluck Lake south-facing rubble slope. umtlfd Grah. --..--.------.------.------.------X .---X X X X --..X X X 04,500 C 7-8 Sandbars cutbanks and meadows. hyperboreus Greene.------..------.------X ------2,500 L 6-7 Dry rubdle slopes, &oluck%ke muirii Gray-----.----.-.------.--.------.------X ------X ------2, 00(t3,500 L 7 Dry limestone alluvial fans and kbble slopes. prpratua Greene---.-.------.-.---.---ptlptlptlptlptlptlptlptlptlptlptl ------X X ------.------X 35&2,600 S 7-8 Sandbars. *yukonmisRydb. -.-.------,..--.------.--.------X ------.------Matryaria anbigua (Ledeb.) Kryl. .--- Arctic ~mile------.H X H ------10 L 8 Moist meadow at Anderson Point in Camden Bay Petasltes jrrpadus (L.) Fries .------.-.-ArcticMgrhubarb------X X X X X X ---- X X X 0-3,500 A 6-7 Poorly drained lowlands, wet sedge meadows, seepage areas, and along tundra streams. hyperboreus Rydb. ---.-.------.--.------.------H ------.------Habitat unknown, probably wet Umiat. Saw8urea anuustifolioDC. ...------.--.--..--.------X X X X X X ---.X X X 0-3,500 C 7-8 Moist meadows and river terrace's. oisrida Hult. var. yukonensis (Pors.) -.---.-.----...---.------.H H ------.----- X ---- .------4,000 L 7 Sandstone crevices; Thunder Mountain. Hult. Snucio doakontn Hult. -...----.---.-.-..---.------.-.------.---- -... Moist meadows- Oanntng Biver eastward. &mdeb. . 1 htio.mrrO ...... Moist meadow&d flood pisins. SSD rbfdtn oh.) Hnlt. wr.-tdm&h& (K h.)Hult. ...-.-.--.-.------..------I---. Dam rocky alpine mesdows and rnbble slopes congm R. Br.) $0. --..----.--Marsh fkabane ..--.----X Sandkrsand wet meadows; weed on dlaturbed bil at Umlet airstrip. ftncatw (lord. I lorn.) Hayek ---.1...... ------.---- I.... Dry meadows; Noluck Lske and dnaktuvuk Pam. hypertmrdia Qrm.------...... ---. Cntbanlrs. Umiat and Canning River. Zqltn8 Rich, ----.------...... H ~utbanks'sandbars and open wfflow woods along major streams. rededifdiw Wsa. ------.------. Moist mddows and'cntbangs. 8dMopo rnWradfdaAit. ------.-Nortbedn goldenroh ------. Cutbanks flood plains and open willow woods. Tarazacurn abrkanum Rydb. Dandellan ------. silty sea& muthwd of arrow; silty dry slopes inland.

eur lcprurn Dahlst. ------.-.--....------,------2~2~2~2~2~2~2~2~2~2~ ---. fed& HagL - ..-.------.---.-----.------,,------.-. hmcrardicum Dshlst...... ------.---.. ------icuicuicuicuicuicuicuicuicuicuicu ---. kccrum Qme..-...-...---.---.--- ,,-..------.------.-. lahitiurn Dahlat. ------.------.-----H Dm il&w and rubblc maurokvkm HaaL --.--..---.-----.-.-.------,.,------I ---. 52 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PET ROLE^ : RESERVE NO. 4, ALASKA, 1944-53 Plants collected by the writer were distributed as most of those found in both the coastal plain and the follows: The first set is deposited at the herbarium mountains. of the University of Minnesota; sample sets of duplicates In the western part of the Arctic Slope there are 288 were sent to the U. S. National Herbarium, Washing- species, in the central part 382, and in the eastern ton, D. C.; the National Herbarium of Canada, Ottawa; part 356. The western part is relatively poor in the National Museum of Sweden, Stockholm; Iowa species, partly because of its limited mountain environ- State College, Ames; and the University of Alaska, ment. The central part is richest, as it contains a Fairbanks. considerable overlap of species from east and west and Botanical names, in general, follow HultBn's flora also from the south, for species seem to have migrated (1941-50). Several botanists assisted in determining north through low passes, such as Anaktuvuk. It also plant species of the following groups: contains the Colville River valley with its highly Botanist Determination developed flora. The eastern part is relatively rich J. P. Anderson------General determinations because of its well-developed mountain flora. C. R. Ball ...... Salza: L. Benson ...... Ranunculus As shown on the table, elevation range includes the W. H, Drury ...... Smelowskia known range of all species. Abundance is relative in G. Haglund ...... Taraxacum terms of "abundant," "common," "scarce," or "local" C. L. Hitchcock -,------Draba E. HultBn------General determinations for each species as it occurs on the Arctic Slope. A. E. Porsild ...... Antennaria C. 0.Rosendahl------_------Chrysosplenium The flowering period is described in terms of num- J. R. Swallen...... Some grasses bered months. The growing season for most plants on the Arctic Slope is from mid-June to mid-August, Common names, in general, follow Anderson's flora although several kinds of plants are actively growing a (1943-52). Final selection of all names, botanical and few weeks before or after this period in favorable common, was made by the writer. locations. The growing season is shortened locally As of 1951 there were known to be 439 species (table where the climate is more severe, as along the coast 2), representing 154 genera, and 53 families, of higher cooled by the Arctic Ocean, in places where snow per- plants-on the Arctic Slope. The largest families are- sists late into summer, and high in the mountains. Famtlfrr Genera S9ecies Mild freezing during the growing season has little Composites------14 51 Sedges------4 49 visible effect on the plants, but occasional severe frosts Grasses------41 in midsummer cause injury to many kinds of flowering Mustards------15l6 31 Pinks------11 28 plants. In August 1948 the effects of mild frost, severe Willows------2 27 frost, and snow cover on plants were observed at about Buttercups------6 24 Saxifrages------4 24 1,000 feet elevation along the Sadlerochit River. Roses---,------6 20 I During the middle of the month, snow accumulated Peas------5 20 to a depth of 6 inches, accompanied by temperatures The largest genera are- a few degrees below freezing. The snow persisted on Gelzcla Species Genera Specie8 I tundra-covered lowlands but soon melted on sandbars Carex------38 Drabs------12 and rocky slopes. This mild freezing had no noticeable SalQ ...... 26 hytropis------11 effect on lichens, grasses, and the leaves of woody Saxifraga ------18 Poa ------11 Potentilla ------12 Pedieularis ------9 plants. Snow protected dense low vegetation, but on snow-free sandbars and outcrops there was frost wilting The "Distribution" column in table 2 is designed of flowers and leaves of plants, such as epilobium, to compare the kind and number of species within artemisia, aconitum, saxifrage, and ferns. Plants in each of the three physiographic provinces, and from bud or gone to seed showed less frost damage than west to east. The distribution list of the Noatak plants in full bloom. Later in the month the temper- drainage basin was added merely because scattered ature dropped to 14OF on a clear cold night. The collections were made from this relatively unknown snow continued to protect much of the dense low area. vegetation, and in wet places the water protected The coastal plain contains 284 species, the foothills emergent aquatic plants from freezing. However, 390, and the mountains 316. Thus, the foothills have practically all herbs on sandbars were killed or severely the richest flora, for two principal reasons: first, the wilted, and even the young leaves of willows were foothills climate is warmer and better suited for plant wilted. growth than the other two provinces, and second, Habitat includes the various kinds of places where within the foothills there are local habitats similar to the plants have been found growing. VEGETATION OF THE ARCTIC SLOPE, OF ALASKA

