CON TENTS.

P ART I .

TOP OG RA P H Y .

H TE — i ti r li e C AP R I . S tua on , a ea , coast n

CHAP TER n — ro ra h o O g p y n o . 000 00.

P ART I I .

G EOLOGY .

- C HAPTER III . General Remarks

CH APTER V - I . Archm n Grou p 1 . Gneiss System

u . Crystalline Schists System HAPTER V—P C . alaeozoic Grou p 1 . Stratigraphy and 11 L . ocal Descriptions CH APTER VI -Mesozoic Grou p

l Tr S m . iassic yste

u ur i . J ass c System

u r. Cretaceous — CH APTER VIL Ca inozoic Grou p

r Ter iar S s em . t y y t

u uaternar m . Q y Syste

l -I ou Ro C H AP TER VIl . g ne s cks ld I 1. O er gn eous Rocks

n . Younger Igneous Roc ks

P ART I I I .

ECONO M IC G EO L OGY .

— if r us De osits C H AP TER IX. Metall e o p

1. Gold

H as hidate

CONTENTS.

Kayanuma Coal-field H ou srw

Aburato Coal

I walti-H itaclti Coal-field

Tertiar Coal-field of Asa- ori Na a o y g , g t

Chikuho Coal-field

Coal-neids of Northern H izen

Matsu -shima Coal

Coal-fields of Takashima and adj acen t Miike Coal-field SOUTH ERN ISLANDS Coal-field of the Yaeyama I slan ds - Coal fields of Taiwan ( Formosa)

C.

D.

m . Petroleum

HOKKAID6

P enkeo irar ika Yu uts- or b p , p g i, I uri

Shumbets Atsuta- ori I shikari , g , UGO

Ni orikawa Minami-Akita- ori g , g

zumi Minami-Akita- ori I , g

Kami- un i Yuri Og , Ecm oo

Kurokaw Kita-Kamb r - ori a, a a g

Nii su Naka-Kambara- ori t , g

H i ashi ama Koshi- ori g y , g

Takezawa Koshi- ori , g

Amaze San o- ori , t g

' Kusozu and ir SantEy- ori Ush odani , g

M oho i Kariha- ori y j , g

Nishi ama Oi l-field Kariha- ori y , g Oil-fields of H igashi-Kubiki-gori Oil-fields of Naka-Kubiki-gori Oil-field of Nishi-Kubiki-gori SHI NANO

il-fi e of Tomikura Shimo-Mia ochi- ori O ld , g

il-field of Sai o Kami-Minoc hi- ori O j , g

T6T6Mt i v CONTENTS.

Oil field of Su e a a H ibar - ori g g y , a a g

Amber

Stones for Bu ildings and Monuments Clays and Natural

P recious Stones

Abrasive Materials

Material for I nkstones or Suzuri-isht

Slates

t tite A almatolite Asbestos and G sum Sea , g , yp Limestone

F u rs ar Talc Mica nd uartz l o p , , a Q

P orcelain Glaze Mineral P i men and Medicinal , g ts

Minerals .

Sulphur Phosphates

XVI II . Mineral Springs P ART I .

T O P O G R A P H Y .

CHAP TER I.

SITUATION, AREA, COAST LINE.

The Em ire of a an consistin of a a r e nu m er of p J p , g l g b i lan s situated off the eas tern coast of the Asia tic continent s d , ° ’ tr tch from 1 1 20 E on . Kwasho in the oko or s e es 9 . l g ( H ° ’ P ca or s Gr ou to 1 6 2 E Shumshu Is and in the es d e p) 5 3 . ( l ° ’ Kur iles and fr om 2 1 N. lat Vee Rete Rocks of ) 4 5 . ( l ° ’ r il h A i I d in the Ku es . T F ormosa) to 50 5 6 N. ( la d slan ) e lon chain of islan s ex tendin ov er 00 ki ometers con g d g 4, 7 l tinnes in raceful cu rv es formin three distinct a rcs v iz g g , h hi The thr ee r in R ii k ti a an ro er and C is ma. a cs y y , J p P p , , combination with the peninsulas of Kor ea a nd Kamtchatka

a nd the Is and of Sa ha ien enc ose succes s iv e the Easter n l g l , l ly Sea Sea of a an and Okhotsk Sea , J p , . Th nu m r f is in circum f renc e be o lands abov e 4 km. e e h ex ceeds 00 t eir tota area is 1 s km . and 5 ; l 4 7, q . , ir Th r the total length of coast line is km . e atio o f the total length of coas t lin e to the geometrica l circum l fer ence is 1 .

1 By the geometrica l circumferen ce is meant the circu mferen ce of a circleof eq ual area. 2 TOPOGRAP IIY.

The areas a nd lengths of coa st line of the fiv e la m es t islands are as follows Ratio of lengthof Len gthof coast t coast line to eo Aren in sq. kilomeers. g linein kilometers.

Honshu 1

1

Kyushu 1 Taiwan 1 Shikoku 1

The coast line of aiwan or Formosa is on the who e T , l , poor in indentati on ; there are some s mall bays in the n or th

ea ster n s ide the har ou rs of iiru n eeun and Sufi ein , b K (K l g) b g mon them a g . okkaido has onl a few a s the m ost notew orth H y b y , y being Volca no Bay and Hakoda te Ba y on the s outhand the N h Bays of emor o and Akkeshi on t e east. Kyushu ranks firs t in coast dev elopment and poss esses man ood h r u r th hv e th a r e Ba y g a bo s . On the sou we a e l g y

of a oshima a nd th r k -n — i Th wester n c t f K g e A ia e o um . e oas o Kyushu is the m os t indented in the whole empire; the pr o minent fea tur es of it are the Sea of Yatsus hiro whichis full of

sm a l is an s the dee Ariake-no-umi and the entir e coast of l l d , p , the prov ince of Hizen whichcomprises many peninsulas and

ad acent to which lie numerous is ets . The a s of Imari j l B y ,

a rats u a nd akata a nd the uki-no-umi ar e on the nor ther n K , H , K c h- oas t and the e u Ba is on the nort eas t. Southward , B pp y fr om Beppu Bay to the har bour of Hososhima the coas t is of Rias t Sti ore southwar the ea stern oast f ype. ll m d c o a is sin ular inear Hyug g ly l . r in The ea st r n nd Shikoku is dev oid of la ge lets . e a h re erra d wes ter n s ides oppos ite Kii and Kyus u a s te . The long coast line of H onshii or the Main Island v aries

f differen t ar ts On the uthr in its character istic eatu r es in p . so e n fa ke of the Pacific s ide many larg e a rm s of the s ea ru n in TOPOGRAP HY. 3 n orthwar d form in the eninsu as of Kn Chita Atsu mi Izu , g p l , , , ,

Miu ra a nd Awa- az usa on the eas tern face the on ba , K ; ly y is that of Ishinomaki Some arts of the coasts of Kii Riku . p ,

' z en a nd Rikuchti a r oach the Ri e The oast of th pp as typ . c e

Sea of a an is m onotonous with a few in ets and r o ec J p , l p j tions of whichNaka-umi an d Miho Ba in Izumo a nd the y ,

Ba s of akasa and suru a the Ba of o ama withthe y W T g , y T y P eninsu a of Noto and the Hachiro- ata w ith the smal l , g l nin u a f a hi h t u h e s o O s m a ma be m entione . T e Se o c i p l g , y d o r In and Sea of a an fam ous for its a rinth of is ets l J p , l by l a nd eninsu as res ents a character istic t e of coast s cener . p l , p yp y

CHAP TER II.

GEOGRAPHY.

The Islands of the Japanese Empire are but the sum mit l of a half submerged grea t m ou ntain system that girdles the P a ci c s ide of the As iatic continent fi . Cons equen tly the coun try i n t tra The w ides t ains ar e the s esse tially a m oun ainous ct. pl k ido As none high Diluv ia l flats in Nor thern Japa n and Hok a . o f the islands has its centre mor e than a hu ndred kilometer s dis ta n t from the sea there is no r oom for the deveo ment , l p o f t r t m gr ea iver sys e s. To begin from the sou ther n-m ost of the isla nds : Taiwan r h A o r For mosa p resents a compar atively s im ple topog ap y.

r t water-s hed ran e e inn in at the s ou th end Na nko g ea g b g g , ,

i f th is n n asse N N. E follow s the longer ax s o e la d a d p s .

d stwar ds of the midd e ine formin a contin uou s a n ea l l , g m ou ntain chain that rises above m eters in height

- Mt i vi thn turnin E N. B. it tsu zan S a e ce . thr ough Se ( . l ) ; g n r Sue The o d escar ments seen on the reaches the sea ea . b l p ‘ TOPOGRAP IIY. coast sou thof Sufi ar e the end of the range cut transv ersely its cours The aiwan Moun t in R to e. T a an ge far ex ceeds the highest ra nges in other parts of Japan in height; of Niitaka M M r rison thehi hst k f whi am a t. o e ea o chis i y ( ) , g p sa d to r each ov er meters in height a nd to lie a little westwa rd of the m ain r id e accurate meas urements are as et ackin g , y l g . On the west of the ack- one ran e a road et f b b g , b b l o h s - B nk ir hi s t e o ca ed a a ei ru ns ara e to it. In the no rth ll , ll , p ll l , m any tr ansv erse valleys cut boththe hilly tract and the high m ou ntain re ion a nd ex tend westwar s but in th th h g , d , e s ou t e plain of the Katan sui-kei intervenes between the high and low ra n es . Fu r ther wes twar d orderin on the sea a ar e g , b g , l g i nds nor th nd s u h pla n ex te a o th. On t e Upper cou rse of the Riv er Tansui lies the small bu t importan t plain of Taihoku which is bounded on the northby the small volca nic gr ou p - of Taiton zan. Ea s tward the ax ial m ountains slope s teeply in part to the s ea and in art to a on narrow de r es sion r p l g, p fo med

three riv ers the Mokka-kei Shukoran-kei and in n by , , , P a kei ; to the east of this tectonic valley which is known as the longi tudinal valley of Taito rises a narrow range of low m ou ntains known by the name of the Taito Coast Ra n ge. Some of the is an ds of R fik ti and ad oin in is ands in l y y j g l ,

ite of their s ma a rea ossess com arativ e hi hm oun Sp ll , p p ly g Y - k 1 n aku-shim a outr iva s thehi h t tains ; aeda e ( 885 m .) o Y l g es d ushu Om oto-dake on Ishi k mountains in the islan s of Ky . ga i

im a Nishimei—dake on Okinawa - im a a nd uwa n-dake on j , J , Y - eter Amami Oshima ar e higher tha n 500 m s . The jaggedness of the coast line of Kyushu reveals the i h i it s tructu r e. Geotecton ca t e is a nd of complex ty of s lly, l Kyushu may be r oughly div ided into two pa rts by a line i tween th pa ssing throughthe Strait of Hayasak (be e Islands of Amaku sa and Shirn abara Peninsu la) and then ce to the TOPOGRAP HY.

hea o f e u B outhw rd f his ine ru ns the ushu d B pp ay. S a o t l Ky Mountain Ran e whi e north of it a re the A5 0 Vo cano and g , l l l esser v o ca n ic rou s in Buzen u n o and iz en and the l g p , B g , H , Tsukushi Ran e g . The Kyushu Mountain Ra nge begins in the west at the hik I n Ex t din i - Kos i s a s en N. E. t r ches to o ii d ke l d . g ea J g a 1 m in Sa ts uma and th n t t n in u ( 049 .) e ce o the mos m ou ta o s p ortions of Kyus hu (which contains within it the plains of H ito os hi formin the eaks of Shira a-dake 1 y ) , g p g ( 497 I hi - m 1 a nd I hibus - m 1 2 m in h s do ya a ( 74 5 c a ya a ( 8 0 . ) t e s outh and Naidai in- am a 1 6 Sam a- ama 1 6 , j y ( 74 b y ( 45 nd Mor ozuka- am a 1 1 m in the nor th and na s ink a y ( 5 3 .) , fi lly s

th Bun Str i Th ear meri i n l in r u nder e go a t. e n ly d o a l ea coast line of southern Hyiiga is the effect of the strike of the y ou ng Ter tiary s tra ta dev eloped along the coast; the g round s r uctu re of the o der formation in en eral however shows t l g , , c onformity to the general northeasterly tr end of the Kyushu n e e in nin at the v o ca nic ain of Mi ako no o in Ra g . B g g l pl y j w es ter n u a a wide tract of vo canic ori in ex tends west Hy g , l g w ard and sou thwar d over the grea ter par t of Sa tsuma an d

i here the thick ss of ectam enta s u th Os um . T ma ej fill p e d ep ress ions of the ancient low hills and the cou ntr y pr esen ts a somewhat levelled appea rance withnu mer ous volca n ic cones

f w nt in f h ld f ti a nd s ome e m ou a s o t e o orma ons . The line of activ e v olcanoes com mencing in the southern is lands is continued by the bea utiful cones of Ka im on a nd of Saku ra-jirna in Kyushu a nd pa s ses thence to the large v ol canic

rou of Kir ishirn cu in tin i K r k ni- 1 62 m g p a lm a g n a a u dake ( 7 .) - — a nd Takachiho n o mine ( 1 659 The pla ins of Hitoyoshi a nd of Izum i seem to lie on a for mer ly continu ous lo ngitu dinal dep ression whichhas been subsequently cut by the formation o f the v o canic r ou of Y hazu a nd Asahi l g p a .

The r ivers ru n m os t r n v r th m in Th ly t a s e s e to e ou nta s . e

Ku ma- awa eow ito oshi and its tr i u tar the awa e g b l H y , b y K b 6 T0PooRAP 11r .

awa and the ar e riv er s of u a su ch as the Ichinose g , l g Hy g awa Mim itsu- awa and Gokase- awa are all tran s ver se g , g , g v aueys .

In the nor thern ha f o f ushu the m ost cons icuous l Ky , p group of m ountains is for med by a large nu mber of v olcan oes cov erin the wide area containin the reater art of Bu n o g g g p g , the s outher n ha f of Bu zen a nd the w es ter n ha f of i o l , l H g ,

The outerm ost crater of ASO the ar est in a an measu r es , l g J p , k 1 k h fi n th h 2 m 6 m . it ve o s wi in it e hi h st f . as c e t e o 4 by ; , g 5m “ them being Taka-dake North of As o lies the - n o of u u s n r 860m . with a centra cone 1 1 m volca K j a ( ) l 7 7 . hi h N rth-east of it the two vo ca noes of Tsu ru mi dake g . o l 1 and u fu-dake stand on th wes t shor e f Be u ( 480 m .) Y e o pp Ba Fu ta o- ama in the eninsu a of Kun is aki to the no rth y . g y p l - of Be u Ba s eem s to be an old v o ca no. im o sa n pp y l K b , - nor thwes t of umam oto is a so of vo ca nic or i in. A lo K , l l g gg m eratic rocks play an irnportant part in the form ation of the volcanic r egion and er osion acting on thes e ea s ily c ru mbling rocks gives m ou ntains and valleys fantas tic form s in m an y

aces amon which the m ost note is the Ya a-kei in pl , g d b Bun go. The Tsukushi Mounta in Ra n e str etchin N i g g . E. n the nor th of the v o canic tract cons ists of com arative low l , p ly older m ountain m asses together withflat table-lands of later

dim ent r nd c ni ri in S uth-e st f ukuok the se a y a v ol a c o g . o a o F a r a nge is cu t into two by the transv erse valley of the Mikasa

w Th t r n i s rs of ga a. e eas e n section co s s ts of detached clu te low m ou ntains with the interven in coa asins of Chikuz en , g l b

z and Bu en.

The w ester n or tion is form ed m ain of ranitic m ass ifs p ly g , and culminates in Sefu ri -yama a nd Ama-dake a little ov er

1 m hi h r 000 . estward the nor the n ar t of izen is an , . g W , p H eroded ta e- a d f r m d f er ti r r cks and as In th bl l n o e o T a y o b alt. e form ation of the s outher n penins ulas of Hizen v ol ca noes hav e TOPOGRAP HY. 7

h U z -d la ed a m ost im ortant art Of t ese n en ake 1 8 m . p y p p . ( 4 3 ) i n him nd r -d 2 2 m r m o n i u S a r ake 1 . a st co s c u s ba a a Ta a ( 3 ) e p o . The islands of Hirado and lki ar e n othing but detached

ortions of n r ther iz n The is ands of su shima n d p o n H e . l T a the Goto GrOUp hav e structur ally little in comm on with the the main island of Kyushu; they appea r to hav e been for med in differen t w a nd a t diff ren t tim e a ay a e . In Shikoku we hav e the continu ation of the Kyushu Th hikoku Mount i R n e w h Ran e. e S a n a it its ax is in the g g , n orthof the is a nd asses throu h its whole en th in l , p g l g - r cti The hi hest r id r n east northeas ter ly di e on. g g e u s between

u - sur u -san 2 2 2 m and i t th Is hiz chi san and T gi ( 4 . ) s cu by e tr ansvers e portion of the v alley of the Yoshino-g awa forming th r f hk nd Koboke e go ges o O o e a . The main por tion of the Yoshino-gawa together with the Shi enobu- awa on the nor th the Mono e- a wa and g g , b g Niyodo-gawa on the s ou thar e ex amples of longitudinal v alleys The Hiji-kawa and Shimanto-gawa cut the western por tion of the is an tra nsv erse on o os it s ides In the nor th of l d ly pp e . the plain of the Yoshino-gawa the small San uki Ra nge form s the oun r n ki n b da y between Sa u a d Awa .

Th r i n of the S nuki Ra n r esents a marked e eg on orth. a gep c ontrast to the other ar ts of m ou ntainou s Shikoku . here p T , in the eninsu as of Sanuki and akanawa the hi s are low p l T , ll a nd r ou nd and the ains ex tend a on the coast , pl l g . Awaji res embles nor ther n Shikoku in its s tructu re ; thr ou h the s outh of it ru ns a r e u ar m ou ntain-ra n e g g l g , while the nor ther n part is occupied by ir r egula r m ountain

m asses .

Structural Honshu r the Main Is and is divided ly, o l i nto two ar ts n or thern and s outher n a tectonic ine p , , by l traver sing the m iddle of the island from the Pacific Ocean o the Sea of a an which is indica ted the cou rse of t J p , by the Fu i-kawa and of its tri uta r the Kamanashi- awa j b y, g , 8 TOPOGRAP HY. and by the upper cou rse of the Sa i-gawa and the Hime

wa ga . Cl ose to the eas t of the line and near ly parallel to it th ine of v o canoes forme Fu i Yatsu a-take r uns e l l d by j , g ,

h r Geo o ica and to o ra hical ther e T teshina and ot e s. a , l g lly p g p ly, ar e wide differ ences between the cou ntr y eas t of this line and that west of it; the former includes Northern Japan whichis com arativ e flat a nd O en withthe a uv ia ain of wanto p ly p , ll l pl K ,

h m ost ex tensiv e in the Em ire and man r ir i - t e p , y p a e like “ ” haras in the north.

Southern J apa n may be subdivided as follows

‘ - htt k h 1 . The mountain a n of C o u w ich com ris e l d g , p s the ° h st f the m eri ian f 1 ortion to t e we o o E. on p d 35 l g .

2 . The ateau of am a and eninsula of Kii which Pl T b P , lie m ore eastward and are ou nded the Ba of s uru a b by y T g , d he f Ise on he east Lake Biwa , an t Sea o t .

The hi hm ountainous re ion com risin he u 3 . g g p g t Platea h i m unta ins and th Akais h n in of ida t e so o e i m ou ta s . H , K Chugoku has somewhat the character of a pla teau ; the low mou n tains m ost a out 00 meters hi h run nin in , ly b 5 g , g i h hi r div erse irect ons . T e h eaks a e m ost vo canoes the d g p ly l , m os t noticeable being Daisen ( 1 87 7 in the province of

- - oki and Sam e ama 1 2 2 m . on the Izumo Iwami frontier H , b y ( 7 ) .

A hi re ion in the north of Izu mo c ea r se arat from lly g , l ly p ed the m ain m ass of Chugoku by the dep ress ion of the Nakami and La ke Shin i is ca e the Shin i Ran e ains withthe j , ll d j g . Pl , ex ce tion of those of a rim a and Oka am a are on sma p H y , ly ll

h of ev r u nd on th co t or at ri er-mouths patc es l el g o al g e as v . The rivers of impor tance ar e the Higashi Okawa and

Nishi kawa of Buzen Ashi a—awa of Bitchti and Go- awa O , d g , g of Iwami ; all How transver sely to the general strike of the

m ou ntains .

The Is ands of Oki in the Sea of a an are eo o ica l l , J p , g l g l y

a rts of Chu ku Thefor m of the western r ou consistin p go . g p g

I O TOPOGRAPHY

u hrn nd b v er low hi ls The is flanked at the so t e e y y l . Yam ato-gawa cu ts it in the nor th and sepa rates the Ikom a in n e To the eas t of the on Group from the m a ra g . K go Ra nge the two pa rallel ra nges of Kasagi and Su zuka r un a so north a nd sou th the towns of Na ari U eno and l , b , y , h int nin l w a nd The Minakuchi standing on t e erve g o l . for m er ran e is low a nd nowhere ex ceeds 1 000m . The g ,

a tter is a on hi h ran e ex cee in 1 000 m . at m an l l g, g g , d g y

in is cu t in the midd e the Suzuka- awa po ts . It l by g ,

Reis en-zan Suzu a—take am a a-take and other eaks ein , g , K g p b g n orth of that r iver and Tsubone-take and Obor a-san south

h- th z k R n a d s r ted fr m it. Nor t ea st of e Su u a a e n e a a o of g , p

th v e of the Ina e- awa ies the sm a ar n Ra n e it by e all y b g , l ll Y g border ing on the Mino -Owari plain ; its highest peak is Shoga-take ( 103 7

The abov e m entioned a r a e ran es of on o Kasa i p ll l g K g , g ,

‘ Suzuka a nd Yoro run nin north and s outh are from ! m ou nt , , g , ains an d the de r ess ed or tions form the nei hou rin a ins , p p g b g pl N n Min -Ow of Osaka, ara , a d o ari.

assin eas twar d we find in the easter n ex tremit of P g , , y

h r n the m ost mountain ous ortion of th d u t n a a e is an . So e J p , p l It is bar ely linked on the west to the Pla tea u of Tamba and to the Suzuka Range by low r idges not over 400 meter s in height ; it is clearly defined on the ea st by the depr ession line r eaching from the m outh of the Fuji-ka wa to the m ou th of the Hime—awa on the Sea of a an the hi hes t g J p , g i t in which the Shio iri s is 1 060 m hi h h o n as . . S ou p , j P , g ld we trav erse the thick m oun ta in m ass s traight ac ross in a north-west dir ection fr om the m outh of the Fuj i-kawa to the cit of an azawa on the coast of the Sea of a a n y K J p ,

we shou d hav e rst to c im the Aka ishi Ran e 000 m. l fi l b g , 3 high; then descend to the valley of the Ten ryu ; nex t we h iso m un ins m r e thn 2 shou ass ov er t e o ta o a 000 m. ld p K , hi h and own to the is o v a e then over Ontake g , d K ll y ; , - TOPOGRAP l I Y. I I

000m hi h and astl a cross the ateau of ida atta inin 3 , g , l y Pl H , g a mean hei ht of 1 000 meters u nti we r eached the Sea of g , l n Japa . The Akaishi Ra nge is s eparated fr om the Kiso Range by the Yahagi-gawa and the u pper cou r s e of the Tenryu ; the m oun tain ax is pass es from n or th-eas t to s outh-west in the s ou thern por tion and nea rly n orth a nd s outhin the mai n or n orthern r ion The hi hes t m ou ntains a re in the n orther n po t . g

ar t am on whichar e Akaishi- am a 0 Sen o a-dake p , g y (3 93 j g

2 0 Kom a a-take in oshu 001 Hooza n ( 97 g ( K , 3 a nd the many peaked Shirane-s an (3 1 50 Thew estern s ide of the Range separated from the ma in mass by the Toya ma. awa a ranch of the Ten r u and the o o-ka wa in Mikawa g , b y , T y , d i h R h r d the k ishi R n i s es nated a s t e Ina an e. Sou t wa A a a e g g , g term ina tes in the pla in s of Mikawa and Totomi ; on the north w es t the long ter r aced plain of Iida s eparates it fr om the Kis o Ran ge.

The is o Ran e on the eft side of the iso- awa va e K g , l K g ll y, ex tendin in a north-nor th-ea ster direction has its hi hest g ly , g p oints between Kom aga-take in Shinan o ( 2 880 and Ena s a n ( 2 240 the height aver ages between 1 500 and 2000 eters It ends in the s outh-west in the low hi tr act facin m . lly g the Mino-Owari in pla . The plateau r egion comp rising the whole of Hida a nd covering the g rea ter par ts of Mino and Echizen is bo rdered on the eas t the ida Ran It tower etween ida by H ge. s b H and Etchu on the west and Shina no and Robi o on the east g , and has been ca ed the Snow Mou nta ins Rein from ll by J . J . the reat rif f er g d ts o snow tha t a re fou nd even in late summ . It attains mean hei ht b a of 2 00 m . and is crow ned g 5 , y thethree- eaked ari a—take Shirou ma -dake and other su m mits p Y g , , r eachin 000m a nd s ti fu h h h nt . rt er ei tened and u m e ed g 3 , ll g a g by the volcanic m ass es bel onging to the Noriku ra Volca nic Chain that passes alongside of this ra nge the chief v olcanoes I 2 TOPOGRAP HY. of which ar e Onta ke (3 1 85 Norikura (3 1 66 and

‘ Iwo C os o th w s o f th r d e f ri - k ru . l e t e e t e i g o Ya ga ta e ns the e ua hi h rid e of ate- ama accom anied v o canic q lly g g T y , p by l

ff-sho ts Th r r kn w - o o . e to ent o n as the Kur obega wa flow s between the two high ridges ; its banks are s o high and p recipitous tha t it is said that a long the whole cou rse of the stream in the m ounta ins it can be crossed at only one la p ce. The northern part of Hida is drained by the Takara

awa and the Mi a- awa tri uta ries of the intsfi- awa and g y g , b J g , h hr n r th M — - t e sout e a t e asu da awa tr i u tar of is o awa . p by g , b y K g

The two arts are se ar ted th Mi ss n a e a a o 800 m . p p by y P , ly hi h to the northof which ies the s ma asin of aka m g , l ll b T ya a .

In the north-west of the ateau r e ion to the west of the pl g , v a e of the Imizu- awa ther e is another hi h rid e ru nn in ll y g , g g g northa nd s outh cu minatin in the nei hbou rhood of aku , l g g H s an ; northwa rd it lowers to an u ndula ting hilly tr act w hich lies between the pl ains of Kaga an d Etchti a nd continu es to

h f The u r ion is t t e Peninsula o Noto. platea eg los s ou thwa r d in theMin o-Owari Plain and ends in the s outh-wes t a t the Ibuki

Mikuni Ran e on the wester n oundar of Mino which is g , b y , d t h Suzuka R n linke o t e a ge. The line of large v olca noes that m arks the bou ndary between Northern and Sou ther n Japan is known by the nam e

f th u i V c nic one Commencin in the is nds in o e F j ol a Z . g la the s ou th of lzu it asses thr ou h the en in s u a of Izu to , p g p l m h cir r r e H akone Vo ca no and cu ina tes in F . T e cu a a a l , l t l , in which u i stands so eautifu dis a in the t ica F j , b lly pl y g yp l v o canic cone contains the ictu res u e akes at the foot of l , p q l a the m ou ntain and is boun ded by the cu rv ed ranges of

hu Mi k nd Tanzaw a F u r ther e ond we o serv e Tens sa a a . , b y b

nother nd a far ra nder en circ in wa of m ou n tains a a g l g ll , form ed on the w es t by the s teep wall of the Akais hi Moun tains and on the n or th and north-wes t by Kom aga-take TOPOGRAP HY. 1 3

Yatsu a -take Kim u-zan Kokushi-dake and other m ountains g , p , f wanto o K .

The ain of Kofu ies to the northof the Misaka Ran Pl l ge. F r om the plain comparativ ely easy roads lead northwa rd via Ueda and Na ano to Naoetsu on the Sea of a an and g J p ,

r -w w rd th ain of th Him - n o th est a to e pl e egawa. by way of Lake Suwa throu h the ains of Matsu moto and Omachi g pl . Between the two r oads stand two g roups of high v ol ca n oes eon in to the Fu i v o canic chain Ta tes hina and b l g g j l , Ya ts u a-take on the south and M oko and Yake- a n g , y yam o the north.

Eastwa r of the vo canic r ou s ust m entioned e on d l g p j , b y d the ain of Chiku ma- awa there is another ine of v o canoes pl g , l l r un nin northand south in whicha re the a r e v o canoes of g , l g l

Asama, Shirane, and Kenashi.

To the east of the Fu i Vo ca nic Chain and to the north j l , of the ra n es of Misaka a nd Tan w s tretches the near g za a, ly re-sha d dis i u i h w in squa pe tr ct occ p ed by t e K anto Moun ta s. .

Th m u nt in ru fr W d r e o a s n om E. S. E. to . N. . a n a e cu t W , off on th s nd h- s h i f n e ea t a nort ea t by t e pla n o Kwa to. The basin-shaped hollow of Omiya lies within the m ou ntains a nd from it the so- Sa nchii Gr a éen ru ns N called W. . W. — through the na rrow v alleys of the Sanya ma gawa a nd the u er ann - T the south of the ain of want6 pp K a gawa . o pl K the two hill regions of Miura penin sula and Awa-Kazusa a re s e ar ate h p d by t e Strait of Uraga .

On the northof the ain m ou ntains run n orthand south pl , withm an i di in etwe n thm y long tu nal pla s b e e . The eas tern coas t of Northern Japan is occu pied by the tw o fusiform m as ses of the Kitakami and Abukum a Mou nta ins

nd the sma southernm ost ran e of suku a-Yamiz o a by ll g T b . The Abukuma Moun tains comm only known as the Abukum a

lateau hav e on a few hei hts that r ise a ov e 1 000m . P , ly g b - Y dai in - ama 1 1 he are takine ama 1 1 2 m . a (O y 3 , j y 34 T y 14 TOPOGRAP HY. bou nded on the west by the v alleys of Abukum a-gawa a nd Kuj t-gawa and on the east the sea-ward s lope is flanked by a n hi i nti long nar row bel t of lev el la d. T s coa st pla n co nu es northward to Sendai a r d further nor thwar to the on itu dinal , d l g

r si f ita mi- w The m ou dep es on o the K ka ga a . ntains r unning n orthan d s ou th to the wes t of the itaka mi- awa are know n K g , as the Kitakami Mou nta ins the i hest eak of which is , hg p Hayachine ( 1 996 They hav e few coast flats and a re ounded c st f Ri t b by a oa o as ype.

On the side of the Sea of a an the Echi o Mou ntains J p , g r ise in the ea st of the v o canic rou s of Shirane and ena shi l g p K , nea r the Shimizu ass whichcrosses the m oun tains a nd con P , nects Nu ats in Echi o with Mae as hi in Koz uke and the g g b , y

ass a on the western order of Echi o formin the rou s p l g b g , g g p of Iide a nd Asahi in the n orth and ar e cut on the north , by

he transv erse va e s of the Mo mi- aw i h eaks t a a. ll y g g H g p , a ove 2000 m eters su ch as ira- ake Kom a a-take inu b H d , g , K num a- am a asa- ake and aishaku-z an c uster wher e the y , K d , T , l

rov inces of Echi o Kozuke Shimotsuke and Iwas hiro m eet p g , , , to ether g . Between the Echigo Mountains and Kwanto Plain lies the s m u f h A hi R n e It is s r ted fr om all g ro p o t e s o a g . epa a the Robigo Mou nta ins by the inter v ening v olcan ic masses of Aka i and Nik e g . Two pa rallel lines of v olcanoes ru n on the wester n side

r h rn l h u o anic o ne o f No t e a an . One ca e t e Nas V c J p , l d l Z , comm ences in a run on the e st of Asama and as ses H a a , p n r h-w r a nd no rthw rd throu hthe v o ca noes of Aka i o t estwa d a g l g ,

Shira ne Nikko akahara Nas u Azu ma Zao Kom a a-take ( ) , T , , , , g , h her ine Yakeishi Ga n u Ya tsukoda and Ka ma fuse. T e ot , j , . l as s es throu h Gassa n Chokai Mori os hi and I waki ; it is p g , , y one called the Choks i Volca nic Z . Nor ther n Japa n has nu merous pla ins along the coast

h ns Th lain of wanto on the one nd in t e m ou ntai . e a P K , T TOPOGRAP HY. 1 5

an d Sumida is far the a r es t flat in the cou ntr . Th , by l g y e other imp or tant plains are those of Shirakawa and Fukushim a on the Abukum a ; the plain of the Kitakam i ; the plains of

Aizu onezawa ama ata a nd of the u er Om on o- awa , Y , Y g , pp g , between the v olcanic chains of Nasu and Chokai ; the plains of Naga no and Niigata on the Shinano-gawa ; and the plains

o f Sakata Akita Noshiro and su ar u on the w t r , , , T g es e n

coa st.

The main island of Hokkaido is trav ersed in the m iddle - by the back bone ra nge called the EZO Mou ntain Range. h W — E fr h e w ich r N . m e c of t th u ns N. . . S. S. o t a So a o e , p y ca e of Erimo and isects thewho e is a nd Them ain southern p , b l l . p or tion is called the Hidaka Ra nge; Pipairo ( 201 7 Poro s hiri nd n r h hi h eak The su si iar ran e a Sats ai a e t e g est p s . b d y g on the west of the idaka Ran e whichis se a ra ted from H g , p it the v e s of the Mu kawa and Sorachi is ca ed the by all y , ll

' Yu ari Ran e Ytlbar i-dake 1 m As h etsnu u ri 1 20 b g ( 93 3 ., p p 9 The portion n orth of the Hidaka Range is g r eatly augm ented b v o canic effusion and the hi h eaks with the ex ce tion y l , g p , p of Ishikar i-dake 20 a re v o ca noes am on whichNu ta ( 3 5 l , g p — kaushpe ( 2 2 85 Optateshke ( 1 890 Tokachi dake ( 1 8 1 2 - 1 hi h i h d k 0 m . ar e u m and Tes io a e ( 59 ) the g es t s m ts .

Northward the EZ0 Mountain Ran e descen s into the low , g d

i f shi hlly tract o Te o .

In the wester n enins u a r or tion of okkai o w e fin d p l p H d ,

i f h i f h r a n the con tinuat on o t e v olcanic cha ns o Nort e n J pa .

In articu ar numerous v o can ic eaks are center ed in I u ri p l , l p b

M kk r r i h hi hest of r ov in ce a a inu u i 1 m . en t e P , p ( 943 ) b g g h t em .

East of the EZO Mou nta ins thr ou hthe wide tract of , g low un u ations a v o ca nic cha in asses east and west con d l , l p , n ecting wes tw ard w ith the v olcanoes in the cen tr al pa rt of the EZO Mou ntains and eas tw ard with the in e of v o can oes , l l ex tendin throu hthe u ri e Is ands whichis kno w n as the g g K l l , 1 6 Tor oc RAPu v.

Chishima Volca ni on The hi hest su mmits are Mes ka n c Z e. g

1 6 1 O k hri nd Ki oushi a an S a a t . ( 7 , , The Islands of Chishima are m ainly composed of v olcanic rocks d r t r ru t r h an p esen gene ally a gged opog ap y.

1 8 s aom ov.

The riassi and urassic sedim en ts are imited in ex tent T c J l .

The Cretaceous is howev er ex tensiv e dev e o ed from , , ly l p Kyushu to H okkaido a nd continu es to the Island of Sagha

ien r otr us ions of ranite were ver fre uen t in the l . P g y q

oz ic r Som e f the r ni v eins intr u in in to Mes o e a. o g a te d g the aleozoic are cov er ed the Creta ceous form ation and P by , s ome c ut thr o h he r u o In the Mesozoic ug t C etaceo s als . form ation ex tendin throu hthe rov in ces of Na ato uz eu g g p g , B , and Chikuz en intercalated por phyrite and beds of por phyrite tuff are fou nd Ga ro and s er entine fre uent m ake in . bb p q ly trusion s throu h th r ou str t g e C etace s a a.

Du rin the Ca inozoic era es ecia in ertiar tirn es g , p lly T y , s ediments of v olcanic ejectamenta formed various kinds of ' tu ila which are m os t widely distributed in Northern Japan

“ a nd okkaido In the ertia r a e v o can ic rocks wer e H . T y g l eru pted in different places ; fis su res in them w ere v ery fre

uen t ed with m eta liferous v ein s a nd these are now q ly fill l , a mon the im or nt mi r r u rc f an hat the g p ta ne al eso es o Jap . T v o canic activ it continued i to the uater na r eriod is l y n Q y p , s how n by the v ol ca nic sediments in the Dil uvial s tra ta and

nu mer ous v o canic cones m an of hich hav e dis a ed by l , y w pl y fea r fi11 activit within historica times a nd s ome of which s ti y l , ll contin ue m or e or ess tiv l ac e. The sedim enta ry formations and cotempora neous igneous r ocks o ccu r ring in Japan m ay be tabu lated in chr on ological or der as follows Y GEOLOG . 19

MEN ARY ORMATI O G SEDI T F NS. I NEOUS ROCKS.

uat nar And sit er . e e Ba lt. Q y , sa

Ca in ozoic. Li arite An des p , ite, i r Tert a y. Basalt.

Mikura SeriCS.

Misaka Series.

Sen onian ,

Mesozoic of Southern Diorite Dia ase , b , Shikoku . P or h rite p y , PDanian— Gault, Cretaceous. uartz- or h r Q p p y y’ Am m on i te Beds of Peridotite Ga ro , bb . H okkaido and I zumi

Granite.

Sandston e Series.

Neocomian , Ryoseki Series an d

Tormosu Limestone.

Mesozoic. Bathon ian of Inferior li Oo te,

° Teton Sen es

urassi c. Por h n te J p y .

Amm on ite bed of

Nagato.

a i Rh et c,

Plan t bed of Yam a

n oi Na t , ga o.

Triassi uv aviC h c. J . P orp yrite.

P seu dom onotis Beds .

Noric,

Ceratites Beds.

Kobotoke System .

Dia ase b , P or h rite Peridotite p y , ,

ab ro G b .

Crystallin e Schists System

w n Series . Ar chean . (Sam baga a )

Gneiss System . 20 GEOLOGY.

The a reas cov ered respectiv ely by the sedimenta ry g roups and the older and younger ig neou s rocks are roughly es tima ted as foll ows

s of total area of a an q. ri. 96 J p Ar che an 920 Paleozoic I

Mesozoic

Cainozoic

Older Igneou s Rocks You nger Ig neous

2

It is clea r from the abov e figur es that the ar ea covered by the Cainozoic Gr oup and you nger ign eous rocks occupies n r - hir d f th r f ea ly two t s o e tota l a ea o Japan.

CHAPTER IV.

A RCH E AN GROUP .

The Archean Group of Japa n is div ided into two System s i nei s S stem . G s y .

r l in e hi ts S st C ysta l Sc s y em . The Gneiss System resembles in lithological cha racter

Laur entian of No r thAmer ica and the o dest r ocks f n the , l ou d

n orea China and Si eria . The s ucceedin s s tem of i C , , b g y the Crystalline Schists may cor respond to the Argonkian of e i the h ite com ex in Eu ro B t n th Am r ca or p yll pl pe. u o ing

can be sa id as r e ards the corr e a tion as the o dest decisive g l , l fossilifer ou s series of the Pale ozoic gr oup has not yet been found in Japan. - ARCIUEAN. 2 I

I . GNEI SS BYSTRI .

