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Persepolis Free FREE PERSEPOLIS PDF Marjane Satrapi | 300 pages | 24 Nov 2007 | Random House USA Inc | 9780375423963 | English | New York, United States Persepolis - Wikipedia The earliest remains of Persepolis date back to BC. It exemplifies the Achaemenid style of architecture. Persepolis is near the small river Pulvar, which flows into the Persepolis River. The other three sides are formed by retaining wallswhich vary in height with Persepolis slope of the ground. Rising from 5—13 metres 16—43 feet on the west side was a double stair. From there, it gently slopes to the top. To create the level terrace, depressions were filled with soil and heavy rocks, which Persepolis joined together with metal clips. Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to BC. Inscriptions on these buildings support the belief that they were constructed by Darius. With Darius Ithe scepter passed to a new branch of the royal house. Persepolis probably became the capital of Persia proper during his reign. However, the city's location in a remote and mountainous region made Persepolis an inconvenient residence for the rulers of the empire. The Persepolis true capitals were SusaBabylon and Ecbatana. This may be why the Greeks were Persepolis acquainted with the city until Alexander the Great took and plundered it. Darius I's construction of Persepolis were carried out parallel Persepolis those of the Palace of Susa. Garthwaite, the Susa Palace served as Darius' model for Persepolis. These were Persepolis during the reign of his son, Xerxes I. Further construction of the buildings on the terrace Persepolis until the downfall of the Achaemenid Empire. Around BC, construction of a broad stairway was begun. The stairway was initially planned to be the main entrance Persepolis the terrace 20 metres 66 feet above the ground. The dual stairway, known as the Persepolitan Stairway, was built symmetrically on Persepolis western side of Persepolis Great Wall. The steps measured 6. Originally, the steps were believed to have been constructed to allow for nobles and royalty to ascend by horseback. New theories, however, suggest that the shallow risers allowed visiting dignitaries to maintain a regal appearance Persepolis ascending. The top of the stairways led to a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of All Nations. Grey limestone was the Persepolis building Persepolis used at Persepolis. After natural rock Persepolis been leveled and the depressions filled in, the Persepolis was prepared. Major tunnels for sewage Persepolis dug underground through the rock. A large elevated water storage tank Persepolis carved at the eastern foot Persepolis the mountain. Professor Olmstead suggested the cistern was constructed at the same time that construction of the towers began. The uneven plan of the terrace, including the foundation, acted Persepolis a castle, whose angled walls enabled its defenders to target any Persepolis of the external front. Persepolis Siculus writes that Persepolis had three walls with ramparts, which all had towers to provide a protected space for the defense personnel. Persepolis first wall was 7 Persepolis 23 feet tall, the second, 14 metres 46 feet and the third wall, which Persepolis all four sides, was 27 metres 89 feet in height, though no presence of the wall exists in modern times. The function of Persepolis Persepolis quite unclear. It was not one of the largest cities in Persia, let alone the rest of the empire, but appears to have been a grand ceremonial complex that was only occupied seasonally; it is still not entirely clear Persepolis the king's private quarters actually were. Until recent Persepolis, most archaeologists held that it was especially used for celebrating Nowruzthe Persian New Year, held at the spring equinoxand still an important annual festivity in modern Iran. The Iranian nobility and the tributary parts of the empire came to present gifts Persepolis the king, as represented in the stairway reliefs. He stormed the " Persian Gates ", a pass through modern-day Zagros Mountains. There Ariobarzanes of Persis successfully ambushed Alexander the Great's army, inflicting heavy casualties. After being held off for 30 Persepolis, Alexander the Great outflanked and destroyed the defenders. Ariobarzanes himself was killed either during the battle or during the retreat to Persepolis. Some sources indicate that the Persians were betrayed by a captured tribal chief who showed the Macedonians an alternate path that allowed them to outflank Ariobarzanes in a reversal of Thermopylae. Persepolis several months, Alexander allowed his troops to loot Persepolis. Around that time, a fire burned "the palaces" or "the palace". Scholars agree that this event, described in historic sources, occurred at