TABLE3.-Important and conspicuous lower plants on the Arctic Slope Botaniea lnamc Common name Habitat Algae: Nostoc sp------...... Green gelatinous layer over small tundra pools. Fungi: Lycoperdon sp ------Moist meadows; erosion slopes. Russula sp------Alpine meadows. Lichens: Alectoria %color ...... Pale-tipped main lichen------Rocky hilltops; dry meadows. nzgrzcans. . ------Black main lichen ...... Do. Yellow main lichen ------Do. Cetraria cucullata------Curled lichen- - ...... Tundra meadows. Iceland moss ...... Do. Yellow cedar lichen ------Rocky hills; bark. Snow lichen------,------Moist alpine slopes. Brown shield lichen ------Do. Quilllichen------Moist slopes. Cuplichen------Do. Trumpet lichen------Do. Spoon lichen------Alpine meadows. Reindeer lichen------Do. Woodland reindeer lichen ------Alpine slopes. Brown finger lichen ------Tundra meadows. Haematomma sp------Blood lichen------Sandstone talus. Lobaria linita ------Lung lichen ...... Tundra slopes. Nephroma arcticum------Arctic kidney lichen------Do. Parmelia spp...... Boulder shield lichen ------Rocky slopes. Peltigera aphthosa------Spotted leather lichen ------Do. canzna------Dog lichen------River terraces. Physcia spp...... Blister lichen- - - ...... Rocky slopes. Solorina spp...... Dimpled lichen------Moist soil. Sphaerophorus globosus------Coral lichen- - - ...... Tundra meadows. Stereocaulon tomentosum------Brittle lichen------Sandbars, dry meadows. Teloschistes spp...... Orangelichen------Bird perch rocks. Thamnolia vermicularis------Wormlichen------Alpine meadows. Umbilicaria spp ------Rock tripe------Rocky slopes; mountain tops. Liverworts: Marchantia polymorpha ------Wet bare soil. Mosses: Aulacomnium spp------Tundra meadows. Bryum spp------...... Do. Ceratodon purpureus ------Red-stemmed moss ------Moist sandy soil. Climacium spp------Tree moss------Moist meadows. Dicranum spp ...... Windblown moss ...... Do. Drepanocladus spp------Sickle-branch moss------Do. Hylocomium splendens------...... Do. Hypnum spp ...... Christmastree moss------Do. Mnium spp ...... Oval-leaved moss ------Moist stream valleys. Polytrichium juniperinum ------Hair-cap moss------Tundra meadows. Rhacomitrium lanuginosum------Rock moss------Dry rocky slopes. Sphagnum spp...... Chinking moss------Very acid bogs. 54 EXPLORATION OF NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVE NO. 4, ALABKA, 1844-53 SELECTED LEFERENCES Anderson, J. P., 1943-52, Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Payne, T. G., and others, 1951, Geology of the Arctic Slope of Canada: Iowa State College Jour. Sci. in 9parts-1943, v. 17, Alaska: U. 8. Geol. Survey Oil and Gas Inv. Map OM no. 1, p. 137-175; 1944, v. 18, no. 4, p. 381-445; 1945, v. 19, 1 126, 3 sheets. no. 2, p. 133-205; 1946, v. 20, no. 2, p. 213-257; 1946, v. Pennell, F. W., 1934, Castilleja in Alaska and northwestern 20, no. 3, p. 297-347; 1947, V. 21, no. 4, p. 363-423; 1949, 1 Canada: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 86, p. 517- v. 23, no. 2, pl. 137-187; 1950, v. 24, no. 2, p. 219-271; 540. 1952, v. 26, no. 3, p. 387-453. Polunin, Nicholas, 1948, Botany of the Canadian eastern Arctic, Drury, W. H., Jr., and Rollins, R. C., 1952, The North American part 3-Vegetation and ecology: Canada Natl. Mus. Bull. representatives of Smelowskia (Cruciferae); Rhodora, v. 54, 104,304 p. p. 85-119. Porsild, A. E., 1937, Flora of the Northwest Territories, Canada's Holm, Theodore, 1922, Contributions to the morphology, syn- western Northland: Ottawa, J. 0. Patenande, printer, p. onymy, and geographical distribution of Arctic plants in 180-141. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18, v. 6, 1939, Contributions to the Flora of Alaska: Rhodora, v. Botany, part B: Ottawa, F. A. Acland, printer, 139 p. 41, p. 141-183, 199-254,262301. HultBn, Eric, 1937, Flora of the Aleutian Islands: Stockholm, -1947, the genus Dryas in North America: Canadian Field- Tryckeri aktiebolaget Thule, 397 p. Naturalist, v. 61, no. 6, p. 175-192. 1940, History of botanical exploration in Alaska and 1943, Materials for a flora of the continental northwest Yukon Territories from the time of their discovery to 1940: territories of Canada: Sargentia, v. 4, p. 1-79. Lunds Bot. Mus., Botaniska notiser 50, p. 289-346. 1950, The genus Antennaria in northwest Canada: 1941-50, Flora of Alaska and Yukon: Lunds Universitets Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-25. Arsskrift, new ser., sec. 2 in 10 parts 1941, v. 37, no. 1, p. 1951, Plant life in the Arctic: Canadian Geog. Jour., v. 1-128; 1942, v. 38, no. 1, p. 129-412; 1943, v. 39, no. 1, 42, no. 3, p. 120-145. p. 413-568; 1944, v. 40, no. 1, p. 569-796; 1945, v. 41, no. 1951, Two new Oxtropis from Arctic Alaska and Yukon: 1, p. 797-978; 1946, v. 42, no. 1, p. 979-1066; 1947, v. 43, Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 66, no. 2, p. 76-79. no. 1, p. 1067-1200; 1948, v. 44, no. 1, p. 1201-1342; 1949, 1955, The vascular plants of the western Canadian v. 45, no. 1, p. 1343-1482; 1950, v. 46, no. 1, p. 1483-1902. Arctic archipelago: Canada Natl. Mus. Bull. 135, 226 p. Johansen, Frits, 1924, General observations on the vegetation Raup, H. M., 1947, The botany of southwestern Mackenzie: in Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18, v. Sargentia, v. 6, p. 1-275. 5, Botany, part C: Ottawa, F. A. Acland, printer, 85 p. Sharples, A. W., 1938, Alaska wild flowers: Stanford, Calif., Jordal, L, H., 1952, Some new entities in the flora of the Brooks Stanford Univ. Press, 156 p. Range, Alaska: Rhodora, v. 54, no. 638, p. 35-39. Swallen, J. R., 1944, The Alaskan species of Puccinellia: Wash- Macoun, J. M., and Holm, Theodore, 1921, Vascular plants, in ington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 34, p. 16-23. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18, v. 5, Taylor, R. F., 1929, Pocket guide to Alaska trees: U. S. Dept. Botany, part A: Ottawa, F. A. Acland, printer, 51 p. Agr. Misc. Pub. 65. Ostenfeld, C. H., and Gelert, O., 1902, Flora Arctics (Pteri- Wiggins, I. L., 1951, The distribution of vascular plants on . dophyta, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledones): Copen- polygonal ground near Point Barrow, Alaska: Stanford hagen, Nordiske Forlag, Bogforlaget Ernst Bojensen, 136 p. Univ. Dudley Herbarium Contr., v. 4, pt. 3, p. 41-56. INDEX