The Gneis s S stem consists of iotite- neiss mica-schists y b g ,

r a nite- neiss am hi o e- neiss and am hi o ites fr e u ent g g , p b l g , p b l , q ly nterca ated with saccha r oi a imes tone and ra nu ites Ex i l d l l g l . ce tin the imestones a nd m ica-s chists the r ocks s how in p g l , s ev era cases the characters of m etam or hic eru ti ve r ocks l p p , a n d it seems that the m ica -schists a nd the crys tallin e lim estone a r e s edimentaries metam orphosed by the contact action of the m t mor hic eru tives A oo ex am e of the a e ran c e a p p . g d pl pp a es tha t war rant this conclu s ions is fou nd in the ex posu res along r fi - w the Ten y ga a . The distribution of the Gneiss System is confin ed to the a rc of a an ro r It is not s een in thos e of R uk u n d J p P pe . y y a

hishim In n r th n is r C a . Japa Pr ope e G e s Sys tem appea s in the mid e zone and s oradica in Oki and Noto in the dl , p lly, ,

r z n r t v r r in n e o e. The ocks of the sys em ha e su ffe ed g ea t t ctonic distu r nc s r nit fr u ent tru ncate them in a e ta e . G a es eq ly confus ed manner and these ranites a r e treate in m an , g d y cas es as e on in to the Gneiss S stem b l g g y .

r n n — — his inc u d rock which H o bl e de G n ei s s . T l es the l H arad ca d sh - n hi - n i ark ra a lle Ka io g eis s . Kas o g eiss s a d g y to ra ish- re n r k with m or o s s c is os str u ctu re g y g e oc e r les h t e . Spots of plagioclase and phenocrysts of hornblende a re found

in a roun m ass cons istin of u artz or thoclase a ioc as e g d g q , , pl g l ,

nd horn end The rock is chr cterized he a s ence of a bl e. a a by t b

i ti n r h ff bu t b o te. Harada co side ed it as a m etam or osed tu p , the sam e r ock has been observ ed form ing dykes in Awaji and

H ida and hence it m a r eas ona be cons idered as a or , y bly p

h ritic eru tiv e r ock p y p .

Comm on hor n en e- neis s differs fr om the a o ve It bl d g b . consists of horn en de feds ar a nd a sm a u antit o f bl , l p , ll q y

I T Ha : Die a an ischen I n seln 1 . rada 8 0. J p . 9 22 ARCHE AN.

uar tz whicha re a r e a te as in ranites or sometim es q , gg g d g , r i i s m ore o r less linearly ar ranged when the ock s s chsto e.

Oi feds ar es ide the f es h-red or thoc ase there is found l p , b l l i s Occa iona feds r a nd uart abu ndance of plag ocla e. s lly l pa q z

d h h rock ss es t am hi o ite In are wantin an t en t e a o . g, p p b l the s outh of akato in Shina no a enticu ar mass of sac T , , l l

n n int rca at d in h n s Th charoidal lim esto e is fou d e l e t e g eis . e horn ende- neiss conta ins rox ene ar net and tou rm aline bl g py , g , n ear its su r face of contact w iththe imestone and that ortion l , p of it was identified as eclogite by Harada ; a por tion of the lim estone in contact withthe hor nblende-gneiss contains wol

un nt u rtz The contact henom ena and lastonite a nd ab da q a . p also the gradual transition of hornblen de-gn eiss to the cru p ti ve Kashio-g neis s prove the er uptiv e character of hornblende

n i g es s . — h r G r a n ite n ei s s . his is t e same ock which oto g T K , who o s erv ed it in the Abukum a Mou ntains ca ed s chistose b , ll

h - r ni h rn ende amp iboleg a te. The rock is da rk g ray when o bl red minates an d whi i w n her a re different p o t sh hen it less e s . T e v arieties of granite-g neiss s howing difierent g rades of s chisto sit an d au en- neiss with o r h ritic fe s ar is one of y, g g , p p y ld p , them . As usua constituents the r ock contains a ioclas e l , pl g and iotite. Under the m icrosco e uar tz a ears in the b p , q pp fill g interstices etween other minera s It seems m ost ro a e b l . p b bl that a gradua l transition is to be found between this rock

and hor nb en e- neis l d g s . — — Bi o ti te n ei s s . his cons ists of uartz fe s ar and g T q , ld p ,

biotite. Som e of the r ock show s the stru ctu r e of s chistose

’ r anite and is ot hi t i tite- r ni O her r ts g K o s s c s ose b o g a te. t pa

‘ conta in iotite of a da rk r ow nish ur e o our u st ike b b p pl c l , j l biotite found in biotite-s chist and contact rocks ; this v a riety

B. Kot : The Arche n F o t on of th Ab uku ma Plateau ourn . Col 6 a rm a i e . J .

Sci . I m . Un iv v ol. 1 8 . p V , 93 - ARCl UEAN. 2 3

o f biotite-gn eiss is developed only near places of contact with - biotite schist.

i o ti te- s c hi s t — his r ck cons ists of iotite and B . T o b ’ ua rtz fre uent withfeds ar and is oto s n eiss-m ica q , q ly l p , K g

h i r i s chis t. en m ca dec eas es the rock ooks ke uar tzite. W , l l q

r t r r n s r Ga ne occu s f equently as a a cces o y. We shall now describethe loca l occurr ences of the Gneiss

Sys tem .

T n r - i n —Th a - e Akaushi fissu re e yfi g aw a Reg o . e o call d li ne m arks the con tact of the Gneiss System of this r egion w ith the two Systems of the Crystalline Schis ts a nd the h Th P a e ozoic whichher e lie east of t e Gneiss S stem . e l , y s tr ike of the schistose lane of the n eis s as dev eo ed her e p g , l p , is aral e to the a ov e eo o ica ou n ar ine and the cli p l l b g l g l b d y l , p r If we cons ider the s chis tos e an e is steeply towa d the west. pl a s the lan e of strati cation the r ocks nea r the fissu re- ine p fi , l m ust be of lower horizon than those which are distant from

t ti r hi su ces i t. In this way Harada established the s ra g ap cal c s i n f h i S r ion Accordin to him o o t Gness stem in this e . e y g g , the owest strata cons ist of or h ritic as hio- neiss over l p p y K g , laid by hornblende-bearing biotite-gneis s ; the latter is inter calated with im t n n c o it The n t u er a er l es o e a d e l g e. ex pp l y

consists of ranite- neiss which has a wi e distri ution it g g d b , c ontains layers of biotite-schist and biotite-gneiss an d is fre

u h n iss st m as ent cut b d kes of ranu ite. T e G e S e q ly y y g l y , s een in Mikawa etween the aha i- awa a nd the ower , b Y g g l

T n h h- ik r i f u n the continua e r fi as a nort eas t s tr e. e e s o y , H d tion of the Kashio-gn eiss dev eloped in the eas tern par t of the Ina Ran e whichis cover ed the ertiar fo rm ation of g , by T y Shi r d h h n f s hio—neis s a a istrict. On t e west of t e zo e o a d K g , the complex of biotite-schist and biotite-g neiss p redominates ; d d f r ni an these latter rocks are cu t by ykes o g a te.

Kii P n i n s l —In the Gn eiss S s tem formin th e u a . y g e

hrn rt o th nin u the strik is N E in h n ort e a f e e s a e . p p l , . t e 24 ARcmEAN.

h- t r E —W in h w es ter n h f Th r k nor t eas n rt nd . t e a . e oc s e pa a . l a r e essentia mica-s chist and ran ite- neiss withinterca atio ns lly g g , l of imest ne The imestone in contact with ra nite- n eiss l o . l g g fre uent n in rox en a n r n H or nblende neis s q ly co ta s py e d ga et. g is on insi ni c nt d v d ly g fi a ly e elope . H id P u —The n eiss S tem in i a and the a l atea . G ys H d

‘ n r her n ar t of Etchtt h N N E tr ike which chan o t as a . s es p . . , g

r N E in th th-w s r r i n f the to nea . . e sou e te n o t o o ateau ly p pl , - The rocks a re predomina ntly g neis s a nd ho rnblendeg neis s.

nd su ordin t r nit - d im s t Rar t a b a ely g a egn eis s an l e one. ely he n eiss contains ra hite as in the eas tern ar t of Amo g g p , p

s orn ende- neis s in the t au fr uent s how s Pa s . H bl g pla e eq ly a p orphyritic structur e withlarge specks of flesh-r ed feldspar scatter ed in a dioritic gr ou nd-m ass ; hypersthene p r edominates s om etimes in the r ock which then asses in to norite The , p . hornblende-gneiss in the upper Tetori-gawa is in terca lated w ith

iotite- neiss and ime t n e a ers nd t ranit b g l s o l y a cu by g e.

Abu ku m a P a tea —An a re of the Gneiss S s tem f l u . a y ar larger than thos e des cribed abov e is found in the Abukuma

ate u oto m de stud f the form ation s in the c n r Pl a . K a a y o e t al part of the m ountains and clas sified them as follows

1 Gozaisho Series Am hi o ites . ( p b l ) U er 2 aka nuki Series Mica -s chis ts Am hi o e pp . T ( , p b l s chists) Lower Lau r en tia n Schis tose ran ites 3 . ( g ) As a g reater par t of the Gozaisho Series cor responds to the am hi o ites of the Lower Chichi u Ser ies the a rea of the p b l b ,

r i is o ou on th m a s e oz i s e es c l r ed e p a Pal o c. H or nblende-g ranite plays the m ost impor tant role in the

Gneiss S s tem of the Abukuma a teau It is a dark r a y Pl . g y r o ck containin a unda nt a ioc ase a nd hor n ende esides g b pl g l bl , b

u artz o rthoc ase m icroc ine and iotite it constitutes the q , l , l , b ;

er d f s Th i it - ni i i v y foun ation o the ys tem . e b o t egra te s l ght co ou red and conta ins f es h-red o rthoc as e uar tz iotite and l l l , q , b

26 Ac m .

n eis s a nd ashio- n eiss cu t ranite is seen on the ea s ter n g K g , by g ,

coa st of Awa i wher e d kes of norite witha ar e r o o r tion j , y l g p p

h r r un in - rin h r n nd - n iss of o nblende a e fo d allanitebea g o ble eg e . The Gneiss Sys tem constituting the islands in the Bingo-nada i i - nd bi n i s with im s t n cons sts of b otiteschist a otiteg es l e o e. Oshim a at the sou th en d of Sufi consist mainly of g ran ite

n i wi h nter in im t n g e ss t i cala t g l es o e.

I s a n d of Oki —Two -mica -schist hor n en de- neis s l . , bl g ,

- i h d r i is N — Th t k . ranite ness com ose t e fou n a tion e s e . S g g p . , d h di an t e p W.

h —The ett ou tcro of the Gneiss S s tem a m id Ky fi s fi . p y p y the v olcanics in Bu ngo consis ts of biotite-g neiss and bio tite hi h N N E r ik sc sts wit a . . . st e.

In the environs of Ku mam oto occu r hornblende-g neiss a nd ranite- n eis s with su ordinate iotite-s chist and lirn estone g g b b .

r s th u m o r ik N N i h cks ou of am to s t . n t e t The o K e . W. ea s

i h w t nd n h f h ci h nd . n t e es a thos e ort o t e t v a S. W ; y a e a trik wi h hi hdi N N. s e t a to E W. g p . .

II . CRYSTALLINE SCHISTS SYSTEM.

The name of the Crysta lline Schists System was fi rst l applied by Edm und Nau mann to a g roup of metam orp hic schis ts petr ographically a nd s tratigraphically dis tinct fr om the ’ hi and s u se u ent neiss ic sc s ts . oto r o os d g , b q ly B K p p e the na me of the Samba awan Series the sam e s eries of rocks oc i g , cu rr ng in the Sambagawa r egion in Chichibu in the Kwan to Mou n tain s The s stem consists of v ar iou h . y s sc is ts of a phyllitic as ect withthe cha racteristic com onents of s er icit h p e, c lor ite p ,

1 Ue er den Bau un d die Entstehun der a an ischen I n seln 1 b g j p , 885 . - On the so ca lled Cr stallineSchists of Chichi u. ou rn y . Col. Sci . Im . Uni v b J p ., 1 II, 88 9 Ascnm . 27

i he r e idote and ca lc te. a e accom ani ru tiv e p , T y p ed by e p s such as s er entin e a nd a r o bu t not ran itic eru tiv es p g bb , by g p . Although the r ocks of the Crystallin e Schis ts System a re clearly distingu ishable fr om thos e of the Gneiss System (with the ex ception of a mphibole-schist in the chlorite-schist series a rock a ied to which occur s in the Gneiss S stem , ll y ), the distinction between the Crysta lline Schists a nd the

owest s er ies of the ale ozoic consistin of a m hi o ite l P g p b l ,

r ox enite and ra hitic h ite is not a wa s c ear py , g p p yll l y l ly de n ed fi . The rocks of the s stem ar e distri ute over H onshu y b d ,

Shikoku ushu okkaido aiwa n and the R uk ti Is ands , Ky , H , T , y y l . In the distribution of the Crys talline Schists three belts are o ser ve : Firs t those s chists deveo ed in the outer zone of b d , l p the a rc of a an r o er nam e in the m ou ntains of wanto J p P p , ly K ,

Aka ishi Kn and Shikoku and thr ou hthe m idd e of ushu , , , g l Ky secon those in the inner z one of the sa me are name d, , ly, th e stretchin throu h the wes ter n or tion of Chfi oku os g g p g ,

th T uku hi Mounta ins and to izen a nd thir those and e s s H ; d, in the outer zone of the R uk u arc name those foun in y y , ly d the ea ster n portion of Taiwan and in the islands of Okinawa

I hi ki- i in the R uk u r u and s ga j ma y y G o p . M in —Th r s in Schis S stem Kw a n to ou n ta s . e C y tall e ts y r k h m in Th ck comp rises the oldest oc s in t ese ou nta s. e r o s of the system are ex posed in a thin z one in the north-eas tern m r i f h nt in rike r ox im te N W a g n o t e m ou a s with a s t app a ly . h r he stu d of the c r st ine S. E oto o en ed t e wa fo t a . K p y y y ll schists by a detailed inv estigation of the r ocks of the s stem in the Chichi u district which ar e classi e him y b , fi d by as follows

U er Samba awa n e i ote-sericite- neiss pp g , p d g . — Middle Sambagawan sp otted graphite schist and h r it - chis s potted c lo es t.

- Lower Samba awan n or mal s ericiteschis t. g , 28 ARCHIEAN.

The r ocks of the Samba ga wan Series have a cl os e r e

‘ s em lance to the so-c a ed Canana Schiefer of the A s b ll lp , and to the sericite-g neiss es and s ericite-schists of the di s tr icts

f N ssau and aunus in German o a T y.

Norma sericite-schist is a ra ish-white thick fo i t l g y , l a ed

rock consistin of ua rtz feds a r sericite ca cite a nd ru ti e g q , l p , , l , l ,

w ithaccess or minera s inc u din e idote i ht reen a r n et y l l g p , l g g g , r are occurr in iedm ontite iron-mica r ites a nd sometim ly g p , , py , es n i e m ag et t . Piedm ontites chis t occu rs in the hor iz ons near the bounda ry

of the Lower and Midd e ivisions . ein a chara cteristic l d B g , beau tiful pu rplish r ock it serv es as a g ood m ark in the str ati

ra h of the s chists com ex . It contains iedmontite uartz g p y pl p , q ,

r i wi h- r n r net ru ti e felds ar r i s e ic te e o s ee a a ns etc. , y ll g g , l , p g , Spotted graphite-schist is a nearly black thinly schistose

h k s It consists es s n i f f r ock wit ac s ot . e t a o eds ar bl p lly l p ,

sericite ra hite he ma tite and uar tz witha ccesso r tou r , g p , , q , y m a ine a rn et a nd ruti e. The weathere rock has the as ect l , g , l d p of a brown mica-s chist and in an advan ced stage of decom

i on v n cose in a e r nc Th pos ti it becomes e e tal pp a a e. e spots hi con sist of fe s ar containin ra te a net ru ti e etc. ld p g g p , g r , l , Spotted chl orite-schist or chl orite-am phibolite is an im

erfect schis tose reen r ock with innu mera e white s ots p ly , g bl p . It strikingly r es embles the chlorite-schist of the Gr ii nschiefer ’ f x on The reen co ou r of the r ock is im rt Sys tem o Sa y. g l pa ed

chorite esides whichthe rock contain s e idote actino ite by l , b p , l , nd r re u rtz nd r u Th it hematite rites a a a a ti e. e calc e, , py , ly q l

d ts e fe s a r witha u n ant inter osition of e i ote white o ar ld p , b d p p d ,

i nd tou rm ine and s ometim es ar net. some actinol te a al , g Alter nations of the rocks of the above two types con s tituting the MiddleSa mbagawan Series attain a considerable

thicknes s form in the main u k of the Cr s ta ine Schists , g b l y ll System not only in the K wa nto Mou ntains but in other

r i eg ons as well . A IE RCH AN. 29

Epidote-sericite-gneiss is a more or less platy rock with

n v n e ved s cimen It is s ometim an u e en su rfa ce o a cl a pe . es

r a hitic a nd w ith the increa se of sericite it becomes a thin g p , er schis t It consis ts ess entia of uartz feds ar and pap y . lly q , l p ser icite w ith e i ote ar net and tr emo ite as accessories , p d , g , l .

’ r - e i n — A na r row et of the r Ten y ti g a w a R g o . b l C ystal lin e Schis ts Sys tem is ex posed in the valleys of the Mibn

a wa and Misaku o- awa the tri uta ries of the Ten r fi a nd g b g , b y , on the ower cou rse of the Tenr fi on the western side of l y ,

h ini f Mi u the Akaishi Mountains . In t e vic t o sak o there is y b , a n outcr op showing an alter nation of spotted chlorite-schist a nd s potted g ra phite-schist with piedm ontites chis t in the lower hor izons . he r e over a id ra hitic h ite N r T y a l by g p p yll . ea Nishido on the lower course of the Tenryfi a wide ex pos ure o f ra hitic h ite is s een . A thick ed ed m as s of r itic g p p yll , b d py c0pper ore is found at Ku ne in the Cl'Ystalline schists of the dis trict.

Abu ku m M ou n t i —A oo e f h a a n s . g d ex posu r o a t ick s er ies of a rk- r een s chistose rocks desi nated a s the Gozai d g , g

' s ho Series oto ma be seen on the eastern a rt of th by K , y p e hi hwa etween aira and Shirakawa in Iw ki his x g y b T a . T e p osu re is in the v alley of the Same-gawa in the central r f the moun ins The r cks c s r t p a t o ta . o lo ely es emble he am phibolite in the lowest ser ies of the Pale ozoic and are s su ch N mi - - m apped a . ear Ka misaka occur s chlor ite s chis t w ith ie montite whichma eon to the Cr s tal in hi p d , y b l g y l e Sc sts

s tem Sy .

Kii P en i n su —Th r st in chis l a . e C y all e S ts Sys tem ex pos ed

ou th of the ino-kawa cons is ts of au co ha ne-s chist n or ma s K gl p , l

r icit -schist u artz-schist a nd ie m ontite-s chis t in the ower s e e , q , p d l

ortion and s otted chlor ites chist and s otted ra hites chist p , p p g p u r he a re ov er aid ra hitic h it in the ppe . T y l by g p p yll e and

nite of the Low er Chichi u Series p yr ox e b . hk k —Th Cr sta lin Schi f S i o u . e y l e sts System attains a u ll 30 ARcmEAN.

d v e o ment in the is and formin the r otax is of the Shikoku e l p l , g p

u n in R n e ere the rocks ar e mor e v a ried than Mo ta a g . H thos e of the Kwa nto Mountains and the str atig raphical s uc

si n diff r s omewhat fr om those in the atter . Suzuki ces o s e l T. es tablished the follow ing g rou ping of the Cr ystalline Schists

in th v icinit of okushim a at the m ou th of the Sys tem e y T , — Yoshino ga wa

- - - U r E d n r hit n eiss sericite neiss . e . i ote eiss a e pp p g , g p g , g Mi d e S otted chorite-am hi o ite s otte ra hite d l p l p b l , p d g p hi t sc s .

L w r Ser icite-schis t iedmontite-schist au co hane o e . , p , gl p hi sc s t.

The m idd e series has the widest distri ution here as in l b ,

thr r e i ns G auco han e-s chis t and sericite- n eis s a r echr c o e g o . l p g a a

' teris tic r ocks not fou nd in the wanto and Tenr fi re ions K y g . Glau cophanes chist is a beau tifu l foliated r ock of grayish-bl ue to u r ish- ue co ou r the co ou r ein due t p pl bl l , l b g o the pres ence

o f m acrosco ic indi o- ue au co han e in on f at r ism atic p g bl gl p l g , l p

form s . The rock contains esides auco hane e idote , b gl p , p ,

arnet ua rtz s ome feds a rs r uti e s ecu ar ir on and ied g , q , l p , l , p l , p

m ontite It occurs in the hor izons nea r thos f i . e o p edm ontite

schist The miner a au co hane is fou n in sma u n tit . l gl p d ll q a y

in other m em er s of the Cr s ta ine Schists S s tem in Shikoku b y ll y ,

h s s cite-schist iedmontite-s chist an d h - h su c a eri c orites c is t. , p , l

Ser icite- neiss kn own a so as Ohoke neiss is a g , l g , platy

r ock of a ra ishco our an d has the as ect of a schis to g y l , p s e - m odi cation of ra w a ckesandstone. It cons ists of ua r tz fi g y q ,

r thoc ase la ioc a se ser icite an d e idote. It is t ica l o l , p g l , , p yp ly

ev e o ed in the or e of hoke in Awa in the transver d l p g g O , s e

shin — w valley of the Yo o ga a . In the transv ers e valley of the Yoshino-ga wa between

' Ik da on the n orth and Shim o-m o on the s outh rocks of e y ,

h r li hists S stem a re deve o ed in fu ro or tion t eC ys tal neSc y l p ll p p s .

Near Ikeda the outcro is re om ina ntl iedm ontite-s chis t p p d y p , ARCIIIEAN. 3 I

au co hane-schist s otted cho rite gl p , p l

schist and ra hite-s chist an d s outh g p , of Na ka nis hi appear chlorite-s chis t and a thick s er ies of g raphite-schists

all the r k di n r hw rd In the oc s p o t a . Oboke gorge between Nishi-u an d Kam i-myo sericite-gneiss looking like a cru shed graywacke-sandstone form s

a n a nticline a nd southwar from ther e , d g raphite-schist a nd chlorite-schist are

a ain ex o ed The accom a n in g p s . p y g figu re r ep res ents a section acr os s the p rotax is of the Shikoku Moun ta ins

b wa of the Itase ass 20 km . y y P , w est of the transv ers e valley of the

Y oshino- w ga a . Fu r ther w estward a good ou t c r op of schists all dipping northwa rd is found a lo ng the ra il road cu tting

B hi r Mines n or th of the ess Coppe . The su cces sio n of ou tcrops is as fol

l ow s in the descen din or der. , g

1 Gra hitic s chist in thenor thern . p ,

f s i u n n 2 s ot m a rgin o the chs t m o tai ; . p ted chlor ite-schist a nd s ericite-schist w ith s ev eral zones of piedm ontite

r - rn s chis t a nd g aphites chist 3 . ga et a m phibolitew ithl ayers of piedm ontite

hi t nd ar net-s er icite-schist sc s a g ; 4 . s er icite-schist with piedm o ntite-s chis t ;

a ter n ation of s otted ra hit 5 . l p g p e s chis t and s potted chlorite-schis t which co nta ins a few layer s of piedm ontite

chis t nea r the horizon of the r itic s , py 2 3 ARCHIEAN.

co er e osit of Besshi S uthw rd B s hi w l pp d p . o a of e s e see a so thick s trata of ra hite-schist a nd chlor i —ch g p tes ist.

Ga m et-am hi o ite the ec o ite of Oebecke is a eauti p b l , l g , b ful da rk reenish s chistose rock with red a rnet and sericite , g , g in the lan e of s chistosit . The rock contains es ides those p y , b m acrosco ic minera s ark u ish- r een hor n ende a an ite p l , d bl g bl , ll , and a itt u r Th rock s eem s to m ta mor h l le q a tz . e be a e p osed er u tive p . The abov e-mentioned successions of rocks do not agree withthose of the env irons of Tokushima or of the transv erse v a e of th o hin - w hether w e hav e hr e to ll y e Y s o ga a. W e rega rd the whole thick bed as displaying the n or mal s ucces sion or as an inversion we have n o sufficien t ata to deter , , d m f r r t ine o the p esen . The strike of the crystalline schists in Shikoku va r ies

N — d — h in tw E S n N W . nd t f t e een . . a . S. E a e es o he b W . . , l s tr ike do not coincide with the dir ections of the geologica l bounda ries .

K s hfi —Th r in chis s S tem rea ea r y fi . e C ys tall e S t ys pp s on t he other s ide of Bungo Strait in the n eighbour hood of Saga no seki and there con sists m ainly of g raphite-s chist with s ubor - dinate chorite schist and rar e thin imestone. The strike l , ly l — . E W f rm n a n antic in is E N . S. . o i e. . . W g l

The s ma l ou tcro of cr sta in e s chists nea r akaham a in l p y ll T , the western or tion of the Am akusa Is ands cons is ts of sericite p l , schist and over lying spotted g raphite-schis t a nd sp otted chlorite h k i N ° d h d ° E hi t T e stri e s 0 . an t e i a ut N s . o 0 . s c . 4 W p b 3 . The rocks of this s ystem in the Sonogi Peninsu la in Hizen consist predominan tly of g raphite-schist and su bor

din t l f horite-schis t and l u co hane-schis t a ey o c l g a p . In northern Kyushu graphite-schist an d s potted chl o rite

s chist make a sma outcr o near ukuoka fo rmin an an ti ll p F , g cline; they ar e cov ered by amphibolite of the lower Chichibu

Series .

34 PAm ozorc. the m ou nta in m ass es of the c u n h o tr y. T e rocks consist of a series of form ations of an norm us hi e o t cknes s. Upper Carboniferou s or Ferm o-ca rboniferous fau na a r e the only fos sils of stra tig raphical importa nce occurr ing in the Pale oz oic of a a n nd th a r i a e e r estr icted w ithn v r n r z ones . J p , y e y a r ow As fossils ca n be but little used in the class ification of the thick s er ies the on data for the div ision s of the rou a r e , ly g p order o f s u er osition a nd itho o ica ch r t r p p l l g l a a c e .

E Nau mann ivi ed the a e oz oic of a an into two . d d P l J p

su divisions the o er and the oun er . . a rada a nd b , ld y g T H other s recog nized a two-fold division in the Kwanto Mou ntains and a d oin in re ions na mel the Chichi u S stem and the j g g , y b y The hichi u S stem e rs direct Kobotoke Sys tem. C b y app a ly in contact withthe Ar chea n form ation and the Kobotoke Sys tem comes nex t on the outer side of the Chichibu System a nd con sequ ently the Kobotoke System is con sider ed as younger tha n ’ the Chichi u S stem . Nau ma nn s two su div isions co rr es ond b y b p ,

w ith the inv er s ion of the s trati ra hica o rder to the a ov g p l , b e

m entioned tw o s s tem s that is to sa the transition for m a tio n y ; y, ,

th r div ision of Naum ann is iden tica withthe Kobotok e olde , l e

S stem and his ou n er division is identica withthe Chichi u y , y g l b h w -f i i i n h t m . owev er t e t o o d d v s o as not een fou n Sys e H , l b d

h e z ic f a an The Kob t applicable all over t e Pa l o o o J p . o oke

S s tem has een r eco niz ed on in imited ar eas na me in y b g ly l , ly, the m ou ntains of Kwa ntfi Ashio suku a-Yam iz o Akaishi , , T b , ,

nd iso a K .

STRATIGRAP HY AND LI THOLOGY.

CHI CH BU SYSTEM. I . I

h hichi u S s tem is com m on div ided into three T e C b y ly ,

h U er Middle a nd Low er Chichibu Ser ies . The m ain t e pp , , PAU EOZOIC. 3 5

features of the divisions are obs ervable in nea rly all Pale ozoic

re i o ns but the ar e su ect to oca v ariation a s seen from g , y bj l l , the following ex amples

is Chichibu d tr ict of Musa shi in the Kwanto Mou ntains

1 . ornstone cla slate san stone H , y , d

' 2 . F usulzna limes tone

. U er a ino e s ate hornstone r a io arian 3 pp d l l , ( d l s ate scha stein l ) , l

. A ino e s ate hor nstone ra iola rian s ate . 4 d l l , ( d l )

. Gra wacke sands tone cla slate 5 y , y

6 . Lower scha stein uartzite adino e s ate ime l , q , l l , l Middle stone w1th cr1n01ds and coral s

. Adino e s ate radio arian s ate 7 l l , l l

Red and r en uartzi 8. g e q te

Lower rox enite am hi o ite ser entine and ab 9. Py , p b l , p g

bro.

Ono district in Echizen in the west of ida ateau , H Pl

accordin t S M u hi ( g o . ats s ma)

’ 1 F u sulzna limes tone

U er 2 U er sch stein con omer atic in the ower pp . pp al ( gl l par t)

Red ca careous sandstone con om erate 3 . l , gl

. Gra wacke sa nds tone cla sla te 4 y , y

Midd e Lower scha s tein imestone adino e s late l 5 . l , l , l , quartzite 6 it . Quartz e

- Lower r ox en ite a ro iorite. 7 . Py , g bb d

The Island of Shikoku

1 . Sands tone cla slate , y

2 su lin a im st n . F u l e o e

Green scha s tein radio ar ia n s ate with en ti 3 . l , l l l cular m asses of limestone 36 PAm ozorc.

. ack cla slate ra w acke san stone 4 Bl y , g y d

. or nstone uartz ite 5 H , q

6 Cla s late ra wacke sa nds tone . y , g y Midd e Red and reen s cha stein imes tone with l 7 . g l , l crin oids

8 Cla slate ra wacke sandstone . y , g y uartzite 9. Q

Lower 1 0 Gra hitic h ite imestone rox en ite a . p p yll , l , py ( g lom eratic in r t g pa ) .

The wes ter n por tion of the Kyushu Moun tain Ra nge

ordin Suzuki (acc g to T. )

1 . a ck si icious s ate radio arian s a te reen Bl l l , l l , g

and rown s cha stein F a ra/{r m imesto ne b l , l 2 Gra wacke sandstone cla slate horns tone . y , y ,

. SChalSICIn r een S ate 3 , g l Middle hite r ed and r een at ua rtzite W , , g pl y q

Lower . rox en ite am hi o ite imestone. 5 Py , p b l , l

” The eas ter n part of the Kyushu Moun tain Range (accord o hi ing t K . Nakas ma)

U er 1 h s h r l r w n . Sc a tein o nston e cla s a te a ackesa pp l , , y , g y d

' s tone F usulzna im estone , l

Lower 2 . Cla slate ra wa cke s ands tone rare with y , g y , ( ly

radio aria n s late scha stein adino e s a te . l , l , l l )

The it i i t im a K akami Mou nta ns (accord ng o K . J b )

1 C l . lays ate

2 . Gra wacke san stone cla slate with 2 z ones y d , y ( o f limestone with Ca rbon iferou s fossils)

a s l t 3 . Cl y a e

n om ra te with e es of r anite horn ston e 4. Co gl e ( p bbl g , ,

ra wackesa ndstone ra wa ckesa n s ton e g y , g y d , clays la te

Scha s tei n radio arian slate. 5 . l , l P AU EOZOI C. 37

This is otherwise known as the Mikabu Ser ies or Kasa

m Series The rocks cons is t m ain of rox enite with y a a . ly py

u rdin te r of am hi o ite and h ite The rox eni s bo a layes p b l p yll . py te

com act to fine- rained ra or dark r een rock m or e is a p g , g y g ,

nsistin sentia of rox ene Un r h o r es s strati e co es . e t e l fi d, g lly py d m icros co e the rox ene is i ht rown a itt e eochroic p py l g b , l l pl , a nd is often changed by dynamo-m etam orphism to fibrou s a m hi o e and further to chor ite or e idote s ometimes to p b l l p , g lau cophaneas in the pyrox en ites of Nakakubo in Kozu ke a nd hi is trict in Shima In an a omera tic va riet of r x I s d . ggl y py o enite fra ments of rocks of v ar ious sizes ar e conta ined in a , g r n -m The inc uded r k- i g r ayish g reen g ou d ass . l oc p eces a re m acroscopica lly da rk g ray a nd compact ; u nder the micr os c o e the show a ha o i itic structu re an d contain seudo p y y l p l , p

r hs of trem o it chl orite etc after fe r r n m o e . s a ox e e p l , , ld p , py a n d o iv ine as in the rox enites of Ise wes tern Kii an d l , py , ,

Tosa.

The pyrox enite of whichKa sayama in the easter n part o f the wan t6 Mountains rinci a cons ists whence the K p p lly , ( “ n ame of the Kasayama Series contai ns a glas sy s ubstance i n thin enticu ar form which show s c ea r a f uida s tructu re l l , l ly l l . Py rox enite of this kind m ight have been der iv ed from m u d lav m m r h m as by eta o p is . The Lower Chichibu Series composing the southern part o f the Abukuma Mou ntains consis ts of thick eds of am hi o ite b p b l , w ith subordinate layers of clayslate an d meta m orphosed m ica~

s chist Th am hi o ite has s vera zon s f m a oida . e p b l e l e o a ygd l l v esicules e with uartz in the a nes of s chis tos it which fill d q pl y , s how the r o a e or i inal natu re of the rock In s hort the p b bl g . , o ri ina rocks of thes e va rious r ox enites wer e ro a avas g l py p b bly l ,

m ud-av as tuffs or vo canic a omerat l , , l ggl es. z 38 PAu eo orc.

r sta ine imeston e ua rtzite and ra hitic h ite C y ll l , q , g p p yll

r i Th ra hitic h ite f nterstratify with py ox en te. e g p p yll o this series is with difficul ty distingu ished from the g raphite s chis t

lin Schists s t m of the Crysta l e Sy e .

These consist of s cha stein sandstone cla slate ua rtz ite l , , y , q ,

rnstone radio arian slate im es tone etc and comm on ho , l , l , ly e Lower Chichi u S ri Th thi k r est conform ably on th b e es . e c

f these individua r ocks is s u ect to rea t v r iation ness o l bj g a . The details of str atigraphical su ccession of the series

r nt rts of the cou ntr But th v a ry in diffe e pa y . e easily r e

co niza e a nd a most n ev er fai in rocks suchas cr um ed g bl l l g , m

u artzite and hor nstone of v arious co ou rs a ino e s ate s cha q l , d l l , l

' s tein w ith imestone ra io ar ian s ate and um lz nd l , d l l , F zza a

rin ida im s tones r m rk f r r ti n h f l c o e a e a s o co ea o . T e os si ifer l l , l

ous imes tones a nd cla slates occu r on in the u er horizon l y ly pp s .

' In Chichi u the a re accom anie s cha s tein and F u m lzna b y p d by l ,

occu rs a ov e the crinoid z on In Rikuzen the z b e. one of

' ' L ltom a with F enestella r z er crinoids etc occu ies the y , s f , , . p

’ ' u pperm ost fossiliferou s hor izon ; nex t comes the P l ull zpsziz

' zone w ith n er R n c/zonella F enestell a etc s f , y , , . ;

’ and it is u nderlaid by limestone withF usu lzna and Sekwa

The uar tzite consists of a ra ish white red or reen q g y , g r f r nu r ua rtz It is m assiv or thin agg egate o g a la q . e ly at often contor te Som etim es it contains rem ains of pl y, d .

h h rn n i com n s i T e o sto e s m o at omet m es massiv e. ly pl y,

It u sua accom anies ua r tzite and often a ss s into it lly p q p e .

The adino e s ate is a a t re u ar c ea va e rock l l pl y, g l ly l bl consisting of an aggr egate of qua rtz and feldspa r withm ica

and e i ote as accessories It is r een ish ra or e o wish p d . g g y y ll P AIJ EOZ C OI . 39

r een but ecomes r ow n ishr ed and m ore or ess r ous g , b b l fib by w a herin e t g .

The ra wacke sandstone is a mediu m or fin e- raine g y g d, da rk ra r ock. It a ter nates with cla slate adino e s late g y l y , l

' r t d Th l slate th t o r h being inte ca la e . e c ay a v e lies t e F usulzna lim es tone of the Kita kami Mou ntains conta ins cas ts of Tri

z r hio ods cora s cri id lobites r o oans ac no s etc. , b y , b p , l , ,

Th s h tein is of v ariou s kinds It is fi ne r in ed e c a ls . g a

nd m ore or ess at coa rse- rai ned a omeratic or a l pl y, g , ggl , d Th co our s r reen or r dish r wn I br ecciate . e l a e g ed b o . t

ns ists of fe s a r a nd au ite with accessor ca cite co ld p g y l ,

idote rite and he matite. The au ite often a ters ep , py , g l by w therin into a r ou s choritic su stance or ese into ea g fib , l b , l hn g lau cop a e. Radiolar ian s late appea rs m ore frequ en tly in the Upper h r ies and is often accom a nied sc a stein . It is s i iciou s Se p by l l , hr d I r m a ct at us ual r own is e . t adua ass es into co p , pl y, ly b g lly p

h r t n r s d cl sla te It cont in u ua rtzite o ns o e o an a . a s sua q , , y y lly

' ’ r in f zola n a v ery imperfect ema s o Rad .

crinoi a im estone which often accom an ies th The d l l , p e

w r scha stein is white ra or r eddish ra ra re lo e l , , g y, g y, ly

a in cr yst ll e. ' h u sulzna imestone whichis cha racteriz ed T eF l , by F u m

n a nd Sc/zwa m iza constitutes the u er m ost horizon of li a g , pp the Upper Chichibu Series and is the m ost im por ta nt of all

P a eoz oic r ocks a s it is the s o e wide s read r e r esenta l , l ly p p

r nif r ous r u f und i a n tiv e of the Ca bo e g o p o n J pa .

Accordin to B. oto the Car o niferou s imes tone of g K , b l Akasaka in Mino is divis ible into eight beds whicha re as follows 1 Brecciated imestone com osed of fra ments . l , p g i el w i of the l m es tones b o t.

