DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Sites and Plant Communities for the Alpine Subregion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Sites and Plant Communities for the Alpine Subregion 1 ECOLOGICAL SITES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES FOR THE ALPINE SUBREGION First approximation 2021 Prepared by: M.G. Willoughby and A.J. Gould Alberta Government Edmonton i ISBN No.: 978-1-4601-5057-3 (Online Edition) For information on this report contact: Michael G. Willoughby 9920 108 Street, 4th Floor Edmonton, AB (780) 422-4598 E-mail: [email protected] This publication is the property of the Government of Alberta and is available under the Alberta Open Government Licence (http://open.alberta.ca/licence) and the publication is available online at: https://open.alberta.ca/publications/ecological-sites-plant-communities-alpine-subregion-first-approximation © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, 2021 ii Table of Contents ECOLOGICAL SITES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES FOR THE ALPINE SUBREGION ...................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction and Background ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Physiography, Climate and Soils .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Approach and Methods of Classification ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Correlation of Soils and Ecological Sites ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Guidelines for Determining Ecological Sites ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 How to use the Guide..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Results ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 General Ecological Descriptions................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Plant Community Keys ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Plant Community Tables .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 A Alpine (n=972) .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20 a stone fields (xeric-subxeric/upper zone) (n=120) .............................................................................................................................................. 21 a1 stone fields (n=118) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Aa19 Shrubby cinquefoil/Early yellow locoweed/June grass (windswept ridges) (n=16) ............................................................................... 23 Aa2 Wood rush-Spiked trisetum/Lichen (n=21) ............................................................................................................................................ 24 Aa20 Sticky Jacob's-ladder-Saxifrage-Silver rock-cress (n=6) ..................................................................................................................... 25 Aa3 Moss campion/Saxicolous lichen (n=55) ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Ab19 Arctic willow/Moss campion/Saxicolous lichen (n=16) ......................................................................................................................... 27 Ab20 Michaux's wormwood (n=4) ................................................................................................................................................................ 28 a2 stone seepages (n=2)................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Aa11 Hornemann's willowherb/Ross's sedge (n=1) ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Aa15 False saxifrage (n=1) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 b mountain avens (xeric-mesic/upper zone) (n=280)........................................................................................................................................... 32 b1 mountain avens La (n=0) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33 b2 mountain avens Fa-Se (n=21) .................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Ac1 White mountain avens (Fa-Se) (n=21) .................................................................................................................................................. 35 b3 mountain avens shrubland (n=238) ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 Ab1 White mountain avens (n=169) ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 Ab2 Entire-leaved mountain avens (n=25) ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Ab22 Net-veined willow-Arctic willow-Entire-leaved mountain avens (n=5) .................................................................................................. 40 Ab4 Net-veined willow-Arctic willow-White mountain avens (n=39) .............................................................................................................. 41 b4 mountain avens/graminoid (n=21) .