A B CaracOontinued Page Page Page wgmata..---.--..-.------43 Achilka boredie...... EO Barrow ...... 21,22,23,30-32 wiUiamaii .------.------26,8 Zanuloaa ....------60 Basalt outcrop, vegetation.---.-.------29 Cassiopc tetragons .-.--27,28,36,39,40,49; pls. QB,llB Acknowledgments..------19 Barter Island ..----.-...------19,21 Catdilkja hyperborea -..--..------49 Aconitum delphinijolium~~~PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP436,46 Bearpaw Creek ..------.------37 pdlida ..--.-.------4 28,36,49 on 26 Ma.---..------40 a 49 alaskanum --...---.------41 glandulosa. .------29,37,46 an 49 latiglume-. .----.------.-----.- .-----.41 nana dia-----.-.-..------24,27,39,45 Ceraatium ardicum .----.----.------45 sericeum ------.------41 Bosehniakia rosaica--.--.---.-.------49 becrmgianum.. ------432,33,34 46 trachycauhrn ------.- - 41 Botanists, Lqt -..------...--tststststststststststststststststststs 62 matimum.-..------46 Alsktsg. -..- --. ------32-33 Braya purpurescens ....--.------46 Ceratodon purpureus ..---.------63 orbcor 63 Brm~pumpellianw------.-.--...---26,28,41 Cdraria cucullata ---.------63 rc 63 Brooks Range --.-.------.------21,23,24,28 iahdica.----.--..------63 ochroleuca------.------63 Bryum-.------.------63 juniperha -----.------63 Algae....---.------28.63 Bupkurum americanum .---..------27,28,37,40,48 nimlis------..-.-..------63 Allium sibirimm ------.-.------43 rkhardsonii.-.--.-.------63 Alluvial fans, Recant -----.-.---.------23,30,37,39 Chamaedaphne calyculata .-.--..------25,49 Alnua crispa ..--.-.--.------26,39,44 Chamberh, Mount .------.-.------39,40 Alopeeurua alpinua- .--..-.-..--.-.-26,30,31,32,39,41 Calamagrostb canadensis ---.-..------42 Chandler, Lake .--.------29 Anaktuvuk Pass-.---.----.. 23,29,37,38, 39, 62; pl. 9B inapan8a .---.-.------28,42 Ciitysanthemum arcticum polaris. ---...------.-50 Anaktuvuk River ...... 37,39; pl.12 neglects ...... 32,42 huronenae ...-.--.------33,60 purpuracens 27,28,42 Andromeda polifolia. ..---..------26,39,49 ...------integrijoliurn---- L ...... =,m Androsace chamaejasme lehmanntana ---- .------40,49 Caltha palllstria ardica ------.---.-30,31,36,36,39,46 C%tyaoapknium..: .------62 ochdmais..--.----.------27,a 49 Campanula ladocarpa------.------60 en 47 septentrionalia --...---.-.------...------49 uniflora-.-.-.--.------33,M tetrandtum--.------26,3547 Anemone drummondii ...-.------46 Canning River.----....-..-.------23.29; pl. 7A wrightii ..---.-.------24,47 multiceps---.-..------46 Cape Lisburne. ..------21.33 Cladonia amaurocraea ..------63 nrciior 46 Cardamine bellidifdia. --.------34 4446 &a-- 63 paroiftora -.------88,36,37,39,46 microphyua -..--.-..------46 frmbriata .-.---.------63 patens multifida -.------.------37,46 pratnsir ...-----.------26,33,46 graeilb .-..---.------63 richardsonii ----.------26,34 46 r 46 rangiferina .------63 Antennaria .-----...------27,62 richarduonii ...... 26,33,46 sylwHea -.-----.--.------63 alaskana ...... - - 60 Cara..--.-.-----.------26,36,52 Claytonia adijdia graminijolia ..----.---.------46 angwtata...... 33,W albo-nigro.----.-.------42 aarmntosa ...-.-....------46 cornpaeta .-.---.------60 aguutilb-.- 25,26,30,31,32,34 36,37,39,42; pls. 7B, tuberosa ....----.------46 ekmaniana ..------.------.----60 10B, 11A Climacium-.-.-.--.------63 i80hpi.9.-.- ---..------...... 60 atro/usca ..--.