2 ack mar e containin Beller o /wn M ur . Bl bl , g p , ' '

clzzson za . I 40 P ALlEOZO C.

imes tone containin Saltwa er zha Black ea rthy l , g g

r s the former distr i u ted throu hout a nd co al , b g k whi ethe atter occu rs in on a a r t the roc , l l ly p

of it.

t ne traversed sm a v eins of Black lim es o , by ll

a nd oor in fossi s on rar e con calcite, p l , ly ly

' tainin crinoi s F u su l zna a nd g d , , a rts in some p .

a r ra imestone ha rd and com act, with D k g y l , p ' u a few la rge specimen s of F sulzna . a white limes tone r ichin fossils

' r 2 ri la r e u su lzna P leur otoma fi a , co a s, c g F , l

w noids a nd s ma Beller o /zon . Lo er , ll p ha rd com act ra limestone Sa me a , p , g y ' r ichin fossils : abu nda nt F usrd zn a j apanim

i ves and b val .

imestone fossilless . White crysta lline l ,

' ra cter ized Sc/zwa er zna the The upper division is cha by g ,

' r F na whi e ar e Beller o /zon a nd a u nda nt lowe by u sulz , l l g p b c a re fou nd in the u er an d crinoids are common in orals pp , .

th ower divis ion e l . Koto obs er ved that in the limes tones of Samegai and Na a oka in Omi a nd Tsukitate in Rikuzen on the ower g , , ly l division is r epr esented ; while in that of Kes ennu ma in Riku is re r es ented zen only the upper p . ' In the Kwa nto Mountains there are two zones of F u m lzna

imestonewhichru n a ra e to eachother one on the northand l p ll l ,

‘ ‘ ’ the other o n the s outhof the Cr etaceous Gr a ben of Sa nchtt.

h nor thern one runs from Bishamon- m N f Sa n T e a a . o y , W .

am to the ano istrict whi e the sou thern one ra n es y a, T d , l g i ra W It kai hi t i a c rom a N . of su c o N a thr ou hNie aw H b , , pp g g In the Akaishi Mountain Range sev eral beds of lim esto ne a re f ' i h x ed but usulzna s not known to ex is t in t em . In pos , F

4 2 PAw o tc.

In Tamba Plateau limeston e is ex posed in Takao-yam a - hiro annon take in a m a a nd in Shizu mi N. . in Yamas , K T b , W

n hu ku it s u ies r a ma in akasa. I C o a o occ a a e of Kob , W g l p l g

’ '

r a usu lzna ein sometimes found in it. F usu lzna ime a e , F b g l

so fou n in the envir ons of Setam ae in the ita s tone is al d , K kami Mou ntains but it is not et known to ex ist in Hokkaido , y an i d Ta wan.

II . ROBOTOKE BYSTRI .

The Kobotoke S stem is com osed chiefl of cla slate y p y y ,

ra wacke sandstone uartzite a nd con omerate Limestone g y , q gl . and schalstein which a re abundantly fou nd in the Chichibu

h f r S stem ar e v er rar e m et within t e o mation. y , y ly The clayslate well ex posed at the Pass of Kobotoke west of T6 ky6 was first r ecognized a s a special form ation h n th nam e of the s em e ce e yst .

his cla slate is comm on da rk ra a nd ca r onaceo T y ly g y b us.

It asses into uartzite sands tone a nd h ite p q , , p yll . The graywacke sandstone is fine or medium -g rained a nd of var ious sha es of dark ra I i r r n r d g y. t s a ely co glom e atic or r ecciated and when hi hl s i icious it resem es ar tz ite b , g y l bl qu . No fossils ex cept a few indeterminable plant r ema ins hav e n foun in the Kob tok I bee d o e System. n s ome pa rts it is considered as r epr esenting an u ncom monly thick devel opes m ent of a zone in the u er art of th h hi pp p e C ic bu System .

1 1 . LOCAL DESCRIPTIONS.

‘ Kw n t M ou n ta in —The ale oz ic f a é s . P o o the Kwan tc)

Mounta ins a ea rs s ou th of the Ar chea n zo ne cons istin f pp , g o theSam ba aw n Seri s The fo rma tion which o g a e . c nstitu tes the PALE OZOI C. 4 3

main pa rt of the Mou ntains is divided by a line draw n W N fr hi i a m a- ma into two a reas the . . m a o to a . W o H c j T b y ; rocks in the northern area a re known as the Chichibu System The r ocks and thos e in the s outhern as the Kobotoke System . and their stratig raphical s u cces s ion ha v e been alr eady des cri The str a re f de into m an s nc ines a nd antic bed. ata ol d y y l

in w itha n er trik to the N. Sev era zon f l es ge al s e W. l es o i i hi u l mestone a re fou nd in the Chc b System. — Ak a i shi Ra n ge The w ester n p ortion of the range is com osed of rocks of the Lower Chichi u Ser ies whichdi p b , p to the west whi e the easter n show s the Midd e and U er , l l pp

Series whi h r f d d i n n i s nd antic ines Th c a e ol e nto ma y sy cl ne a l . e

Kobotoke S stem is dev eo e on the s outheastern frin e y l p d g . A la rge a nticline passes throughthe north-ea st of Akaishi ama and the west of Kur oboshi- am a the direction ein y y , b g

N E s f th antic ine a on ersistin s nclin e . N e t o e . . W l , l g p g y runs ral t i Th hi ract nea r the ounda r of pa lel o t. e lly t b y o d k w h Aka ishi M un in i mmi an Mi a a S. . of t e o ta s s T , W , com osed of r ox enite scha stein and imestone. p py , l , l

Ki i P n i n s u — r x enite and ra hitic h ite e l a . Py o g p p yll of the Low er Chichibu Series a re ex posed only in the n or thern part of the peninsula nex t to the Gneiss and Crystalline Schists Systems while r ocks of the Middle a nd Upper Series com os e the s outhr n a r F um limz im eston i found p e p t. l e s at

Itoka wa in Arita awa District No sha r in e of distinction , g . p l betw een the Pale ozoic and the Mesozoic on the sou th of it has t n r h r k e ee o se v ed. T e ene a s tri e is N E. y b b g l .

Shikoku —The a eozoic r ma ti n r ists of . P l fo o he e cons rocks nea rly identical withthos e of the Chichibu Sys tem of the wa nto Mou ntains The dis tinction etw een th Low r K . b e e

Chichi u Series and theCr sta ine Schists is n t ea r d ne b y ll o cl ly efi d. The same is the cas e also with the bou ndary betw een the Pale oz oic and the Mes oz oic as is seen especially in the en

’ virons of Saka wa in Tosa where the a reas of F u su lzna lime 44 PAu aozo1c. stone and riassic and Creta ceous e s occu r c ose min ed , T b d l ly gl t ther The tr ik c in ides w ithth r r nd oge . s e o c e gene al t e of the Is and l . — Ky us hfi M ou n ta i n Ran g e The stratig raphy of the

ushu R n h n iv n f r rox nit w i i Ky a ge as bee g e be o e. Py e e thl m e s tone is found nor thof the Ar chean instead of sou thof it a s in th c v - n i n d rin id i e ases abo eme t o e . C o al l mestone occu rs near the ine of contact with the Gneiss s t m Th ri l ys e . e s t ke is — N E S . . . W — H id P a teau . The r ocks cons ist of ua rtz ite adino e a l q , l s ate cla slate scha s tein with crinoida imes tone radio arian l , y , l l l , l

' s te h rnston and hi k u s l t he L w r a o e t c F u zna imes one. T o e l , l

r ies is n t f d h rik i h n h n Se o oun . s N W in T e s t e . . rt d W . t e o a

r du ch n es to N — in th th t i E n h a a a S. e sou I s N. . i t e g lly g . . v e of is o aw a all y K g .

Ta m b a P a te u —The r o ks e on to the Midd e and l a . c b l g l

U er Chichi u Ser ies and a re simi ar to those of ida pp b , l H

Th r h r eau . ik h N i h a t e St e is E. N. E. in t e no t E. n t e Pl , . ' nd N in h w t z im tone cu r in east a . t es q l na es oc W. e . l s thick eds b .

' Ch ku —Th a ozoic occur s irre u ar in atches ttg o . e P le g l ly p

It n i t f the Midd e and U er Series . a m ong em ptives . co s s s o l pp ' ch stein nd tu ace u cl sl t f rm thick eds Lim eston e S al a fi o s ay a e o b .

' ' hF lz w e r hi ods t cu rs as thick wit u su na Sch a n na ac o e c. oc , g , b p , h z N . f eds a nd covers ar e a rea s as in t e a e o oic . o b l g , P l W

iz f hi in t Th Oka ama in en and N. o Aki os Na a o e y B y g . forma tion which has been r egarded as belonging to the

Cr sta ine Schists on the northern side of the Chn oku y ll , g

Mou ntains an d in Suo co nsis ts of rocks ike m eta mor hosed , l p

h ite a nd am hi o ite and ma ro a be a a rt of the p yll p b l , y p b bly p

Low r hichi u Ser ie In Iw mi a z one of i ht ra e C b s. a l g g y c om act or cr sta line im estone ex tends thr ou h the coun tr p y l l , g y

n d r eachs t m ki in N to a e o Zo e aga .

T s k u hi R n e in K fi h — Am hi o ites w ith u s a s fi . g y p b l , PAU EOZOI C. 4 5

su rdi t l of im ston and mica-schist are the m in bo na e ayers l e e , a

rc ft he r em v er m uchthe am hi o ite-schi s cks . O en t y es ble y p b l ts

f h But thof the Chiku o- aw u r tz ite o the Arc aean. s ou a a g g q ,

cla slate and s cha s tein are deveo ed. y , l l p Chfis hi P en in su l a in the eastern ex tremity of the Plain

' ' f wanto The sma ou tcr o her of the e ozoic f rm o K . ll p e Pal o a tion from u nder the ertiar consis ts of cla slate ra wacke T y y , g y sands tone imestone hor nstone and radio arian s ate The , l , , l l .

strike is N N. . W.

E hi o M u n in s —The a eozoic is her e s e a r ted c g o ta . P l p a into man y sm all a rea s by the la ter irruption of g ranite and

r eru h v rin of ou n er tr t The othe ptiv es or by t e co e g y g s a a. rocks are m ainly grayw acke s ands tone and clayslate of the

'

Ko t k S s t m . Lim s to n is rar e fou nd F usu lzn a bo o e y e e e ly . limes tone occu rs at Kuzu in Shimotsuke and Mizu nu ma in

' ' h bra Kozuke. A s ecimen of H elzco r zon teet of an elasmo p p , chia n fishhas been fou nd in the Cr inoidal limestone at a

imes ton ua r r sou th of the Ashio co er mine in K6 zuke. l e q y pp ,

It close r sem es .H . Bessonowi ARPI NSKY foun in ly e bl K , d

th Perm o—Ca r onifer ous Artinsk form ti n u s i Th e b a o of R s a. e Low er Chichibu Ser ies is limited to a s mall area east an d

n rth f Num a t in Kozuk I h u i h o o a e. n the Ec igo Mo n ta ns t e str r h distur ed t N ata a e m u c bu . E an d N . stri k s a re b . . W e

r n t p eval e . - — Ts u ku b a Y a rn iz o Ra n ge The rocks are clayslate and sandstone of th K k st m Th strik is e oboto e Sy e . e e i h N. n t e norther n r N u h f T k a nd . E. t r in W . p t a so o o o o

am In h s h y a. t e outhern par t t e rocks ar e mu ch m etam or phosed by the eru ptiv es of Tsukuba a nd they ar e with difficu lty distingu is ha ble from the Archean gneis s of the A k M i bu um a ou n ta ns .

S do I s n d —The a eoz ic f a l a . P l o o two sm all areas he lon s to the Midd e Chichi u Ser ies and consis ts of sch g l b , als tein, cla sla te ra wacke sa nd tone a nd hornsto y , g y s , ne. 46 PAu eozmc. — Abu ku m a M ou n ta i n s The chief rocks a re am phi bolites w hich correspond with the pyrox enite of the Low er

Chichi u Series of other re ions The m hi o ites fo rm b g . a p b l ’ oto s Gozaish S ries Th m hi o it s com m or e K o e . e a p b l e be e c r sta in e as the a roaches the Gneiss S s tem of the w est y ll y pp y , a nd it is often diffi cult to m a rk the dis tinctio n betw een thes e

two s stems . In the souther n a rt a fine w hite cr sta l ine y p , y l imeston e is inters tratified The strike a on the Sam e- aw a l . l g g

n h r N h d i t en r t is . N t i in t e to E. e c t al pa . W e p be g s e ply Kita k a m i M ou n ta i n s —The r o ks a re m a in of the . c ly

d d U r Chichi u er ies Th Lower Seri s i Mid le an ppe b S . e e s

t f u r s w a iri h strike v e d n eas o o a . T e i S. W de lope o ly K j s W. .

h nd N N. in the n r h in h ut . o t . t e So a W .

' In the souther n part of the Mou nta ins in Rikuzen F u su lzn a is fou nd in the imestones of Mai a s ukitate etc whi e the l y , T , . ; l

ne f o am a Na ur i Mai uki h im esto o a s ta te etc. a nd t e l K b , b , y , T , ca ca reou s sa nd cla state a ternatin with im es tone of l y y , l g l , ma and Mitobe have ie ded idia of - ik Koba , y l pyg l e

' ' ' R nc/zozz r o c 9 Tn lobztes n er d la P du tus . Etram /m l u s , s f , y , , p ,

cr inoids iva ves as tero ods r oz oan s C a t/zo /z ll u m , b l , g p , b y , y p y .

' er u la At Nem ri n e r i Bea u montza and S p . a a Ma ya pyg idia of ' - ike Tr ilohtes F m stella R nc/zonella P r odu ctu l , , y , s

' 9 rinoids hve e n f u nd in h O r t/zzs . and c a e o t e la slate ov er , b c y '

in the F u su lzna im es tone. In Yakeima near o am a ly g l j K b ,

’ n t su kitat r i L fl omcz a rachio od a so fou d a e, to ethe w th y , b p l T g ' ll c rin oids r z er la bm a nd other r achio ods F eneste a , , s f g b p

in ca careou s sand cla sl hav e been fo und a l y y ate. — M u ts u P r ov in c e The Paleozic outcrops in small

the s m a eninsu la of ominato in Shim okit a reas in ll p K , a n a r Kotom ari in su ar u eninsu Th Peninsu la and e T g P la. e r ocks f uartz ite and horn stone with im t cons ist chiefly o q l es one. The

s tr ike is E. N. E.

— Thecontinuation of the l H okka id6 . Pa e ozoic form atio n

u u tcr o s in Oshima and Shirib s een in M ts u o p eshi. The PAm ozorc. 47

° strike is N 80 E in the eastern art of Hako ate and is . . p d ,

rather com icated in the en insu a of Matsu mae but the pl p l , i h rev i in str k i . T e a e z i con inin p a l g e s N E. P l o o c strata ta g

thick im es tone in the environs of To ona a in Shiribeshi hav e l , y g , a th E rik f h r t r r i s e N st e. ar t ea e t n f th l o . . By e g po o o e Pale ozoic r ocks of the E20 Mou ntains are of the Middle and U er hichi u Series he re sands ton and cl sl te pp C b . T y a e ay a with su ordinate a ers of limes tone scha stein uartz ite b l y , l , q , hr n t n din h L we hi hi u r i i o s o e and a o s ate. T e o r C c e e s , le l b S s foun d on the western flank of the E2 0 Mou ntains along the gra nite-z one of the Hitaka Rangef Pyrox enite withlimes tone is fou nd at Ka muikotan in Ishikari and pyrox enite is also - foun in the v a e s of man ranches of the eshio awa. d ll y y b , T g The sm all Pale oz oic area is olated on the lower cou rs e of the

- w of x ni Th nera s tr ik Mitsuishi ga a consists also pyr o e te. e ge l e i i N M unta ns s N. in the o . W.

n —No a eozoic fossi s ar e et known in the T a iw a . P l l y

I hick cla slate ccurs on oth s id of th idd e sland. T y o b es e m l

r On the western side a thick imes tone inter venes ange. l it nd the cr sta in e schis ts and radua transitions between a y ll , g l

r ser ve etw een them . No a ru t chan e itho o ica a e ob d b b p g , l l g l

or ctonic has een found in the cla slate or etween it te , b y , b

s tr On the eastern side the cla slate and the Ter tiary ata . y

chis The str ike n r i dir ectly bor ders with the s ts . ge e ally co n M unta in Ran e On cides withthe direction of the o g . the east

he s trata di eastwar d on the wester n the for m ern side t p ; , y

i nd a s nc ine near the water-shed a nd the cli an anticl ne a y l , p ° ° i in the eastern o rtion it ein from 0 to 80 s steeper p , b g 7 ° i chists of the ea st whi e it is from 0 near theCrystall neS , l 3 ° of the er tiar o w t to 40 nea r the bou ndary T y n the es . The u pper part of the for mation is cla yslate with thin

d t n this m ht re r ent the Me oz i layers of sa n s o e ig p es s o c Group .

The ower ar t consists of h ite uar tz ite m eta mor hosed l p p yll , q , p

nd n r s ta line im eston The owes or ti res sa s tone a d c y l l e. l t p on 48 P Aq z01c.

embles the Cr sta ine Schis ts hick s y ll . T bed of crystalline limestone occur in the Pale ozoic form ation as well as in the li Crys tal ne Schists . They stretchfrom the south of Sufi in the nor thto the southof the inan-Taikei whe h H , r e t ey be come thinner a nd disa ear near the u er T m ri-k pp pp a a ei .

CHAPTER VI .

H ESOZ OI C GROUP .

The Mesozoic Group of Japan comprises the threegreat div isions each character ized t ica fossi s . Com ared , by yp l l p withthe aleozoic for mation the ex tent of the Mes oz oic is P ,

imited as the ui in of the round-structure of the a anese l , b ld g g J p Islands had been already completed when the deposition of the Mesozoic took ace pl .

The r ia ss ic S stem occu ies s ma areas oth in the T y p ll , b inner a nd outer z ones of a an name in the souther n art J p , ly p of the itakami Mounta ins the Sakawa asin in osa Ku K , B T , r riw h d m i in Na ato iki in i o Na a in Bitc fi an Ya a no . H g , , g The Jurassic System occu rs also in the in ner and outer z n Th ur s ic in outhern art of the ita o es . e J a s s trata the s p K kami Mou ntains 1n the ou ter zone a re ma rine depos its with amm onites a nd those in a a Echizen Etchu ida in the , K g , , , H ,

r i h- t d i with lant r m ain inner zone a e rack s w a er e os ts e s . , b p p

As an ex ce tiona ca se am monites ar e found in Nishinaka ama p l y , h in Na ato in t e inner z one. g , The Cretaceous System is ex posed in large ar eas in the ou er z n d in t hs in th inn r z n In North t o e an only pa c e e e o e. ern Japan it appea rs on the western flank of the EZ0 Mo un tain s, on the easter n side of the Abukuma Moun tains and in so RESOZOIC.

The Trias of the southern par t of the Kita kami Mou n

in conta ins tw o fossi iferous e s name the Ccr a d ta s l b d , ly les Bed and the P seudomonoti s Bed.

The Cer a tites Bed consists of sa ndstone and clay slatea nd is found at Inai Ou ri Yana iza Okatsuhama Shiz u awa etc , , g , , g , . k th bed is ener N or N N E ri e f e a . . . an d th The s t o g lly . e dip h wester n and . on t e easter n side of the E. on the W Mou n tains ; the bed for ms a large syn cline on which still younger form ations r es t. The fossils foun d a re

' r M atite cu E. v O S Ce s j apom s . J ' ' H a r aaa E V MO S z . . J ' ' M a u u v . O S. D n bztes Na manm E. J

' '

l E. v MO S. Arpadztes ( C imb s) Na u marzm . J

’

A nor a tes Goltsclzei E. v . MOJS. ' ' h la E. M was found on t e sea a om tes n i lzca t v . 5 y p p p us 01 . bottom off Okatsuham a.

The P seudomonotis Bed consists als o of sandstone and clayslate and is fou nd at Isadomae and Tsuya on the ea s ter n h Its s trike is N. N. E. T e fos si s side of the Mountains . l

’

n s chalzm KEYSERL. ELLER es ides fou nd a re P seu dom o oti o ( ) T , b ri i d s ro ds s tems of c no ds a n ga te po . uEsozmc. 5 1

The Sakawa Basin is a hilly region in the highPaleozoic

° Th Tr iassic fossi s mountains and lies 1021 west of Kochi. e l found there ar e

'

P seu domonoti s ockotzca TELLER.

ao ella a E. v MO S. D zz sak wana . J

v M e a tites sakawa nus E. . O S C r J . besi es Ter eb mlula Ad m in P atten Lima Ex o m eto d , , , , gy , ' ' Mo sisov ics com ar ed C saka wanus to Tzbetztes which is j p . , f ound in India.

The Bed consists of fine- raine a rk ra sandstone g d, d g y ' and sha e and contains P seudomonoti s oc/i otzca l , .

The Triassic rocks of Nar iwa in Bitchfl consist of

sandstonein the lower and shale withan thracite in the u pper

art The s tr ike of the strata is N . w ith a ent e p . . W g l di h n t S. T u horiz i s e f owi nt p o W. e pper on g v e th oll g pla fossils ' ' ' P oaoza mztes Rezm z GEYLER.

' '

la nceolatus Ezc/zwaldz HR.

s p. ' Y ma s M sso p.

' ' Ma cr otem opter zs Porphyrite tuff a nd a thick limestone lie on the plant hr n o izo .

The s nc ina strata in the southof ito sou th of N r iwa y l l J , a 52 u rs ozorc.

The Rhetic F orm ation str etches eas twa rd from H abu to

in f t It is ov red th er ti r Asa in the prov ce o Naga o. c e by e T a y in the sou h nd b h Lias in the north I consists of t a y t e . t a thick series of shale and sands tone withintercalated a nthra cite — ° seam s . Th n r s trike is E W nd di m ost N. 60 e ge e al . a p ly Pla nt fossils found at Yamanoi are

' '

Dzct o k ll u m cf. acu lobu m BRAUN y p y tz .

' a cu Yox j pom m . ' '

Kocizzbez YOK.

'

a oza mzle la nceola us va r . en u imz var. var P rl s t , g , .

P in u s sp.

' ' a zem cf a la ATH B . pa u czp r te N . ' ' ’ e R er I RE TL Aspl m u m wss tz S .

’ Dzct o /z ll u m is fou nd in theRhetic of Eu ro e y p y p ,

’ ' er sia and on kin an d Ba zem a a ar fela is found in P , T g g, p u p en Swed .

II. J URASSIC SYSTEM.

The Ju rassic System has been r ecogn ized in s mall detached a reas consis tin oth of m arine de osits as in Na ato and g b p , g

Riku zen a nd of rackish-water de osits as in Echiz en a a , b p , , K g ,

Etchu Echi o and in the re ion on the ou nda r of Mino , g , g b y

‘ nd id The h stein whi hi wide s r d in htt k a H a. sc al c s ly p ea C go u a nd th nor thern art of ushu and whichis m a ed as e p Ky , pp

Mesozoic of a n u nknown e och r esem es in itho o ic p , bl l l g al char acter the Liassic schalstein of Nagato ; bu t as yet we hav e no paleontological data for the cor r elation of the tw o form ations. n asozorc. 53

The following series are dis tingu ished in the Jurassic System 1 Ink t S rie of Na to . s one e s ga . hizu 2 S w Series . . ga a

Tetori eri 3 . S es .

n - one k a a I . I k st San : of N g to.

The Ju rassic rocks in Nagato a re co mposed of

U er—Sha e sandstone con omera te scha stein pp l , , gl , l , i nd cr s t in im recc a a a e estone. b , y ll l

Lower—Sha e sa ndstone a nd con omerate l , , gl . Anthracite is inter calated in the s tr ata bothin the lower

u r h riz n here are two v r i ti and the ppe o o s . T a e es of schal stein v io et and reen the vio et v a riet fu rnishes the est , l g ; l y b - in n The c i of the ink s ton es (Sw a n ) Japa . l p strata is - N in he eastern a nd N. . in the s outhwestern r f . t W pa t o N agato.

Inou s discov ered a mmonites in sand sh f K . ye ha y ale o the lower horizon in Nishinakayama ; they are as follows

H a er r adians SCHL. rpoc as cf.

n . s a ied to 11 r ad a n s . p. ll . i

cf.

' ’

n s . a ied to H nor m am cm us D ORB . p ll . .

n s . p .

’

cf. a lr za tu/u m Sow .

cf. a alense.

f PP c . costula O .

n . s . a ied to ff radomensi r. p ll .

'

n . s . H L t/zem e and i f Eser z p y .

n . s . H ex a r etu m a nd H o ali p . p

m a n.

’ I f M u r /zz Q ’ . c so n .

I f rom /a u a tu s . p . 54 MESOZOIC.

' '

P er z kznd e n s . a ied to Ste lza nocer as commune sp s . p ll p .

n s . St ann u la tu m . p . .

n s . St bz zdca tu m . p . f . '

n Bolle z . . sp. P . m s

' '

A n etztes. Ly tocem s The amm onite fau na when com are with Euro ean , p d p

s ecies are r efera e to the Back u ra o r Lias es ecia p , bl l J , p lly

t the u er hor iz on of the sam e o pp . ' Inou e has a so iscov ered in the south of Isa As /enzu m y l d p ,

' ' '

P odoza m zles la m eola tu s Nzlssoma P izzas etc. in sha e inter , , l

tratif in withsa ndston s y g e.

The Ju rassic of the Kitakami Mou ntains r ests directly

he ri s c r n the s nc ina fo d of t a . A co din to im upo y l l l T g K . J bo

it is divided into two rou s u er and ow er . The ow r g p , pp l l e gr oup consists m ainly of clayslate a nd contains at Nakano ' and Nira nohama marine fos si s such as Tn on za the Car l , zg qf

' '

ta tw Gr ou C r ena Ger wll zkz P er m Ex o r a etc. p , y , , , gy ,

’ The Tr zlgom a bed of the lower g rou p seems to ov erlie

the r ias confor ma but the strati ra hica r eation etween T bly, g p l l b the bed and the Amm onite bed of the upper g roup is not

distin ct as the two eds are se ar ated a fau t. , b p by l The lower pa rt of the upper group consists of clayslate and sandstone w hich ar e dev oid of fossils while the u pper

’ - con sists of sha e with amm onites Tn oma Vcosta ta c . l , lg , ' h de cr i e the fol Belemm tes etc Of mmonites . lki as s , . a , T b d lowing species

cf ad lm sc P I ETEN. H a rpocem s .

’ ‘ f a n u la tu s SCHLOI . Aeg orem s c . g

Ly lorem s 8 p. The abov e-m entioned species are allied to thos e foun d in ' in Na ato The Tr z r oma the Black J ura in Eu rope a nd also g . g masozotc. 55

Be d whichre resents the ower horizon in itakam i has not , p l K ,

e t found in N y been aga to.

The Ju rassic r ocks that a re ex posed in detached ar eas

' Ov er Echiz en Etchtj Echi o a a Mino a nd ida cons ist , , g , K g , , H

O f rackish-water de sit w ith cha racter is tic ant fos s b po s pl ils . Theplant r emains of the Upp er Tetorigawa in Kaga were

5 r s c i hn a und n i t o ecte . Rein a nd s nce t e a t s ec es ll d by J J. , b p 11 a v e een o t in d fr t re ion or t -fou r s eci w ere b b a e om tha g . F y p es l d e term ined M k who r osed the nam of th by . Yo oyam a p op e e T - etor i Series to distingu ish the plan t bearing form ation of the H oku riku region from the other plant beds that occur m ostly

I n the ou ter n n portio s of Japa . The rocks consist of conglom erate in the lower par t and

o f sandstone and sha e in the u er with a enera di to l pp , g l p N . W. The following table shows the fossils that weredescr ibed

b Yoko ama to ether with their oca ities . y y , g l l

1 urassic Plants from Ka a Hida an d Echizen oum . Col. Science vol. . J g , . J , III “5 02010.

T la r View f he r a ss ic P a n ts of a a a bu o t Ju l K g , H ida a n d Echizen ( Yokoyama)

58 n Esozmc.

Of these fort -nine S ecies nineteen a re fou n in th y p , d e

Br z r n k hir own ura of Si er ia S it e e and or s e. Th J b , p b g , Y e lower hori zon of the pla nt-bea ring stra ta contains fresh-water she s of which C r emz fo r ms a n im o rtant a r t ll , y p p .

Shima mura his la ce is Situa ted on the u er T to r . T p pp e i

°

awa 1 27 a ov e the r iv er m outh. A unda nt fossi s a r g , 5 b b l e here fou nd im edded in ack and e owish ra sa nd Shale b bl y ll g y y , ° i in 20 h w r a rt nta ins he l r e i d S E. T e o e co s ma ns which pp g l p l ,

r r r n a e too im pe fect fo determinatio .

r i hima mu ra a nt- a rin 02 6 NE . of S . e ack sa nd , 3 Pl b g bl y

Sha e 1 or 2 m eters in thickness cov ers sa nds tone and con “ l , , glom erate which lie on gn eiss a nd for m the base of the °— ° r ss i he di 1 20 N. Ju a c. T y p 5

Oka mi ida is situated 2 r i of Oka mi-honm ur a o n , H , W . the Shir a-ka wa nt r emains re here im edded in a ack . Pla a b bl sha e inter stratified with s andstone that has a s tr ike o f l , ° S. 0 E a nd cli of The s tr ata a s o ied the 3 . p W . l y l ' remains of Ostr a coaa .

i he fos i if r r h a r u f k m . T s ou s t Us im S. o O a e s ata di , l p ° i hica 1 . a nd thir strat ra su ccession as fol ow 5 S. W e g p l l s

t Con omerate. . gl

2 . Sa ndstone.

ra Sha le ant-bed 3 . G y (pl ) .

la ck sha e with she s . 4 . B l ( ll )

ranitic Gneis s . 5 . G

l h u r u r Hako a se Echiz en. his ace is o n t e e Ku z fi g , T p pp y

’ f h tr ik of the s trata is enera awa 1 0 r z S E. o Ono. T e s e g , g lly i n c in r eserved la nt fos si s a r e N. W. form n a s e. e , g y l W ll p p l d found in da rk g ray sa n y shale.

' anidera Etchti near Arimine in the s ou ther n a rt of K , , p the rovince not far from the ou nda r of ida. The r ocks p , b y H cons ist of the lower conglom erate w ith pebbles of gra nite

sha and gn eiss a nd of the u pper sands tone and le. ‘ h Th Region nea r the bou nda ry of Etchit an d Ec igo. e MESOZOIC.

Mesozoic strata that outcrop in small patches in this region

consist ma in of con om erate in the ower sandstone and ly gl l , h h u The sha e in the midd e a nd of s a e in t e er a rt. l l , l pp p

trik W C m is found at Hashidate a nd era a ma e is N . r s . y T y ;

the latter locality yields also plants in the u pper shale. d r f d n Rock Region nea r the boun a y o Tamba a n Ta go. s at Yu ra awa and Ma ezuru ied ill- reser ved ant remains g y l p pl , fr th u ras sic a ov e m entioned w hich resemble thos e om e J b .

' ' d one in the southwest r a r Apzocr zn us is fou nd in san st e n p t.

II I . CRETACEOUS SYSTEM.

Of all Mesozoic r ocks the Cr eta ceous System has

w idest dis tri uti n in n It is r ou ed as fo ows b o Japa . g p ll

in su Lim n . 1 . Tor o esto e

2 R ki Ser i . . yose es

z u i Sands ton r i 3 . I m e Se es .

r etaceou s of okkaid 4 . C H o.

hin . S i Series 5 j . 6 r ta u h hik k . C e ceo s of Sout ern S o u a nd Kn.

Series .

Series .

A dark ituminou s sometimes oo itic im estone occu rs b , l , l in the s eries of sandstone and sha le of the lower Cr etaéeous

' ‘ dev e o ed o n the aci c Side of H n h nd hik k A l p P fi o s tt a S o u . s the lim estone conta ins characteristic fos sils a nd m any of them w ere rst co ected at o rinosu n ea r Saka wa in osa the fi ll T T , na me of Torinosu Limestone is u sed to des ig nate that pa rti

cu la r bed.

Torinosu Limestone contains a r ich fau na consis ting

of fora minifera cora ls r oz oa echinoids iv a v es and , , b y , , b l , a stero ods g p . 60 n ESozow.

i f k w M In o r nosu Limestone in the env irons o Sa a a . T , l Neuma r and M Yoko ama hav e reco nize the fo ow in y . y , g d ll g Sp ecies

a 224 Y K Cy d mm£ O .

' ' ' T tu a a f cor r zs SCI IW ex / r z c . dgfo m .

' u lm n u lizza s P p .

' ' C12eletopszis a 'zm ta NEUM

' x zrstr ea ? r zen/alz NEUM Conw (i ) o lr .

' '

ida r zs c hnd er a GOLDF . C f. g gf

' ' ' '

H em za da r zs cf. ar e”a la r zs AG .

’ Ter ebr a l zda r a na I ET q ta Z .

' ‘ ' Ner zrzea cf. Vzisu r zis ROMER g .

E Sa a wa has fou nd a imes tone fu of he s c os el . g l ll s ll l y ' ’ r es m in Alectr oma a mor D ORB a t O awa in the w es t e bl g y . g

of Sakawa , and

' Tlza m na str a'a b ashed Cala mo /z llza , , p y ,

' ' M ont/wea lth f Clzeteto szs cr i rzzta NEU ( ) , p M.

' '

Czda r zs cf. a er OLDF g l n dgf a G . ’ ’ Ner znea cf . dila ted: D ORB.

h imestone f Shir i hi w 0 km w t of S kaw in t e o a s a a . es a a l g , 4 , w her e the a ers of im estone interstratif with ant eds l y l y pl b ,

' ' ’ ' co nta inin P eco ter zs Br owm cm a Z a m zo /z Z/u m Bzw/zzamm z g p , p y , 7 ' ' ’ ' c a u é r m a z c A zlssom a S b m u g szs P odoz m t s .

Iki has found in the Monobe aw a va e in the eas t T. , g ll y

' of KOChi in osa CM leto szs La tim e T , p

' ' ' '

o Belemm tes Nar iw a a n d CIzemm tzza . arzdm , N dosar za , , ,

' ' ' ’ z cf land er a and Clzeleto szs cr im la a r e v er C da r zs . g if p y c m n fo si f u nd in the imestone the ar e found om o s ls o l ; y , am on other s ecies at Itsukaichi in Musas hi an d the la tter g p , ,

' ' is found in Soma dis trict on the eas t s ide of the Abuku ma

M u nt in o a s .

The Cr etaceou s r ocks in Soma dis trict in Iwaki co ntain

1 Naum an n u . Neu m a r Geolo ic u. P alaontolo te von a an . Dcn ksch d y , g g J p , .

. D 1 Wi . Bd L II Meth Naturw Cl. d Ka i Akad d. ss . 8 0. . . s. . V . 9 MESOZ I O C. 5 1

tw o a ers of f f l y ossili er ous oolitic limes tone which are ov er

a id confor ma a ant bed of the R l bly by pl yoseki series. A

toothof Str o fiodus has een found in th i p b e l m estone. Torinosu Limes tone was considered as upper Ju rass ic by

M Neum a r his data ein a few fossi s cor reated with . y , b g l l

r i But ed o s ervation Shows that th Eu opea n spec es . fi l b e

im s ton is fou nd in man cas es in the ant- earin s eries l e e y pl b g , a nd it s eem s im possible to as sign to it a chronological pos i tion distin ct from the so-called Ryoseki Ser ies conta ining

mian ants which has a so a v er c ose r eation t Neoco pl , l y l l o

' the Cr eta ceous Tr zgo ma sandstone; a nd hence the lim eston e is in cluded in the Cretaceous on the g roun d of the aecom

n in fossi iferou s eds which hav e since een etter p a y g l b , b b s tu died and hav e thus become m ore trustworthy as gu ides n i n the determinatio of age.

The R os eki Series has a com a rativ e wide distr i u tion y p ly b ,

a ear in in the eas ter n art of the itakam i Mou ntains the pp g p K ,

n or th-eas tern a rt of the Abukuma Mountains the S nch p , a u

Gr a éen of the want6 Mou ntains and in the rov in ces of Kii K , p ,

Aw a a nd osa. The r ocks consist of con om era te nd , T s gl , sa

s to ne and sha e. Gen era s eakin a C r en a bed occur i l lly p g, y s n

the ower horizon of the s er ies a ant bed is fou nd littl l , pl a e

' hi her and a Tr z om a sandstone fo rms the u er m ost a r t g , g pp p .

ant r em ains a re the cha racteris tic foss i s of the er i s Pl l S e . ‘ rdi M ok am a the s how Acco ng to . Y oy y a cl ose r ela tion to the Wealden of Eur ope a nd Potomac Form ation of Am erica

' an d the Ryoseki Ser ies r epr es en ts the whole Neocom ian of

the Lower Cretaceous .

Plant fossils with their localities a r e giv en in the annex ed

1 Mesozoic P lan ts from Kozuke. Kn Awa an d Tosa. ourn . Col. Sci Im , , J . p.

Un iv . v ol. VII 1 8 , , 95, MESOZOIC.

Ta ble of Distr ibu tio n of MESOZOIC.

P n f he R ki Ser ies la ts o t y ose . 64 n esozom.

R ki is a lo hill tr W fi s e osa w a t N . f K i c o 6 ch. Th y , T , y e lower pa r t of the s trata cons is ts of black shale which is ov er aid hi k n om er te Th an t-b l by a t c co gl a . e pl ed lies on the con om erate and it is direct ov er la id sands ton w ith gl , ly by e

' Tr on ia oa r ig p ilgfo mzis. M n - h w r r o o e a wa as in osa. T e o e a t consis ts of b g B , T l p a thick ser ies of sa nds tone and shale containing m arl ; they

’ ie d two s ecies of Tr z oni a Amr ala eem n ites and y l p f , , B l , Am m onites The overlying conglomerate yields

s p .

'

M lssm ia or ien l aiis .

e P odoza mit s sp .

/ z Sp zenople is termin i /a .

Stil hi her lie a C r emz bed and a ant bed which l g y pl , latter yields

Z a mio /z l u m a r/zi cm u m p y l B .

Na ri w a /m i .

ero ier P p zlr sp .

Sakawa osa. ant fossi s a re im edded in dark sand , T Pl l b y Shale at Yoshida-yashiki and yellow sha le at Kaiseki-yam a ; the la tter locality p roduces bes ides the well p res erv ed pla n t

' foss i s of the R os eki Series Ex o m A vi an /a Nu czda l y , gy , , ,

Me i t v r th a nt [ socar di la n e Na tim O is e c. er nea e d , , p , , y pl h riz n o o .

- h atsur a a wa Va e Awa . At s ev era aces in t e K g ll y, l pl - in of the atsura a wa a nt fossi s ar e found. Tr z rmi a bas K g , pl l g

n v er ies the ant bed and the two eds a r e s om e s a nds to e o l pl , b times s o closely related tha t it is difficu lt to disting uish the

h r r twe n t em C r en a occu s a t Take atani. bou nda y be e . y g

° h r ks x os ed uasa Kii 21 S. of aka ama . T e oc e Y , , 7 W y p

h n rth-ea ster n s ea-coast cons ist of con omerate sands on t e o gl , stone and sha e di in s tee to N. The sands tone contain , l pp g ply

66 n ssozow.

Other fossils are given below with their localities in

‘ n hit h k n shu Ho s S iko u a d u . , , Ky 1 r ao t ce nzoida le ABE Minato in Awa i . P r i o m s szg Y . j l M na t n isor s a i ams i o. A em waj en se Y . l P er on i cer a s a m bu sense YABE. Amakusa.

L tocer a s ten nilir a tnm Yam Am kos y a a . h i An isocer as S . aff. A in dicn m FORB Ka a ara n K6 p ( . .) g

zuke. ' h P n docer l e M H . Ka a ara . as s afl . P 11 a la I C y p. ( . V d ) g

H a m ites 8 . Am k s p a u a.

H eli cocer as s aff H i ndicu m . ou mi in San uki. p. ( . . ) K

er k i k i i Bu n [ nor am ns s . Ama u sa in o Inu a n o s outh p H g , g (

t M d T u is w i of i a inato a n s k a in A a . O ) , j

m n es Min t K h r nchu e Bele it S . a o a a a a Sa Gm on p , g ( ) .