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Aa1 Bearberry/Hairy wildrye (n=12) ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 Aa4 Nard sedge/White mountain avens (n=9) .............................................................................................................................................. 44 c bog sedge (subxeric-mesic/upper zone) (n=33) ............................................................................................................................................... 45 c1 bog sedge La (n=0) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 c2 bog sedge Fa-Se (n=0) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47 c3 bog sedge shrubland (n=2) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Ab5 Net-veined willow-Smooth willow/Bog sedge (n=2) ............................................................................................................................... 49 c4 bog sedge graminoid (n=31) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Aa5 Bog
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Likely to Have Habitat Within Iras That ALLOW Road
    Item 3a - Sensitive Species National Master List By Region and Species Group Not likely to have habitat within IRAs Not likely to have Federal Likely to have habitat that DO NOT ALLOW habitat within IRAs Candidate within IRAs that DO Likely to have habitat road (re)construction that ALLOW road Forest Service Species Under NOT ALLOW road within IRAs that ALLOW but could be (re)construction but Species Scientific Name Common Name Species Group Region ESA (re)construction? road (re)construction? affected? could be affected? Bufo boreas boreas Boreal Western Toad Amphibian 1 No Yes Yes No No Plethodon vandykei idahoensis Coeur D'Alene Salamander Amphibian 1 No Yes Yes No No Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog Amphibian 1 No Yes Yes No No Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Ammodramus bairdii Baird's Sparrow Bird 1 No No Yes No No Anthus spragueii Sprague's Pipit Bird 1 No No Yes No No Centrocercus urophasianus Sage Grouse Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter Swan Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Falco peregrinus anatum American Peregrine Falcon Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Gavia immer Common Loon Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Oreortyx pictus Mountain Quail Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Otus flammeolus Flammulated Owl Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Picoides albolarvatus White-Headed Woodpecker Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Picoides arcticus Black-Backed Woodpecker Bird 1 No Yes Yes No No Speotyto cunicularia Burrowing
    [Show full text]
  • State of Colorado 2016 Wetland Plant List
    5/12/16 State of Colorado 2016 Wetland Plant List Lichvar, R.W., D.L. Banks, W.N. Kirchner, and N.C. Melvin. 2016. The National Wetland Plant List: 2016 wetland ratings. Phytoneuron 2016-30: 1-17. Published 28 April 2016. ISSN 2153 733X http://wetland-plants.usace.army.mil/ Aquilegia caerulea James (Colorado Blue Columbine) Photo: William Gray List Counts: Wetland AW GP WMVC Total UPL 83 120 101 304 FACU 440 393 430 1263 FAC 333 292 355 980 FACW 342 329 333 1004 OBL 279 285 285 849 Rating 1477 1419 1504 1511 User Notes: 1) Plant species not listed are considered UPL for wetland delineation purposes. 2) A few UPL species are listed because they are rated FACU or wetter in at least one Corps Region. 3) Some state boundaries lie within two or more Corps Regions. If a species occurs in one region but not the other, its rating will be shown in one column and the other column will be BLANK. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1/22 5/12/16 Scientific Name Authorship AW GP WMVC Common Name Abies bifolia A. Murr. FACU FACU Rocky Mountain Alpine Fir Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL UPL FACU Velvetleaf Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. FACU FACU Common Three-Seed-Mercury Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FACU Rocky Mountain Maple Acer grandidentatum Nutt. FACU FAC FACU Canyon Maple Acer negundo L. FACW FAC FAC Ash-Leaf Maple Acer platanoides L. UPL UPL FACU Norw ay Maple Acer saccharinum L. FAC FAC FAC Silver Maple Achillea millefolium L. FACU FACU FACU Common Yarrow Achillea ptarmica L.
    [Show full text]
  • Sticta Arctica Degel.] Arctic Moon Habitat/Range: Over Mosses and Mossy Rocks in Alpine Localities; N Am – Eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to OR