-----COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 42 Climate, Brooks Range -..------23 piipha 60 aurea ------.-.------42 coastal plain--.-.----..------21,22,23,30,62 subcaneacenr 60 bicdor ..-.------26,42 foothills--.-.------21-23 Arabis lyrata .-..------.------46 bigelowii .-----..-(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D(D 24,37,42 Climax vegetation.------.------80 kamchatica ...... 46 capillarb ...... %,37, 42 Coastal plain, aquatic communities of shallow Arctagtostis latijdia .------.------24,25,27,28,33,41 capitata ..--.-.------43 lakes ---.-.-.--.------29,31-33 Arctic Institute of North America .--.-.--...---19 chordorrhiza...-.------25,32,39,43 distribution, plants-.-. ..------w41-61 Arctic Ocean.-.----.-.------19,21,30,62 concinna ..------.------43 species..-...------62 Arctophila fuloa ----.------30,31,32,36,36,39,41 garberi bifaria ------.-.--.------43 environment----.---.----.-----.------21 Ardodtaphyloa alpina rubra ---.-.-..27,4 37,39,40,49 glacial&...... 43 niggerhemd meadows community.- - ..------24,30 uoa-ursi --.---.---.------49 re 43 number of plant species.--.---....------62 Arenaria capillarb ...... 27, 28, 46 mocrater-...-----aterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterateraterater 43 vegetation, Alaktak .-..--.--.------32-33 dicranoides .---.--.-.------46 krawei ------.------43 Barrow .----.------30-32 Armeria martitima-.-..-.------33,49 lachmalii------.------25,34 43 Point Barrow. .------.-.----.--- 30-32 Arnica .----.------27,36,37 lugens...... -.------25,35 43 wet sedge meadows .-....-.-.------24,30,31,82 alpina au#usMfdia -...-----ddddddddddddddddd 60 maritima -.-.-----.------33,8 Cochkaria o;Bicinalb-...------32,46 kssingii...-.----.------60 membranaua------26,25,32,36,37,39,43 Catpodium wrightii-..------42 lwiseana frigida ------...-.------60 microplochin- - .------26.43 Colville River --.-.--...--.------21,33,36,62; pl. 8A Artemisia ..---.------36 miaandra ------.-.------26,27,32,39,43 Collectors of plant specimens, list ----.----.---.-40 alaskana ...... 60 montannaia -.--..-..------36,43 Conioaelinium cnidiijolium--.----.-..--.-.------48 ardica ------..-.------4 60 nardfna...------.------43 Corallorhiza trifrda..---..-...... 44 coma 60 neurodcana .------43 Cmydalb padflora .------flflflflflflflflflflflflflflflfl..--36,46 borealis 60 Gawota..-...---.--otot--ototototototototototototototototototot n,43 Orepfa nana-. .. ------. 29,3460 frigida ....-.--.-.------60 phvsocarpo -...----.------25, a,43 Cretaceous sedimentary rooks -..------21,33 ria 60 podwarpa ..------.------43 Qatoptcris fragUb -.------28,29,37,40,41 gbmmata- ..--- --.at 40, 60 ramenakii ----.------.------43 tiksii------26960 fWiJkW~ --..-.-----OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 26,32,39,43 A&r rfMricu.8 --.---.-.------.------%%60 rohcndata -----.----atatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatat 26,39,43 Ttbpcstrir 26,27,23,29,37,43 DaqtZina arctica--.-.------..fffffffffffffffffff 63 A&agalw olpinw.------26,33,& 48 .---.----.------rcfrpofdm------rprprp----rprprprprprprprp * 27, 37,43 Delphinium brachycdntrum %33,& %,48 ---- a, ------moamw...... stylosa --.------.------43 gm 46 kpugd------27948 - - - m~bspathaua---..--BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 43 Dcschampaia caespitosa...... ------%,42 nutzoNnnsir ...------48 supina apaniocarpa ------.------43 glauca ..--..-..------42