C lea cf str ia tella MI CH Ka ah r u m / . . g a a.

v e Y K ha r ni E O Ka a. Anio c: ad . ga h a ri /us a nn la tu YOK Ka a ara. C p u s . g

Cr a ssa tei/a ba u fia r enszs Yox . Ka ahara g g .

a m L S k wa h Aiectr onia cf. ta r in AM. a a Ka a ara y . g .

Tr i on ia Kikuc/zia na YOK. Sakawa Ka ts u ra awa R 6 g , g , y

seki.

a r ia K su r wa . Tr zlgoni oi u nda YO . Kat a ga The fauna resembles a par t of the r ich fau na of the

r ceous f okk id C eta o H a o.

eside these ma rine fau na fossi ants s uchas Ar nndo B , l pl , ,

a ins Sex /ix ner cns F a ns P la la n ns Cinn a m om u M , Q , g . , m hav e een fou nd . iku chi at omatsu in Amakusa nd b by Y K K , a

donous nts K chi H him z i dicotyle pla by T. o be a t ac a n awa n the

' h r oo on i r e in c udin e uo San c tt G m C e S ia . Na s t , f l g q by T a a Okuyama in Sanuki ; and la rge fucoids a re obta inable at

Shdbu ta ni in Sanuki a nd Aiku ri in Awa.

1 H . a e: N tes on Thr r Amm n f Y b o ee Uppe Cret. o ites rom Japan outside of

H okkaidé . ourn . Geol. Soc. Tok o v ol. VIII 1 01 . J y , , 9 u nsozox c. 67

In the Izu mi Sandstone Ser ies that s r ea ds ov er Izu mi p ,

Kn Awa i a n d the nor thern a rt of Shikoku con omera te , j , p , gl

enera occu rs in the ower hor izons sandstone with thin g lly l , h h U sha e in the m idd e and sa ndstone and s a e in t e er . l l , l pp

' Tr zlgom a is imbedded in a sandstone tha t alterna tes with con omerate at Chikusa in Awa a nd a mm onites ar e foun gl , y , d i h ck sha e t Minato of the s ame r ov in ce The n t e bla l a p . ° he r ck is E N. E and di S. S. E. 0 s tr ike of t o . . p 3 The Izu mi Sandsto ne Ser ies ex posed in s outher n Awa an d Tosa occu rs in m uch the sa m e ma nner as that of

i he R s eki ri s It ntain Ka h r It ies d r ect on t o Se . s ga a a . l ly y e co

' ' a t anno in Aw a es ides thr ee Tr z onzz im erfect fra ments T , b g , p g

f o ut nd s ir r o d Am monit Nea r Sakaw o an ev l e a a p ally lle e. a

' ' ' w ere found es ides Tm om z Aleclr om a Sca /zztes- ike b lg , y , p l a mm onites etc In the Monobe- a wa va e the thr ee zones , . g ll y of sa ndstone con omer ate and sha e ar e dis tin uis he Tr i , gl , l g d ;

' onzz are found in the sands one an d eem nites in the ack g t , b l bl h f th u er horizon s ale o e pp . The Mesozoic west and south ot Yatsushiro in Higo

h n r co nsists of sa n stone and sha e som etimes wit co om e a te. d l , gl It is dev eloped in a na rr ow troughin the Palaeozoic ex tend — in N E S. W a nd r anchin in to two in the n or th g . . ., b g east.

On the Amakus a Islands sa nds tone a nd s hale predomi

u t n Ant nate and the form er is q a r r ied a ma y pla ces . hra ci tic coa is found inter edded in the series the form ation of l, b ; the anthracitic coal is ascribed to the contact action of in tr usive sheets and dykes of lipa rite which ar e found ex pos ed

r Th trike of th str t is a ou t N. N E ve ac . e s e a a . in se a l pl es b .

n c inci ence with the direction of the main ra n e and the i o d g , y

n d i esi es the foss i s m enti n form a n a ticline a n syncl ne. B d l o ed ' '' in the recedin a e I n oce mm us S /zenotr ocfizs Car a zla p g p g , p , ,

Terebra tella r i onia Asta rte P atten L u ci n a Ostr ea P /zo , T g , , , , , ' r hv e n found in th s ton Iaaom a P leu om a etc. a e e e an s e y , y , b d MESOZOIC.

at Sakase and Imata in the Shimo-yma and the shale at

Hime r in th a m i- im u a e K j a . Accor in t th observ ation f Har ada and Otsuka d g o e s o , the Izumi Sands to ne Ser ies of the San chu Gr a ben lies on the

' i n u n nf rm i it The Ryoseki Series w th no oticea ble co o ab l y .

' owest of the s er ies is Tn om a sa nds tone and a form ation l jg , cons istin of shale sands tone an d co n om er ate and contain g , gl ,

in a mm onites ies on it the u er or tio n is a thick foss i g , l , pp p l

f rk r h s ds t ne less series o da g een s a le and a n o .

’ In in Rikuz n Wakimiz u fou nd Tr z o ma Oshima e . , T lg ,

' ' Nen nea nd Ostr ea in tu fa ous sands tone ov er l in tufl a a ce y g . A bla ck shale with oolitic limestone and s evera l layers of

u r r n i th s t ne q a tzite a e fou d al ternat ng wi the sand o .

’ V r r c n a r m in l n zl B e y e e tly Tfl kom ( ese bl g T. a g oéa JI M 5 fr om okkaido elemn ites an d am m onites were fou nd a t H ) , b

u wa as aki on the t of Rikuchii K g coas .

r eace o 4 . C t ous f

The Cr etaceous of H okkaido occupies a compara tiv ely wide ar ea along the western flank of the EZO Mou ntains a nd

a ears in s ma a tches in Nemur o and Shikota n Is and pp ll p l .

The r ocks cons is t of sa nds to ne sha e a nd con omera te , l gl . The s hale often contains lenticu lar masses of m ar l w hich

ied a u ndant form s of amm onites som e of w hich r e ch y l b , a a

i a ntic siz e The s tr ike of h d n r c inci g g . t e be s ge e ally o des with

rend f he Z Mou ins i u the t o t E O nta , but s often dis t r bed. The chara cter s o f the Creta ceous r ocks differ g reatly fr om those of the Palzeozoic a nd a m anifes t u nconfo rmability

ex ists etween the tw o for ma tions Bu t etw n h b . b ee t e Cr eta

1 M. Yoko ama : ersteinerun en a us der a an ischen Kreid Pal o y V g j p e. a n to h B ra ica d. XXX I 1 8 0. g p , . V , 9

K. im bé : Beitrfi e z. Ken nt. ( 1. F auna d. Kreideform ation v J g on H okkaido. t h Palaeon . Ab N. F . Bd. II Heft 1 . . 3 , 894

H . Ya ez Fossil Ce halo oda of the Cretaceous of H okka ido 1 01 MS b p p , 9 . ( .) m z aso mc . 69

ceous and the Ter tiary no s ha rp line of demarcation can be

dra wn as distinctions etw een the two either in itho o ica , b l l g l

cha ract rs or mod s of o zu r rence ar e not c r de ned e e c lea ly fi .

In the r e ions of the eshio- awa Ikushum- ets Obirashi g T g , b ,

ets Urakawa etc. some s i ns of uncon for ma i it ca n be b , , g b l y obs erved etween the Cr etaceo us and the ertiar but i n b T y, the coal-field o f Yubar i the Ter tiary plan t-bed lies conform ab on the Cr eta ceou s ly .

Accor din to a e the s trati r a hica s uccession is g H . Y b g p l as follows

I U er — ha r r int r tin sand . pp amm onites bed S le a ely e ca la g s tone nodu les of mar conta inin fossi s a u nda nt The foss i s l g l b . l d esc r ibed by Yokoyama a nd j imbo w ere got ma inly fr om thes e

eds In thm fo win thr subdi is i r e r eco n ize b . e the llo g ee v ons a g d

'

a . P a elz dzseu s bed y .

6 Sta /tiles bed . y .

U r A t r as e n fzoe z ne. . ppe ea e o

' 2 T z oma nd t n — ndston with sh nd . r lg sa s o e Sa e a le a con

lom r h f i ho riz ons a r e u nd in it name e ate. r ee oss fo g T l , ly

a . P eel u neu /ns zone.

'

a. T/zetzs zone.

e. Lower Aeant/zoeer as zo ne.

Lower amm onites bed — Shale w ith su ordinate 3. , b

sandstone contain in enticu a r imeston e ex osed on the , g l l l ( p

midd e cou rse of the Sorachi- awa l g ) . The co rr elation of the Cr etaceous fossil beds of H ok

kaido withtho e of f r i n c un tr i i o ws s o eg o es s as f llo . 31 3 0t . 70 8.

Amm onites are fou nd in the pr ov inces of Hidaka (near

Urakawa Is hikar i u ar i itami eshio etc. The a nn ex ) , (Y b ) , K , T , ed ta le is the is t of amm on ites know n from the Cretaceous b l ,

form ation of Hokka ido.

os si s other tha n m m onites r e n t f w h f l F l a a o e . T e ol o w in h ve n d r min d g a bee ete e .

' /eszasau r u v er te ra P s sp . ( b ) .

m s e th L a na p. (t e ) .

a m s t eth L na p. ( e ) .

' Eu eory sles j apom cu s

’ A n am /zy tzzzar u m sp.

' en fa er zn u s s P p.

’ M a r r ita u m eu la ta Y K g a f o .

' f z r r H DT H elezon c . g ga ztza SC MI . 1 MESOZOIC. 7

Ex og yr a sp. ' Peeten cf. Gar u aa mes STOL.

' I nocer am us Na u ma n m YOK.

ezoensis YoK.

B5 angu losa s JI M .

' zn cer tus j m so -' t M N ER dzlgzta us U ST .

r a M Tr zgon ia [mag i/06 j I Bo .

' ' cf oa YI or m zs YOK . p gf . ' ' a uaovalzs

sp .

s s Peetu n eu l u p .

' tu r t YOK Nam /a pzc a a .

'

Cueu lla a cf. sa c/zalznen ezk SCH MI DT.

a RBE . La ti na cf. f a ll x FO S

Meekea sella GAB ?

' ’ a m s WH ITEAVES Tlzetzs cf. fi .

' ' Szl zgua sp . ' ' ' ' Rfi m /zonella cf lzea tzlaza es y . p s p

' ' a ozzz E Kzrzg ena j p ea YAB .

' Car s /z llza a r eotem zls’ 'D L y p y S O .

' '

Or azto/zna eon eava LAM.

Near Yum achi in Izum o a cast of w as dis

cov ered in a formation whichhad een cons idered from its b ,

itholo ica cha racter as the er tiar The Shin i Ra n e l g l , T y . j g whichis separ a ted from the abov e locality by Shinji Lake is composed of shale a nd sandstone whichyield dicotyledonous

v es n r i lea a d Cy r ena a nd a e cons der ed by S. a s

retaceou hou h h r e ti n tw n thes e tw f r C s . T g t e la o be ee o o m a 2 e z 7 m so orc. tio ns is not et we known it is hi h r o a e tha t the y ll , g ly p b bl y a r e to be inc uded in one series of fo rm ations for whichthe l ,

m f th hi r e is r os ed na e o e S nji Se i s p op .

o / 6 . Cr etaceous of S w rem

esides the a ov e-d escri ed ser ies there are for matio ns B b b , cov erin wi e ar eas in the outer zone of a an in Kii Shi g d j p , koku and Kyushu whicheither yield sca nty Cretaceous fos sils o r a r e devoid of cha racteristic fossils a nd are pr es u med to be Cretaceous chiefly from their lithological cha ra cter s a nd m odes

of o ccu rrence.

In the form ation of u thr hik I u h s o e n S oku . no e a s , K y fou nd an [ uoeer a mu s at Nara ea st of Uwa i ma in I o and j y , ' M [ oer mu cf . a i uo a s . er z su at Ku nimi n u thr n Y g p i s o e Tosa .

Limes to ne in the series contains cora s It eca me c ea r fr m l . b l o these fos s ils tha t the fo rma tion com pr is es the u pper Creta ceous The for m ation is s e er ated from the r t e r . p C e ac ous a eas

' of Shira is hi awa Sa kawa R os eki and Monobe awa of the g , , y g ,

‘ R oseki Ser ies a nd Izum i Sandstone Series a ra n e con y , by g s isting of the rocks whichconta in thick hor nstone a nd limes tone an d which ar e consider ed as Palaeozoic ; bu t in the east the boun da ry between the fossiliferous form ation of the Ka tsu t agawa bas in in Awa and the fossilless fo rma tion in the s ou th has not et een define y b d.

A formation ex posed in the env irons of FUJI and the eas t ern fla nk of the Aka ishi Ra nge was dis tinguished as the Misa

i h n f r i ka Series Suzuk . T e r ocks co sist o edom natin by T. p g tuff sa nds tone con omerate and sha e with cha racter istic , , gl l i ntru sions of o der ookin eru tiv es such as dior ite dia ba se l l g p , ,

r h r i he r k r ent n o der t o te etc. As t oc s es a a s ec than p p y , p l p

74 n asozorc .

nd a re a arent over a id the aeoz i R n t a pp ly l by Pal o c. ece ly T.

Iki has fou nd I nocer a mu s on Shim o- shiki-ima hou h Ko j . T g the other w ide ar ea has et ieded no fossils it is withou t y y l , doubt the continuation of the Mesozoic formations in sou th hk er n S i oku .

On the Is and of aiw an the formation consistin main l T , g ly of cla slate w ith thin a ers of sands tone which str etches y l y , along the western a nd easter n flank of the ax ial m ou ntain range a nd for m s appa rently the tr ans ition member between the a eozoic on one side and the ertiar on the other is P l T y , m a ed as Mesoz oic bu t no fossil ev idence has et een pp , y b

fou nd.

On the Is la nd of Amami-Oshima which is colour ed a s

a aeozoic and on the Is and of Tan e ashima whichis co our ed P l , l g l as Tertia ry ther e occur r ocks that have clos e r esemblence to

M z i of shu and hik k the above mentioned es o o c Kyu S o u. oamozox c. 7 7

fossils lie intermingled in m any cas es and the tracing of definite bou nda ries between thos e two formations has been attem ted on in f cas es The on Eocene form a tion p ly a ew . ly thus far dis cov er ed is the tuff forming the Ogasa wara -jim a onin Is a nds which ieds the characteris tic fos si of Nu m (B l ) , y l l

Shell beds con ta ining abundan t for ms a rewidely dis tr ibu ted in hi r in nd s tr i r hi s e u ence ar e no j apan. T er g oup g a at g ap ca l q t

et esta ished Ma n of the fossi she s from divers e arts y bl . y l ll p o f j apa n hav e been iden tified withliv ing species described by

Reev e Adams Sower Gou d Lis chke Du nker etc. Indeed , , by, l , , , the s hells from the Tertiary or rather Cainozoic s trata that Th ha ve specific nam es belong m ostly to living species . e

hither to s eci ca named fossi she s with their im or tant p fi lly l ll , p loca ities are iv en in the su oine ta e. l , g bj d bl CAINOZOIG

TABLEOF CAINOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSCAWITH

THEIRDISTRIBUTION.

’ Only those with specific names an d those foun d in the important fosml localities men tioned elow includin laces est known b the a u ndance of b , g p b y b v ri ies of fossils are iven in the ta le. The few s ecies not in the ta l a et g b p . b e. li w ichha ve but n arrow distribution i d from other loca ties h are ment one on p. 83. The other importa nt fossil localities ar e given withtheir chief fossils in the local descri ption of the Tertiary strata. Environ s of Tok o includin O l Ta ata Suru adai Seki uchi and 1 . y , g j , b . g , g . hi na awa — En virons of Yokohama : Yokohama Kan a a wa Taki ashi S g z. . g . g n . — hu n w n o — n u . Matsudo S sui a d I ahashi i Pr v Shim and Naga ma 3 . , , , . 6 sa. 4 . ' Ninomi a Koshi a and Kamimi ata in Prov. Sa am Kunoo za n and Ne o a y , b , y g 5 . g y — H z wa and N aisaku in Prov Kazu — F in P rov. Sut nga 6 . ata a ag . sa. 7 . urutani — T n T ki hi an d Da in ichi in P rov . T6t6mi. 8 . ogari a d su yos in Prov. Mina . i i 9. Ya urasawa and Kawanishi n Prov. Sa am . an d O ama in Prov . Sutn a g — g y g Ashi ara Tertiar 0 Suke awa Ose and Isowara in Prov . Hitachi. g y 1 . g , . — i ishi Takinai and Ezuraban a in Prov. Kit An anai Ioki nd 11. N ig , . 12. , . a — - hima v wa — T . Koes in Pro A i En viro Aid in Prov . osa 13 . . j 14 . ns of Kana — - zawa in Prov . Ka a 5 . Sawan e in Prov. Sado Sawane Tertiar . g 1— ( y) 16 . h hi u in P rov. Musashi H okkaido. C ic b 17 . It ma y be n oticed that man y of the specific names of the Tertiary shells l f were fi rst assig ned by D. Brauns in his work. Geo ogy o the En virons of ok o 1 881 which has since een used as an indis ensa le referen ce ook for T y , b p b b the determin ation of Tertiary shells ; recen tly it became known from stu dy of S Yoshiwara that some of the s ecific names in the ook are ill-a lied or . p b pp

tful . In this ta le names iven b Brau ns are retained an d those that doub b g y , wi rv in di n in rro ti n- should be taken th rese e are cated by a te ga o mark.

8 ' 4 carrsozorc.

' Car a ita r otu nda HI A YOS W RA. ’ Diploa o uta tr ig ou u /a BROWN ex tinct in the j apanese L u cina oor ealis L. s eas .

Gen era of Moll usca n ot r epr esented by the species in the table or am ong those mentioned abo ve are as follows Aclzs A c ea cfa ' , m , A ou , Cer i t/ziu m, Cla va tu la , Conus , ' C a n Eu limella f i ssur e/l a H ar ooia Lac/testis ) W , , , y , , ' M elau ia M u r ex mestu s P al u a iua P zZeo szs f , , A , , p ( ),

P la nor bis P r ula Rissoa Stoma li ca Su r cula , y , , , ' Ter eao Tu r oou illa Volou /a Xm o /tor u s Ziz , , , p , y ' /ci us Aua tiua Auo ou ta A sta r te Aaic a p . , a , al ,

Cecelia Ca llista Ca sa Ca ri /u s Castr z a , p p , ,

CIi a ma Ci r ce Co k Cor bicula , , do ia , C , ' Cr assa fella Cu cu lla 'a Cu ltellu s C r icar aia , , yp

’ C r iua C r eu a Gl cimer is Gou / uua I socar yp , y , y , fi , ’ ’ ' a i u m M o o N P , ai la a r ea , a luai ua , P li ola s , P er ua ,

’ ’ P etr i cola P /colaa om a P ca cu ua P sammooia , y , , ’ Rceta Selecu r tus S oua lus Soleuom a T/zr acia , , p y , y , ,

Lin u/a Ter ebr a tula g , . In Ter tia ry or ra ther post-Miocene strata teeth a nd

ones of m m l i i s he ar e as b a ma s occu r in m any local t e . T y f ollo ws .

Ele /zas — a a ta n ear TOk O Edo- a shi in TOk O p T b y , b y ,

okosuka in Sa am i R u e in Omi ShOzu-shima Y g , y g ,

in Sanuki His hiike in Mikawa Kas um i a-u ra in , , g

itachi omu ro- am a in a a Sa oro in Hok H , T y K g , pp

kaidO Kii Mino I o, , , , y ' a h — h z - hm in u HI hl lk in Mikaw Ste o ou . S O u s i a San ki S e a g , ,

' R tt e in Om i y g .

s — h Ur u s . okiw a in itac i T H ,

o °— hi C r vus . Sa nuki S na no. ,

B o h —ShOZ - h i s n . u s ima.

carrrozorc. 7 5

CHAP TER VII .

OAI NOZOI C GROUP .

The two great div is ions of the Cainozoic Gr ou p are r s ente in n The erti r tem r ep e d j apa . T a y sys yields abundant fossils and the ex istence of Miocene and Pliocene for m ations

has een reco nize Nathorst Brauns and other scho r b g d by , , la s. But the thorough stratigraphica l classifica tion of the Ter tia ry i et to b worke out The System s y e d . Quaternary System is div ided into Diluv iu m and Alluvium ; the former is not cha racterized by any fossils a nd its lowest limit toward the

r r has een hitherto on va ue n d Te tia y b ly g ly defi e . The beginning of the Cainozoic or the end of the Mesozoic Period was m arked by g reat tectonic m ovements h k the foun ations of the n d w hich s oo d j apa ese Is lan s. The isla nd-a rc of j apa n Proper was flex ed and broken at its m iddle a nd the r esult was the pa rtition of Northern an d

uthr n a an eachwith a iffer en t eo o ica stru tur So e j p , d g l g l c e. Other m in or dislocations ca used the division of the land into many horsts in Southern j apan the mountain-blocks of ushu Shikoku Kii eninsu a a nd Akaishi remained on Ky , , P l ,

r d nd the m sses of he Tsukushi M n ns the oute si e, a a t ou tai ,

' with Chtr oku a m a and i a lateaus on the inner side g , T b H d P . The g reater part of Northern j apan was depr essed under the s ea and a great lateral thr ust br oke up the linear a rrange - h ment of m ou nta in m asses into w at we now see. The chief s tructur e-lines of these tectonic mov em ents

u th Th dir ection of the str uctur e- in s run nor thand so . e l e is

rti r wel seen in Northern a an name in the pa cula ly l j p , ly

n-m ses of itakami Abuku ma and wanto a nd in m ou ntai as K , , K , the course of the Hime awa and a on the eastern wal of g , l g l 76 ca moaorc.

the Akaishi Mountains on the boundary of Northern an d

Southern a an Sou thern a n i u t man j p . j pa s a lso c by y north-s ou thdislocations whichp roduced a s eries of triangula r

eninsu a s ointin to the south North rn ushu has p l p g . e Ky

num er ous u fs ed u the ertia r formation runn in g l , fill p by T y , g nor th and s ou th cros th d r r s r m rka e a s e ol e ock . These e a bl te to ni in h N — d r c c es in t S. ir tion to b i a l l e . ec s eem e asc b b e to the posthum ou s action of the east-wes t wav e of press ure which caused the Ryukyu Arc a nd the fou nda tion of the is a nd-chain of ShichitO rather than to the w ave of r es s ure l , p that div er ed fr om the direction of the Sea of a an g j p . The Quater nary Per iod and the en d of the Tertia ry

eriod witnessed the reatest m an ifestation of v o ca nic ctiv it P g l a y . The v olcanoes br oke for th with great v igou r on the weak

‘ ines for min m an distinct v o canic cha ins es ecia on the l , g y l p lly inner sid of the is and-arcs hese chin n tic in e l . T a s wer e o ed the to o r hi cha ter p g ap cal p .

I . TERTI ARY SYSTEM.

The Tertiary Sys tem constitutes a large a nd im portant

ortion of a an. The r ocks cons ist of sand rav e c a s p j p , g l, l y ,

' tufls san stones sha es a nd con om erates with inter venin , d , l gl , g

a er s of lim estone mar coal seams and iat m - r l y , l, , d o ea th. Tuffs are v ery widely prevalent an d sandstones a nd s hales ass u r fre uent a tu faceous chract r me v e y q ly a e . The compar ativ e study of the fossil r emains which are a un dant found in the er tiar S stem is et to i b ly T y y , y o mperfect to a ow the chr ono o ica s u div isions to be r m es ll l g l b fi ly tablis hed.

iocene and Miocen e e s ha ve een r eco niz ed th Pl b d b g , e for m er chiefly by shell remains and the la tter by pla nts a nd a few f raminifera But the oca itie of t Mi o . l l s he ocen e and Pliocene camozorc. 85

h — ' er o Tsuki oshi in Min o res em in R. si za Rhinoc s . y ( bl g

lense azaki and o a ri in Mino . ), H T g — Del /zi nus Shinan o itachi. p , H — i in Mino. A new gen us of Si r en za Toga r

—Mizuho in Kai Doke in azu sa Seki in Whales , K ,

a a itachi etc. K g , H , — ’ Sus a on icu s OSH I ARA R tj e U o. j p , Y W y g , g

B n u s Bos. o , 1 Nau m ann described the fossil elephant-teeth of j apan as belonging to the following s pecies Steg oalon Clzf ti FALCONER Pliocene LEY s CAUT p . ' n ALC iocen e a n Sleg oaou znszlg is P . Pl s ost-Plioce CAUT. p . p ' £ 8 ma icu s P ALC 1?Ica s na a ' ost- iocene of I di p Pl n a.

- Ele /za s r imi en i us LUM. ost iocen e p p g B p Pl . Of m any localities tha t ha v e yielded r em ains of Elep/zas ’ and Ste oaon none bu t a a ta in the s u ur s of g T b , b b supplies defi nite infor mation as to the horizon in whichthey

w r i dd d e e mbe e . ’ Sha rk s teetha r e fou nd in s ev era a rts of a an often l p j p , accompa nied by s hells ; they include ’ ' Ca r c/za r oa on me aloa on AG Miocen e of Ma a n g . ( l ya

h u nd t u i Arc i ea o . o a sh Ura a okos uka in p l g ) F Z , g , Y

Sa ami Shim oda in Izu Mito and Ashia ra i i n g , ,

‘ ita chi Ge c) in Shinano &c. H , j , ' t e r ti s u A Mi in itachi No ia an u s s r a m s g . yata H .

Lima .

Ue er a anische Ele han ten d. orzeit Palaeonto ra hica N F . Bd. b j p p V . g p , .

XX III Heft I t88r. V . . 86 caruozorc.

hin id l nd a n u a r f un wide Of ec o s Scu tel a a S a t s e o . , p g d ly

T he fo low in on to ex tinct s ecies l g bel g p . ‘ A str i li eus i n te r is OSHI ARA On onefossi en us c p g Y W . ( ly l g i i n hu a nd s ec es Fou nd n aiw n and o s . p . T a H ) ' ' ‘ n / ica h Li t zza nz on OSH I ARA. In ons u pp Y W ( H .) ‘ c/ziza t r ecticana lis OSH I ARA S s er Y W . ' Ecfiinoazkcu s s A unda nt in aiwan p. ( b T .)

' A ivin s ecies Fi bu la n a a cu ta OSH I ARA is a so found l g p , Y W , l

s fossi a l . ' Am on fora minifera Or oitoi aes Le idoc clzna is m os t g , ( p y ) ’ h ra teristic The Or oitoiaes often a ccom ani d b Li /zo c a c . e t , p y tfza mn i u m ar e found in the er tia r imeston es of severa , T y l l ’ laces. Accor in to R. ones the Or oitoi aes fou nd in p d g j , the m r of Ka mikosaka eon to 0 dis an sus occur rin a l b l g . p g i E f Eu r But accordin to the ater n the ocene o ope. g l ' ex am ina tion of Ver beek this Or oi toiaes belongs to the gr ou p ’ o f Lepi a ocy c/zna which occu rs in the Malayan Ar chipel ag o in the Neo ene er tiar ro a of the Miocene a e. g T y, p b bly g ' ’ Or oitoiaes (Lepiaocy lina ) Ver beeki NEWTON an d HOLLAND

iw Rotalia Glob er ina B locu lina Den ta occu rs in a an . i T , ig , , ’ lina Cr stel/a r ia Noa osa r ia etc. ar e a undant in oun er , y , , b y g

form a tions .

Well p res erv ed ins ects are found in the plant-bed of

hi r in Shim otsuke S oba a . Cr inoids (fr om Chichibu) a nd As ter oids (fr om Hokka ido and H ita chi) have been found v ery ra rely in the Tertiar y

s tra ta .

At Mo i in izen Shiobara in Shim ots uke okoha ma g H , , Y a nd O i in Mus hi etc. foss i an ts eon in to the oun er j as , l pl b l g g y g r ou are o tain ed in m an cases nea r the hor izo f th g p b , y n o e u er m os t s he b pp ll ed.

S. Yoshiwara : On some new fossil Echin oids of a . j pan j ourn . Geol. Soc. Tok o 1 8 v ol 6 No y , 99, . , . 65 .

88 camozorc.

os r o Nord visti Nath. Acer m Thunb fossile Na h Di py s q pictu g . t .

s ros ia Ett Rhamnus costa a Max im . fo s ilis Dio py Mog na . t s N h N Clethra Max imovi czi at . ath.

ri lea Alm u s i N h. i is l brusca L . f ssili Na h T peta j q i t at V t a o s t . in ium a n m I le H e N Vacc (P) S porta u Nath. x eri ath.

iburnum s Zan thox lon ailan thoides S etZ. fossile V p . y . h r N h Acant opanax ace ifolium Nath. at .

L u o ili Dic mn fr x i l r iq idambar formosana Hancef ss s ta us a nela Pe s. fossilis

Nath. Nath.

De i s hu b f i N r s ho i ni f i utz a cabra T n g. oss lis ath. Elaeoca pu p t aeol a H ook. et

P runus Buer erian Mi fo ili N h n fossilis Na h g a q . ss s at . Ar . t .

P runus s il . p. T ia sp

Sorbus Les uereux i Na h i ia is a s N th q t . T l d t n a .

C don ia chlor n hides ar mon l h Z f y a t o Nath. Stu tia adep a S. et . ossilis

So h r ll p o a fa ax Nath. Nath.

'

Rhus rifli thii H fil. f l li Dickso i G s ook. ossi is Magno a n ana Nath. N h l s . at . Magno ia p

koffi h Rhus En l r i ibiria Na . g ei Nath. Clemat s S t

Melios r a h . f il s i f Ph lli of im rf ct ma my i nt a S et Z. oss is 1 9 pec es o y tes pe e

Nath reservation . p .

Acer NordensltiOIdi Nath.

ant fossi s e on in to the oun er s eries not found Pl l b l g g y g , in the Mo i or bu t foun d in o ther oca ities a re as g fl a l l , follows

r s P inus sp. Ca pinus p . h Cyperus sp. Carpinus subj apon ica Nat . m Ba busa sp. Castanea sp.

a v l is m f i Cyperites sp. Cast nea u gar La oss lis Nath.

r ercidi llum s Ace sp. C phy p.

r rc i r i i hllum n m Ace a t cum H eer . Ce c d p y japo icu S. et Z .

l e n mom m s Acer H i g ndorfi Nath. Ci na u p. - Acer mandshuricutn Max . Clethra barbinervis S. et Z . ‘ r m m Cornus submacro hlla N h Ace pal atu Th. 0) p y at . r Cor lus s Ace pax i Nath. y p .

Fa us in rme N Alnus sp. g te dia ath.

Arali hllum N m n a F us a ni M f p y au an i N th. ag j po ca ax . ossilis Nath.

B tula s ie l i e p. Fagus S bo d a En dl .

ul al F u s lv Bet a ba L. ag s y atica Z .

Betula sublen N H oeveni hllum Th ta ath. p y unbergi Nath. 8 CAINOZOIC. 9

nm uercus cris ula Bl. fossilis Nath. Leg inositis sp. Q p

M lio h llum s uercus den tata Th. y p y p . Q

o i m e Z fossilis Salix s . Polyg num c usp dattt S. t . p

Stuartia s . Nath. p

P u s Silia s . opul s p . p Ziz hus s Querc us sp. yp p.

The older or pr e-Pliocene flora whichw er e determined

h r d the fo owin s ecies oththe Eu r o ean by Nat o st inclu e ll g p . B p

i nts re fou nd in them and Arct c eleme a . Those indica ted w ith at occur in the Tertia ry flo ra of Europe a nd those with a re found in the Ter tiar y fl ora of the rc i r e i ns a t c g o .

b Dios ros br h e ala A r A ies sp. py ac ys p I. B .

i F u An i fi H r P nus sp. + ag s t po .

uoi is icha H r Fa o hllum ot chi Nat + Seq a d t . g p y G t e h.

s Lan dorfii Br n -x - u lans ac umin a A Brau + gs , g . + J g at . n.

u la s i r Tournalii Brgn . + j g n n gella H . mi La ri h ll m ! + Tax odium distichum ocenum u p y u Gaudini Nath.

Li uidam ar formosa H H r. q b na ance

T rre a s fossilis Nath. o y p. -x P lanera Un er E + Acer arcticum H r. g i tt. P l P ax i Nath. atanus sp .

uli hllum ma us Nath P o ulus s Aesc p y j . p p. O minus Nath. P pq s arctica H r.

A us P terocar a eft d nticula a escul sp. y . e t A.

Al Kef rst i r v r Webt. nus e en r Gp. a .

os uercus cfr . n trum Ung. + Q gr6nlandica H r .

tu - r r E var u r h t Betula B ongnia ti tt. . Q e cip yllum eft. Lonchitis

! Car in us randis U n . Un s + p g g g . p .

i t ar i hllum ramidal . lix v C pi n p y py e Gp ! + Sa La ateri H r.

! Ku in i Kov a h Castan ea b . S in i b + y p d p yllum du ium Nath.

Un eri H r . Tra a borealis H r var m g p ., aj or at in m C na omum eft. polymorphum Nath.

H r. lmus ele a ior a U g nt N th. Com toni hllum a on icum Vi p p y j p tiphyllum Naumanni Nath.

Nath. at Ziz hus iliz f li n yp t o us U g. sp. N m au an ni Nath. AINOZ 90 C OIC.

The chief localities yielding p re-Pliocene pla nts ar e

H okkaidO Ani in U o the coa mines of Iwaki a nd ita , g , l , K

hn k aiki in S i a no. Two in s of fossi ants one a lied to d l pl , l the pr e-Pliocene and the other to the pos t-Miocene plants

' a re found to ether nea r Asano Shimo-ina - ori in the P ro g , g , ' v ince of Shina no The tw o s ecies of Ta x oa iu m rusti c/ u . p r m ' and Ligu ia a m oar for mosana f ossili s are found in the p r e Pliocene flora of An i and a lso in the pos t-Miocene flora of M i og .

Lit/zot/za mniu m is found in ertia r imesto ne often T y l , ’ accom anied r i e Lit/colica mni u m r a mosissim u m p by O otoia s . Revs is found at Sagara in TOtOmi a nd other pla ces in

' - H htr L e u d i th on . en MARTEN whi h is fo n n e s . Ros b r i S c g ,

Mi ne of ava occu rs in aiwa n . oce j , T l r f d k i d hu Pant s ek i t m s a e oun in o ka do a n us . oc D a o H Ky , of u n a r has des cribed ma n form s of them fr om the thick H g y, y f di tom-e r th in HokkaidO The a a nese foss i deposits o a a . j p l diatoms include the following gener a ' ’ ni /com r ac/znoiazscus uli scus u la coiai scu s A p , A , A , A ' ster ola m r a A ctiuo t c/zus Ba olia r i u m Biadu l /zia A p , p y , , p ,

e e i cc Ca m Coscznodi cu s , Cr sw ll a , Co oueis Cer a ta nl us , ,

’ i c la vi cu la C m e D c / D a oma loa s u s C olla . i t oc za i t py , , y y , , ’ Di claa a E it/zemia Eu noti a F r a ill a r ia Ge /i y , p , , g , p y

r i a Gr amm a fo /zor a [ st/un ia Me/os r a Na vicul a , p , , i , , ’ P a r a lia Rno aaoueni a Ra é oneis Ru til a r ia Sto /2a , , p , , p ’ nodi scus Sa la r ia Su r ir e/la nea r a Tr icer a ti u r , , , Sy , n ,

' Ter sinoé St looibliu m p , y . Fr om the sta ndpoint of lithological char acter a nd geolo gica s tru ctur e the Tertiary forma tion of j apan is divisible into

In th ou n er of the two div isi n s th r two. e o e s t ata cons is t y g , ,

in of oos e soft r ocks s uch as s and r av e c a s oft san d g l , , g l , l y, s ton e sha e a nd tuff show no rem ar ka le fo din and li i , l , , b l g, e n

' Beitrzi e zur Ken ntm ss der fossilen Bacillarren Un arn s 1 8 g g , 93 .

NOZ 92 CAI OIC.

of leaves is separated from the upper mos t loam by clay and g ravel w ithout any u ncon

a n form a i it etween a itt e S dy g rav sl. b l y b ; l l lower lies a sandy layer with

u ndan t she s At a a ta ab ll . T b teeth of Elep/zas and bon es of m am mals have been fou nd in the sandy layer between the plant bed and the s hell

Tu fa ceou s san s t ne bed d o . l r u u d D. B a ns en m era te 87 species of s hells from the F ’“ 0" “ m" n ei hbou rhood of Tokyo and After uzuki g ( S .) okohama Accor din to him Y . g , 69 of tha t nu mber belong to the Species now liv ing in the

a anes e and Chinese s eas and the r em ainin 1 8 to s ecies j p , g p

n ow ex tinct in the nei hor in s eas a nd he conc u ded that g b g , l the shell bed is Pliocen e and ha s a close fau nal r es embla nce

to the En lish Cra his conc usion has e n adhered to g g . T l b e by later inves tigators and all the you nger shell beds are inc uded in the rti r l Te a y.

In v iew of the a t t res r h f S shiwara the l es ea c es o . Yo allegation of r esemblance of Oji fau na to the Crag fau na seem s g roundless as all the species certainly comm on to both ' h r e cosm o o itan . oshiw r mentions Lame i ra n c s a p l Y a a 74 ll b , 3

Sca ho ods rachio ods and 0 Gaster o ods from O i p p , 3 B p , 7 p j

A r si f una of the a nd Shinagawa. cco ding to him the fos l a env irons of Tokyo indica tes a colder climate than that now

r evai in in the re ion and of the nu merou s she s thos e p l g g , ll tha t m ay be r ega rded a s ex tinct species w ith g reatest p ro

‘ ilit nu m r n 6 The ar e as fo ows hab y be o ly . y ll

ns f T 81 Geology of the En viro o okyo. 1 8 . caruozorc. 93

' Ca r a iu m Br a uuszz OSH I ARA Y W ,

' / H A Tr oc/zu s s unag awa ensi s YOS I W RA. ’ Ca r a ita r otu nda OSH I ARA Y W . ’ Dipl oa ou ta tr zlgon ula BROWN (ex tinct in the j apanese s eas ) .

L u cina bor eali L ex tin ct in the a anese seas . s . ( j p )

P ecten n . s P . li ca . p. p ) The Tertiar y in the penins ulas of Awa-Ka zusa a nd of

Miura consists of fo ded strata of tuffs sandston e s ha e and l , , l , conglomera te of ha rder cha racter than the r ocks j us t men ’ tioned w hich ied she s and sha rk s teeth , y l ll . In Shim Osa an d Kaz us a the younger s eries of the vicinity of TokyO ex tend eastwa rd and they a r e bou nded

unconfor m h d r r i r f he outh ably by t e ol e Te t a y o t s . The Tertiary in the small bas in of Itsukaichi west of TokyO conta ins lithog raphic m ar l a nd yields Miocene i h Mi l n a nd cra s its strike s N. S T e ocene p a ts b ; .

an ts are Ca sta n ea Ku oin i u laus a cu mina ta P laner a pl y , 7 g ,

' e i 9 o n oa C ta nea U n er i escul us Un r . C m to ia acu tzlo a s g , p , g , A .