    STICTA/UMBILICARIA [Sticta arctica Degel.] Arctic moon Habitat/Range: Over mosses and mossy rocks in alpine localities; N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to OR. Reaction: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Notes: Not recorded from B.C., but known to occur in southern coastal Alaska only a few kilometres from the B.C. border. Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. Peppered moon (sooty leather lichen) Habitat/Range: Frequent over deciduous trees and conifers, also over mossy rock, in humid forests at lower eleva- tions throughout, except absent from boreal regions; incompletely circumpolar, N to AK, S to CA. Reaction: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. Powdered moon Habitat/Range: Infrequent over deciduous trees and especially mossy rock in open coastal forests at lower eleva- tions, also rare in intermontane (ICH zone); western N Am – eastern N Am – western Eurasia, N to AK, S to CA. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vainio Map 107 Fringed moon (Weigel’s leather lichen) Habitat/Range: Rare over trees and shrubs in open coastal forests at lower elevations; western N Am – eastern N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to CA. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta wrightii Tuck. Map 108 Green moon Habitat/Range: Rare over conifers in semi-shady intermontane old-growth forests at lower elevations; western N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to BC. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Plateau Mountain Plant List
    Plateau ALBERTA WILDERNESS Mountain – Plant list ASSOCIATION Plants of Plateau Mountain Ecological Reserve (Plateau Mountain Ecological Reserve Management Plan – Alberta Environment) Alpine Anemone Anemone drummondii Drummond's Rock Cress Alpine Arnica Arnica angustifolia Drummond's Rush Alpine Bistort Polygonum viviparum Dwarf Birch Betula glandulosa Alpine Blue Grass Poa alpina Dwarf Bitter root Alpine Everlasting Antennaria sp. Dwarf Hawk's Beard Alpine Fleabane Erigeron pallens Dwarf Sawwort Saussurea nuda Alpine Forget-me not Myosotis alpestris Dwarf saw-wort Saussurea nuda Alpine Goldenrod Solidago multiradianta Dwarf Scouring-rush Equisetum scirpoides Alpine Hawkweed Early Blue Grass Alpine Milk-vetch Astragalus alpinus Early Blue Violet Viola adunca Alpine mouse-eared chickweed Cerastium beeringianum Early Cinquefoil Potertilla concinna Alpine Speedwell Veronica alpina Elephant's head Pedicularis groenlandica Alpine speedwell Veronica alpina Elephant's-head Lousewort Pedicualaris groenlandica Alpine Timothy Elgelmann Spruce Picea engelmanii American Vetch Entire-leaved Groundsel Androsace Androsace chamaejasme Everlasting Antennaria luzuloides Arctic Aster False Dandelion Agoseris aurantiaca Arctic Blue Glass Felwort Gentianela amarella Arctic Butterweed Few-flowered Milk-vetch Astragalus sp. Balsam Groundsel Few-seeded Whitlow-grass Draba oligosperma Balsam Poplar Populus balsamifera Field Chickweed Stellaria sp. Barratt's Willow Fireweed Locoweed Oxytropis sp. Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Flame-colored Lousewort Pedicularis
    [Show full text]
  • DECISION NOTICE/DESIGNATION ORDER Decision Notice Finding Of
    DECISION NOTICE/DESIGNATION ORDER Decision Notice Finding of No Significant Impact Designation Order By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Secretary of Agriculture under regulations at 7 CFR 2.42, 36 CFR 251.23, and 36 CFR Part 219, I hereby establish the Osborn Mountain Research Natural Area. It shall be comprised of lands described in the section of the Establishment Record entitled "Location." The Regional Forester has recommended the establishment of this Research Natural Area in the Record of Decision for the Bridger-Teton National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. That recommendation was the result of analysis of the factors listed in 36 CFR 219.25 and Forest Service Manual 4063.41. Results of the Regional Forester's analysis are documented in the Bridger-Teton National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement which are available to the public. The Osborn Mountain Research Natural Area will be managed in compliance with all relevant laws, regulations, and Forest Service Manual direction regarding Research Natural Areas. It will be administered in accordance with the management direction/prescription identified in the Establishment Record. I have reviewed the Bridger-Teton Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) direction for this RNA and find that the management direction cited in the previous paragraph is consistent with the LRMP and that a Plan amendment is not required. The Forest Supervisor of the Bridger-Teton National Forest shall notify the public of this decision and mail a copy of the Decision Notice/Designation Order and amended direction to all persons on the Bridger-Teton National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan mailing list.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Dryas Octopetala- Dominated Plant Communities in The