umbellatus.------..------44 33,36,39,48 WuipOra.....-.--popopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopo 43 orfntali.9--.--....------42 Adacmnium--.--..------63 ursina --...... --.------.------43 Dcscurainia sophioidur. .. .-.-.------29,33,37,40 INDEX

Paw I Family-OontInned Determination of plant species.-..------62 Family. common neme-continued Page Diantfrua repms..--.---.------28,40,46 bow&name: Pagb grass------.------% =, Mapensia lappenica obowta -.-...-.------28,37,49 Betulaceae-.-----.------. 44-46 Zl,27,28929,30, 31,32,33,35,41-42,62 Dicranum .-..-.--.------63 Boraginaceae------.------49 heath .....--...-..------26, 26,39,49 Distribution of plants collected..------.------62 Campanulaceae...-.------60 honeysuckle -----.-.------60 Dodecalheon frigidurn ...... 26,36,49 Caprifoliaceae.--.------M) horsetsii-.-.-----.------24 26, a,41

Dwglasia arctica ..--.---.-.------49 Caryophyllaceae..IlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIlaIla 45 leadwort..------.------49 Draba -..-..------.------26,27,33,3462 Chenopodiaceae ..-..--.------45 lily --.------.-.------43

aina--.---.---..------46 Compositae-_--..--taetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetaetae 60-61 d --50 amaon 46 Crassulaceae-...-.------47 'S.- 48

cinerea ....---.-...------.------46 Cruciferae-...--.---I'BBI'BBI'BB.I'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BBI'BB--- 46-47 mustard.------.------26,46-47,62 crassifolio ...... 46 Cyperaceae..-...------42-43 oleaster ...... 48

cxalata ..------...------46 Diapensiaceae ~.----CBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBBCBB 48 orohid -.-.------.------44 podniunsit ..------46 Elaesgnaesae------gnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagnagna 48 in-- 47 gIaW-..---.------46 Empetraceae-..-..-.------48 pare 48 lactea ...... 32,46 Equisetaceae--.-...------41 PMI ------.------%, 27,48,62 laneeolota .------.------46 Ericaceae --.-.--.------49 phlox -----.------.------49 lengipea ...-..----.------40 Fumariaceae..-.-.-.------46 pine- - - .- ..------..------24, U Mcnlcnrpo .-.--.-.EIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIOEIO 46 Oentianscsse.-...-.---.------40 phk...... Zl, 27,45,62

nivaliaalis...... 46 Graminwe.------888------888888 41-42 plantain ...... 49 Drainage, coastal plain ..-..-..-----.------21,30 Groasulariaceae -.------47 pondweed ---..------.------41 foothills..------33,35,36;pl. 11A Ealorrhagidacese.------48 0 ---- 46 mountain slopea-...----.-.------39 June 43 primrose -..-.--.------49 niggerhead meadows----..-.---.------24 Leguminasae .--.---.------48 PW&U~.-- .------46 Drepanocladus ...... 63 Lentibulariaceae----.------.-----.--- 49 IOSB .--.---..------*-- 47-48.52 Dtyaa .-.-..------30,37,39; pl. 9A L 43 NS~.------..----.------25,26,27,43 integrifolia .-..-.------24,33,37,39,47 Linaceae -.-.--.------48 SS&Xihf%gO...... 27,28,29,47,62 odopetalo .-----...------27,28,36,37,39,47; pl. 9B Lycopodiaceaa------.----- 41 sedge--.------21,24, Dryopteris fragrans ------.------%,a, 40,41;pl. la Melanthaceae.------thathathathathathathathathathathathathathathathathathatha 43 25,26,27,31,32,33,36,42-43,62 Dupontiapsdreri...... 26,31,32,42 a 41 spem 41 psiloauntha -.-..---.------2-4a Onagraceae --.-.-.------48 valerian. .---.---..------60 Orchidaceae..-----.------44 violet ----.-----.------48 Orobanchaceae-.--.------48 Willow ...-.-..----.------%,%,a, 27,30,32, Papaveracese---...------46 33,34 36,37,38,39,44,62;pl. 8B E re 37 P 41 wintergmn...... 48-49

Elevation, Brooks Range.-.--.-.------23 Plantaginaceae .----insinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsins 49 Festuca altaica -.-.------.------26,35,42 1 pi- 21 Plumhginaceae .-.------49 brachvphuUa-. -.-.------%,27,% 29,32,33,40,42 foothills.-.------21.36 Polemoniaceae...... 49 dra.------..------%,42 Elson Lagoon -..---.-.---.------31,32 Polygonsceae -.------46 Floodplains, plant communities ----.------2626, mymwarmarius mollis .--.----.--.-.-.--..----32 42 Polypodiaceae ----.------41 32-33,35,36,38,39 innovatu4 --.-.---..------37,42 Portulacaceae..------.-----.------46 Foothills, aquatic communities of lakes----.- 29, %,36 Empetrum nf um--.------24,27,28,29,40,48 Primulaceae.-..--.------49 distribution, plants..-..--.------q41-61 Epllobfum anagaUidifolium ..-.------33,48 Pyrolaoeae ...... 48-49 i --62 anpzlstifolium .-..------26,29,48 Rannncuisceae .------45-46 dry meadows community ...-----.------36 lotifdwn.----..------26, !B, 48 Rosmw ...... 47-48 en- 21'23 leptocarpum -..-.-.------48 Rubiaceae...... 60 niggerhead meadows community-.--. 24,30,33-35

paluatre .....---.------48 8alicame...--.--.CBS.CBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBS 44 number of plant species..------.berberberberberberberberber 62 Eguisetum ...--.--.---.------36 a 47 outcrop and talus communities.----.------27,28 arvenae ..-.-----.------26,33,3439,41; pl. &4 Scheuohzerlsceae.-.------41 vegetation, Noluck Lake ...----..------38-36 limosum .------30,36,41 Saophulariaceae+------49 sandstone outcrops----..-----.------37 palustre 25,39,41 8elaginellaeese.-.-.---.------.---.----- 41 Umiat.....------.------36-37 re 41 Sparganhceae-.---.------41 wet sedge meadows.--.------24,36,36 ace 41 me 48 Frost boils ------..-.------24

varfegatum --.-----UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 26,33,36,41 Vslerisnaceae ---.----.------.....-..60 Fungi ------.------63 Erigeron------26% violaC888.----.---.--.-.------.-...- 48 eriocephalua ...... 33,m common nsme: grandiflorn-...------M) ow 41 humilia ..------M) biroh .------.- - .------38‘38,4445 Qalium borcale .-..---.-.-.------.------M) hor-- M) bladderwort .------49 dm-. W mufrii --.--..------.--.------M) bluebell-.-----.--.------M) Genera, number of plant- 62

purpuratus--.----.------36,m borage.-.-.------49 Qcntiana glauca ..------cntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcntcnt 49 yukonmsia..---.------60 boo-- 49 propinquu .-.------49 Eriophorum angustifdiummm-- 25,26,30,31,36,36,37,39, buckwheat..--..------46 prordrata ------atatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatatat 49 43; pl. lOB bunchflower----.------43 Qeum glaciak ....--..------.-- 28,40,47

braehyantherum .-.------43 bur-reed ------.-.reedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreedreed 41 rossti.4447