The Tertia ry ex posed in the n orth and w es t of Oya ma in Sa a mi as a et su r roundin the Misaka Ser ies of Doshi g , b l g , c n is m in f h r r i h n i hets No rth o s ts a ly o a d g een tuff w t a des te s e . of u i n ea r oshida o nes a nd teeth of P /z ster ina’ teeth F j Y , b y , ’ ’ of M liobi tes cor n u a ta GTH R Astr zcli eus i n te r zs and sha rk s y , p g teeth to ether with s he ls a r e fou nd in reen tuff and the , g l , g , ’ limestone on the shor e of Lake Kaw aguchi yields Or oitoiaes

and Lit/zotka m n i u m .

r om the north of akone to the eninsu a of Izu F H p l , white and g reen tuffs peep at intervals fr om beneath the ’ cover of v o canics the ied shark s teeth an d the im e l ; y y l , l stone layer of Nashimoto in Izu con tain s foraminifera a nd

Lit/zot/ta m u i u m .

The Ter tiary on the Fuj i-kawa may bedivided into two ; s z r 94 c mo o c.

the upper constitu ting the low-la nd on the banks is tu faceous w hile the l ow er Ter tiar y in the higher hills is not tu faceous

a nd c nt in und t f mi f h tr ta r un N — o a s a an ora ni era. T e s a . S b . w ithwestwa rd dip in the nor th; they are disturbed a nd folded

in h u h t e s o t .

In the basin of Chichibu in Musa shi the order of super

osition is the underm os t con omerate sa ndstone sandstone p gl , ,

a nd sha e and the u er m ost s ha le there occu r a u ndant l , pp ; b shells hav ing m uch in com m on withthos e in the en virons of

TOk O ex ce t Conclzocele di s u n cta P la i ostoma and a few y . p j , g

th r s h f t r Th m in x is of fo din o e ells not ound in the lat e . e a a l g — is N E. S. . W . Of the Tertiary on the north-eastern fringe of the

Kwa ntO Mou ntains the nor thern is ou n er and tufa ceou s , y g ;

it c nt in o i nt av o a s C uc/zocele and l g nite beds whichyield pla le es . The s tra ta di ent northwa rd In the south the v icinit p g ly . y

of Shimonit in K zu k n i f h with ioc ne she s a O e co s sts o s ale Pl e ll . ' Or oitoiaes (Lepidocy clzna ) is fou nd in m ar l in Kam i-kosa ka

near Shim onita The enera str ike is a ra e to the wa nto . g l p ll l K M i ou nta ns .

In the valley of Kita-aiki in the w es tern Kwa nto

Mou ntains occur ant- eds with the Miocene for m s such a s pl b ,

Se u oia Tou r u a/ii Betu la Br on nia r ti F a us A n ti o q g , g p fi ,

Ca stanea U n or i P la ner a Un or i n /ans n e/la Viti g , g , i g ig ,

N u an i T r a /z llu m a m n o r e P /z llites . p y , y , y

th st rn i f h M n tains i On e ea e s de o t e Abuku ma ou , n

hi h r — di i Iwaki a nd itac t e e tiar s trikes N. S. n H , T y , pp g

m in to th eas t The w r r n n i f u fa eou s a ly e . lo e p o tio co s sts o t c

nt inin c - whi h r n v wor ked sa ndstone co a g oa l seams c a e ex te si ely .

The u er ortion consis tin of con om erate sandston e pp p g gl , ,

a nd tufaceous sha e with nu mer ou s io cene she s di s v er l , Pl ll , p y

nt rd Li a r itic sa nds tone e on in t t u er ge ly eastwa . p b l g g o he pp

z ut r s on the c a s t of itachi It ieds m ost one o c op o H . y l

u ndant foss i s at Is wara Os e Suke awa etc. ab l o , , g ,

96 ca mozorc.

The eastern ortion consists chie of tuffs c ose p fly , l ly r ela ted with the volcan ic eru ptiv es whicha re so well dev el

h d The ower r n i f oped in the neighbour oo . l pa t co s sts o a

thick im erfectl stra ti ed mas s of white li aritic tuff whi e p y fi p , l the u er formin the rairie- ike flat hi ls is ma in of pp , g p l l , ly g reen and gr ay andes itic tuffs with many inter stratified sheets

ds Th f ssi n n of andesites and lignite be . e o l co te t and the topographical fea tu res of the la tter resemble those of the

nv iro ns of T k O e O y .

Near Sen ai hav e een fou nd Sax ica va a r ctica P a no a a d b , p

ener osa P ecten lica Dosin ia ex o/eta etc and at Us u in g , p , , .,

Iwa shir o Tellina na su ta P ecten la u ea tus L u cina bor ealis , , o , , ’ M t a a c r vener z or mis Ca r ai u m mu ti cu m etc. f , , The Tertia ry in the wester n pa r t of Norther n j apa n str etches from Echig o and Shina no on the sou th-w est to the nor ther n end of the ma in is a nd and the same formation l ,

in d I nd It contains etr o eu m nd m a ppears Sa o s la . p l a eta l lifer ou s veins and is one of the m ost importa nt r epositories of

u s efu minera s in a an . It ma be divided into two a rts l l j p y p .

The ou n er whichhas received the name of Sawane er tia r y g , T y in Sa do cons ists of r ather oose and s oft r ocks which , l

n h Th r d ik r i r i co tain fossi s e s . e o de ca e A awa e t a n l ll l , ll T y

Sado is of rather harder rocks which conta in coa -seam s , , l and r e- iocene ant- eds and a re cu t ma n im orta nt p Pl pl b , by y p l h w i i rr ndin m eta iferous v eins . es e t o d vis ons co es o to l T , p g the iocene and Miocene a re n ot a wa s v er c ea r Pl , l y y l ly defi ned from each other a nd they ha v e been s epa rately m u n on the Is and of Sado Nea r the An i a pped o t o ly l .

Mine eds of iocene s hel s and Miocene la nts a re sa id , b Pl l p

each other et we hav e no in formation to occur near to , y a s to th r ations of the two differ ent fo r mations e el . The u pperm ost m em ber of the you nger s eries closely r esembles the Ter tia ry of the en vir ons of TOkyO ; it con s ists of sa nd and fr iable a rgilla ceou s sa ndstone con ta in ing shells camozorc. 97

and ant remains a nd s hows on a sma de ree of oro enic pl , ly ll g g

distur a nce. It is ex os ed a on the coast of Echi o on the b p l g g ,

eastern mar in of the ShOnai ain in Uzen in the eninsu a g pl , p l

h f r of O a s ima and in a ew othe aces . g , pl With the ex ception of the above-mention ed you nges t mem er the er tia r of oth s er ies is r eat fo ded and b , T y b g ly l

i I i r h s i u h icini dstur ed. t conta ns m a o at c nod es in t e v t b l, p p l ( y

of Shin o in Uzen radiola rian chert a nd in terstratified s heets j ) , , h — of a ndesites a sa ts and i a rites . In t e uma awa re ion , b l , l p K g g

nea r Na a no in Shinano w e find a v ast dev e o m ent o g , l p f

i r i i a nd r i - i The wide erti r r ion l pa t c pe l ti c tuff br ecc a . T a y eg on the bor ders of Echigo a nd Iwashiro con s is ts of ex tensiv e

' tufls der iv ed from andesites dacites a nd i arites The Aikawa , l p .

rtiar n in thi k m s f d it Te y co ta s c as es o olom e. In nor th-wes ter n Ugo (Niag eba and Ha nawa ) hav e been

fou nd Tu r r itella comm u n is Concliocele dzl u ncta Tlzr a cia , g/ , ,

Ter ebr a tula Ter ebr a tuli na R n c/zonella Ca ul us Na ti ca , , y , p , ,

etc.

P re- iocene ants occu r in t he Ani Mine Shimo-hin o Pl pl , kinai and Maeda in U o Abu rato coa -min e in Uz en and , g , l ,

Naka i Mina miba etc in the rovince of Echi o the fo low j , , . p g ; l

in ants ha v en found g pl e be . ' ’ At Ka akusa a nd Osawa awa in An i z—P zn u s Ta x oa iu m y g ,

disticbu m miocen um Se u oia La n sdor ii Ca sta n ea , o g j ,

U n or i Ca sta n ea Ku oin i a la u s acu m zn a ta g , y , 7 g ,

u la ns n ella P la ner a Un or i Cinna momu m cfr Y g ig , g , .

ol mor /i u m Tr a a oor ea lis L i u ida moar or m osa p y p , p , q f na Ca r in us , p .

At Shimo-hinokina i — Se u oia Tou r nal u P in us u q , , 7 g f [a ns acu mi n a ta Com /on z /r l/u m A a u ma n n i P la ner , p f y , a

Un er i Cin u a mo /z llu m La u r i /z ll u m Ga n g , p y , p y dini ,

— At Abu rato F a u s A u ti o Aln u s Re er stc cni o g p fi , f , A s

culi /z !!um min u s oies Se u oia T li p y , A , q , i a . arx ozo rc 98 c .

‘ h hik ku —n Southern h r n H on s ti a n d S o . I 2 . Sou t e

a a n he ertiar is m ost dev e o ed in the in ner s ide j p t T y ly l p , i i u nd hik a nd only insig nifi ca ntly in K i Pen ns la a S oku . The Tertiary in the Kaga-Etchu r egion on the Sea of j apan co ns ists chiefly of v olcanic clastics conta ining m a rls — i N. E L Th en era s trike s . S. oos e he ts e . and lava s e . g l W r f N t sandy layers occu r in the cen tra l pa t o o o.

In the ertia r of a a eas t of the Teto ri- a wa tuff T y K g , g ,

n s tone a t Nishi-ichis e hav e iede O er culina Ri n icula sa d y l d p , g ' a r cta ta Oaostomia la na ta Globul us su er ou s Den tali u m , p , p , ’ t e a m er etr ix Car a i u rn m u ticu rn F u su en tal e, C /z r e , , s , Na ssa y , ' Yolaia Solon Tellina Ta es Ven us . , , , p ,

In Echiz en a nt fos si s a mon whicha re F a u s a oni ca , pl l g g j p ' ossili s P ol r an u m cus zaen tu m ossili s and P a /lites ar e fou nd f , ) g p f , y , in the sm all ou tcr op of Us higata ni near Ka ts uya ma in Ono gOr i ; a nd u nimpo rtant coa l s eam s a re found in a few localities

s r f i in the we te n por tion O Echz en.

The er tia r in TOtOmi and Su ru a wes t of Shizu oka T y g , , h rt r I di i i know n as t e Oi awa e ia . t is v s e into tw is g T y bl o .

Th ower on the nor th com osed of fo ded sha e nd e l , p l l a

sandstone w ith su ordina te N H a nd imes tone is ex os ed b l , p

a on the Miku ra Series into which it s eems radua to l g , g lly h i f u r m er e. The u er on the sou t s tu a ceo s and fo m s a g pp , ,

w ide ateau covere withthick rav e toward the south I pl , d g l . n the s ou ther n portion lie the petroleum localities of Ha ibar a

r i her th r r m uchf d d In the re i n of h gO ; t e e st ata a e ol e . g o t e

ou n er ertia r nea r Sa a ra in ai a ra- Ori s ta nd the two y g T y g H b g , isolated limes tone con es of Okam i and Meka m i ; they yield

' Lit/zot/za mi u m r a moszsszbn u m Tu r oo meka nnen sis St /o /zor a , , y p , 1 Milli or a P ecten etc. The ax is of fo din of the Oi aw a p , , l g g — r ti r r u ns N. E. S . Te a y . W

1 K i hw da On some or a n i c ain f . N s i a : g rem s rom the Tertiary limeston e near

Sa ara TOtOm i. ou rn . Col. Sc. Im . Un iv . 1 8 . vol VII g , j p , 95 . . pt. 3 .

I OO CAI NOZOICc

fou nd Vi ca r a callosa MARTENS which occu rs in the Mio y ,

of India and a Tsuki oshi ieds a few n t cen e j av . y y l pla fossils which Nathorst p resumes to be you nger than the

Mo i In h sh bed of Tsuki oshi a toothof g fl ora. t e ell y a r hin ocer e in R si alense has een found teeth f as r es mbl g . o b ; o r hinoceras hav e been found a lso at Togari a nd at Haz aki

nea r o a ri T g . The widely ex tended Tertia ry strata east of the plain

of Mino and Owari consist of sand rav e u mice and c a , g l, p l y in the u er a rt and of sandstone a nd sha e in the ower pp p , l l

r h m r -c in h r n i i a t. T e u ice and o ceain a t e u e a d n te p p p l l y pp , l g

‘ of inferior ua it oca ca ed Iwaki in the ower s er ies q l y, l lly ll l ,

re chr ri i n i r ducts f h f rm ti n The a a acte st c eco om c p o o t is o a o .

strata ar n r h r iz n or ver ent u ndu t The e ea ly o o ta l y g ly la ed. sam e young form ation occu rs in a por tion of the r egion

known as inai i e. Omi Ise I a Setts u a nd Izu mi. K , . , , , g , , Shells fou nd in the for m ation ar e

' Na tica La ma r ckia na L u tr a r i a Nu ttal z C clina , , y

' en i D nia ex oleta Ma ctr a vener or mis P ec n n s s, osi , if ,

tu ncu l us l cimer is Ta es decu ssa tus Tellin a Solen g y , p , , , u ea Tur r i ella Ven s , L u cina , Ostr , t .

The ertiar r ocks of Awa i are con om erate arkose T y j gl ,

sa nds tone and sha e with i nite. ossi she s ar e found in , l l g F l ll

Ko -shim in he n rther n ex tremit of the is and On the e a t o y l . coast of Sanuki tuff and a om erate outcro fr om u nder a , ggl p - thick flat ava bed. , l

The er tia r s cattered in the r ov inces of an o Ta rma T y p T g , j ,

ar ima Ina a a nd Mim asaka m a be div ided into ou n er H , b y y g

r h d r r i rin na rrow ar and o de . T e o e fo m at on cove eas l l , g , consists of ha rd shale with thin lim eston e a nd yields a few ' M — ’ a iocene ant Ficu s cfr . tilia olza P ter oca r a cfr . en ti pl s f , p ’ K hi ishi cu /a ta Ta o i A cer tc. at as wa , x a i u m rusti c/tu m , Sal x , , e ,

in In hich h f r w ider a a. The newer fo rm ation w as a a b ,

' distri u tion than the o der cons is ts m ainl of oos e tu fl its b l , y l ; CAI NOZOIC. I O I

to o ra h is enera flat and it res em es the u p g p y g lly , bl yo nger Tertiar of in i y K a .

On the coa st of Izu mo and Iwaki the u er , pp tufaceous

rocks w ith i nite and u mice ov er in the o der n d l g p , ly g l sa s tone ’ ' and sha e series conta in C/za r car oa on Nu cula Coooolaia ' l , . ,

Dentali u m en tale Ven u s Tellin a N l u cu a etc. A new s ci , , , , pe es ‘ ' of A r onau ta was rst fou nd in tufl nea r Mat u Iz g fi s e in um o. ° ik r E —W The s tr e is nea . . in the ake re ion a nd N 60 E ly l g , . ., with a ent e di to the north in the w est g l p , .

On the Is a nds of Oki the er tia r s trata con s istin of l , T y , g san s tone sha e tufl and reccia are fou nd u nd r d , l , } b , e a cov er

of vo canics and contain im er fect a nt r emain h i l , p pl s ; t e str ke ° i ha n i is N 20 E. w t e t e d . . , g l p

The ertiar for mation near Sho a ra Bin o consis ts of T y b , g , sands tone underlaid by shale containing v ery thin coa l layers ; n t w twar d it dips ge ly es .

In sou thern Na ato the s eries of s n t n u g , a ds one a d nder lying shale con tains coal and constitutes the Tertiary coal

fie f Na ato the s trata ar ntl u nd ld o g ; e ge y ulated.

The er tiar nea r ana e in Kii eninsu a consistin T y T b P l , g of sa n s tone and sa n c a withfossi s seems to e on d dy l y l , b l g to u n er f rma tion the yo g o .

In Shikoku the ertiar has but im ited ev o ment T y l d el p . The loose sands tone and tuff fo rm ing the elevated platfor m

on the coas t of Aki- Ori in os a are but itt e tilted and g T , l l ,

contain she s and foram inifera at ma n a esides ll y pl ces . B

those mentioned in the ta e of ertiar foss i s the fo low bl T y l , l

in ar e found : O er culi na conz la na ta Deutalina comm u n is g p p , , ' ' ’ Gla ua ulina la v/ a ta P u llen ia Bu lloiaes S /za’r oia ina a s ig , , p A

tuacea Tex tu /a r ia sa i tta la . , g

In the nei h ourhood of Ishizu chi - ama one of the g b y ,

Y hiwara on a n ew s ecies of Ar on a uta from the Tertiar of I zum o. S. os , p g y

oum Ge l Soc. Tok o 1 00. Vol. VI I. No. 80. j . o . y , 9 102 CAINOZOIC.

hi hest r e ion s in Shikoku a few ant r emains a re f u nd g g , pl o i t ff m n hich a re e r n MI n u a o w T x tor ia T. cf a o ica . , g ( . j p Q )

nd F i cu v a s lea es .

' K s h - n the r is f hu he erti r . fi ti . I a e a nd o us t a 3 y l g l Ky , T y formation incl udes m any imp or ta n t coal-fields in the norther n

ortion and it ex tends w ide throu h the v o canic r e ions p ; ly g l g , where it i cov red v er in sh nd ava s e by o ly g a a l . The Ter tia ry deposits of the impor tant coal-fields o f

Chikuzen au d Buzen m a in in the asin of the On a- awa , ly b g g , — h lie in nar r ow de r ss i ns r u nnin N. W E. a cross t e e o . S p g . , o der for m ations and er u tives near at ri ht a n es to the l p , ly g gl s trike of the o der rocks The ost- ertia r or o enic force l . p T y g , which ac ted nea rly in the direction of the s tr ike of the o der mo untains cau sed the ertiar eds to fo d into s n l , T y b l y clines with their ax es g ener ally nea r the eas tern m argin of the n ar row tr ou hs Coa -s ea m s ou tcr in m ost cases on g . l op ly in the m or e ent -s o in w rn win f the s nclines g ly l p g es te gs o y . Th r r t n h n r t o e ocks a e sands o e s a e and co ome a e. C n , l , gl c/zocele has een fou nd in a coa it in Mu neka ta- Ori b l p g . The Ter tia ry of Hizen Pr ov ince may be div ided into

ou n er a nd o der The un r for m tion ns ists main y g l . yo ge a co ly of white a nd g ray tuffs a nd s hale which s om etimes cover

andes ite avas the rev a ent s r ike i E —W a nd di s a r t s . e l ; p l . , p

v er ent e. Mo i near Na a saki is fam ous for its an t y g l g , g , pl fossi s which were rst noticed Nordenskiiild and s tu died l , fi by l Na th r M t f min d by o s t. os o about 50 cer ta inly deter e species of foss il plants fou nd there belong to those now living in

a n The se im n r in th j pa . d e ts of volcanic na tu e ex posed e

okits u and Shim a a ra re ions ma e on to the ou n er T b g , y b l g y g

f rm ti Th n h s f Iki o a on. e s hale a d s ands tone on t e I land o a re p r obably of the same age as the Mogi bed ; at Yawata

u ra in this is a nd occu r P o ul u s A cer Sal ix Stua r ti a , l , p , , , ,

1 Con tri ution s 5 la fior e fossile du a on 1 88 . b j p , 3

1 04 camozorc. enor m o s hi kn r r di in a tward A thic u t c ess e u a e s . k , g l ly pp g she bed w hichm a rks the ower horizon of the series nd ll , l a is s om etimes accompa nied by calca reous layers co ntain ing

O er cul zna can be traced nor thwar from A u rats u har ou r p , d b b

to a oint e ond akaoka a distance of a ou t 0 ki om eters . p b y T , b 5 l

At ano Mi azaki - Ori hav e een found to ether with T , y g , b , g a undant r em ains of cra s b b , ’ ' Nu cu la n u cleu s A u cul a coooola ia Ta es cfr . Scli nel , , f (

lian u s s . L u cina cr en ula ta Di lodo nta r otu nda ta ) p , p ' ' ’ M x 9 f . l e Di l o ta r a a ta . aor a u osa p oa n (c i ta ) sp y o fl .

P e e e 9 i ei la ta Den ta li u ct n esso nsis . F cus r t cu m y , 9 ? ' en tale 1 Ven us s Leaa s . M til us s . Dosin ia . , p ., p , y p ,

To the wes t of the abov e m en tioned for mation an d to the s outh of A ur atsu ex ten s a series of o der s trata hi h b d l , g ly fo ded a nd dis tu r ed which is of dou tfu a e a nd mi ht l b , b l g g lon to the Mesozoic PhOS atic nodu es a nd a er s r be g . p l l y a e fou nd in the strata ex pos ed on the ea stern coast s ou th of

he m u th of the Ka d - w t o ea ga a. In Ta nega-shim a i}? find the con tinuation of the r ocks

‘ f H tr a The o der forma tion f d u tfu a e c nstit t o y g . l o o b l g o u es the foundation a nd along the coas t a few patches of l oose

r tia r r ocks make their a e ra n Te y pp a ce. H okk id6 —Th r i hi h i . a . e e t ar w c atta ns an en 4 T y, or m ou s dev e o m en t in HokkaidO is s om etimes etr o ra hi l p , p g p cally dif cu t to dis tin uishfr om the Cr eta ceous of the s am i and fi l g e sl .

Sha e a nd sa nds tone cons titu te the r ocks of the coa -fields l l , eas t of the Ishika r i la in ex tendin ov er the a ins f P , g b s o the

hm s d r u ari Ikus u et u an So achi. In other re ions tu Ff Y b , b , g , , d f h s an ds tone an tu aceous s a e ar e est deveo ed. Coa , l b l p l s eam s ar e m os tly a ccompanied by pre-Pliocene plants and ar e cons idered as er tiar But a t u ari and other co T y . Y b a l m ines the distinction between the Tertiary a nd Cretaceous form ations seems not ver c ear coa -seam s in a so foun y l , l be g l d camozorc. 1 05

ia d wi A e eds The thickness f the ds assoc te th mmonit s b . o be

h f S rachi n d f i n r es t. in o a 0 t n containi g coal eac 3 5 0 . the u ar i coa -field a nd the are under aid a thick Y b l , y l by co m er t nglo a e. The coa be s where di s are s tee er hav e enera l d , p p , g lly - t h r Min s a N. S. str ike In Iku h m a nd a t e o onai e . s u bets P , the coal beds on the eas ter n w ings of the anticlines dip at

hi h n es In th r dis ri t n r in r ett a . o e t c s e e a s eak p y g gl , g lly p g, clips ar e v ery gen tle and in many cas es beds a re p ractically —W rik r d m in h i h z nt E. st e o in t e n n u of ori o al. . e p ates pe s la

N mu r Th f owin three ivis ions of the er tiar stra ta e o. e oll g d T y hav e een reco nized in okka ido their fossi con tents b g H by l , although no r emarkable difference of lithological characters 1 is rv a e am on them obs e bl g . Mi n a nt-b d 1 . oce e pl e .

Mi fre h-w 2 . ocene s ater bed.

iocene bed. 3 . Pl Miocene plant fossils are found in the coal-fields of Ishikari and Kushir o ; they ar e ' Se u oia La n sdor ii Se uoia cf. di sli cka Tax oa i u m q g / , q , ' ' a i stzc/ru m miocen u m u lans acu mina ta Ca r in us , Y g , p

r a ndis P o ulu s a r cti ca Aln us nostr a tu rn Aln u s g , p , , ' '

aff. in cana ln u s afl . nza n tima u er cu s la ta nia , A , Q p , ' P la ta n u s Gu illelmce Ce /zalota x us Cer ici a i /z l p , p y

' lum Vitis F a u s cer E u isetum etc. , , g , A , q ,

The fresh-water she s in the Miocen e a re C r ena P al u ll y , ’ dina noaon ta etc. , A ,

The iocene contains ant remain s a ie to thos e Pl pl , ll d found in Sa ha ien and a undant foss i she s . The fo owin g l , b l ll ll g three shell-beds are dis tingu ished

' I Concli ocele bed withConclzocele dzl uncta L u cina . , y , ,

i neral Geolo ical Sketch of H okkaido 1 8 2 K. j mbo; Ge g , 9. 106 ca mozorc.

' 2 Nucul a bed w ithNu cula or ona ica Vener i car a ia . , p ,

' Scu tella bed w ithNu cul a or ona i ca Vener icar aia 3 . , p ,

com r essa Ostr ea P ecten Scu tella Nu cula etc. p , , , , ,

n he Chishima Is ands the is ands of Shikotan and I t l , l

Shibots con sist of tuff s andston e sha e and the owest , , l l

r whi h have n E —W r h er tia r con ome ate c a . . s t ike. T e T y gl , ' is ands of u nashiri Etorofu and Uru consist of tufl which l K , , p

os e reation withthe nei hour in v o ca nics has a cl l g b g l . ' — . Ta iw a n R tik fi and Os him a I s a n d Th 5 , y y , l s . e Ter tia ry rocks on the Islands of Os hima in the s outh of

‘ fi tr r n thin but rais d cora re In the R uk fi Ky sh a e o g e l ef. y y Islands w e see a greater development of coral limes to ne

i r h f d f v ate whch ea c es 300 t. above the sea a n orm s ele d

atfor ms The form ation of the cora r eefs which conta in pl . l , ‘ a r e O er culina a nd Lit/totna mn iu m na /zaense EYDRI CH l g p H , m a have e u n in ertia r tim es and is s ti r o eedin y b g T y ll p c g . Sm a ou tcr o s of sandstone a nd sha e of oose and oun ll p l , l y g a ear a nce a re seen on the is an s of Okinawa and u m pp , l d K e. Iriom ote-jima in the Yaeyama g roup cons ists chiefly of older er tiar san stone and sha e which cont in a w ork T y d l , a able sea m of coa l. The Tertiary on the Isla nd of Taiwan occu rs in thr ee

1 h he w f th ck- n r n ar eas . t e er tiar on t est o e a o e a e ; T y b b g , ex tending through almost the whole length of the islan d from Ca e Sa nsho to the as in of the Ka tansu i-kei 2 the p b ; .

ertiar n the eninsu a of KOShu n the ertia r f r min T y o p l ; 3 . T y o g h TaitO oast R n t e C a ge.

The western er tiar cons is ts of sandstone and sha e T y l , the former est deve o ed in the no rth an d the atter b l p , l in the sou th In the n orth m an coa -s ea ms ar e fou nd an d . , y l

1 F . He drich: Eine neue fossile Al e aus Riukiu. ourn . Geol. Soc. Tok o y g J y , VI N 1 Vol. I , o. 80, 900.

1 08 CAINOZOIC.

h uffs in the env iron s of ordin to . Suzuki t e Acc g T , bl h Tokyo s how the ser ies of Dilu vial beds r epr es ented in t e

n dia ram accom pa nyi g g . Loam the u erm ost , pp

tratum is a oose r eddish s , l , brow n mix tu re of clayey and

sand ma teria s comm on y l , ly ’ d ‘ r d i It forms a calle e s o l .

hom o eneous non strati ed g , fi

ma ss s evera m etres thick , l , a nd has a tendency to Split

P m er endicu ar ss u res on u ice. by p p l fi h t e fa ces of u ffs . Clayey loam. bl

u mice occu rrin com P , g

mou nex t to oam is a ly l , loos e agg r egate of s mall frag m ents of yellow decompos ed

u mice It attain s a thickn s p . es San d with gra vel layers . of less than metre near

T6 k 6 but m ore than 1 m y , eter Clay . - Bo tron ore. g in the wester n part of the

’ Kwantc) ain pl . a d w it ra vel la ers S n h g y . The clayey loam is da rk brow nis h a nd shows som e

str tificatton Often it ass s a . p e gradua lly into clay of the n ex t a s la Tu f ceou c y . ( Ter tiary ) layer . - i fi g. 4 A typ cal section of the Diluvium The clay of theu pper m ost i n the environs of Tok o t y , /sooo . hor iz on r eaches a thicknes s (Suzuki ) hn 1 tr of m or e t a me e. The

l ower clay form s layers of ir regular thicknes s in g ra velly d hi s a n . T s clay is som etimes utilitized in the m aking of ear then-wa r e of inferio r ua i q l ty.

The sand is m ost of tufaceous ori i n Th ly g . e grav el cs rnozorc. rog

consists of e es of re wa cke sands tone ua rtz ite cla p bbl g y , q , y

slate dior ite andes ite etc. The a ers of sa nd and r ave , , , l y g l

i a thickn es s of 1 m etres The r v e i du atta n 0 . g a l s g in

Koishika wa akata etc. to be us ed in m akin roads in , T , , g

T k 6 It conta ins drift w ood and c a -i rons t ne s ud 6 y . l y o p e o

r h ft r w d m o p s a e oo . - . Thin layers of bog iron ore a r e always foun d j ust

h h a nd a a beneat t e cl y a cl yey lo m . Diluv ium constitu tes the gr ea ter portion of the Kwan tO pla in a nd it is inva r iably separated fr om Allu vium by bluffs 20—0 m etr es hi h 4 g . The flats in easter n H okka idO are cov ered w ith v ast pu miceous deposits and g rav el layers ; the plain of Toka chi

is the wi est f them The rin of r d o . cove g g av el is seen on the anks of the ar e r ivers of Northern a an sucha b l g j p , s the

itakami Abuku ma Naka etc. K , , , The ter races on the upper cour s es of the Shinano-gawa

— r r with thi k ra The and the Tenr yfi gaw a a e cove ed c g v el . gorges of Otagi ri a nd Kotagiri on the Ten ryfi ex p os e cliffs r nea r 1 00 m etr es hi h of g av el ly g . ‘ The wi e eevated ster i e ha ras of Nunobiki Iw ata d , l , l , ,

k hi k w c t ndi hr h th r Mikata a a s o o a a et . ex e n t ou e o , T , T y , , g g p

' ' vinces of TOtomi and Mikawa are all cov ered with rav e , g l which reaches a thickn ess of 20 metres . The elev ated platform cov ered w ithg rav el is also found

‘ f Mi z ki in H tr west o ya a y ga. Dilu vial deposits o f v olca nic ejecta menta partly aqueous and art s ubter ial comm on w ith inter str atified sheets of p ly , ly andesite form wide ains in ushu name thos e in the , pl Ky , ly, v icin ities of u rume umamoto a nd Oita a nd the wide K , K , ,

‘ undu atin tract ex tendin ov er Satsu ma Osu mi and H ir a . l g g , , y g

In the is and of aiwan the e eva ted Di uvia atform l T , l l l pl is found as a long interv ening belt betw een the Alluv ial

h r a t a nd t rtia r hi The plain on t e weste n co s he Te y lls . 1 I O CAINOZOI C.

u ermost a er is ater ite reachin a thickness of 1 0 m . pp l y l , g ; i r i the nex t is grav el and sand which s u nde la d by clay .

Di uvi t r r d with ra ve s that a re often aur iferou s l al er aces cov e e g l , i r h ar e found in the u pper courses of the r vers in the no t .

2 . Alluviu m .

The lithological cha racter of Alluv iu m r equires little n tice It cons is ts of fluv iatile de osits of sa nd rav e a nd o . p , g l,

h and du ne N n r rd of c a and sands of ea c es s . o e e a o er l y , b g l h su ccession of strata ca n be establis ed. The s ea-wa rd shifting of beach-lines by the increase of Allu vium w ithin his torical tim es is fully attes ted by the plains w a t the m ou ths of many rivers . We giv e bel ow a fe ex a m es of such chan es as shown some wr iters com pl g , by by 1 i n of ld and new m a s par so o p .

’ Fi s hows the res ent site of ok o in the ChO en g . 5 p T y g h 1 02 — 1 6 A D and th r t im r E oc 8 0 at e es en t e. om i p ( 3 . .) p F t we see that a ou t 00 ears a o n ea r all the ower o r b 9 y g , ly l p

‘ tion the s o-ca ed Shita-m achi o f the resent TOk O w as , ll p y ,

h w Fi w in th r m ar hDr s a o s ea . 6 sho s a a e sa me e s ll g . g la tion w ith respect to Tokyo between the ChOroku Ep och

1 — 1 d h r sent tim The ex tension of ( 45 7 4 59) an t e p e e. the land pr ior to 1 590 was alm ost s olely effected by na tu ral a encies that is the tra ns or tation of s oi the river s g , p l by Su m ida and Edo and pr obably also by the upheaval of the l nd h h a . After t at date natura a encies w ere as sisted t e , l g by h f hum a n in t e r ec am ation o the nd Fi a nd Fi . 8 l la . g. 7 g

d l hr d nd com i e fr m o d ma s and ot e a ta b K t6 a . p l o p y B . o K

Seki a shows the com a rative ex tents in ancien t times a nd y , p , at res nt f l n in he v iciniti of nd N o e o a t es saka a a a. p , d O g y

1 Dou ts m a be en tertain ed on the h y a ut enticit of these old m a s b y p , a nd we v u h for the ex act tr uth of he can n ot o c t con clusion s .

1 16 tenuous.

Cordierite from Shim ots uke a nd Ta mba has been described

ikuchi and desi na ted Cerasite by Y . K g

h d n - in n Th Gran ites fu rnish t e best buil i g stone j a pa . e g reatest s u pply com es fr om the coasts of the Inland Sea ; it

u r r ied als o in Mikawa Omi ita chi etc. is q a , , H ,

z -di r i t s The a e of ir ru tion is u ncer tain in Q u a r t o e . g p

es Structur a the r ocks a re c assed with the mos t cas . lly l

B n ma s intrudin int the Mis aka older eruptives . u t o e s g o Series s eem s to belong to the Tertiary ; and the r ock ex nea r Mt Ishizu chi in Shikoku tru ncates er tiar s tra ta posed . T y

r s iti n int i arit and uar tz- or hr and shows t an o o l p e q p p y y.

u r tz - r h r i The occu r formin ar e m as s es Q a p o p y es. y g l g in the south-easter n art of the Echi o Mounta ins in the Nikko p g , r e ion ida a m a a nd Chu oku thu s ein con ned to the g , H , T b , g , b g fi m u n in f th er z n ther occur rences a r e m ost o ta s o e inn o e. O ly s ma d kes The rock often a roaches in com osition ll y . pp , p , ra nite i i r n th oth r Th ues ti g on one s de and l pa ite o e e . e q on of e of er u ti n r em ins u n v in man cas es ag p o a sol ed y .

G a r d i r i h ccur in wide bb o s a n D o tes . T ey o ly dis tri uted s m a r r nsi ro- iorite i n b all eas . T a tion into gabb d s o u ncomm n ccu rr n r f u nd in sm a tch o o e ce. No ite is o ll pa es in

ida Awa i Na ato etc. The t ica a ro and a r o H , j , g , yp l g bb g bb dior ite of Mineoka- am a in Awa r e of ertiar eru tion y a T y p .

er i d o ti tes and Ser en ti n es hese occu r to eth r P p . T g e with ros and iorites The r os a nd ser entines gabb d . gabb p of the Ar chean a nd Paleozoic eruptions ar e found a ccompanying crys talline schis ts and Pale oz oic form ations ; a nd thos e w idely distri uted in Chu oku s e m to e n a ater is su b g e b lo g to l e. Norther n Hitachi and m iddle Higo are localities n oted for

eridotites O hica cite i u r ri d in he Chi h u di tr i p . p l s q a e t c ib s ct in M hi u sas .

1 Y. Kikuchi On Cordierite as a on ta ct Mineral ourn . ol Sc Vol. II , C , j C . I. 1 890. ros eous . 1 17

i a es i a dia a se is fou n near Ku ru mizasu D a b s . Typ c l b d

i n Chichi u hick m asses of dia ase fou nd inter ca ated in b . T b , l

the a eozoic formations a nd the r eat dev eo m ents of v ar ie P l , g l p

a te s cha steins whichaccom an them ear witness to the g d l p y , b m i ru ti ns of this r ock in the a eozoic era ghty e p o P l . r h r i tes or h rites comm on accom an the P o p y . P p y ly p y d iaba se a nd s chals tein of the Paleozoic ; they als o occu r as

‘ i n Riku h id E hu n trudi urassic r ocks in c tr a tc etc. and g j , H , , ,

accom a n in the ou n s chalstein formation of Na ato p y g y g g . The porphyrite found in the Misa ka Ser ies is of la ter

eru tion r o a of the ertiar er iod it differs litholo i p , p b bly T y p ; g cally fr om the older ones and res embles the apo-andesites

f r i r o the Te t a y.

II . YOUNGER I GNEOUS ROCKS.

All the portions coloured as volcanic r ocks in thegeological map belong to the eruptives of the Ter tia ry and Quater nary

h m r i Li r t s i eriods . e co se a i e Dac tes Andes ites and p T y p p , . , B asalts .

L i r i t s The er u tion of i r ites r p a e . p l pa p obably dates from

the e innin of the ertiar er iod heir tuffs form thick b g g T y p . T

se im ents in man aces an d a re o f es ecia wide deve d y pl , p lly lop

m n i N r ther n a n M n h e t n o j ap . a y of t e im por ta nt m etallifer ous v eins in Northern j apa n and Chugoku are contained in i arites l p . Decomposed liparites furn ish m aterials for por celain

manu factur e in numerous aces su ch as Arita in iz en pl , H ,

Amakus a in i o o e in I o etc H g , T b y , .

‘ The larges t ex posures of liparites a re in Chtigoku ; the

most of the v o can ic rocks a ear in in Echiz en a a a nd l pp g , K g ,

‘ Etchir and a or tion of thos e in the Echi o mou ntains ar , p g , e

li r i pa tes .

Da c i t s . he r x os d in imit d r e T y a e e p e l e a eas . In Chu goku some p or tions of the lipar ites contain abu ndant plagio 1 1 8 rcueous.

c ase a s wel as orthoc ase in a dark ra rou n -mas s and l l l g y g d , this m akes a shar p div ision between the tw o r ocks of dacite

d l k in hik r an i ar ite s ometimes diflficu t. OZan ei Is a ri A ai in l p j ,

Iz t r du u ifu r h r itic v ri t with di u e c. o ce a ea t o a e n eva te , , p b l p p y y

str uctu re.

An des i tes —Of andesites inc u din m ica -a ndesites horn , l g , ende-a ndesites an d r ox ene-an desites the as t mentione bl , py , l d has h id t di tr i u ti n Man su v r i ti s of rox n t e w es s b o . y b a e e py e e andesite occur such as au iteandesite enstatite andesite , g , ,

r onz ite-a ndes ite h ers thene-an desite o ivin- ea r in - rox ene b , yp , l b g py it andes e, etc. Andesites hav e been ex tensively erupted s ince the Tertiary

d Of ni th hav e the wides t istri ution on perio . all v olca cs ey d b he j apanese Islan ds an d they compose all of the active v o n oes he are accom a nie in m ost cas es reat l ca . T y p d by g ' de osits of tufls a lom er atetufls a nd ava- r eccias a n d p , gg , l b , sometimes they form in terstratified sheets in a s eries o f dimenta ri es S me f the o der an es ites hav e suffered se . o o l d metam orphis m by mineral waters a nd gases and are know n a s

- o andesite. Andes ites are v er wide use as buildin s ton ap y ly d g e. B s l — ic s t withau ite of row nish- a a ts . Typ al ba al g a b violet

r in hu ku nd North r u hu I f tinge occu s C go a e n Ky s . t or m s outcr o s of sma a rea as s im e domes and as sheets and p ll , pl , k s noth r variet comm on c ssed as dy e . A e y ly la basal t might be called ba saltic andes ite; it is ess entially augite-andes ite

containin a undant o ivin usua ark ra or ack d g b l , lly d g y bl an

howin heno-cr sts of a ioc as e nd o ivin It c ur s g p y pl g l a l . o c s in ar e v o ca n oes to ether with or dinar au ite-an es ite l g l g y g d . The form and structure of volcanoes depend g reatly on

r f thir con ti u nt r k t f the cha racte o e s t e oc s . Basal orms s mall

isola ted domes of the sim est t e such as Ka nnabe am a pl y p , y

T - n m A idic d i in Tajima and ag ur a yama i Ta ba . c an es tes like mica-a ndes ite and bronzite-andes ite form als o s mall s imple cones as seen in Kabuto-yama in Settsu and lino-yam a in

I 20 I GNEOUS.