    Botanica Pacifica. A journal of plant science and conservation. 2015. 4(1) DOI: 10.17581/bp.2015.04102 Survey of Dryas octopetala - dominated plant communities in the European and North-West-Siberian Arctic Natalia E. Koroleva Natalia E. Koroleva ABSTRACT e­mail: [email protected] 18 associations of Dryas octopetala-dominated communities, which belong to 3 classes and 4 alliances, were observed in the European Arctic and in north- Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, western Siberia. Syntaxonomical differentiation is linked with the ecogeographical Kirovsk, Russia and floristical division of the Arctic: alliance Kobresio-Dryadion of Carici rupestris– Kobresietea bellardii has its main distribution in European arctic and typical tundra and in the oroarctic belt of mountains, whilst the area of alliance Dryado Manuscript received: 25.08.2014 octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae lies in the southern and typical tundra and oroarctic Review completed: 03.02.2015 Accepted for publication: 12.02.2015 belt on the north of Pechora Plain, in theYugorskii Peninsula, Pay-Khoy Mts. and Published online: 20.04.2015 Polar Ural. Dryas octopetala-dominated communities lacking characteristic species of Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii have been related to the alliance Cassiopo- Salicion herbaceae (Salicetea herbaceae) and alliance Loiseleurio-Diapension (Loseleurio- Vaccinietea). In the latter a suballiance Salicenion nummulariae has been proposed comprising xero-, achyonophytic communities on sandy and gravelly substrata in the southern and typical tundra of the north-east of European Russia. A synoptical table is provided. Keywords: Braun-Blanquet, Dryas octopetala-dominated communities, European Arctic, north-western Siberia, Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii, Loseleurio–Vaccinietea, Salicetea herbaceae РЕЗЮМЕ Cообщества с доминированием Dryas octopetala в европейском секторе Арк­ ти ки и Субарктики и на севере Западной Сибири принадлежат к 18 ассоци­ а циям в 3 классах и 4 союзах.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2013 NARGS
    Rock Garden uar terly � Fall 2013 NARGS to ADVERtISE IN thE QuARtERly CoNtACt [email protected] Let me know what yo think A recent issue of a chapter newsletter had an item entitled “News from NARGS”. There were comments on various issues related to the new NARGS website, not all complimentary, and then it turned to the Quarterly online and raised some points about which I would be very pleased to have your views. “The good news is that all the Quarterlies are online and can easily be dowloaded. The older issues are easy to read except for some rather pale type but this may be the result of scanning. There is amazing information in these older issues. The last three years of the Quarterly are also online but you must be a member to read them. These last issues are on Allen Press’s BrightCopy and I find them harder to read than a pdf file. Also the last issue of the Quarterly has 60 extra pages only available online. Personally I find this objectionable as I prefer all my content in a printed bulletin.” This raises two points: Readability of BrightCopy issues versus PDF issues Do you find the BrightCopy issues as good as the PDF issues? Inclusion of extra material in online editions only. Do you object to having extra material in the online edition which can not be included in the printed edition? Please take a moment to email me with your views Malcolm McGregor <[email protected]> CONTRIBUTORS All illustrations are by the authors of articles unless otherwise stated.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXONOMY Family Names Scientific Names GENERAL INFORMATION
    Plant Propagation Protocol for Ranunculus escholtzii Schltdl. ESRM 412 – Native Plant Production TAXONOMY Family Names Family Scientific Ranunculaceae Name: Family Common Buttercup or crowfoot Name: Scientific Names Genus: Ranunculus Species: escholtzii Species Authority: Schtdl. Variety: Sub-species: Cultivar: Authority for Variety/Sub-species: Common Synonym(s) Common Name(s): Eschscholtz’s buttercup, Subalpine buttercup, Mountain Buttercup, Snowpatch Buttercup Species Code RAES GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical range Ecological Ranunculus escholtzii occurs mainly in mountain meadows, talus slopes, distribution avalanche tracks and along stream-banks and melting snow banks (Pojar). It ranges North to South from Alaska to California as well as Alberta, the rocky mountain states, and Arizona. (Wikipedia) Climate and 0-3600 m (Flora of North America). Grows in rocky gravelly soils at edge of elevation range snow-melt or other wet cool places in subalpine and alpine areas (Turner) Local habitat and abundance Plant strategy type / successional stage Plant characteristics Forb/herb (USDA). Perennial with fibrous roots; stems 1 to several, erect, hairless, 5-25 cm tall (Pojar) PROPAGATION DETAILS Ecotype Propagation Goal Plants (Luna) Propagation Method Seed (Luna) Product Type Container (plug) (Luna) Stock Type: 172 ml conetainers (Luna) Time to Grow 8 months (Luna) Target 4 cm in size with 6 to 10 true leaves. The root system should have a firm plug in Specifications the container (Luna). Propagule Seeds are hand collected when the achenes turn tan during the month of August. Collection Seeds are collected in paper bags and kept in a well-ventilated drying shed prior to cleaning (Luna). Propagule Seeds are cleaned using a hammer mill Processing/Propag Seed longevity is unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Environmental Impact Statement