calltlz---.------%a buttercup ..----.---CUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCUCU 45-46,62 Glacial Wes. - - ---.------29 medium ....------43 clubmoss .---.------41 Glaciation...... 23,39 rusaeolum lewothriz--..-.------26,31,43 composite .-.----.------28,60,62 Glacier Creek 39 adreuchzeri .-.---.-----25,26,31,32,35,39,43; pl. 8A OW-- 48 mginatum spiamm...------24,27,37,43; pl. 7A pen------49 Echa 49 evening-primrose.------48 - - 28,29,41,62 ami 49 fern ------.--.------.Habitat of plants------.------39,41-51,6Z63 27,31,49 Haem 63 Ermunia borialh 29, 46 figwort ------.---.------...... flax 48 Hedvaurum alpinum amcricanum. --.-----26,35,39,48 Erysimvm inconspimum-.-.------29,46 fumewort.-----.------46 mackcnzfi..------.------28948 pallmfi...... 26,27,40,# en-- 49 Hicroehloe alpina 25,27,28,37,40,42;pl. 10A Eskimo camp remains-.-..-----.------33 g 47 odotota .------.------26942 Evtrcma edwardsii -.-..---.------24,M gooseroot-. ..----.------45 paecijiora ---....----.--..---.--..------%,31,42 INDEX

Page Page pspr Hippuris tctraphyua ..------48 Woneses unijZora ...-.------48 Plant communities, aquatic vegetation of lakes rmlgaris---.------.------30,32,35,36,39,48 Wonolepis nuttalliana .--...------.-. .. .---- 45 24,29-30,31,32-33,35,36,39 Honchenya peploides-. ...--.-----.------32,45 Mosses -.------..---- 21,24,25,26,27,28,53 dry upland meadows--- 24,27-28,35,37,39; pl. 9A flood-plain and cutbank vegetation- 24,527,32- Hylocomium splcndena ---.------.------53 Mountains, aquatic communities of lakes------29,39 Hypnum--...------53 distribution, plants .--.------..----.- 20,41-51 33,343639; pl. 8 species---.---.--~.------52 or------24 dry meadow community -.---.------27,30,37-39 niggerhead meadows.------24,27, environment ..23 30,33-35,36,37,39; pl. 7A Igpikpuk River --.-----.-.------32 flood-plain communities- 39 outcrop and talus vegetation.----- 24,27,28-29,37, niggerhead meadows community----- 24,30,37,39 38; pl. 1OA number of plant species---.-...------.-.. 52 wet sedge meadows.--.------.------24-25, vegetation on limestone of Lisburne group.. 28 29,30,31,32,35,36,39; pl. 7B Juncw ardiew alaskanw------.------26,33,43 sandstone and conglomerate talus -.-----28, Plantago canescens .--.-.-.------49 biglumis- -.-----..------24,25,35 39,43 37,39; pl. 10B P 52 castaneus.-....------26,35,43 wet sedge meadows .-----..------24,38,39 alpigena .------42 triglumis .--.-.------25,39,43 Myoaotis alpestris asiatica------.------28,3449 alpina ...... 29,42 Junipews communis monlana------.---.------41 arctica ..------24,26,28,32,33,42 brachyanthera ---.------42 glauea ...... 26,28,29,42 Nephroma arcticum -.-----.------53 hispidula -.-.-.------42 Neruokpuk formation------.------39 komaroii.. 42 Killik River -~-.------.ilililililililililililililililililililililil37 ..------Kobresia ...... 27 Noatak drainage basin M),52 aata 42 myowroMes ..------27,28,37,43 Noatak formation-..--.------. 37 paucispicula ------.------36,42 simpliciusa 27,37,43 Noluck Lake -.------.-.------23,27,33-36 aha.. 42 No.. 63 Koenigia islandiea .--.--..------.------45 Point Barrow------.-.--.-.------l9,25,30-32 Kurupa, Lake--.-.------28 Pmonum 26 acutiflorum-.-.------26,35,49 bore.. 49 Ozycoccw microcarpus ------..------25,49 Polygons, frost---.-.-.-.--..------21,24-25,36 Ozyria digyna ------.------32,33,36,45 Lagotis glauea stelleri ...-..------35.49 Polygonum bistorta plumowm .----.-.----..--24,35,45 Ozytropia.----.------....--. 26,35,52 vimparum .-.-.------.----..-26,27,32,37,39,45 Lathyrw maritimus------.------48 depeza ------.-..------.-..48 Ledum palustre decumbena. --.------.-----24,25,27,49 PolZrichium juniperinum -.------53 gracilis ...... 27,48 Populw tacamahacca .------26,37,39,44 LesguereUa arctica. ---.------.------47 jordalii ------.------48 Potamogeton ------.------29,36 Lichens- --....------.--24,25,26,27,28,30,3!2,40,52,53 kokinenis 48 Linnaea borealis----.-.--.------. 50 alpinus tenuifo1iw.- .-----.------.-..-.-----41 koyukukensis ..-.------48 liformi 41 Linum perenne lewisii. ------.------..------48 kcantha 48 Lisburne group, limestone.--.------28,37,39 pectinatw ...... 35,41 maydelliana ...------..----.------27,37,48 Potentilla ...... %,52 Liverworts~----.-~.------2453 mertensiana ...------..-- 28,29,40,48 biflora -.-_------.------40,47 Lloydia serotina .------.------28,43 nigreseens ...------27,28,37,40,48 elegans -.------37,40,47 Lobaria linita ------...------53 broha 48 emergimta ...... 32,47 Localities, representative---.------30-40 pygmaea .------..----.------48 fruticosa-. ..-.-.-.------26,47 Logotis glaucu delleri .--.------35 cammaniana.. 48 ha 47 Loiseleuria procumbens .-..--.------27,28,37,49 a 48 Lomatogonium rotatum---.------49 mida 47 Lupinus arcticus ..------..------26,28, 37,48 nioea ....--..---_------47 Luzda.~----.---.---~~------26 palushis --.--.--.------.------30,36,47 confusa ------....------24,27,28, 32,35,37,40,43 Papa32 gulchella ----.-.------.------47 multipora frigida ..------43 alboroseum ------...---..-...------33,46 uniflora .---..------4Q, 47 islatifol 43 macwnii------.------26,35,46 vahliana -.-.--.-.------.------47 paroiflora ...--.------43 radicatum .-.----...------.-.------..--- S,46 gat.. 47 wahhbergii ...------.---43 Parmeia 53 Precipitation .------23, 52