Chi shim a I sl a n ds .

- - 11 Alaid i ma. Shinshiri o dalte Shinshiri ima j , j . Masakari ama aramoshiri-i i - - i y , p j ma. K ta Chirnoi jima or Chir noi .

-x F uss- eak Mi m - r - r p , na i Chi noi jima or B at Chir 11 Shiri nki-i j ma. noefu

Makanru hi-i hi - ru - i m s ma. ar Suribac ama . j y , U p j a N - - - - emo ama Onnekotan Mo oro dake Etorofu ima. y , e a. )t y , j

Kuroishi- ama hiri -nu uri y , ir C p p , ar H arimkotan-ima Shashonshi j . ,

North- eak Shshilto n- tm R bunshiri p , a ta j a. e , - South- ak ec hira-n u uri pe , I I p ,

Ek rm - oka -dake at a a jima. Shit p ,

Chirinko -i Atosa-nohori tan j tna. ,

Raikoke-ima P retarabets-dake x j . e ,

Ma u -ima Rurui-dake Kunashiri- ima at ts a j . , j .

- - hri Rashua ima. Chacha no o j ,

shishiri-ima Ra usu-dake U j . , - - Ketoi ima. Tomari ama j y , Brou hton-wan hinshiri-im g , S j a.

' 6 r P k Cht16b o revost pea ,

Ma in I sland of H okka ido .

hi- ake Nemuro Makkari-nu uri Shrrrbeshi 11 Raus d , . p , . - - Mashi ama Eeniwa dake I buri. y , ,

- b ri Kushir Shiri e -dake Atosa no o , o. p ts ,

k n dak « Ta umai-dake Oa a e, x r , ar Menkan rou Noboribets-dake g p, ,

a kaush I shikar - k Nut p pe, i. Usu da e,

O tateshke Tokachi. Koma atake Oshima. p , 9t g , hi- ke Tokac da , Esau ,

- - Rishiri ima « shim j . 1t O a,

isekoan-nu uri Shiribeshi Ko-tma N p , . j ,

Nor ther n H on s hu .

- k - Mutsu . Kam zan o. x I wa i sen pfi , Ug , - - hin zan x ChOkai zan U o. S , , g - Yone ama Echi o. Gassan Uzen . y , g , IGNEOUS. I 2 I

- - Sumon dake Echi o. H iuchi dake w hr , g , I as i o. - Asakusa ama I was hiro. ii Shiranezan S im y , , h otsuke.

- Kenashi rou Shinano. Nan tai zan g p, ,

Nacha- ama H otaka-sa n K z k y , , O u e.

Kasabotchi- ama Aka i-sa n y , g ,

Shirane-zan Kusatsu Komochi- am ( ) , y a

As ma- ama Onoko- ama x a y , y n

x sore-zan or Kama fuse- ama Mu H ar una-san O y , , - tsu . Yake ama Echi y , go. - YatsukOda am Mutsu. M OkO zan y a, y ,

Herai-dake Kurohime- ama hi , y , S nano.

Nanashi ure- ama I itsu na- ama g y , y ,

Mori oshi- ama U o Tateshina- ama y y , g y ,

Yake- ama Yatsu a-take y , g , ' - - x Iwatesan Rikuchtr. Ka a a take rou K , y g g p, ai.

Koma a-take x F u i-san S tn a g , j , u g .

Yakeishi- ama Ashitaka- ama y y ,

Kurikomao ama or Koma a-take H akone rou Sa mi y g , g p, ga - Rikuzen Rikuchfi . Ama i rou g g p,

- - Gatanuma ama Rikuzen. ar ihara ama Oshima y , M y , ,

Nenoshiroishi-dake ar O ama Mi ake- ima , y , y j , at ZaO-sa u ZoO—san ar Mikura- ima ( ) , j , x Azuma- ama I washiro Nishi- ama H acht o- tma y , . y , j j , x Adataré - ama Mihara- ama y , y , it Bandai -san -x Ao -shim , ga a,

Nekoma- ama Mitsu o- rma y , g j ,

l l akase- ama Kit IO—ima y , ar a j , - - it Nasu ama Shimotsuke. l O rma y , j ,

Takahara- ama Minami Io-rma y , j ,

Sou ther n H on shu. it Tate- ama Etchfi t a- ama Tamb y , . y , a.

' Washiba-dake Etchtt-Shinano Ta ura- ama , . g y , - - Kasa a take H ida Ooka ama Ta i ma. g , . y , j Y - - ake ama Kan nabe ama Tamba. y , y , - - - IO a take H ida Shinano K su mi asen Ta ima. g , . a g , j

Norikura- a-take H ida u enosen g , . S g ,

Ontake H ida-Shinano Daisen H Ok , . , i . - - lt Haku san Ka a at! Sambe ama I wam , g . y , i.

Darnichi-dake Kasa- ama Na ato , y , g . IGNEOUS.

6 ,aJ . , 1 ' W .0(

’ ’ htt n d R k Ky fi s ,‘ a y fi y ir.

- - F uta o ama Bun o . Ono dake Satsuma g y , g , ,

su rumi- ke U na i a-ilte ar T da , g g , - - Yubu dake x Ka imon da ke a i . , , ” “ , - - - at! Ku fi sa n x Iii ima j , j ,

v - - - x Aso sa n H i o. Kuc hinoerabu rma Osumi /9o , g j , .

KimbO-s n Kuchi o-shimtt Sa a , n , tsuma.

Tara-dak -x Nakano-Shima e, H izen . ,

at Unzen-d ke Gwa a-shima a , j ,

h - - Ya azu ama H i o. ir Suwanose tma y , g j ,

«1t Kir ishima- arna H fi a Akuseki- rma y , y g . j ,

l i ikono-take Takara- ima , Satsuma . j ,

Kata O- ama Yok -s j y , oatc hu na . - “ - Na ka da ke. ka ”1 r “s x To i shima Os umi . f ,

-~ - 1t Sa kura un a Osumi Ku me- rrna R fik j , , j , y yfi.

Norm -dake , Satsuma.

Ta i w a n .

- Daiton zan .

1 2 E x m G 4 co o c EOLOGY.

a nd sil ver mine because the yield of copper a lone does not

x i - i e ceed n v alu e onetenthof the total produc tion of the m ne.

In each cate or o f mines the descri tions e in with g y , p b g

the m in f r hs h es a t e t nort .

I . GOLD MINES. — H a s hid a te M i n e The Hashidate Mine is situated in

Aomi-m ur a Nis hi- u iki- o r t Echi o rov ince r i s outh , K b g . g P , 3

wes t of It i w h h i i wn in the distr i t o ga a w ic s the chef to c . The m ine was opened abou t five yea rs ago a nd we hav e

not et recise kn w ed e of its eo o It is s aid tha t y p o l g g l gy. the gold is mainly conta ined in qua r tz v eins in Palaeozoic

rocks and is found als o rn im re nations in the countr rock , p g y , m kin ver thi k ur if r u s d i a g y c a e o epos ts .

ield o o d h hidate Mi f l silv er and co er from t e Has ne. Y g , pp

d i ver . o er . Gol . S l C pp M m e Kin Momme. o m . .

3 26

H O M i n e — his m ine is s itua ted in su awa-m u ra T T g ,

‘ Minam i- om a- or i Kai r o vince K g , P . The da te of discov er y is not recorded bu t the m ine has

n activ l o rked sinc 1 68 1 bee ey w e . A few metalliferous qua r tz v eins con taining native g old are her e found in a aeo zoic cla slate a nd sandstone On e P l y .

r inci a vein r uns east a nd west and has a r eadth o f p p l , b

2 feet.

ield of ol nd silver from the H6 Mine in 1 Y g d a 896 .

Momme

o “ r ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. — Ka n a hi r a M i n e This m ine is situated in Kanano m u ra N i- om Or i Ka a rov in ce. , g , g P The m ine is s aid to have been discovered abou t 200

ea rs Sin e 1 8 its i d h ra du increa sed. y ago. c 5 4 y el as g ally

u m r r n i ri e N e ous metalliferous v eins here occu r t av er si g l pa t .

The thickn ess of the v eins is enera or inches bu t g lly 4 5 , is s ometimes r Th v eins nsis t of as m ucha s 3 o 4 feet. e co

ar ite a nd uartz containin nativ e o d ass ociated with b q , g g l zinc ende a nd ir n r t bl o py i es .

f r Mi o g old f om ne.

— The H os hi n o M i n es The mining dis trict thus de si na ted is in oshino -m u ra am e- Ori Chiku o r ov ince g H , Y g , g P .

‘ It lies abou t 5 r i eas t of the tow n of Fukus him a and 6 r i di t fr o m ainu zuka rail a -s ta tion There a r e sev era sta n H w y . l

o d m ines here worked in a rimitiv e wa a nd we inc ude g l p y , l

thi r ou of mines under the name of the oshino Mines s g p H .

The uar tz v eins ar e in a u ite-andes ite rotrudin thr ou h q g , p g g

t z f r a ti The ar e im re nate w ith ir n he Pa laeo oic o m on . y p g d o sulphide or ra rely withzinc blende a nd contain a sm all quan tity

f r h i r k E o o d and s i v e . T e v ens enera st i e E. S. and g l l g lly .

are 1 0 to 20 feet thick.

The m ost p roductive of thes e mines a re those known

res ective as the om uro mine and the ano m ine Th p ly K Y . e

tota ie d of o d in 1 8 w a s m omme l y l g l 99 . — Ser iga n o M i n e The Serigano Mine is in Kushigino

’ mura Hioki- ori Satsu ma r ov ince a nd is conv en ient situ ated , g , P ly , 1 26 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

ein a d acent to the hi hwa ea din to Ka oshima the b g j g y l g g ,

rinci a c it in Sa ts uma a nd a out 1 0 r i north of tha t p p l y , b

ace pl .

The i d in 1 6 8 m n e w as discov er ed in 1 65 2 a nd open e 5 .

Since that time it has een continuo us w orked thou h it , b ly , g has nev er een v er r odu ti e b y p c v .

Au ite-a ndes ite consti u h c n r r ck in this v icinit g t tes t e ou t y o y, and it is tr av ersed by num erous m etaliiferou s v eins of w hich those known as the a i-bi Umenoki-bi Uba-bi a nd Mukoda Y g , , , bi ar e th rin h i ru n in ener a e p cipal ones w orked. T es e v ens g l NE m . and di Th i k r ie fr o S E. th f h i v s p . e c ness o t e v e ns a a few inches to feet 9 .

The v einstone cons is ts o f uar tz con ta inin o d s i v er q g g l , l ,

nd s m l u ntit o i a al q a ies f ir on pyrites a nd chalcopyr te. The follo wing analyses s ho w the percentage of gold a nd s il ver in the p rincipal v ein s

Yagi-bi

Umenoki-bi

Uba -bi

Mukoda b1 0

h v 0 6 0 T e bes t o re e er 44 lou n 111 is l de d th o .)

ield of old a nd Mine Y g .

1 28 ECONOMIC GEOLO GY.

Y ield of gold and silver from the Ya maga no Mine.

Gold . Silver .

Momme. Momme.

1 8 6 2 1 2 9 , 4 7 1 897 1 898 1 899

I 900 I 8 .S4 7 — Ka g o Min e The Kago Mine is s itua ted in Higashi

Mina mikata -mu ra Kaw ana e- or i Satsu m a rov ince a nd is , b g , P , a bout 1 r d n u h f a o hima It is said 3 i ista t to the s o t o K g s . to ha v e een discov er d in 1 6 b e 83 . This distr ict is formed o f the Mesoz oic clayslate and sa ndsto ne with intr us iv e ua r tz- or h r and a ndesite d kes , q p p y y y , w hich a r e on m et with in ex ca v ations not a ear in a t ly , pp g th s l r a id thick de os its e u r face. A l thes e o cks a re ov er l by p

- h Numer u of pumicelike v olcanic a sh of the Dilu vial epoc . o s q uartz v ein s conta in ing gold a nd s ilv er travers e the coun tr y r ock in ev er dir ection but never enetrate into the ash s o y , p , her e that the latter is locally called a kuseki (ba d s tone) . T a re three r inci a veins na med res ectiv e the H on-bi p p l p ly ,

Takena a -bi nd A r -bi All these v iens r u n nor thea s t g a ba a . ; a nd h hi f 2 6 f t t eir t ckness v a r ies r om to ee .

T z The r he v eins to ne consis ts of qua rt a nd clay . o e

ieds o n 6 f r y l a bou t 95 of g ld a d 9 o s ilv e .

e l d silver from the Ka o Mine Yi ld of go d an g .

ld ilver Go . S .

Momme. Momme. 1 896 1 897 1 3 1 898 14 1 899 — Ki n kw a s eki M in e This mine is located at Kin kw a s eki-za n in the nor thea ster n a rt of iirun-chO Ta iwa n a nd p K , a ou t r i wes t o f iiru b 3 K n . ECONOMIC GE L Y O OG . 1 29

It wa s for merly worked by the Chinese Govern ment

before the a nnex a tion of aiwa n to a an It is n w i h T j p . o n t e

hands of th n ka om a n e Ta a C p y.

The distr ict is for med of er tia r sa nds tone a nd sha e T y l , intersected by a large dyke of qua r tz-andesite which ru ns

north a nd s uth The meta ifer ous v ein u n o . ll o cc rs a lo g the

eastern side of the d ke and sends ou t s ev era ra nches y , l b

Th thickn ess of th i i into the dyke. e e v en s not less tha n

20 feet.

The veins tone is r eddis h cla y conta ining la rge quan tities

of o d The av era e er centa e of o d and s il g l . g p g g l ver is

6 r s iv an d 9 e pect ely.

rom th i kwaseki Min e Y ield of g old f e K n .

Momme.

1 8 oo , 3

— ‘‘ Z u ihO M in e This mine is a t Kyttfu n-zan in the ZuihO dis trict of iiru n-chO and is a ou t 1 r i west of the inkwa K , b K

Min e seki .

The r ocks a r e er tia r sa nds ton e and sha e and a r e T y l ,

if r u s h traversed by s ev eral m etall e o s v ein . T e larges t v ein is know n to be 2 500 feet lo ng and generally 2 or 3 feet in

h s thou h in s o me aces it is a s much as fee t ickn es t. , g pl 7

thand sou th s om ewhat c urv in to the west It s tr ikes nor . , g The v eins tone cons ists of g ra yisha nd w hitishcla y m ix ed

w hi h s m s to incr e se d wn w r ds T r withqua rtz c ee a o a . he o e

6 of o d a nd 6 of s i v r yields 9 g l 9 l e .

Y ield of old from the Zu ihO Mine g . 1 0 3 ECONOMtc GEOLOGY.

II . PLACER GOLD.

The pla cer gold in j apa n m ostly com es from the dis inte ration of ua rtz v eins in v o ca n ic rocks in the a le oz oic g q l , P ,

Mes ozoic a nd ertia r for ma tion s The m os t ce e ra ted , T y . l b

l is E a hi in H kk id n oca it s s o a O the ond ke of a a . In l y , Kl y j p 1 899 there were collected m omme of g old acco rding to the official retu r ns and there a gold nugget w eighing 1 98

h v w m omme w as icked U . T e a ce is s ti ac ti e orked p p pl ll ly . The sou rces of the pla cer dep os it of Esashi are quartz v eins in the a a eozoic for mation In Ishika r i a nd ida ka lacer P l . H p

is o f i d i i i id iu m g old ten ass oc ate w thplat n um a nd r os m .

’ The chief localit es of placer gold ar e a s follow s

I IOKKAI DO.

- i Kit Esa shi Esas hi Or am i . , g ,

s s - O Kitam i Rebu n Ii a hi ri . , g ,

- Ha oro Tom am ae Ori Teshio . p , g ,

o s o Toshiro- Ori and Tom a mae- é ri Tes hiro C a t f g g ,

- - So chi awa Kabato Ori I shika r i . p g , g , - - h orachi awa Sorachi Ori I s ikar i. S g , g ,

- - hari awa t bari Ori I shika ri . t g , g ,

- - a ru a wa Sa ru Ori H idaka . S g , g ,

- - iika a wa Niika Ori H idaka . N p g , p g ,

Coast of Hidaka .

Y am akoshi- Ori Ibu ri Coast of g , .

' e a na - Ori Shi es hi oshibets S rib . T , g ,

m iso- Ori s hi hirinai Ka i O ma . S , g ,

m et - Ori Os him a Esau Ka a . , g ,

I IONSH E.

' Kanazawa - awa Kami-Hei- O i i u h r R k c tt . g , g ,

Setam a i- a wa Kesen - é ri Riku zen g , g , .

Koizu m i- a w a Moto os h- Or Rikuze i i n . g , y g ,

Tate a- a wa H i ashi- a w - fi ri z n Ta a e . y g , g g g , U

- - Takane a wa I wafu ne Ori Echi o . g , g , g D —m - ai o u ra Ku t Ori H itachi. g , j g ,

1 3 2 Ecox om c GEOLOGY.

' The deposit occu rs in the contact z one o f lipa r ite w ith h the er tia r s tra ta and is in the for m of s tockwork. T e T y , o res a re ar entiferous alena z in c ende a nd iro n rites g g , bl py , n the m ix ed w ith gold . A da rk g rayish cla y ex posed o su r face is especially r ichin silv er .

s o i e Yield of gold a nd silver from the Mat u ka M n .

Gold . Silver .

\ lomme Momme.

2 2 59.49I

7 5 .449 2 1 86 7 ,

— H a n d a Mi n e This m ine is s itu ated at the foot of

anda- a m a in the anda-m u ra Da te- Or i Iwa shiro r ovince H y , H . g , P , a ou t a half r i w t of KOr i r ai wa s tation b es l y . There is no a u thentic rec or d of the discov ery of the m ine bu t it is s aid that it wa s o ened abou t 1 000 ea r s , p y a o At he in n i f t th centu r th m in w s r n g . t beg ng o 8 y e e a t a s fer r ed to the direct m a nagemen t o f the Tokugawa Gov ern m ent a nd was w o rked con tinuou s for a o ut a hundred ea rs ly b y .

In 1 86 the la te om oa tsu Godai father of the res en t 4, T , p o w ner reo ened the min e a nd a fter m uchha r d w o rk s ucceeded , p in discov erin a v ein feet in thicknes s lled w ith r ich o res g 5 fi . Since then v a riou s imp rov emen ts hav e been introdu ced and the m ine is now on e of the cee rated s i ver m ines of a an l b l j p .

Nu m erou s v ein s as s throu hthe ertia r a nd i ar ite p g T y l p . ° They dip generally to the w est at a n a ngle of 40 to

' On e pr incipal v ein b ra nches at the SaikO adit-level into thr v in s th H o nm ak ok DOShiki T ee e e u a me a and . he y , K , v ins v r h t f e a y in t ickn es s fr om 3 fee to 1 0 eet.

The v einston e is chie ua r tz w ithca cite a nd a m eth fly q l yst. The or e is m os tly a ur ifer ous a rgentite ass ocia ted w ith m o re h or ess z inc ende. Ga ena c a co r ite ir o n r ites a nd l bl l , l py , py nativ e si ver ar e sometimes found in s ma l ua ntities l l q . 1 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 33

Yield of gold a nd s ilv er from the H anda Mine.

G d Silver . ol .

Momme. Momme. 1 896 1 897 1 898 1 899 1 0 1 900 — Ta k a d a m a Mi n e The Takada ma Min e is s itua ted in

the akada ma-mu ra Adachi- Or i Iwas hiro rov ince 1 r i from T , g , P , At i ami s tat on .

The mine is sa id to have been discovered in the beginning of the 9th centur y a nd it w a s actively worked dur ing the

ears 1 6 —1 Since 1 8 it h en w orked w ith im y 00 6 70. 8 4 as be

rov ed m ethod p s .

k t r r s trata The cou ntry roc s are lipa r ite a nd he Te tia y . Nu m er ou s v eins trav ers e the lipa r ite a nd ru n alm os t pa ra llel

t h h r e r i h thickn s f o eac ot e ne a di n N N VV. T e es o , g lly pp g . .

th i h r e v e ns s om etimes r ea c es feet but is ene a ess . 5 , g lly l

i n s Th tt r The v e ns tone co s is t of qua r tz a nd clay. e la e

is fou nd in othhan in wa s a nd foot wa s often containin b g g ll ll , g

ores rich in o d The or is ur if r u r ti e a nd the g l . e a e o s a gen t

riches t of it conta ins na tive o d g l .

i ld a nd Silver m Y eld of g o fro the Takadama Mine.

Gold . Silver .

M mmc o Momme.

1

2 1 0 , 8 5

Aika w a M in e —This m ine is s itua ted near the town

f Aik wa a n a da - Or i Sado r v in o a S o ce. , g , P The m in e w as discov ered in 1 600 by a m erchant of Ech h t m h h h i o . After t a ti e t ou t e m ine bro u ht t i g , g g o ts

ro rietors s ev era tur ns o f fo r tu ne the rodu ction of o p p l , p g ld “ ” and s ilv er w as so enorm ous that the na me Sado became 1 34 Ecox on rc GEOLOGY. s n n m ou s with o d Aft r th Res to ration of Mei i 1 86 y o y g l . e e j ( 9) the m ine was wor ked by the Imperia l Go ver n ment on a n

r e u n r h d r i r I n enla ged scal de t e irection of fo eg n enginee s . 1 889it was trans fer red to the Imperia l H o usehold and gr eat i nts in d r n d In 1 8 mprovem e va rious epa tm e ts w ere ma e. 95 it ca me into the osses sion of the Mits u ishi Com a n the p b p y, resen t owners p . The m etallifer ous v eins inters ect tuffs a nd shales of the

er tia r er iod and ite- d s it her e ar e thr ee rinci T y p aug an e e. T p

al veins which r u n a m os t a ra e to ea ch other cou rs in p l p ll l , g fro t h ht r fou nd nor th of m ea s to w es t. T e v eins t a a e

Hiza risawa dip s teeply to war d the s outh and those s ou th of that a ce di to wa r d the n rth The ertia r s tr ata str ike pl p o . T y

f N E o S W f r n n nti i i w . ence t . mi ne t H r s rom . . o g a a cli a za a a H it will be ea sily s een tha t the deposits ar e fis su re v eins along

h n rth n u h f h nti li The an the sou ther n t e o a d s o t o t e a c ne. Aob , most o f these three veins is nea r 1 00 feet thr o u h in the , ly g

h thinnest thickes t par t a nd a little m ore tha n 1 foot in t e . ° It di s 68 N The ori oe v ein the nor thern-m ost has a p . T g , , ° f i the thickness varying fro m 5 feet to 50 eet a nd d ps 85 S. ;

tate the midd e one has a thickness of 2 to 1 0 feet a nd O , l , ° di s 8 The en th of the o u tcr o o f the Aohan a nd p 0 S. l g p Torigoe v eins m eas u r es about 4000 feet each and that of

h 2 f t e Ota te v ein abou t 500 eet.

The v eins tone is m ain ua r tz w ith ca cite rare w ith ly q l , ly

h h t r r e t r ia tions dol omite and gypsum . T oug here a e g a va in thickness of v eins a nd ua ities of or es the Aoban v ein q l , is enera r ich in o d a nd s i v er a nd ess v aria e in g lly g l l , l bl thicknes s ; the ores of the Ota te v ein a r e o f a good qua lity bu t it is rather v ariable in thickness and those of the Tor ig oe v ein r m chan in their ua it The ores a r e a e os t g eable q l y. chie nativ e o d and s ilv er a nd a r entite a ssociated with fly g l , g cha co rite iron rites zinc ende a nd a ena rare l py , py , bl g l , ly

hnite r r i a r e s te a ra rite ma cas te s no rite. p , py gy , , py

1 36 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. — Ké s en M i n e The Ko sen Mine is situa ted in Migu m i

Or i Ta ima r ov ince r i northwest o f o ooka the chief g , j P , 4 T y , tow n in a ima T j .

The rock consis ts of ranite trav er s ed ro ite g , by p pyl

d kes . Tw o r inc i mi i r e f u nd in ra nite y p pal neral v ens a o g , ° r u nnin a mos t northa nd sou thw ith a c i of E. and g l l p 45 , h t hey ave a close r ela tion to the pr opylite dykes . The v einstones a r e chiefly qu ar tz mix ed w ithiron pyrites

nd h r m times with na tiv e a a ena . T e or e is a entite so e g l g , d gol whichis r ecogniz able by the na ked eye.

I V. GOLD, SI LVER AND COPPER MI NES.

The I k n o Mi — hes f ou s m ines ar e s itu ated u n eS. T e am

‘ nea r the tow n of Iku no As a- or i Ta tm a r ov in ce the na me , g , j P , em r cin s v r l m in s i h v i init The Ban-Tan Ra i b a g e e a e n t a t c y . l w a a ss es throu h the tow n connectin w ith the Sa n- o y p g , g y

Ra i wa at ime t Tra n s or tation s ea is chie fr om l y H j . p by fly

Shik ma t d 1 i h f H i t The Iku no Mines a l oca e r so u t o m ej . have been ex tens ively wo rked an d hav e long been a s fam ou s as th Aika w Mine i d e a n Sa o .

The m in s r id t h v been di cov er d in 80 bu t e a e sa o a e s e 7 , it w as no t u n til 1 5 4 2 tha t they w ere w o rked by a so mewhat a dva n ced m ethod o f m inin Du rin the ears from 1 6 g . g y 59 to 1 6 20 they w er e ex tens iv ely w or ked u n der the m a nagemen t o f the oku v r n ent In 1 868 the assed in to T ga w a Go e m . y p the possession of the Imper ial Govern ment a nd all the old m in in m ethods w er e r e la ced n ew o nes s o that the g p by ,

ied d l r d I th with Aik w su den in c ea s e . n 1 8 6 to e er a a y l y 9 , g

Mine the w er e trans fer red to the Mits u ishi Com an a nd , y b p y s ince tha t tim e their rodu ctiv enes s has in cr eased s ti m or e p ll .

here a r e three rinci a mines na me the a sei T p p l , ly T ,

a na as e a nd a sei K g K . ECONOM GEO OGY IC L . 1 37

I s ei M in e — his m in e is oca ted in th tow n of . T a T l e

Ikuno.

Li a r ite r o ite and er tiar tu ffs con stitute the m other p , p pyl T y

r ock of h in Th rin ci de c ed T s i- i i t e m e. e a o a a e b s p p l l , ll ,

00 feet on shootin ou t nu merou s ra nches whicha re 5 4 l g g b ,

also w o rked u nder v a riou s na mes The av er a e width is . g

1 feet The v ein strikes du e east a nd w es t and di s to 4 . , p ° the n o r th at an angle of 50

The vein tone is ua r tz m ix ed with ca cite rhodochrosite s q l , ,

and fra m ents of the co u ntr ro cks The o res ar e a r entite g y . g ,

na tiv e o d and si ver w ithcha co r ite ir on r ites a ena g l l , l py , py , g l ,

z inc l d d l chite esides these is often f un d b en e an m a a . B o a

o d o re o f r ow n ish c r g l b olo .

n in —The an i 2 . Ka a g a s e M e K ag as e Mine s s ituated

about h f r i west of asei a a l T .

The cou ntr r ocks a re the sa me as at a sei bu t a r e y T ,

hr r v r b sa lt d k s r e t f u lt r uns fro e e t a e sed y ba y e . A g a a m

W nd th f lt i l d wit r i . a e a s e m h ecc ca us S\V. to N u a s e a e . fil b d h the cr ushin of t e r ocks . It is 0 to 0 feet wide by g 3 4 .

Meta ifer ou s v eins a r e m or e nu m erous than a t asei and ll T . s ix of them know n r es ective a s the ana a s e Sen u , p ly K g , j ,

VVakaba as hi Otobuse Shiroku chi a nd VVashiwaka su l y , , , pp y th r inci a w o rkin s The rs t thr ee a r e r ea l the sa e p p l g . fi l y me

m r ha n feet in en th ru nn in a m ost N - ode o e t . S l l g , g l . 6 ° E and dipping 0 .

The v ein s to nes a re chie u ar tz a nd calcite conta inin fly q , g cha co r ite or n ite ir on r ites fahor e a r en tite a lena l py , b , py , l , g , g , stibnite rar r ite zinc b en de bis m u th a nd na tive s i v er , py gy , l , , l

nd a copper .

—Th i Mi is c d Mi i . e ase n i 3 . Ka s ei M n e K e l o ate n ko

- i - hw f I ata m t r a Asa o r t r i no r t es t o ku no . b , g , 4 The dis tr ict cons is ts of dior ite tra v er s ed by l ipa r ite a nd

r o lite d k s Meta llifer ou s v ein s a r e fo u nd in the di p py y e . o r ite h a nd a re oft n dis o ca ted t e r o trus io n o f d kes . Th e l by p y e . I 38 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

rinci a v ein known as the asei-bi is m o re than 00 p p l , K , 5 3 feet in l ength and a t its wides t pa r t is nea r ly 50 feet

acr s s t r N - s t n n e o . I s t ikes S. di in to th ca t a a a . pp g e gl of

The v ein s ton e cons ists chie of ua r tz sometimes mix ed fly q ,

with ca cite a nd rhodochrosite The o res a re a r en tite na tiv e l . g ,

s i ver cha co r ite ir on rites ra r r ite s ti nite a en a l , l py , py , py g y , b , g l a nd zinc end bl e.

Yield of o d s o h u Mines l ilver a nd c er from t e Ik no . g , pp

ilv o r o S er . e . G ld . C pp

Momme. Momme. 1 896 1 897 1 3 I 898 I S99

° 1 900 9.6 zo — Om o r i M i n e The O m or i Mine is loca ted 1 r i s ou th

h w f m ori Nim - r i I r i of t e to n o a O wa mi ov nce. O , g , P The m ine was dis cov ered a nd opened about 600 year s a o bu t w or k in i t s to ed du ri n the series of w a rs from g , pp g w w m 1 3 34 to 1 5 2 5 . I n 1 5 2 5 it a s reopened a nd a s os t

from 1 6 0 t 1 fte th t im e h o t u p rodu ctiv e 0 o 740. A r a t t e u p t

ra dua l decr ea sed the u er a rt o f the de osit ein a m os t g l y , pp p p b g l

u w hile dow nw a r ds the or es eca m e oor er ex ha sted b p .

The r ocks of this m ine a r e h ers thene—u a r tz-andes ite yp q ,

te nd the ertia r s r t h r its a omera a t a a . T e o e de o ggl , T y p s its

‘ a r e na tu r a l div ided into two r ou s the Eik tt a nd th l y g p , y e

Hon ta ni.

‘ The depos it of the Erkytr g rou p lies in hyper sthen e

- The bes t o f the o re qua r tz andes ite. s is fou nd in v eins tone con sis tin o f i ron rites a nd ua ttz an d the v ein i g py q , a tta n s a

- thicknes s of one o r tw o feet. It s trikes nea r l E y . \V. a nd

the no r th a t a hi h an I dips to g gle. t has been w o rked

hrou h a en th of 1 20 feet and dow nwa rd t g l g , s to a depth of

' ' ' ” 140 Econom o GEOLOGY.

ield of old silver and co er from the Okuzu Y g , pp

ol Silver . Co er . G d . pp

Momme Momme. Kin . I 5 2

VI . SILVER MI NES.

Miz u s Min —The Mizusawa Mine is situ ated in a w a e.

- - Sawam em u ra amamoto o rt U o rovince. , Y g , g P The deposits lie in a c ontact z one of Ter tiary str ata w ithau ite-a ndesite or a re fou nd in the fo rm of stocks a on g , l g the dis oc t su rface of the desite l a ed an . “ The or e is chie b a ck or e with s ome si ver or e fly l , l which is ro a ste ha nite Occasiona na tive s i ver is p b bly p . lly l

d 6 this min rodu e kwamme of ore fou n In 1 8 e c . . 9 p d

i M — his mine is situ ted in H chimo Ts u bak in e. T a a ri

m ur a a ma moto- or i U o rovin ce 6 72 n or th of the town , Y g , g P , .

hir of Nos o .

It wa s opened in 1 889 a nd qu ickly beca me a celebrated mine on account of the g ood quality o f its o res and its

con veni nt e location. The countr y r ock is Tertiar y shale covered by Diluv ial s trata ex os ed a mid a ck ba sa tic andesite which a e rs on , p bl l pp a

th s ides of th tra ct o f s ha e The de osit f h bo e l . p s o t is mine

a re enera in the fo r m of stockwo rk thou h s om e tr u g lly , g e

ein s occur with thicknes s of one to fiv e feet Th v a . e sha le is often so imp regnated by the ores that it m ay be used

as ore. ECONOMtc GEOLOGY. 14 1

The or e is the so-ca ed ka r awana o r ack ore a ll bl ,

mix tur e of ar ite a r entit zinc ende a ena iron rites b , g e, bl , g l , py , uartz ca cite nd h c rit It n t ins enera c o e. co a q , l , a al py g lly

of si v er bu t th r ichr r d o f the meta . l , e e pa ts yiel l The depos its in v ein for m hav e s om etimes a ga ngue of cl ay

resu tin from decom os iti n f th countr r ock and contain l g p o o e y ,

richores with i r o f s lv e .

Yield of silver from the Ts ubaki Mine.

Momme.

I 4 S4 , 33

H him r i Mi n e —The achimori Min is i u in ac o . H e s t ated

Ha him i— - r t U r in c or mura am am oto o o ov ce. , Y g , g P

The e osits a re of two kinds v eins a nd im re na tions d p , p g ,

othbein con taine in au ite-andesite The v eins enera b g d g . g lly have ik E d W di in ste t w rd the h a s tr e . a n . e o a s out . , pp g ply

Th r hi k f th v ins is two o r thr e f et e g ea test t c ness o e e e e . “ The ore resem es the ack ore a read m entioned bl bl l y , and consists of a r entiferous zinc ende with a ena rare g bl , g l , ly with h r d rit The im re nat d d s t c alcopy ite an ba e. p g e epo i s s ome

i i h n the in t mes conta n r icher o res t a v e s .

i r m M in —The Shira am a Mine is s itua t d Sh a y a a e. y e in i-Shin o-mura Minami-Akita- or i U o rovince Kam j , g , g P .

Numerous v ein s trav erse ertia r l uff a nd sha e which T y l ,

r u it - ndes ite O ne rinci v a e often intersected by a g ea . p pal ein ° l di n to ds h w has N E. stee i w r t e s a s trike of . 2 0 a e t , p y pp g , a nd r f a f w feet The v eins tone is uartz a b eadtho e . q and

ar ite. Th re c nsis ts of a ena zin c ende ir on rit b e o o g l , bl , py es and c co rite hal py .

Th r u i n of i v r in 1 wa . e p od ct o s l e 998 s mom ma. 14 2 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY .

i M — i Mine is s ituated in Ta go n a ine. The Tagona

’ Hi ashi-Na ruse-mu ra Okachi- ori U o rovince 6 n s outh g , g , g P ,

" of the tow n of okote a nd 97 east of usawa . Y , 4} Y

Th d f h di c of the mine is not kno wn e ate o t e s overy , bu t it is said to hav e been Opened a bou t 2 00 yea rs ag o a nd it was worked ti 1 8 0 w hen it was ab andoned owin to ll 4 , g tion the ig no ra nce Of the o wn er s as to drainage and ventila . In 1 886 the mine was r eopened and it ha s become g radually prosperous in co nsequ ence of the adoption o f new m ethods

f ini r o m ng a nd metallu gy. - The rocks are ertiar tuff au itea ndesite a nd i ar ite. T y , g l p The deposits a re found as stockwork in liparite or as v eins

assin throu hau iteandesite or sometimes as masses in p g g g , ly g u nder tuff nd u on a ndes ite a p . Some of the or es a r e s ilver or es a ccompanying iron py r ites w hichis decomposed to iron ox ide; some are barite and uar tz contai nin s i ver or a ena associate with s mal q g l g l , d l qua ntities of chalcopyrite a nd zin c blende; a nd s ome ar e zinc b n nd ba ri cont in i si r le de a te a ng lve .

ield of silver from the M Y Tagonai ine.

Momme. 1 896 1 1 1 8 I 97 90,370 1 898 1 899 I 9OO

M i —The Hata Min is d in H a l a n e. e locate Ara kawa - U i ' m u ra Senboku ori o r ov nce a out r z . E. of Akita , g , g P , b 7} S ,

h f it O f the rovinc the c ie c y p e. The min ing district consists of Tertia ry brecciated cuff u nder lai sha e a nd these are ierce i ar it c d d by l ; p d by l p e, asso iate

t O s r withother uffs . re depo its occu in the for m of win s o r as im re nations in ertiar tuff and s ha e es cia ll n p g T y l , pe y ea r w th i ri the c ontact i l pa te.

”1 44 ECONOMIC m ow er . a nd rhodochrosite; and the ores are s tephanite and a rgen tite

withcha co rite and r r r i e l py py a gy t .

The Gor o oko is s i uated n r th f n- n It s trikes j t o o Se za . N ° . W 0 . and di s s t N N . e h di bu t S. S. . ee . .E n a r t e a t 7 W p ply ,

on the wes t t. The thickness of the v ein is fr om 1 to 4 fee .

The veins tone is chie ua r tz con ta inin ar entite ste hanite fly q g g , p ,

rar rite zin c ende a ena cha c rite nd iron r ites . py gy , bl , g l , l opy a py Th - ‘ ° e saw a dozan v ein str ikes N. 80 E and di s to O , p

h n r h Th r d t e o t . e o es a re cha co rite a ena a nd zin c en e. l py , g l , bl

esi e the a ove m entioned a vein south of Sen-zan B d b ,

was fo rm w r d Tw ld i - f und in the erly o ke . o o ad t levels a re o n h th di ort of is str ict.

ield of o d Y g l and silver from the Innai Mine.

Gold. Silver .

Momme. Momme.

i — Th u romo ri Mine is situated in Kur om or M i n e. e K

- - - ‘ ami ozawa mu ra atta or i Iwaki ro vince. K T , K g , P °- ° One v ein trav erses i arite di in 0 0 . I t ha s l p , pp g 5 7 W a breadthof 1 2 feet in the wides t par t and 1 foo t in the

w t The veinstone is uar tz sometimes witha methst. na rro es . q , y h i l n The o re is argentite as sociated wit z nc b e de.

Mine Yield of gold and silver from the Kuromori .

Silver . Gold .

Momme. Momme.

1 898 1 14 1 899 144 1 I 1900 7 3 39. 9

-The Karuisawa Mine is situate in Kam isawa Mi n e. ! d ' - —‘ Karuisawa m ura Onuma ori Iwashir o , rovince a out 6 m , g , P , b f w f k m u southwest o the to n o Wa a ats .