    Appendix M Biological Assessment BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROJECT ICEBREAKER Lake Erie and City of Cleveland Cuyahoga County, Ohio TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... ii TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ iv FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... iv COMMONLY USED ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................... v 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................ 1 1.2 PROPOSED ACTION .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Federal Action .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 LEEDCo’s Action ............................................................................................................... 2 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR
    [Show full text]
  • Swing Through
    Swing Through 20m Swing Through is an interactive agility garden that connects the user to Canada’s diverse landscape, as well as its major economic industry. The garden is a series of thirteen finished lumber posts that dangle from a large steel structure, creating “tree swings”. On the swings are climbing holds where visitors can use the holds to climb up and across the tree swings. Directly under the tree swings are thirteen colour-coordinated stumps that give the user an extra boost, if needed. The thirteen timber tree swings represent Canada’s ten provinces and three territories by using wood from the official provincial and territorial trees. Surrounding this structure of Canadian trees is a garden divided into thirteen sections displaying the native plants of each province and territory. This representative regional plantings encompassing the swings, creating a soft edge. 10m Swing Through allows visitors to touch, smell, and play with the various YT NT NU BC AB SK MB ON QC NL NB PE NS natural elements that make our country so green, prosperous and beautiful. PLAN | 1:75 Yukon Nunavut Alberta Manitoba Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Tree: Subapline fir, Abies lasiocarpa Tree: Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera Tree: Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Tree: Balsam fir, Abies balsamea Tree: Yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Tree: Balsam fir, Abies balsamea Tree: Red spruce, Picea rubens Plants: Epilobium angustifolium, Plants: Saxifraga oppositifolia, Rubus Plants: Rosa acicularis Prunus virginiana, Plants: Pulsatilla ludoviciana,
    [Show full text]
  • Biometric Comparisons Between North American and European Mammals
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 1959 Biometric Comparisons between North American and European Mammals. I. A Comparison between Alaskan and Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus) Björn Kurtén Institute of Geology and Paleontology of Helsingfors University Robert L. Rausch Arctic Health Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Kurtén, Björn and Rausch, Robert L., "Biometric Comparisons between North American and European Mammals. I. A Comparison between Alaskan and Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus)" (1959). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 532. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/532 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Björn Kurtén & Robert L. Rausch in Acta Arctica (1959) Fasc. XI. BIOMETRIC COMPARISONS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN MAMMALS 1. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ALASK.AN AND FENNOSCANDIAN WOLVERINE (GULO GULO LINNAEUS) INTRODUCTION The taxonomy ofmany circumpolar mammals is not at present in a satis(;lctory state. Whercas many European students favour the circumpolar species concept, the approach or Amnican students has often had a provincial tinge. This attitude has been criticized by one ofus (IC\t:SCII, '953)· This holds also for the wolverine or glutton, subject ofthe present study: DEGER""!.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Inventory of Mount Rainier National Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Vascular Plant Inventory of Mount Rainier National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCCN/NRTR—2010/347 ON THE COVER Mount Rainier and meadow courtesy of 2007 Mount Rainier National Park Vegetation Crew Vascular Plant Inventory of Mount Rainier National Park Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCCN/NRTR—2010/347 Regina M. Rochefort North Cascades National Park Service Complex 810 State Route 20 Sedro-Woolley, Washington 98284 June 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series provides contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.
    [Show full text]