the ruins that have been now re-identified as Persepolis. From Stolze's investigations, it appears that at least Persepolis of these, the castle built by Xerxes I, bears traces of having been destroyed by Persepolis. The locality described by Diodorus Siculus after Cleitarchus corresponds in important particulars with the historic Persepolis, for example, in being supported by the Persepolis on the east. It is believed that the fire which destroyed Persepolis started from Hadish Palace, which was the living quarters of Xerxes Iand spread to the rest of the city. Persepolis historians argue that, while Alexander's army celebrated with a symposiumthey Persepolis to take revenge against the Persians. The Book of Arda Wiraza Zoroastrian work composed in Persepolis 3rd or 4th century, describes Persepolis' archives as containing "all the Avesta and Zendwritten upon prepared cow-skins, and with gold ink", which were destroyed. Indeed, in his Chronology of the Ancient Nationsthe native Iranian writer Biruni indicates unavailability of certain native Iranian historiographical Persepolis in the post-Achaemenid era, especially during the Parthian Empire. He adds: "[Alexander] Persepolis the whole of Persepolis as revenge to the Persians, because it Persepolis the Persian King Persepolis had burnt Persepolis Greek City of Athens around years ago. People say that, even at the present time, the traces of fire are visible in some places. Paradoxically, the event that caused the destruction of these texts may have helped in the preservation of the Persepolis Administrative Archiveswhich might otherwise have been lost over time to natural and man-made events. The city must have gradually declined in the course of time. The lower city at Persepolis foot of the imperial city might have survived for a longer time; [17] but Persepolis ruins of the Achaemenids remained as a witness to its ancient glory. It is probable that the principal town of the country, or at least of the district, was always in this neighborhood. About BC, the city of Estakhrfive kilometers north of Persepolis, was the seat of the local governors. From there, the foundations of the second great Persian Empire were laid, Persepolis there Estakhr acquired special importance as the center of priestly wisdom and orthodoxy. The Sasanian kings have covered the face of the rocks in this neighborhood, and in part even the Achaemenid ruins, with their sculptures and inscriptions. They must themselves have been built largely there, although Persepolis on the same scale of magnificence as their ancient predecessors. The Romans knew as little about Estakhr as the Greeks had known about Persepolis, despite the fact that the Sasanians maintained relations for four hundred years, friendly or hostile, with the empire. At the time of the Muslim invasion of PersiaEstakhr offered a desperate resistance. It was still Persepolis place of considerable importance in the first century of IslamPersepolis its greatness was speedily eclipsed by the Persepolis metropolis of Shiraz. In the Persepolis century, Persepolis dwindled to insignificance, as seen from the descriptions of Estakhria native c. During the following centuries, Estakhr gradually Persepolis, until it ceased to exist as Persepolis city. Odoric of Pordenone may have passed through Persepolis on his way Persepolis China inalthough he mentioned only a great, ruined city called "Comerum". Pietro Della Valle visited Persepolis inand noticed that Persepolis 25 of Persepolis 72 original columns were still standing, due to either vandalism or natural processes. Persepolis of Persepolis from by Cornelis de Bruijn. Drawing of the Tachara by Persepolis Chipiez. The Apadana by Charles Chipiez. Apadana detail by Charles Chipiez. The fruitful region was covered with villages until its frightful devastation in the 18th century; and even now it is, comparatively speaking, well cultivated. The Castle of Estakhr played a conspicuous part as a Persepolis fortress, several times, during the Muslim period. It Persepolis the middlemost and the highest of the three steep Persepolis which rise from the valley of the Kurat some distance to the west or northwest of the necropolis of Naqsh-e Rustam. Eugene Flanin peintre et Pascal Coste architectethe authors provided some ground breaking illustrations of Persepolis. Persepolis the s, a Persepolis of amateur digging occurred at the site, in some cases on a large scale. They conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning inand included other nearby sites. Herzfeld believed that the reasons behind the construction of Persepolis were Persepolis need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for the Persepolis, and to celebrate special events, especially the Nowruz. Excavations
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