Lycoperdm ---..--.------.------. 53 Parnassia kotubuei ..------26,33,35,47 Previous studies ...-.-.---..------19 Lycopodium annotinum pugens --..------.-.-----41 palwtris ------..------26,47 Primda borealis---...-----...---....------49 selago adpreswm----...-.------28,29,37,40,41 Parrya nudicaulis -.-.------33.47 egaliksensis -..-..------26,49 Lysiella obtusata .------.------25,44 Peat -...----.--.-..------21,29 tschuktschorum --.------49 Pedieularis ..-----.------.------26,52 PuccinelMa angustata .-..------42 capitata --..------26,33,35,37,40,49 hauptiana ..------.----.------42 abrada 49 paupercula-- --- ...... 32,42 Marchantia polymorpha ------.------53 lanata --..--..-----.------.--- 27,32,33,40,49 phryganodes -.------32,42 Matricaria ambiguu ...... 50 langsdorjii---.------.------. 27,28,32,33,49 Pyrola grandiflora .---_-.------26,449 Melandrium -.------26 lapponicum-.------..---.-.---.----- 49 aecunda obtwata ..------.------26,49 apetalum -----~~~--.------.33,45 oederi .------.------49 prcatum ------.------45 penneuii .-----...------25,49 wdetica ..-----_.------25,31,32,39,49 taylorae .------..------.35.45 Quaternary deposits-.-----.------21 Menyanthes trifoliata ...... 30,36,49 uerticiUata- - ...... 26.49 Quaternary glaciers------aryaryaryaryaryaryary 3439 Merckia physodes ...... 28,33,35,45 Pcltigera aphthom .------.------.------53 Meridian Creek --..------33 canna .. 53 Mertensia martima -.._---.------32,49 Permafrost.--.----: ------.--..-.-.- 21,25 paata.. 49 Petasitesfrigidw 25,32,35,50;pl. 11A Raw 52 Mintlartia --.~-~------...26.39 hperbore...... 50 aquatilis eradicatus -.--.--.------46 ardica ..-.------27,33,45 Peters, Lake -.------. 29,39-40; pl. 10B pammulafiliformis .-.------46 biora45 Phippsia algida ----..------.--.32,36,42 gel.. 46 elegans --.-.------.------45 Phlox sibirica- ..-.--.------26,27,28,40,49 glacialis chamissonis 46 laricifol 45 Physcia .------...--.------53 gmelini yukonensis ------.------29,32,35,36, 46 macrocarpa ----.-.------27,37,40,45 Physiographic provinces .-----.-. -----. ------.-- 21,62 hperbore 35,46 obtloba 45 Picea glauca -.---.------.---41 lapponicua.-.---.-.------33,46 rubella --.-.-.------45 Pinguicda mllosa -----.-.----.-.------25,49 nioalis ...... 35,36, 46 Mnium-..-.----.------53 &arts -----.------25,49 paUasii ------.------30,32,35,36,46 Moehringia lateriflora- .------46 Plant collections-.-.------19-20 pcdatifidw afinia -.------1 Ranwulw-Oontinned Pam 8-8-Oontinned Pam

mgmacw,.--.--.-.-.------.-- 32,36,4Q mwftom a&n@ora ....--..O1(lO1(l.O1(lO1(lO1(lO1(lO1(l %8B, 140,47 VaMnei.------..-.------..- 46 ccrnua -...--.------25,36,47

sulphurcur ....----pnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpn 46 daavteo grandipdda ..--.-....dadadadadadadada za,a.40,47 turned--.----..------.-46 ~achach~lt~ti..--..------%29,4Q47

Red HiU ----..--.--.---.------36,37 fkrgcllari8-.-.-.---..cllcllcllcllcllcll.cllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcllcll 27.4~47 Rehtionshi~s.rnccessi anal-...--.------80 fdid0.M .-.---.-.------26,3247

hieroeffdia------icicicicicicicicicicicicicic.icicicicic % 3% a,47 hircd~-----.--.------.------26'36, 47 Rikatristc----.------.------47 niw2ia ..------..-...------33,47

River tarram ...... 27,% opposUijdia ------00000 Zl, 28,29,32,33,37,40,47 ~ockdeaart --.---.---..------a4 punctata nckonfana..-..-.------24,33,36,40,47

Rorippa paluatrk --.-.-.-.-.-uatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuatuat 47 radiata...------47 Taraxacum .-.-.------28,28,35,62 Rosa adeuIaria ...---..------48 rcpacl.. ..-.. -.- ... ..,--.-----.--- .---=,a, 40,47 donkanum -..---.------61 Rubble slopes, Noluok Lake area -..-.--.-.-..27-28,Bli rioularia ...-..------32,36,47 pm 61 Rubw orcbicus...-.------48 aerpgllffolfa...... 28.37.40.47 f&m .-..-.--..------m

chamaemorua. - -.----.------.------24, 26, 39,48 tr&u&fata --.-.-alalal---alalal.al 28,29,40,47; pl. 1QR hyperarbicum..------61

Rum@ autosa alpcutria....------46 unalarchmsia.--.-.ttttttttttttttttttttttttt 47 lacerum....-..--.-.------33,61 ardima ..--..----.------32,s Schist outclops, vegetation .....---.------29 lateritium ..-----.------61

Russula .--.--.--..------63 Scbuder, Lake ..-.-.--.--.-- ---BT-BTBTBTBT--BT 23,29,39-40 maurdepium .----.--.------61

Sdrpw~pitowrawtriaw ..---.-.. PPPPPPPPPP 26, P phymatocorpum -.---.------61 Scdum raaeum Wurifdium-.-..---.------47 Teloschistca .--..------63

9clagfneUa dbirica .-.----.-...agagagagagagagag B,29, 37,40,41 Temperature, coastal plain.------.-..----- 21-23,30