Th r i 8 I the T sh Era e min e was discove ed n 1 5 5 . n en o (1 573- 1 591 ) it was p ros perou s under the ma nagement of

”

Kate 3. feuda ord r odu cin month from to , l l , p g ly

t h u t momme. A ou 1 20 ears a fter t e o t u of the b y , p u

in k its wes t int n 1 1 it s d i t the m e san to lo p o . I 88 pa se n o han s of Ichibei Furukawa and then the mon th roduc ion d , ly p t of th m ine was on from t omm f sil er e ly o m e o v . But a fter impr ovemen ts had been madein the mining methods th r u ti n w s r in d e p od c o a g eatly cr ease . This depos it is characteriz ed by abundan t small v eins crossin erti r tuffs like a n twork The trike n g T a y e . s be ds i b r N E to h th k i ke a ow f om . S.W. T e ic n s f v n l . e s o the e s ls utte varia e ein in s ome a ces o o r 100 feet and q bl , b g pl s , a ain thin nin ou t to f w in chs g g a e e . The or e is a rgentite associated with mor e or less iron

rites and ma netite and m ix ed with uartz arite and py g , q , b ca ci e l t .

Aken obe Mi n —The Aken M ne is si u i e. obe i t ated n

’ Wada-mu ra abu- or i a im a rov ince a out r z north , Y g , T j P , b 45 west of th sei Mine at Ikuno e Ka . It is said to hav e been discovered a nd Opened at the same time as the as ei Mine in 1 2 K , 54 . The mining dis trict co ns is ts o f Palaeozoic and Mesozoic for ma tio ns with intrusive dior ite and a lso pierced by dykes of li a rit nd ua r tz-andesite Se r hu dr e s of v i p e a q . v e al n d ens traver the c untr r cks h w r r k s e o y o . T ey e e forme ly wor ed for C0ppel‘ v ery success fully but a t pres ent the w orking is partly sto h d r ed. T e v eins conta in silver a n co e or es pp pp .

ield of old and silver in 1 00 from the Akenobe Min Y g 9 e.

Momme. t46 m m .

7 11. SILVER. AND COP P ER m as.

n —Th ow d Min i i d on h Tow ada Mi e. e T a a e s s tua te t e western shor e of owada-ko in Nan a taki-mu r a a zuno- fir i T , K g , Rik hfi rovin e Bein id h nc c . am s t i hm ou nta ins it is ver P g g , y ifficu t of es d l acc s . The mine is said to hav e been discov ered in the Kwambun Era ( 1 66 1 At present it is owned by the Fajita om n f Osa ka C pa y o .

The env ir ons of the mine consist of ertiar r ocks which T y , in s om e a r ts a re covered vo canic eecta and Di u via c a p , by l j l l l y

nd s i ed wi hi i i - nd sit The de osit is a as oc a t t ntr us ve aug tea e e. p a c a v ein in ertia r tuff the c a ein occasiona r e l y T y , l y b g lly

lac ed sum nex t to the foot-wa The rea test p by gyp ll . g thi k es o h i s f e nd h st f t c n s f t e v e n i ov er 1 00 e t a t e lea 30 ee . Th tr ik N N N E e s e is . o r . . . The ore found in the clay and gypsu m vein is argentite wi hl o it n i in u f d th c a c r e co ta n s ma a ntities o o . py , g ll q g l

Kosaka Min —The os k Mi e is itu t in o ak e. K a a n s a ed K s a

‘ ‘ m u ra azu no- ori Riku chtt rovin ce in a hi re ion a ou t , K g , P , lly g b

’ 80 feet a ove the s ea- eve 2 m south of the town of 5 b l l ,

’ ’ h f ir ki emana i 5 m sou thof anawa and 1 m nor t o osa . K , 4 H 3 H

In 1 8 2 e sa nt di co vere s i er ores in ri et 6 a p a s d lv a vul .

Fou r ea rs a fter Nambu a feuda o r O ened the mine y , , l l d, p

k i he r u i n r r n 0 t and it was wor ed t t ev o t o a wa . I 1 8 he , ll l y 7 gov ernment reopened the min e a nd worked it un der the r i n f Netto a erm n en ineer In 1 8 th di ect o o . G a . e J , g 7 7 the ov ernment eased it to Nam u for mer feuda ord who g l b , l l , ,

fter wo rkin it a ou t three ears w as o i ed to r etu rn it a g b y , bl g

h v er nmen t Sin ce then the m ine has become one f to t e go . o

h mo s t in n The u ita Com a n o u ht t e profitable Japa . F j p y b g

it in 1 886 a nd intr u d f r h r im rovements od ce u t e p . ° ° The r ocks are Ter tiar tuff di in 0 —0 E with y , pp g 3 4 ,

148 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. de osit occu rs in the for m o f ir re u ar massiv e ockets two p g l p , of them ei nd w k e O ne of thm m b ng la rge a or abl . e easur ed

1 0 feet in its on er diameter r eachin dow n a out 0 feet 3 l g , g b 7

i h r h Th roof is over ed with s nd o ue to t e no t . e c a er a bl q ly j p , boththe jasper and the a rgentiferou s deposit a re enclosed

s - l - Th ore is r eddishox id f s i in o ca led s oa p stone. e e o lv er wit i hi r e ocket howev er has een m t h ar te. s a a os b T l g p , , b l

hr r e one conta ine in r o n ff is worke ou t. An ot e a w tu d l g , d b ,

Th o re is r i h i 1 50 feet in its longer dia meter . e a gentite w t z nc

ende cha co rite i ron rites a ena a rite a nd s u m . bl , l py , py , g l , b gyp The pr oduction of s ilv er and of copper from the m ine in 1 6 w ivel 8 as and momme res ect . 9 , p y

i i hi i —Th i i i i is itu ted i H san c M n e. e H s an ch M ne s a n

' N - - aka awa mu ra Senboku or i U o rov in ce. g , g , g P

The rocks a re er tiar s tr ta a nd au it - ndesite n T y a g ea . O e ° ° r inci a v in has s rik f N — w th e a t e o 60 0 E. i s te p p l . 7 ep i nclination towa rd a nd a br eadth o f from on e to four feet.

The ore is a ena with cha co rite z inc ende a nd g l , l py , bl i ron r ites py .

ield of silver and co er from the Hisanichi Mi e Y pp n .

Silver Co er . pp .

Momme. Kin . 1 898 1 899 1 900 — H a ta sa Mi n e. The Hata sa Mine is situated in H atasa

’ m u ra Gu O- or i Mino rov ince m n or th o f the tow n of , j g , P , 5

Hachim an and 1 7 2 n or th of the cit o f Gifu 9 y . There is no au then tic r eco rd of the discov er y of the

m ine but it was w orked about 00 ea rs a o Ina a , , 3 ) g , by b ,

f ud r d f n e al lo o Hachiman . I 1 600 the m ining w as done by

En o then feu a ord of achima n and t e m ine was d , d l l H , h ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 149

highly pr oductiv e in the Kwam bu n Era ( 1 66 1 And

in 1 8 it ui d id i he r nt wner 80 was ac re K an t ese o . q by , p

The r cks a r u rtz- r h r and ndesite There re o e q a po p y y a . a

four rinci a veins three of which con ta in a r entifer ous p p l , g

co er nd en n n th r o ne carr ies s ilv r r s pp a gal a a d a o e e o e . Th — °— ° e for r hr u r . i in 6 hi me t ee co se N S. d 0 0 E w e pp g 5 , l ° th a r n - i i N h h r e tt ru s E W. d n 0 v h e . e a e a ea t l pp g 5 . T y b d of two feet in the widest pa r t a nd Often thin away to three or fou r inches The v eins cons is t of uar tz containin r . q g a

entifer ous cha co r ite a ena a r entite zinc ende ir on g l py , g l , g , bl ,

rites etc. py ,

ied of v o Y l sil er and C pper from the H atasa Mine.

ilv er . S er . Copp

Momme. Kin . 1 898 1 899 1 900

W i n i n —The a idahi Mine is s itua ted in a da i M e. W

- Kamin em ur a aka iz en r ov ince. It is 1 7 2 west , T B P 4

of the town of ime i and convenient situa ted ein a out H j ly , b g b

’ 1 hi r i i m dis ta nt to the north of Yos naga a lway s tat on .

i th od is i ri The The r ock w hich con ta ns e l es l pa te.

rinci a odes are two the Tens ei a nd the Waidani the p p l l , ;

f — hl th tt r n N NW hu h or w i e e a e r u s . o m r trik s N. S. . e s e l . T g

the v ein s contain Co er or e o f ood ua it the a re s o pp g q l y, y thin tha t the mine ca n not be brought u p to any high de ree of r o uctiveness g p d . The or e is a rgen tiferous chalcopyr ite associated with

zinc ende and a en a bl g l .

Y shi ka i —The oshioka Mine is situate in o o M n e. Y d

’ ‘ Fuki a-mura aw aka mi- or i Bitehtt r ov ince 1 m nor thwes t y , K g , P , 7

of the cit of Oka a ma in a v er inconv enient ace su r y y , y pl

roun e mou ntains thou h since it came into the nds d d by ; g , ha 1 50 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. of the Mitsu ishi Com an a new r oa ha s een ma e from b p y, d b d the mine to uno on the a nk o f the akahashi- awa which Y b T g , makes tran spor tation compara tively easy between the mine a nd Tamashima ha r ou r The n e r s t n is Fuki a. b . a e t ow y — The mine was fir st opened in the Daido Era (806 809) and ha n con tinuou w o rked e r s in e It w as how s bee sly ve c . ever n ot until the property was tra nsfer red to the Mitsubishi Company in 1 873 that the w orking was conducted on a

a r c e nd w ithn tew or th r l ge s al a o y p ofit.

The r ocks a re a aeozoic cla slate sands tone a nd scha P l y , l s tein traversed or h r d kes Th r de o its a r e by p p y y y . e o e p s main fou nd in the f r m o f v eins near the contac ts and lie ly o , in thi n us and s d t r ck The r inci a veins bo g eo e im en ar y o s . p p l a r e the Sen a the Funashiki the H ashirisaki the itakata y , , , K

n i z i and the Sasa o . The fi rst fou r of them occu r n Pale o o c r cks nd the n r r ik E N E witha di o a e e a s t e . . , y g lly . p W Th i h r nd is r v d to N. N . e s t ne i s n r o e . la o l e po p y y a p to be a contac t de o it the resence of conta ct minera s p s by p l . Toward the eas t all the lodes divide into n um er ou s branches a n ec m inf r io r in u i d b o e e q al ty.

Th vein s tone is uar tz The o r consis ts of chalco e q . e

rite r rhotite iron rites z inc ende and ar seno r ite. py , py , py , bl py

The dr es sed or e ie s of Co er y ld 9% pp .

ield of s ilver and co er from the oshioka M ne Y pp Y i .

Silver .

Momme.

— Sa s a g a ta n i Mi n e The Sa sagata ni Min e is loca ted in Hatazako-mura Kanoashi- Or i Iwami , g , .

1 5 2 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

i s Y eld of ilver, H osokura Mine.

Lead .

Kin .

1 0 I ,5 5 .54 — Ka m i oka Min e The Kam ioka Mine lies a half n

h u shiki- r i i a r i n ort of F una ts o o d ov nce. , Y g , H P

The ex act date o f discov er of this m ine is not know n y , but it is sa id to have been discov ered abou t 1 200 yea rs a go . In the TenshO Era ( 1 5 7 2- 1 591 ) the m ine w as w orked under the ma na emen t of Kanam or i a feuda ord a nd the out ut g , l l , p I the Genr ku E a 8- i w was considerable. n o r ( 168 1 703) t as transfer r ed to the direct co ntr ol of the Tokugawa Gov er n t In 1 88 it came into the hands o f the Mits ui m en . 5

inc that time v arious oints in the method O f Com pany. S e p working ha ve been im p r oved and the production has g radually

increas ed.

The r ocks are amphibole-gneiss with limestone a nd ia

- r h r Th d it r in v in form tru sive qua r tz po p y y. e epos s a e e and the are enera a rra n ed in two dir ections on e y g lly g , s trikin N - S witha s tee inc ination toward the eas t an d g . . p l ,

h — h s inc ina tion toward the sou th anot er E W . wit a tee . . p l

The thinn es t v eins ar e from one to two feet throu h and g , fe t The de s it so me the thick ones a re from 1 0 to 50 e . po

k Th veinst n times occurs in the for m of irregular poc ets . e o e consists of a cti nolite a nd e idote Often w ith ca cite uar tz p , l , q

h or consists of tif us a e a nd feds a r . T e e a r en ero na l p g g l , cha co r ite and zinc ende associa ted w ithcr socolla m a a l py bl , y , l h chite ir on rites a rseno rite and is mut . , py , py b 1 ECONOMtc GEOLOGY. 53

ield of silver co er and Y , pp

i r S lve .

Momme.

1 1

I X. SI LVER, COPPER AND LEAD MINES.

D i r in —The D ira Mine is s itu ated in Fu tkoto a a M e. a j — mura ama moto Or i U o rov ince. It was discover ed in , Y g , g P

1 86 2 .

Num erou s v eins a re fou nd in the Tertiary for mation a nd

h h x d t ik and di fr ad acen t a ndesite. e av e no e s r e e j T y fi p,

' uent ros in h o hr The v eins tufl is chie cou ntr q ly c s g ea c t e . fly y

rocks or c a w ith ua r tz and ra re ca cite. The or es ar e l y, q ly l galena and chalcopyrite as socia ted with zinc blende and iron

rites py .

ield of silver co er and lead in 1 8 fr m h D Mine 6 o t e aira . Y , pp 9

Silver momma.

er 2 kin Copp 88 . Lead 1 7 1 2

Moz u m i Mi n e—The Mozu m i Mine is l ocated in Kami

oka-mu ra os hiki- or i ida rovince nea r the Kamioka , Y g , H P , Mi ne.

In the TenshO Er a 1 - 1 1 Kana mori a feuda ( 5 7 3 59 ) , l

ord O ened a nd w orked the min e to ether w ith the Kam ioka l , p g

M f r d w in e but a te a ou t 1 00 ea r s it w as a a ndo ne . It as , b y b reopened in the An s ei Era ( 1 85 4 bu t wa s not s uc

cess ful In 1 88 the hl itsu i Com an ou h i . 7 p y b g t t together withthe ami k Mine K o a . 1 N L 54 ECO OMIC GEO OGY.

The r ocks of the mine ar e nearly the sa me with those of the Kam ioka Mine— am hi o e- neiss withcr sta ine im e , p b l g y ll l s hr r u r s s o s om ir u r m es tone. e e a e n me ou s v ein a e r e a ass . T , l g l

Tw o vei s th ru n a l r e E —W a nd s ix t at r u n n a t mos t pa all l . . h

- r Th f rm e r . a r e o t worked. e o r a e a v eins N S. p fi ably cl y °— ° dipping tow ar d the s outha t a n angle of 50 80 a nd hav ing a thicknes s of 30 feet in the wides t pa rt a nd a length of a few thou san d feet The atter m o st di s towar the west . l ly p d f ° i I at a n angle o 70 bu t n some places stands v ertical . t has fo r the m ost art a thickn ess o f a out feet in a few p b 3 ,

aces incr eas in to 1 feet and a en th of one thous and pl g 3 , l g

feet.

The ores are ear th ore cha co r ite a ena cr s ocolla y , l py , g l , y ,

cerussite ar s eno r ite z in c ende r a re r om or hite a nd , py , bl , ly py p

ra r rite py gy .

r he Mozumi Mine ield of silver co e and lead from t . Y , pp

o er . ead. Silver . C pp L

Momme. Kin . Kin.

. MI NE X COPPER S.

A . E P V I N D E O S I T S . — The An i Mi n es The Ani Mines a re located nea r

the town o f Ani ita -Akita—ori U o rov ince o n the u er , K g , g P , pp

cour se of the a ni a ran ch o f the Noshiro- awa a nd O , b g .

' “ ” nea r 8 m south of akanosu ra i wa sta tion n i i ly T l y . A s

the enera a el ation of s even mines ca ed r es ectiv e the g l pp l , ll p ly

1 56 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

ield of old Y g ,

— Araka wa Mi n e. The Ara kawa Mine is s itua ted in

' Arakawa-mura Senboku- ori U o rovince a ou t m nor th , g , g P , b 4 eas t Of aku nodate the co mm ercia centre of the dis tr ict and K , l ,

’ h o t f it 1 0 m sout f the ci y o Ak a . The mine is sa id to have been discov er ed in 1 698 by a merchant of Akita and was for merly know n by the name of

h z Mi reo ned t e U ai awa ne. In 1 8 1 it was e a nd in 1 8 g 7 p , 74 it ca me into the possession of the loca l g ov ernment of Akita and was su e uent h n e ver to the centra overnment bs q ly a d d o l g . Two yea rs la ter Segawa bought the mine and introduced

rea t im rovemen ts di i ent effort dur in a out 1 ea rs g p . By l g g b 7 y he s ucceeded so well that the m ine ca me to be one Of the In 6 i mos t celebrated copper mines in Japan . 1 89 t passed into the ha nds of the Mitsu ishi Com an whichhas in b p y, trodu d furt r i ce he mpr ovements . The env irons of the mine consist of Tertiary a nd

uar ternar rocks ro ite i arite and horn en e-a n es ite Q y , p pyl , l p bl d d . Numer ou s metallifer ou s veins are found in the Tertia ry strata a nd ro ite runnin a mos t ara e to each other p pyl , g l p ll l ,

h s r ke in N E r N N E The ri i t e t i e . o n a v ins b g . . . . p c p l e a re known as the U aiza wa-Obi H akumeishi-Ohi Mae-hi Tobei g , y , , hi Kana am as awa-hi and u nosawa-hi a m on which the , y , Y , g

r t is th est nd m o t im r nt The U izaw - fi s e larg a s p o ta . ga a Obi ° ° ° - E with r c i f N W strikes 0 0 a en o 6 . . h N. e a 0 t ou h 3 4 . g l l p , g h it is s ometimes v ertica . It is 2 feet in readt of which l 4 b , , when rich one-third is ore bu t it s ometimes r nches into , , b a a ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

few s ma v eins . Other v ins are enera thin va r in ll e g lly , y g f r m to f o 5 7 eet.

The v in one is z ith c i rit The e st qua r t w alc te and ba e. ore is chiefly chalcopyrite associated s ometimes withna tive

Co er cu rite c r socolla a ena zin c ende and a wa s pp , p , y , g l , bl , l y

withm or e or ess ir on rites l py .

el w in Yi d of copper from the Araka a M e.

— F u r oku r a Min e. The Fu rokura Mine is s itua ted in

v of the Aku a- a wa azu no- Ori Riku chfi P r o the alley y g , K g ,

vince 72 eas t of town of ema nai and a ou t 8 7 2 wes t , 4 K , b }

i v i c of Sa nnohe town n Mu tsu Pr o n e. The mine w a s dis cov er ed in 1 68 2 a nd Opened in 1 765

ho was feuda or d of the district The workin by Nambu w l l . g t 1 86 wa s s topped from 1 794 o 8.

m rous c a veins containin ore cut the er tiar Nu e l y , g , T y

d ndes ite One rinci a v ein has a r ea thva r strata an a . p p l b d y ing from 1 foot to 7 feet and dips s teeply towa rd the or e is cha co rite associated with iron r ites The l py py ,

a nd ra re zinc en e and a ena. hem atite, ly bl d g l

co er from the F u rokura Mine Y ield of pp .

Osa r u z aw a Mine s ituated 1 58 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

‘ ‘ w -m ur - i u h rov inc h in Osa ruza a a azuno Ori Rk c tt e. is , K g , P T dis tr ict is mou nta in ous bu t the m ine is not inconv en iently

’ a ced in on m west of the to wn o f anawa a nd a ou t pl , ly g ly H b

’ 6 m s u th of d r i w ti n in U r v inc l o O ate a l ay s ta o go P o e. The mine was discovered in the beginning of the 8th

centur . It was worked for o d in 1 600 but a ou t 0 ea rs y g l , b 5 y

ater co er ores w ere dis cov er ed and w rked hou hthe l pp o . T g mine has been under different prop rietor s and has fr equently

iv en trou e a ser ious diminu tion o f its ie d et it ha s g bl by y l , y

ontinu ou s w o rked sin ce its dis r At res ent it been c ly cove y . p is ow ned by the Mitsubishi Com pany a nd is one o f the

r d m in s in n most celeb a te e Japa .

The r ocks a r e er tiar sha e a nd tuff w ith intru s iv e T y l ,

- augiteandes ite a nd lipa rite. Nu merous outcrops of v eins a re f n in h nd a ndesite ne r hi a Th m inin ou d s ale a a S tasaw . e g district is conv enien t divided into fou r s ections the norther n ly ,

ein ca ed Nishimichi the so uther n Ta Ori the eas tern b g ll , g ,

k a a n thew st r n Moto a h i r A as aw d e e a m . T ev ens a enum er ous y ,

l f thm r s imi r i i Th trik is ri and a l o e a e. a n ua t . e s e v a a e l q l y bl , the v eins of the Motoyama s ection an d som e of the TagOri h tri — r N N E w hi f k S. o . . those o A w av e a s ke N. le asa a

E—W nd th f N himi hi d m f h s trike . . , a os e o is c a n s o e o t ose of

N Th r h f h ins r n T ik . e eadt o t v e es f agOri s tr e E. b e a g r om

or 6 i nches to o r feet a nd ra r e rea ches 0 fe t 5 3 4 ly 3 e .

The veinstones ar e decom osed countr v rocks uar tz n p , q a d

ntiti f a it The r es a re chie cha c i s mall qua es o b r e. o fly l opyr te a nd ornite a ssocia ted w ith ir on r ites s ma uantities of b , py , ll q

n d he ite m times n ati C z inc en de a ena a m at . So e ve o er bl , g l pp

nd nthite r f und N tiv e o d is often mix d h a chal ca a e o . a g l e w it the co er or es o r fou nd in the sa a nd of ua rtz v ins pp lb q e .

Genera s eakin o d is m or e en tifu in h u er arts lly p g , g l pl l t e pp p o f v eins a nd ecomes es s as the de i r s h b l pth nc ease . T e Motoya ma and TagOr i dis tr icts a re celebra ted for pr oducing gold.

160 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

K k M n — h ura Mine is situated in u s a u r a i e. T e Kusak

- - - Kusakura m ura Hi ashi a m a ra ori Echi o rovince. , g K b g , g P Four pr incipal v eins r un almos t parallel in Tertiary s tr ata

W r W d h nd d i Th s t i W N N. N . n t e a an es te. e rike s . . . o . a

W h h n The thicknes is c m n is . at a i a e. s om o dip S . g gl ly

es s tha n one foot thou hit sometimes increa ses to a few l , g

feet.

The ores a re cha co r ite a nd ornite accom a n in l py b , p y g

ir on rites cu rite and a ena . py , p g l

Yield Of copper from the Kusa ku ra Mine.

Kin . 1 896 1 897 1 898 1 899 I 9OO

M in —The Maze Mine is ocated in the w estern Ma z e e. l

ex tremit of Nis hi- a m ara - or i in the r ov ince of Echi o y K b g , p g

nd on the no rthwes tern foot of YahikO- a ma whichco ns is ts a y ,

i r t The min is conven ient situated ne r th of Ter t a ry s t a a . e ly a e

' s ea-coast z m northof eradoma ri a tow n on the hi h-wa , l T , g y

n a ets h r u r leading from N gata to N oy u a bo .

The m ine was O ened in 1 688 Ya ma toda a Nn ata p by , g

m a n a nd ex tens ive worked withthe he of the o vem ment , ly lp g

i In 1 8 20 it f hi a nd co n ht t me. wa s tr ns r r d t Iw s t o f t a a e e o a a,

tinuou sl wor ked ti 1 88 his s uccessors thou h in 1 868 y ll 4 by , g the w or k w as necessarily s topped for a short interva l o wing h to the war of the Resto ration . It is sa id that when t e

mine was a t its est etween 1 8 2 and 1 8 0 it ro u ced b , b 7 4 , p d

nnu a bout 1 ki n of Co er At r s nt i is a ctiv e a ally pp . p e e t ly

k d i wne oshid f N i w or e a nd s o d by Y a o i gata. The r ocks of this distr ict a re of the Tertiary form a tion

c ns istin of da rk ra s ha e a nd i ar it -tu ff her e fre o g g y l l p e . T

uent occu r sheets of a omeratic ava and ro ite kes q ly ggl l p pyl dy , ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 16 1

both containin fra ments of er ti r e imen ri T g g T a y s d ta es . he

meta ifer ous veins lie in the vo ca nic r ocks es eciall in the ll l , p y ro ite enera s tr ikin N E and di i E hi h n S . t p pyl , g lly g pp g a g an es here a re so fou nd sev era second r n r gl . T al l a y v eins i te

sectin the m ain de osits the aces of unction ein us ua l g p , pl j b g l y hi h hi f h v ric n ores . T e t cknes s o t e eins is eneral small g ly ,

rare over 1 foot ly .

The v einstone is chie c lcite mix ed with ua r tz fly a q . The

ore is cha co rite associated with iron rites s ometim es l py py ,

withzinc ende and r r ft n f nd if bl ga lena. The e a e o e ou beaut ul

cr sta s of ca cite in the for m of hex a ona sca enohedra a nd y l l g l l ,

a so ameth st occu r rin in drus e The dressed o re ields l y g . y

1 8 6 - 2 6 f o r 7 9 09 o C ppe .

Y ield of co er o the pp fr m Maze Mine.

Kin . 1 897 1 898 1 899 1900

A hi Min —The Ashio Mine is situate nea r h s o e. d t e

town of Ashio ami- s u a- o r t Shimots uke r ovince s ur , K T g g , P ,

rounded oft m ountains here a re two roads whi by l y . T by ch

tr o ti rr d n One e ds to the Nikko Statio ansp rta on is ca ie o . l a n

' 7 7 5 ea st o f the mine and the o ther to Omama Sta tion 1 0 m s h out . The m ine was discov er ed by an inhabitant of the vicinity

in 1 6 1 0 a fter whichit was worked under the direct contro of , l th w o me Du rin tha t time re n d c e Tokuga a g ver n nt. g fi e opper was us ed in the ui din of the Nikko Shi a and U e o b l g , b y n shi s nd so f do c The ea r r oduction r ne a al o Ye astle. y ly p between 1 6 76 and 1 688 was m which ex ceeded the home dema nd s o that the r eater art of the o ut ut , g p p was ex orted to o land After the Resto ration of Mei i p H l . j ( 1868) the m ine was transfer red to the Nikko prefectu ral 1 62 ECONOMtC GEOLOGY.

overnm ent of that time a nd in 1 8 1 to a rivate com a n . g , 7 p p y

In 1 8 it came into the oss essio n of Ichibei u r ukawa 7 7 p F ,

the r esent ow ner the m ine ein then in s o oor conditio n p , b g p

h i u i f o r Sin t at t yielded a nn ally only k n o c ppe . ce the la s t change of ow n ers hip the p roductio n has increas ed year by year and this ha s become the fo rem os t of the copper

m ines in a n J pa .

The r ocks ar e in tru s iv e i arite with a aeozoic cla slate l p , P l y ,

sandstone nd ho rns t ne A u nda nt m eta ifer ou s v eins tra a o . b ll

vers e t h i rite bu t the thin ou t in the a aeoz oi rocks e l pa y P l c .

i he en ra l s rik d her e a re s even rinci a v e ns . T e t e iffers T p p l g ,

i E —S VV n h rs E - l N ot e . W s om e v ins r un n n . . . a d a l w ith e g .

hi h di The en th is var ia le the on es t ode ein a . g p l g b , l g l b g

' n h f m The re dthis a so v a ria e but enera ear a . a ly a l b l bl , g lly

s ix o r s ev en feet.

The v eins tone co nsists of u artz and ca cite a nd ener a q l , g lly

occu rs i n s ma ua n titi s The or e is ha co r it with ir on ll q e . c l py e

rites and a ssociated with a ena z inc ende and a rsen o py , g l , bl

r it Th u t of the r s m t r i th py e. e q ali y o e ee s o be bette n e

u er a rts of the odes where it is a tered to or nite a nd pp p l , l b

tenorite b weather in Gener all s eakin the r esent y g . y p g p prosperity of the m ine is du e to the r eg ular ity and g r ea t

hi h d nd h h t ckness of t e o es a t e o od ua it of t e or e. l , g q l y

Y ield of co e from t e shio ine pp r h A M .

— Og oy a Min e The Ogoya Mine is s itua ted at Nishio

’ mu ra Nomi- or i a a r ov ince m s o uthea st of the tow n , g , K g P , 5

f oma t u o K s .

Y 164 ECONOMIC GEOLOG . often a ltered in the u pper por tion of the v eins into bor nite and tenor ite. The es t o re ieds ov er 0 of Co er bu t b y l 3 % pp , the average yield is

i f he e in Y eld o copper from t At M e.

— Om od a n i M in e. The Omoda ni Mine is s ituated in

' a mi—Anama-mu ra Ono- ori Echizen r ov ince a ou t 1 1 m K , g , P , b

o n nd 2 7 5 E of uku i. It is su r rou nded fr m O o a 0 S . F by

oft m oun tains and ocated a ou t 2 00 feet a o ve sea- ev e l y l b 5 b l l , s o tha t com mu nication withit is often cut off in the s n owy

s eason .

The m in e is said to ha ve been discover ed about 5 50

ea rs a o A ou t six t -fi ve ea rs a o it w as w orked y g . b y y g by

f th distr i t Doi na me After th Resto r h or d O e c . e a tion t e l , by

of Mei i Doi tra nsfer red the mine to the inha ita nts of tha t j , b

l In 1 888 it was transfer red to the Mitsu ishi Com v il age. b

an the resent ow ner . p y, p The r ocks cons ist o f Mesozoic sandstone and qu ar tz

u l un i W f n h e n r h r t r N. W o t u t t h . a s n n e c e v i s . T e e porp y y F g . . ° r nu mer ou s m eta iferous veins that ener tr ike N 0 a e ll g ally s . 3 ° ° ° di 0 — S N f h n nd 80 . W o n o i i m a . e t e v e s s or 60 W . p 5 e

f in thickn ss than 4 eet e . The v eins tuff is chiefly quar tz mix ed with calcite a nd

r r Th o re is r entif r h ri h flu o S a . e a e ous c a co te wit ornite p g l py b ,

a r entiferous a ena zinc ende etc . Sometim es na tiv g g l , bl , e

u nd s ilver is fo . ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 165

of silver Mine.

— Ts u b oi M i n e The Ts uboi Mine is s ituated in Tsuboi

’ mura Kume ori Mimasaka r ov in ce a ou t m w est of , g , P , b 3

T h r i i i in the r v inc i c ni su am a t e nc a c t o e. It s onv e en t y , p p l y p ly situated nea r the highwa y leading to Him ej t in the pr ov ince

of a r ima H . The country r ocks consis t of a n a lter nation o f Palaeo ° z i l l h in in 60 S Th o s it o c c ays ate a nd s c al ste dipp g . e r e depo occu r s in the for m of v eins s om etimes r u nnin a ra e to , g p ll l th e f tr i tion here are fou nd thre rinci a e plan o s a t fica . T e p p l veins whichhav e a thickness of 2- 4 feet a nd ar e poor in

ore co nten t.

Th e is ua rtz The or e is cha co rite as e v ein s ton q . l py s ociated w ithir on rites some con tainin 1 of co er py , g 3 % pp

d f i v r an o s l e .

s Yield of copper from the T uboi Mine.

Kin

1

1 1

— Y a m a te M i n e The Ya ma te Min e is l ocated in Taki

' awa-mu ra um e- o r i Mim as aka r o vince a out a ha f m g , K g , P , b l

' s outh of Yu e a nd a ou t 8 m nor thof the cit of Oka am g b 5 y y a. Y h r est tow n to the mine uge is t e nea . There is no a u thentic r ecord of the dis cov ery of the

It w as rst w orke the feu a or mine. fi d by d l l d of Hamada in 1 66 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

1 868 a nd a fter sev eral chang es of p rop rietors it was r eopened

h i m ra a nd is still w orked by C Obe No u . The mining distr ict consis ts of quar tz-dio rite a nd Pa laeo zoic cla slate the for m er ein intr usiv e a nd the two ein y , b g b g

ri t min d The dior ite O ften shows a schis tos e int ca ely gle . s r u r The m eta ifer ous v eins occur in the er i her of t uct e. ll p p y

i i f h tw m or e im or ta nt v eins o ne ca led the th d o r te. O t e o e p , l

H on-bi is 2 to 0 feet thick co ntainin s i iciou s d a w hi e 5 3 , g l y, l

is v r thin d o it the other one a e y ep s .

The or e is cha co r ite mix ed withiro n r ites a en a l py py , g l ,

r n d The s t r i f m 1 0 t 1 5 and ra ely zi c blen e. be o e y elds r o % o 3 9

n d m e f it co nt i o f s i er of Copper a s o o a ns a sm all qua ntity lv .

s i ver n o er h Min Yield of l a d c pp from t e Yamate e.

i v e . o S l r C pper . M omme. Kin . 1 1 360 3 0 3 1 44

— - KOei Mi n e. The oei Mine is in Tsunekanem aru m u r K a , 1 ' As hina - or i in o rov ince a out m to the n rthw g , B g P , b 3 2 o es t o f the town of uku a ma where there is a rai wa s ta ti n F y , l y o .

It wa s a n a andoned m ine of whichther e was no r ecor d b , ,

h n it wa s r eo ened aka a ma in 1 8 i w e p by T y 93 . S nce then it

n continu ous worked ha s bee ly . H o r nblende-g ran ite is the cou ntry rock in this district and its ssu res a r e ed u w ith or e The v eins fi fill p . generally ° i S W —N witha di f s r k . E . O t e . p 70

The v eins to ne co nsis ts o f u is hho rn ende a nd ta c in bl bl l , which the mas ses o f o re a re fr e u ent enc os d t q ly l e . The hick

f the de osit is fro m to 8 feet T ness o p 4 . he or e is cha lco

r ite a ss ocia ted w ith m icaceous hema tite iron rites n py , py a d

a u ntit of z in ende Th r a s m ll q a y c bl . e o e is ra ther infer ior in ua it the d ressed o re iedin of c r q l y, y l g oppe and 4 % of s ilv er.

1 68 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY p rim itiv e sta te u ntil 1 890 when it ca m e into the hands of

Sakam oto.

The district consists of Pa lmozoic claysla te penetrated by

ran ite here ar f nd n m r i in g . T e ou u e ous m etalliferous v e ns the cla slate of which tw o the Sa rubiki a nd the Da ito y , , cont in th ri i w r in Th i v i E -W a e nc a o k s . e Sarub ki en runs . p p l g . w ith a hi h inc ina tion t the south O th e st it is cu t g l o . n e a

r f h d r N N E i in a eat au t a nd t e o e tu ns to . . d to by g l , l pp g

W N W hi r w ithdiff rik i led h i . r t D to . s a t e en s t e s ca t e . T p l a

v ein The r dthof the v eins i 2 f t f t. . b ea va r es from ee to 4 ee The v eins tone is qua r tz ; the or e is chalcopyrite m ix ed w ithir on r it s a nd s m ua t f r if ous a en py e a all q nti y o a gent er g l a .

The t ore ieds f c of s ilv er bes y l o opper and . In the neighbour hood of this mine ther e ar e sever a l v i n w rk d r Th e s o e by p ivate pa r ties on a s mall sca le. e m ode of occurr en ce of the or e is the sam e as at the Obie M n i e.

Yield of copper

— Adaka i Min e The Adaka i Mine is s ituated in Adaka i

' mu r a Yatsuka- Ori Izum o rov ince a out 2 } m sou thea st , g , P , b of the tow n of Ma ts ue on the coas t of thi ro vin e s p c . The cou ntry r ocks a re Tertiar y shale a nd sandsto ne in

ti n Th chief v ein cal ed the Mot -bi s r i N N E a ter na o . e o t kes . . l , l , .

E hi h n e a t . an d dips E S . a g a gl The v einstuff cons ists of clay with a thickness of fro m

t The ore cons is ts of ha c r i e o r ni w o t fiv e fee . c o t te t o l py , b a nd iron pyrites accompan ied by native Copper and zinc blende. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 169

— h do Mine is itu ted in Usa i-mu ra in . T e U s a Udo M e g , — Hikawa ori Izum o rov ince. g , P

It was ver ex tensive w orked from 1 8 0 to 1 88 1 in y ly 7 , som ears rodu cin kin m onth After that time e y p g ly. the ou tput gr adua lly declined on account of the ex ha ustion of su f r e the pply o good o .

The countr r ocks a re au ite-andesite ro ite and the y g , p pyl ,

ertiar s tr ta Nu mer ou s meta liferous v ein s a re contained T y a . l in the ro ite which nea r the v eins is r eat a tered p pyl , , , g ly l by iron-ox ide The rinci a v ein r u nnin is 20 feet . p p l , g 3

on nd fr m t 1 f t wide l g a o 3 o 8 ee .

The ore is cha co r ite acco m a nied a rite imonite l py p by b , l , hematite o rnite etc eau tifu cr s ta s of ir on rites ar e , b . B l y l py

often found.

The p rod uction of Copper fr om the Udo Mine in 1 900 was only k m.

Dé a m a r u M in e —The DO a m a ru Mine is ocated in g . g l

- - A o mur a OChi Ori Iwami ro vince. g , g , P The mine w a s Opened abou t 4 70 years ago and activ ely worked for some tim e but the w orkin wa s a fterwa rds , g sto ed In 1 8 the m in e w s reo ned and sin 1 pp . 7 3 a pe ce 887 it has radu ecom e m ore rodu ctiv g ally b p e. The rocks of the mine consist of g ra nitic-po rphy ry pene tr rain d i it - r n ite Nu mer us v i ated by coa rse g e b ot eg a . o e ns a r e fou nd in the ran itic- or hr the chief of them ein know n g p p y y, b g as the Moto-bi the Ozur i-bi a nd the a ar i-bi all of which , K g , h e r hi kn The co er r of th r - i av a g eat t c ess . pp o e e Kaga i b is mix ed withiron pyrites and zinc blende ; while that of the

Ozu ri-bi nta ins no z inc lende a nd is or er in co er co b po pp . The principal v ein is the Moto-bi w ith a br ea dth of from °— ° °- ° 1 2 feet It strik S. 0 60 . a nd di s 60 0 to 5 . es 5 W p 70 In the adit-lev el several dykes o f pr o pylite are met with which the v ein is o ften dis ocated from ten to , by l 1 EC N MI G OGY 70 O O C EOL .

twent f t The veinstone is u rtz the o re is cha co y ee . q a ; l

rite m i ed i h en if r us en The u er a rt of py x w t arg t e o gal a. pp p the v ein which contains z inc ende is oor er in s i v er a nd , bl , p l c nt i s ess ein ton It fo r r d ed native Co er o a n l v s e. merly p o u c pp and azu rite Goin dow nwa r ds the r o o rtion of v einstone . g p p incr eases a nd the or e be o m s r icher in si ver c e l .

i l s i ne Y ed of lver Mi .

Z Om ki Mi n e—Th ZOmeki Mine i s itu ted in Iku m o e . e s a m u u- r i Na t rov inc ra Ab o a o e. , g , g P

The r ocks of the m ine co ns ist of cla sla te s andston e y , , s cha stein a nd imes tone o f the a eozoic S stem en etrated l l P l y , p

r d k The de s i s hv e co by s ev eral lipa ite y es . po t a e a Clos n nection with the i a r ite d kes and occu r in two for m s l p y , o ne a series o f o ckets a nd the other tru e v eins ru n nin p , g N fr E . E to W om . . W. . S .