Sadlerochit Rim....-.-.---.------!U,39,62; pl11B BcncdO---..--.--..-dododododododododododododododododo.dodododododododododo 36 f00thillS-. .--.---.------21-23,33

Sagavanirktok,Lake...----.--..-.. hhhhhhhhhhhh 29 ~W~T&W..-...... ------61 mountains-..------23

Bagavanirktok River...------....------23; pl. 7B atropwpurcwjrigidw IMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIMIM R 61 Tent Mountain .--.------.-----.35 Xagina intermedia----.------46 tOmmtOaa...... -...------%,61 Tertiary gravel-.-----.-.------21

Salk- ----....---.------139,62 ConpertW -.-..----.iUiU-iU-iUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiUiU 33,37, 61 Thdictrum alpfnum.-..---.--.------. 46 alaxmb...-..---.--- 25,32,3439,4rl;pls.8,11B,l2 fwcat~s....--.----.------m ThamnoEia vermicularb --.----.------63

anglorum--.--.--.------32,44 hv~calIr..----.-IrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIrIr 61 Therofon richardmfi...--.------28,40,47 antiplaata ...--..------44 ktb~~..---.-.------.------28, bl Thiaapi ardfcum-..-----.------47 araioelada ...-_--.------44 resadifdim..-..------61 Thunder Mountain..-----.------33 arhnJoidea ...---nJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJnJ-nJ-nJnJ 2644 Bhainin, Lake -.----.--.------28 Tofieldia coccfnca-. .------..------!27,28,37,43

arctica. .--.--..------32,89,44 Shale outcrops, vegetation-...-----tatatatatatatatatatatatata 29,37 puslua -...-.-.---..------25,39,43

arditor 44 Shaviovik River ..-.-.-.----.------pls. 8A, 11A Topography, foothills.------..-gragragragragragragragragragragragragragragragragra 21

bardayi .-..----.------44 S~ph~rdloS%&f%d# .--...--pnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpnpn 28,48 Torvlaria humilia .---.-.----.------47

barrattiana angwtfjdia.------.------44 Shublib Bprings ..------.--SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS %,29 Transportation...... 19 brachycarpa maiae-.--..--.------44 sUme wadi8-...----...------.----- 27,28,83,37,46 Wglachin maritima -..--.------26,41 ehamiaaonfs-.-.------44 repem....--.-.--.------.-- 27, zs, 4s palushfa.-.------.------41

dcaertorum..-----..------.. 2844 Smetwskfa..-..-.------62 niaetum albfricum-..---.--ctuctuctuctu--ctuctu------42 pagellaria------..------....---.---..---.--. 44 colydnr..-..-.------.------28,40,47 spfcatum-.... .-.------28,s 33,40,42

pMccscena ...--.---.------2644 fntapr/dia .----...L1-LILILILILILILILILILILILILILILILIL1 SII, 37,47 Tulugsk Lake .-.----.------.------37.39; pls. 9,lOA reduba .--.---.-.------.------44 dia..--..-..------..------47 Tulugak Springs---...--.------23,29,37

gzaeidir .~-~-.----iriririririririr.iriririririririririririririririririr 44 pwafldff -.-..---.---fffffffffffffffffffff47 Tundra ...... --.------24,1611 glauca ------..------44 snake Clwk ....------39 aeutijoZia..-.---.------28, 4rl; a. 12 8011s: glabruuna .---.--..------44 &UVM....--. .-...------.------21,27,32,36 umbuicaria .--.--.------E3 nachziana macrogemma ....-.------.---- 44 cuastal plain ---.----.-.....taltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltaltal 21,32 Umiat ....------19,21,%424,25,33,W7;pl.8B mola 44 fJaky schist .------.--.------.--29 Umiat, Lake ..-..------36 ntphodada -.------.----28,27,32,34 4% pls. llB,I2 flood-plein n, %, 3a Umiat Mountain ----.--.-..------36 walijolia eamdensia...--.---.fffffffffff.-fff 32,44 f~~thills .-....-.-.------2l. !24,36,37 UtricuJoria mawrbiza ------36,49 phlebophylla ------.------27,M mineral ....--.----.eraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleraleral 21-27 polatfa aclwyncnds ..----.------*, pl. 11B peat -...------.------.. 21,24,82,33, 36 Mra 24,%26,27,32,36,44 residual 21,24,36 ...... -.------Vaccinium u2iginosum .-.-.-..------cfncfn- 27,% 40,49 palmmi ...----..-.------44 sandstone and conglomerate-----.------28 OfttS-idaea .------.------27,32, 40,49 yukonm's 44 type *- 21 ...... -.----..------...... Valcriasa capitato --.~..-.--.OOOOOOOOOO 25,26,33,35,60 reticdata- - 24,2a, %',a84 34 37,39,40,44; pl. 11B wlndbloppn---..-----.------3a Viburnum edzllc .--.--.-----.------M) a 44 WfdagomuUiradiato .-..--.taaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaao.taaotaaotaaotaaotaaotaao 26,bl Viola cpipaUa repna------..------48 mbrotM1Po -.----..------.----44 Xolorina ..------...------.------63 richardsonii------26,s 27,32,39, % pk. 7B,11 Sparganium -.------.------82 rolundijolia ...... ----- 27, 29, 3% 44 h~pcrbaau~~------..baaubaau-----baau------29,3.5,36,39,41 White 8pNO0..-.------...------2441 arwwliana --~---..--iiiiiiiiii----44 Sphaerophauwglob~.....----...-.------63 Waodaia alpfna ------.-.-.------U walpdsf.------.------w3R44; pl. 12 U Sphagnum, 63 glabcua. ------.--.- .------% 29,379 dddddddddddd 24 Sawuurea angwtfjdia ..------%33,M) Uwens* .~~...------on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,+on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,on,- 41 Species, number of plant .-.---.---.-----berberberberberber. 62 Wdayukonnuk .------M) -ma-- ...... ------25, %,40,6!4 Spiraaa bcaupmlfana..--..------.------37,48 bnnrehiaua~------28, a9,37,40, 47 Stapea of vegetation-...-.---BSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBSBS 2428-27