The v ein stuff cons is ts of hor n lende a r net e ido te b , g , p , ca cite a nd ua rtz sho win the contac t o r i in Of the v ein s l q , g g .

The o res a re cha lco rite o r n ite z inc ende a ena a nd py , b , bl , g l ,

r rho tite conta in in a s m a ua ntit of s ilver py , g ll q y .

H i —Th H sh Min i in n ni Og a s hO M n e. e Oga O e s co v e ently situa ted in a m ou n tain ou s r e io n in H ata ama-mu ra Aki—ori g y , g ,

osa r ovince. It is a bou t mi n or th of the town of Aki T P 4 . The r ocks cons is t of shale and s an dsto ne w ith inter calated r ed and r een s chalstein ro a l of the Mes ozo i g , p b b y c a e The ore is de os ited in enticu ar m ss w ithin sch g . p a l l a a l stein a nd is enveo ed in a ser en tinous su stance ocal l p p b , l ly

1 2 EC N MIC GE 7 O O OLOGY.

Ta r i M i —Th ter i M e s itu t d in Nosako te n e. e Ta in is a e

awa-mu ra oshino—ori ama to r o vince g , Y g , Y P . The dis tr ict co ns is ts of Paleozoic clayslate a nd sa nd stone in t r n tion which ent di t w r N W The a e a o a d . l , g ly p . de osits occur in ir r e u a r eds which s ometimes s wel to a p g l b , l thicknes s of 20 to 0 feet bu t soon thin out her e a re 3 , . T three faults which r un alm os t pa rallel to ea ch other fro m E W N. E . W . to . S. .

The o re is a fi ne admix tur e of chal copyrite a nd iro n

r ites Th r du tion of er s on py . e p o c Copp in 1 899 wa ly

Ka w a d a a m M i n e —The Kawada a ma Mine is locat y a . y

° - - ed ih San a ma m ura Oe or i Awa r ov ince. A out 1 7 7 y , g , P b no r th of the m ine there ru ns the hi hwa a on the oshino , g y l g Y gawa leading to the city of Toku shima a t a dista nce of abou t 8 m, a nd thu s the m ine is conv eniently situated for tr a ns

or tatio n and commu nic tion p a . The rocks cons ist o f a n a lter na tion Of chl or ite-amphibolite a nd r a hite-sericite-s chist w ith thin a ers of inter ca la ted g p , l y

dm n ti —s chis t The r ock formation s tr ikes east and wes t pie o te .

h h hdi s outhwa rd The or e de os it is most and as a ig p . p ly imbedded in the chlor ite-a m phibolite and close to the pied m it - chst It ri s from 2 to feet in thick s ont es i . va e 4 nes .

The o re is cha co r ite mix ed w ith ir o n r ites the l py py , av erage pr op or tion of copper being

i in Y eld of copper from the Kawadayam a M e.

H i s m u n M in e—The Hisa mu ne Min e ies on the a e . l

ounda r etween the v i a es of Kawada a ma and a wa da b y b ll g y K , E N E CO OMIC G OLOGY. 1 7 3 — Cc Or i Awa rovin ce a nd nea r the Ka wada a ma Mine g , P , y .

Bein as conven ient situ ated as the atter it has u nder one g ly l , g uick dev eo m nt q l p e .

The r ocks a re an a ter na tion of chorite-am hi o ite l l p b l ,

ra hite-sericit i t d iedm ontite- hi t T r g p es chs an p s c s . he o e de

os it is im edded in chor ite-am hi o ite di in hi h s ou th p b l p b l , pp g g ly wa rd Th bed often conta in ba nds of th . e s e cou ntry r ocks and a ack su stance r s em in m a netit T bl b e bl g g e. he bed is sometim es cur ved an d so metimes r oken inc udin fra men ts b , l g g of cou ntr r ocks in the s aces thus fo rmed The hic y p . t kn es s is fro m 2 t f t o 5 ee .

Th i h c r it The r r e o re s c al opy e. av e age pe centage of co er is 5 a nd the est or e co ntains a s ma l ua ntit o f pp 49, b l q y si v r l e .

ied of co er in 1 8 fr om the H isam u ne Mine Y l pp 99 ,

kin .

i i m M i n —The i as hi am a Mine is loc t H g a s hy a a e. H g y a ed in i as hi a m a-m u ra Oe- o ri Awa r ovince H g y , g , P . The dis tric t is fo rm ed of a n altern ation o f spotted chor ite-schist a nd ra hite-s ericite-schist w ith inter ca ated l g p , l

n ite-schis t The or e de os it ies in chorite-s chist a nd piedm o t . p l l

di t u th The thickness is enera 2 has a high p o the so . g lly

f The eds a re enera l fou nd within a limit Of or 3 eet. b g ly

r izo n the iedm ontiteschis t The eds 30 feet abov e the ho of p . b occu r in len ticula r for m a nd Often co nta in ga ng ues (locally

in thicknes s hou h the s tra ta know n a s fl ake of v a ry g . T g

f tl distu r bed b fau lti n the r u n withthe a r e n ot u n r equen y y g , y beds g enerally fr om ea s t to wes t.

Th r i chalco rite m ix ed w ith ir on rites and e o e s py py ,

r The r oduction in 1 8 y ields fr om 2 % to of coppe . p 98

w as kin . — Bes s hi M i n e The Besshi Mine is loca ted in Besshi

am -m u ra Uma- or t I o r ovince on the nor ther n side of y a , g , y P , 1 74 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. the m ounta in ran e between I o and osa a nd feet g y T , a ove the s ea eve It is 7 5 sou thof the town Of Niiha m a b l l . 3 on the n o rthern coa s t of hi ku A rai wa c onnec ts the S ko . l y

m ine w ithNiihm The min i t e umitom o fir m . a a. e s owned by h S The m ine wa s discov er ed by a n a nces tor of the Su mi tom o fa mi in 1 6 nd w s n h t ea r At ly 90 a a ope ed in t e nex y . that tim e there was a n old m ine called the Ta chikawa Mine on the o os ite s ide o f the m u I 1 6 the new pp o ntain . n 95 m in e was worked s o fa r into the m ou nta in as to meet the

achikawa Mine a ccidenta l and it was thus known tha t T l y,

othm ines were in the sa me bed o f r The a chika wa b o e. T was a fter war ds ama a m ated with h s shi Mine The lg t e Be . d a nnual pro uction of Copper r eached bin in 1 698. The r ocks cons is t of g raphite-schist and chlorite-s chis t inter s tr tified with iedm ntit —s hi - is The a p o e c s t and quar tz s ch t. ore bed is found in the alter nating layer s of g raphite s chis t an d chorite-s chis t en era enve o ed a uar tz l , g lly l p by q ° s chis t known as lza bu he di N E At res ent the . T y p 4 5 . . p w orked en th o f the eds is f t Th thickn es s of l g b ee . e the bed v ar ies from to 0 feet bu t is com mon fro m 4 3 , ly

1 0 to 2 0 feet Ste -fau ts r unnin a m o s t ara e from ea s t . p l g l p ll l to wes t a re fr e u en t m et with Th f h hr q ly . e a mou nt o t e t ow in the s tep-faults is gener ally from 1 0 to 20 feet and n ev er

ex ceeds 60 feet.

The o re is chal copyr ite c on tain ing a la rge a m ount o f ir on r ites and s ma l u antities of a rsenic co a t m an a nes e py l q , b l , g a nd ead. The ore contain s 6 of co r l % ppe .

e ield of co r from the Besshi Min Y pp e.

Kin.

I 76 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

ie d Y l of copper from the Ku rotaki Mine.

Kin.

I I 5 .939

— H okoi s hi Mi n e. The Hokoishi Mine is s ituated in

' - N i- r I r in I w di amo m u ra i o i o ov ce. t as scov ered in 1 8 0 K , g , y P 9 .

The or e de os it is fou nd in chor ite-am hi o ite strikin p l p b l , g

f t w I is f d d w i h h app rox ima tely ro m eas to es t. t ol e t t e c un tr r ocks a nd is often s it into severa ranches The o y pl l b .

hi kn f the de o it is u 1 f a verage t c ess o p s a bo t oot. The or e is chalcopyr ite containing ir on pyr ites a nd

f m to 5 f Co r yields only ro 4 9 o ppe . The produ ction of Copper in 1 900 from the m ine w as

kin .

— T er a n o Min e The Terano Mine is s ituated in Sar e

- - ani mu ra I o or i I o r ovin ce. t , y g , y P

nsis t c i f r - h h T he country r ocks co hefly o chlo ites c ist. T e

f e s t to w es t and di s ent to th n r th o r e bed r uns rom a p g ly e o .

f thick bu t common fr om I to 2 fe etimes eet et. It is s om 7 , ly The o re is chalcopy rite m ix ed with iron pyr ites a nd

5 r yields 4 % o r 5 9 of coppe . The yield of copper fro m the mine in 1 898 w as

— h Mi i - Mi n e. T e Os e ne s s ituated in Os e m u r O s e a ,

- i a Ori I o rov ince. K t g , y P The cou ntry r ock is an alterna tio n of chlorite-schis t

hite-s ericite-schis t s tr ikin N V — V. S E. a nd ra . . a nd ent g p , g g ly N E dipping to . . T he ore dep osits occu r in irregu lar for ms of va rying s ize enera enticula r . The ar est de osit is 2 0 fe , g lly l l g p 3 et

o n 1 00 feet wide and feet thick. l g, , 4 3 N M G 1 ECO O IC EOLOGY. 77

The or e is cha co rite a ssociated withiron rites a nd l py py ,

i ld f c er y e s 3% or 4 % o opp . The pr oduction of Copper fro m the m ine in 1 900 wa s on ki ly n .

Bibi r Min —Th Hibira Mine is ated in Kitakata a e. e loc

‘ mura i a shi-Usuki- Or i H tj a r ov ince o n the ea ster n , H g g , y g P . bank of the su nanose—awa a ranch of the Gokase- awa T g , b g runni fr o w t t cr d r f ng m es t o eas a oss the mi dle pa t o Hyfiga .

The Gokase- awa makes trans or tation conv en ient g p .

here is no r ecord as to the ear l histor of the m ine T y y , ex cept that it w as in pr osperou s s tate a t the end of 1 7th

en r c tu y.

The countr r ocks cons is t of h litic cla sla te sa ndston e y p yl y , and s cha s tein o f the a e ozoic Gr ou The hi hm ou nta ins l P l p . g to the n or th of the m ine a re for m ed of ua r tz- or h r q p p y y, which has intr uded thro u h the a le oz o ic s trata The or e g P . be s lie in cla slate and sa n ds to ne a nd enera c ose to d y , g lly l sch s tein h r N d a e t ike W . W di N N E s . . a n t a n l . T y p . . a an e o f The eds occu r in the fo rm of enses s o m e gl b l , times w ith a thickness o f a out 2 f e b 0 e t.

The or e is cha co r ite containin iron rites a nd l py g py ,

ieds o r 6 of co er y l 5 % % pp .

Yi of rom th eld copper f e H ibira Mine.

Kin .

— Makim in e M i n e The Ma kim ine Mine is located op

osite o the Hibir Mine a cr o ss the s unan ose- a p t a T gaw . It was a dead m in e u n til it w as reopen ed by the Mitsu

ishi Com a n b p y . 1 8 7 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY .

Its eo o is near the same a s that of the Hibira Mine g l gy ly , ° w ith on differ ence of strike E N E a nd di 0 ly ( M ) p (3

The o re contains a a r e ua ntit of ir on rites con se u entl l g q y py , q y

iedin o r y l g nly or 4 % o f Coppe .

Yield of copper from the Makimine Mine.

Kin.

Sa w ata r i Min e— The Sawatar i Mine is s ituated a t

' itaka ta -mu ra i ashi-Usuki- or i u a ro vince a ou t I m K , H g g , Hy g P , b

s ou th o f h H bir Mine t e i a .

This m ine w as Opened a bout 200 yea rs a go a nd wa s

fair rod ti fr the r t At r es ent it e on s to ly p uc ve om fi s . p b l g

the Mits is hi m n ub Co pa y . The dep osits occu r in the lenticular fo rm in the Pale o ° i l l d n i in Th ir thi k zo c c a s ate and sa n s to e d 0 N. e c y , pp g 3 h ness va ries fr om 1 to feet. T e o re is o f the s ame kind

a tha f h M ki ine Mine s t o t e a m .

m h w Yield of copper fro t e Sa atari Mine.

Kin .

k Min —The Itsuki Mine is itu t d in Itsuki- u r I ts u i e s a e m a ,

’ u ma- ori i o ro v ince 6 m nor th o f ito oshi which K g , H g P , H y

is the chief tow n in the so uther n ar t o f i p H go . The m ining dis trict is fo rmed of the Upper Chichibu

series of the a eozoic a e and con sis ts of radio ar ian s ate P l g . l l ,

1 80 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

XI . IRON MINES.

— Ka m a i s hi Mi n e The Ka m ais hi Mine is s itu ated in

‘ ‘‘ - - ri i h r v in The de osits a re s cattered am i Hei o Rkuc II o ce. K g , P p on the ea s tern and wester n s ides of Ka taba-san ar ou nd w hich

lie the three v il a es of Ka shi am i o and u riha shi an d l g , K g K , Th which is about 4000 feet high a bo v e the s ea lev el . e

' district is a ou t m wes t o f amaishi har ou r w ithw hich b 5 K b , the mine is onn ect d a c e by a tr mway . The m in e was discovered abou t 1 8 2 3 a nd m etallu rgical

O er ions were co mm en d 2 r s t r After it had p at ce 5 yea la e .

een tra nsferred s ev era times from one ro rietor to another b l p p , the g ov ernmen t bought it in 1 874 a nd introduced va riou s

im r v m ts u der the d r i n f i E i h n ineers p o e en n i ect o o s x ngl s e g .

But ow nin to the oo r r esu lts the ov er nm ent w as ob i ed g p , g l g

to s o the w o rk After wa rd Ichibei naka ou ht the t p . Ta b g

mine nd introduc d m n im m nts s t it ecam e a e a y pr ov e e . o tha b

the r inci a ir o n m ine in a n p p l J pa . The rocks a r e g r an ite a nd dio rite penetratin g the Paleo

i est la l t d h r Th d sit zoic m one c s a e a n o ns ton e. e or e e o s l , y p

which cons ist of m a netite occu r in lar e s ca ttered m a ss es g , g

in the contac t zone of the a le oz oic r ocks with the ran ite P g ,

and a r e env elo ed b va r iou s contact m inera s suchas ar n et p y l g ,

r ox ene e idote etc. The de os its ex tend from akinosawa py , p p T

to Aon oki throu h Shinta ne a m a Moto ama Sahinai a n d , g y , y ,

k iw The r inci a de os it ha s a thic n o f fr m 2 A a a . p p l p k ess o 0

to feet Som e o f the o r es Of Shint ne m a nd Mo 70 . a ya a to

a m a contaIn Ir on rites bu t in ntiti esides y py s ma ll qua es . B

thes e ther e are ma n ou tcro s in other oca ities a s H oso oe , y p l l , g ,

So t his a os wa a nd Ot kisaw h d i H s o a a a . T e e os ts a t o o oe g , p g

a nd Sotohisa osawa a re inferio r in ua it and no t s o thick g q l y , while tha t a t Otakis awa ha s a thickness o f abou t 20 feet a nd

is eneral o f ood ua it g ly g q l y .

The ore is ev er where ma n it y g et e. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 1 8 1

ield of i -iron from the Kamaishi Mine Y p g .

1 896 I 1 897 1 898

1 I 899 3 .4 Z9.I 7 1 900

Sen n i n Min e —The Sen nin Min e is s itua ted a t the

— ‘ foot of Senn in- am a in VVa a or i Rikuchtj r ov ince a out y g g , P , b

’ 10 m w est of u r osaw a iri rai wa s tation K j l y .

The rocks ar e neissic ra nite a nd lim es to ne which r g g , a e

r d r ti r s tr ata The de osit is f u d cov e e by Te a y . p o n in the contact zon e of imes tone with n eissic ran te ra n in from l g g i , g g

obir a to Semma i Ubas u ihitO Kana ha ta a nd Ya tateza w a T , g , .

I N W to . S. E. and di t r i r N . S s s t e t E N E s t kes f o m . . e o p ply . . .

h h r n r Conta ct m inerals s uc a s o ende a n et etc. a r e Often bl , g ,

h d it The thick st r t f a sso cia ted w ith t e epos . e pa o the deposit is as m u cha s 2 feet throu h bu t m or e com mon it is 4 g , ly a u 1 f et The or e is hema tite s ometimes withir n bo t 0 e . o

r it py es . i f i n o re in 1 00 was k cm Y eld o r o 9 w .

i m i u r i — h Ku r ki a n d O a k g a M n es . T e Kur iki and

Om aki u ra Mines a re s itua ted in Yonesa to-m ura Ezashi- or i g , g ,

’ ‘ RikuchtI r ovince a out 6 m dista n t from the town of Iwa P , b do‘ ya . The iro n depos its lie in the co ntact zone of Paleozoic r ocks w ith ra nite outcro in a t Da n o ha na Tsu tsu i am ori g , pp g , j g ,

Th r dthof the de os it i Aka a ne etc. e ea s s enera 0 feet g b p g lly 5 . The or e is m ag netite but is Often accompa nied by a s ma ua n tit of cha co r ite a nd iron r ites as in Aka ane ll q y l py py , g h n a nd Dano a a .

—The Ak d ni Ak a d a n i M i n e. a a Mine is s ituated in

Akad ni-m ura ita-Kam a ra- or i Echi o r ov inc a , K b g , g P e. 1 82 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

The depos its are imbedded in the con tact zone of Pale o z oic limestone withg ra nite a nd ha v e a br eadth of fr om 5 to

1 feet Th r is hi u hm tit w ith m ore 5 . e o e c efly m icaceo s e a e or e s cha c rite nd ir n r it s l s l opy a o py e .

Nak Min —The N k kosa ka Mine is s itua ted akos aka e. a a

- - in osaka m ura anra ori KOtsuke rov ince. K , K g , P The depos it is imbedded near the conta c t zone Of Pa le o zoic cla sla te sands to ne a nd hor ns tone w iths chistose ra n ite. y , g

I nd i t N E Th r e is hiefl t s tr ik s 0 . a d s o . . e o c e N. 3 W p y

d h r r ma netite ra re associate w it i on ites . g , ly py

XII . I RON SAND.

Iron s and in Japan is chiefly fou nd in the m ou ntainou s

'‘ re ion of Chtt oku m os t comin fr om the dis inte ratio n of g g , ly g g r d r k h a nite iorite a nd as ic v olca nic oc s . ose sands con g , b T

tained in dior ite and v olcan ic r ocks are mix ed with tita nifer ous iron and bis ilica tes s o tha t the ua it is in fer ior to those , q l y fr om r nit The or i ina sa nd enera c n ta in n g a e. g l g lly o s o e to

s ix er cent. of ir on p . The p r inc ipal localities of ir on s and are as follows

- - Ebi H in o Ori I IOki . , g ,

F ukuoka ,

I n a g ,

H ata naka , — Vicin i f r I - ki ties o Ta i Iino Ori H O . , g

Shin O Maniwa - Ori Mim asaka j , g , .

I zu h h- I w mi a Oc i Ori a . , g ,

Y akam i- awa g ,

- Takan o am a ata Ori Aki . , Y g g , u Ots ka ,

Environs of Kuri a Takada - Ori Aki y , g , .

1 84 ECONOMI C GEOLOGY.

' ani ama-m ura a oshima- ori Sa tsuma rov ince m sou th T y , K g g , P , 5 of th ci f him e ty o Kag os a . It wa s discovered in 1 65 5 a nd was m ost p r oductive

etween 1 8 8 and 1 860 an nua l ieldin from to b 4 , l y y g

kin of tin.

The r ocks cons ist of clayslate a nd sandstone pr obably

f M ft n n tr d u i - nd i k s o es ozoic a e O e e e ate a tea es te d e . g , p by g y

f n i the for of v eins hs i The dep os its a re ou d n m . T e e v en s a r b hr f h d e num er ous u t only t ee o t em ar e m uch wo rke . They r u n a lm os t pa rallel from eas t to w est and dip to the s ou th at a n a ngle of The thickness of the la rges t v ein

i r f but th thrs re m uch a er s ove eet e o e a s m . 3 , ll

The or e is fi ne- rained cas s iterite a s s ocia ted w ith uar tz g q ,

a ena ir on rites z in c ende a nd r are wo fra mite. It g l , py , bl ly l

f n The rodu ction of in fr the m ine in contains 3 % o ti . p t om

bin 1 899 was .

XI V. STREAM TIN.

Stream tin is fo u nd in the v icinity of Taka yam a a nd

’ ir ukawa o ver a n a r ea of a ou t 2 m s ua r e on the a nks H , b q , b

of the iso- aw a in Ena- or i Min o r ov ince not far fro m K g , g , P ,

th f k tsu a w e tow n o Na a g a . Gra nite cons titutes the m ou n ta ins of this r egion a nd is

h he h tin r C sit rit cons idered to be t e m ot r rock of t e o e. as e e

o ccu rs a s gr ains in the grav el a yer o n the banks of the . l r iv er ass ociated with ir on sand to a z er sa hire wol , , p , b yl, pp ,

nd f r us nite fr amite a e g o . N M C L Y ECO O I GEO OG . 1 85

XV. ANTIMONY MI NES.

K n o Mi n — Th e is i u e an -m u ra a e. e ano Min s t at d in o K K ,

suno- or i Su r i o ov n e. T g , P c

The cou ntr rocks ar e Mes ozoic sa nds to ne cla slate and y , y

con omer a te her r u r r i c v eins r u n n n e st gl . T e a e fo p n ipal i g a a nd west and di n hi hl r thw rds Th r is s tibn ite i no a . e o e , pp g g y .

Yield of regttlus and s u lphide of antim ony from

the Kan o Mine.

u hide S lp .

I chin oka w a M i n e —The Ichinokawa Mine is s ituated

’ in O oin-m u ra Nii—ori I o rov ince a t a distan ce of 1 m j , g , y P , 5

from the town of Sa i O w hence the m eta is s hi ed. j , l pp

The m ine was dis c vered a u t 200 ea rs a o bu t it o bo y g ,

w n u i r t nce At as ot nt l 1 885 that it attained m uch impo a .

r e th w o r d p es nt it is the m os t p r odu ctive an tim on y mine in e l . The r ocks o f this dis tr ict a re g ra phites chist of the Crystalline-schis t S ystem a nd Creta ceou s conglomerate con

s istin of fra men o f r t ine-schi ts The de o s its a r e g g ts c ys all s . p fou nd in the for m o f v eins trav er sing thes e rocks fr om eas t

to w t I his h r r w l e f od s know n es . n t m ine t e e a e t o c as s s o e l ,

as Yoko-hi a nd te-hi Ta .

The oko-hi horizo t v in in ines ent s ou thwar ds Y ( n al e ) cl g ly . It has a wide ex tension in the congl omera te and a ttains a thickn f I i d d r ess o abou t 6 feet. t is ths v ein tha t yiel e a la ge

a mou nt o f ore a nd that made the m ine fa mo us fo r a time

as the s o e r oduc r o f ntim n n n Lar e a nd l p e a o y i J a pa . g

S endid cr sta s of sti nite w er e for mer found in this v ein pl y l b ly ,

but these seem now to hav e een a most ex haus ted b l .

The a te-hi ver tica veins stand nea r v ertica an d r u n T ( l ) ly l, 1 86 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

e ho h r fr m E N E t W f these the r e o ac e o . o W O a a t t . . . S. . p ll l ,

- - - Sen a bi am ebi a nd su ru bi ar e the rinci a v eins . The g , K T p p l Senga-bi occu rs in the crys talline schis t ex tending ea stwar d s o f r as t m withthe s u ther n a rt o f the oko-hi The a o eet o p Y . Ka me-bi and the Tsu ru-bi ar e to the s ou th of the Senga-bi ; on the east the ru n se a rate bu t o n the w es t the u nite y p ly , y , the unctio n ein mor e than 6 feet thick a nd ein as r o j b g , b g p du ctive as the oko-bi Y . Beside the abo ve m entioned v eins there a re many other s mal er worka e on s in in di trict l bl e the m in g s .

The or e is sti nite m ix ed w ith m ore or es s ua rtz b l q , s ometimes w ith c lcite a nd feath r- re a e o .

Yield of reg ulu s a nd s u lphide of antimony from

he I chin k w t o a a Mine.

Reg ulu s .

Kin .

XVI . MANGANESE MINES.

Ribets M in e — The Ribets Mine is situa ted in Ribets mu ra Seta na- o ri Shirib shi r kk id e ovince o a o . , g , P , H Black ea r thy m a nga nese or e is fou nd in Ter tia r y tuFf in the fo rm of v eins

Yield of man anese ore from the ibets Mine g R .

- 1 88 NON METALLIC MINERAL P RODUCTS.

II . GOAL.

The oldes t coal in Japan is found in the Mesozoic

fo rm tio n The a nthra it s - ato and a . c e of Minegori in Nag

‘‘ Ka wakam I- o rt I n Bitchtt occu r in the u er rias s ic a nd g , pp T

the u ras sic S stems those Of Tanimu ra in Echizen Shitaka J y ; ,

in a n o a nd sukiki i n a m a in the uras sic S s tem T g , T T b J y ; a nd thos e o f Amakusa in H ig o and Miya i in KII ar e in the

s s t m In th t m f R os eki Cretaceou Sy e . e Cr e aceous Syste o y in Tosa a nd of the Katsu raga wa basin in Aw a a re in ter

calated a few coa s eam s of a n inferi r u alit Coa sea m s l o q y . l

r r r ta r f d i i r S s em o f fa gr eate im po n ce a e ou n n the Ter t a y y t .

‘ Of the Ter tiary coal-fields thos e of Kyfi shtI a nd l lokkaidO

‘‘ the m ost ex ten siv e a nd v a u a e In HonshII ther e ar e a re l bl . no remarkable coal-fields ex cept one ex tending o ver Iwaki

‘ ‘ a nd Hitachi which yields coal infer ior to tha t of KytIshtI and

’ kkaido in ua it as w a s in ua ntit The r inci a H o q l y ell q y. p p l - M k hO i h of u d iku . e c oal fields in Kytishti are t ose e a n of Ch .

Chikuzen and Enzen and the coa -fields o f the r ovince o f , l p

r ta nt in H okk id The tota Ishika ri a e the m os t impor a O. l p r oductio n of coal in Japan dur ing 1 899a mou nted to

tons 0 5 of whichwa s the ou t ut of the coa -fields of the , 7 9 p l

thr ee dis tr icts ust na me j d. The quantity of coal r a ised in Japan fr om 1 890 to 1 899 is as follows Ratio to Output of 1 890

taken as 1000.

1 000

1 2 1 8 1 2 1 7 1 2 7 2 1 636 1 830 N - C MIN ON METALLI ERAL PRODUCTS. 1 89

Collieries whichproduced ov er tons during 1 899 a re as follows

H kk o aidO. o u n ons T tal prod ctio t .

Y fibart

P oronai

Kami-Otaushinai

P e u F ukitoka ref ctu re. Tota l prod ction

MIIke

Namazuta

Shinny fi

Akaike

Nara

Daij O

Kaneda

Kawam iya

Dain oura No. 1

Toy okuni

Dain oura No . 2

H ontO

Usu i

Takao

Na asaki P refecture. Tota l roduction o g p t ns .

Tons. Ta kashima (inclu ding

Sa a P refecture. Total roductions g p tons .

Yoshinota ni

The following table s how s the analyses of the coals - from the p r incipal coal fields of Japan. N N- A N R 190 O MET LLIC MI E AL P RODUCTS.

- f r r i d e w Be The chief coal fields o Ja pa n a e desc be b lo . s ides thes e s ma l coa -fields ie din coa s of infer io r u a ities , l l y l g l q l a r e fou nd in the rov inces of Echi o Shina no U o Rikuchfi p g , , g , ,

‘

Mu ts u Kai ama to BitchtI etc. , , Y , ,

A. ANTH RACI TI C COAL .

-fi l f M or i hi — his coa -field oc Coa e d o os U o . l y , g T l

CU ies a sm a a r ea in the m ou ntains etween Ma eda a nd p ll , b

Nanuka ichi in ita-Akita- Ori w ithou tcro s in Yunoshirisawa K g , p .

w - h i of f t i Akar ima ta a nd Osa a m u ra. An ant rac te s eam ee s , 7 fou nd in the ertiar strata which a re dis ru ted vo ca nic T y , p by l

k in diff rent a es The m u u n ins a n r oc s e pl c . s ea s ally co ta m y

r n f thin ba nds of Shale. Po tio s o the s ca m in conta ct w ith

ndes ite d kes have een cha n ed into na tu r k a y b g al co e.

Coa -fi eld of H i a shi -M u r o- r i 11 —Anthracite l g gO , K .

1 N N- 94 O METALLIC MINERAL P RODUCTS.

hi h r i kin d k f hi a s w e t e atte s ca a n sm o . O Sorac co l l g y l , which a re in enera ess u strous those fro m the nor ther n g l l l , p ar t Of the field ar e weakly ca king w hile those from the s outher n a r e s tr ongly ca king . The p rin cipa l m ining districts in the ex tensive Ishikari coa -field a r e as fo ow s e inn in fr o m the nor th l ll , b g g

' ' - — Sor ta /ti (Ka mi a nd S/zzm o Ota u s/zziza z Collier ies) The

thicknes s o f th - r f e coal bea ing s eries is a pprox imatly eet.

It cons is ts of an a terna tion of s ha e a nd sa ndsto ne in w hich l l ,

r inter c r m h r h n ft a e a ated f o 8 to 1 co e ms t i ke t a . l 3 al s a c 3 ,

the av era e tota thickn ess ex c edin 0 ft I nclinatio n is g l e g 4 .

stee and fau ts a r e nu merou s p, l . — l ku slzzmzbels s The w or kable s ea m s a r e four in number

w ithan avera e tota thickness of 1 h di s tee g l 4 ft. T ey p ply

towar d the w est —m ore tha n for t de rees I rre u a r fau ts , y g . g l l

a r e nu merous . — There a re fo u r workable sea m s a s a t Iku

h m ts he f r r di u be o m a e nti i t e . s . T y a l g a cl n e with gen l p

F ts r nu mer ou s aul a e .

' ‘ — YzZba m : The Yfiba ri colliery is located in the s outher n m ost par t of the coal-field a nd is o ne of the bes t collier ies

n here a re tw o s ea s 1 e t nd f h k in Ja pa . T m 5 f e a 4 eet t ic

ectiv e resp ly. The pr oductio n fr om 1 896 to 1 899 fro m the chief collieries o f the Is hikar i coal-field wa s a s follo ws

Kami and ' - Y II bari . Shimo Otaushtnai.

Tons. Tons . 1 896 1 897 1 898 1 899

- - h s t Ku shi r o C0a l fi el ds . On t e coa , ea st and west

f h tow n of ushi ro n u m erou s ou tcro s o f coa a re fou nd o t e K , p l - I E P R D CT NON METALLIC M N RAL O U S. 1 95 scatter ed over the en th of a hu ndr ed ki ometers fr om l g l ,

he av era e thi kness o f th se kes hi to haku mbets . T c e am s Ak S g , which are two o r three in nu m er is a o ut feet the di b , b 3 ; p

h c i n t od i of th s m s is en t e. T e oa s o o conta nin e ea g l l g , g h k f mucha sh The min in oca ities a r e S ita ar o t. sea m . g l l (5 ) ,

ft seam s h u Kobum or i ft. sea m Be o tw o . S ak mbets (3 ), pp ( 3 ) , f h r th t. s i two ft. seam s Ha u tor i r ee eams S ranu ka ( 3 ) , ( 3 ) , ,

’ SenrO i etc j , . The production in 1 899 from the Kushir o collieries was as follows

- — h e d ie i - Ka a n u m a Coa fi eld . is s n Iwa na i o ri y l T fi l l g ,

hrib i r ov ince S i esh P .

here a re three s ix -foo t seam s for min an antic ine T , g l ° ° W. nd 0 to i in 0 to N. a S. E Th c a n in d pp g 5 3 . e o l co ta s

a nd sul hu r The a a nu ma c i r i h muchash p . K y oll e y s t e oldest in okka ido havin een w orked s ince 1 868 H , g b .

esides the a ove mentioned oca ities outcro s of co a B b l l , p l

n fou nd in s v r c in H okk id Ma n f hav e bee e e al pla es a O. y o these lie u ntouched in cons cquence of the lack of conv enien t

r ti n o rka k o wn to oc r transpo ta o . W ble coal s eam s a r e n cu in the a sin of the Ma kumbets a tri uta r of the Someshir i b , b y in the rov ince of idaka o n the Iraibets the Onishibets p H ; , , h h t e Salkots etc. in t e r ov ince of itami. Coa sea m s , p K l on tr ibutar ies of the Muka wa in Ibu r i hav e been recently w k d or e .

H NSH O U .

Abu r a o Coa -fi eld —Ou tcro s o f co of inf ri t l . p al e or quality a r e found in a narrow belt close to the coas t of - 1 96 NON METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS.

hi- - i Th is the Nis Ta a wa or Uzen rovince. e Abu rato g g , P

i h r r m in c i r ies a t r nci a co ier . esides t e e a e or o e p p l ll y B , ll

hi-M d i M tsu oz w e The w or ka e a a ma i as O a a a a a tc. H y , H g y g , bl

sea m whichis inter ca a ted in er tiar s ha e has a thicknes , l T y l , s °— ° of from to feet a nd di s 20 60 . The roductio n 3 5 , p W p

i w s t ns n 1 899 a o .

I ki—H it hi -fi l — his is the a r e t co w a a c Coa l e d . T l g s a l

' ‘ field in H onshtt a nd ex tends as far a s 2 1 m along the

t r n coas t of the r vin s f I d i hi It eas e p o ce O waki a n H ta c . begins in the s outh a t Tom obe in Hita chi a nd s tretching no r thw ar d along the ea s ter n s ide of the Abu ku ma Mou nta ins

r eaches to No a mi i Iwaki The sea ms a r e thickes t in the g n .

r e ion east of u no-take a nd Aka i-dake w hence the ecom e g Y , y b

r du i n r r w w T - ri g a ally thn e no th ar d a nd sou th a rd. he coal bea ng Ter tia ry s tra ta co ns is t of an alternatio n of tufa ceou s shale

and sandstone e on in to the Mi c ne er iod The enera b l g g o e p . g l

s tr ike is fr o m nor th to s ou th a nd the inc in ation is ent , l g ly

eas tw rd he seam s ar e f row n c r inf r i a . T O oa v e e ior n b l , y

ua it com r d w ithth c a ls o f ushu and H kk id a e e o o a O. q l y, p Ky

The chief co ieries a re thos e o f O noda Shir amizu Iwa ki ll , , ,

Ir i m h ta r is d in 1 s a a etc. T e to coa a e 8 wa to ns y , l l 99 , We sha ll here give a s hort descr iption of each coal h distr ict be inn in at t e s ou th. , g g

I n the v icinit of omo e in itachi ca r o na eous s a y T b H , b c hle

about 6 feet thick inter ca a tes thin a ers of r o w n co l l l y b a . This s ha le co ntinu es nor thwa rd to the Azuhata Colliery

thr ou h tsuka w here it atta ins a t hicknes s o f feet a nd g O , 7 con tains fi ve or s ix coal s ea ms fr om 5 to 9 inches in thi ck

ness In th z h i r i t hi h i d i o . e A u ata d st c w c s a e r es s on r e i n , p g , ° there a re thr ee coa seams di in 1 0 s twa r d Th l pp g ea . e upper a nd lower of the three s ea m s a re ear thy coal w ith a

h s f 2 Th dl i f t ickne s o from to feet. e m id e s ea m s 3 eet

hick a nd con ta ins a u ndan t c la a ers hs coa s r t b y l y . T e e l a e

1 8 N N- L M 9 O METAL IC INERAL P RODUCTS.

KYUSH U.

Chiku h Co a fi — The coa e d n é l eld . l fi l lyi g in the two

ad acen t rov inces of Chiku zen a nd Buzen in ushu and j p Ky ,

hen ce ca ed the Chikuho coa e d com r ises a wide re ll l fi l , p a a

ex tendin ov er On a - or i u rate o ri Mu nakata - ori aho g g g , K g , g , K

' or i Ka su a- o r i in Chiku o a nd a awa—ori a nd iki- r i g , y g g , T g g H gO

in Enzen The uantit o f av a i a e coa in t . q y l bl l he field is

im t ns The r i n est ated a t o . p odu ct o in 1 899 was to ns which is m ore than one-half of the total

u tion f a an in the sa me ear prod c o J p y . The coal-bea ring Tertia r y s tra ta were depos ited in basins

that had een for m ed in the o der r ocks cuttin them a bou t b l , g

N N W —S S E and the coa -field is accor din divided . . . , l gly by interv ening m ou ntains into s ev er al troughs r unning in tha t

d r i n The coa - ea rin s tra ta us ua f r m s general i ect o . l b g lly o yn

i whichdi eas t en t a nd w es t s tee The co cl nals p g ly ply . a l

seam s num er m or e than ten of which the m ost enera b , g lly

w r k ar tw s ea m s o f feet a nd feet The co s o able e o 3 5 . al are

o f a ood ituminous ua it a nd m os t m ake ood coke g b q l y ly g . There occu rs frequently a var iety of coal l ocally known a s

' h s the a ea ran ce of a n a nthracite or cok sensekz. It a a e pp , a nd it decrepita tes in fir e ; it is a n atural coke fo r med in

c r the s ea ms co me in con tact w itha ndesite s heet pla es whe e s . The ess entia l por tion of the Chiku ho coa l-field occupies the g r eater por tion of the dr ainage a rea o f the Ong a-gawa

‘ a nd its tributa ries ex tendin over u ra te- ori O n a- Or i , g K g , g g ,

h - i w - ort The ar e coa -field whichma Ka o gor a nd Taga a g . l g l y - NON METALLIC MINERAL P RODUCTS. 1 99 be rightly called the Onga-gawa Coal -field is div is ible natu ra lly into four a r ts which div ision is conv enient for des cr i tive p , p

u r oses n ame a the On a— a aw a r e ion occu in p p ; ly, ( ) g T g g py g the long a rea on bo th s ides Of the m a in cou rse Of the Onga gawa a nd its chief tr ibuta ry the Akaike-gaw a a nd s tretching i h i r f n a N. N W direction o ver t e m dd e o tion O . . l p

‘ On a- or i the eastern ar t of u rate- or i a nd the main g g , p K g

ortion of a awa - or i 6 the ar ate— aho re ion a p T g g ; ( ) K K g , na rro wer belt lying to the wes t of the firs t and pa rallel to

‘ it ex tendin fro m the w ester n a rt Of On a - ori throu h , g p g g g

‘ Kura te-gori to a poin t s o uth O f Ta ir a in Kaho-gor i ; (c) the

Midd e a ho r e ion ex tendin fr om Sho i in aho- or i on l K g , g j K g the no rth to Usu i in the s a me dis tric t on the sou th a ss in , p g to the west Of Iizuka (d ) the Wes t Kaho region Occupying a s ma a rea in the v icinit o f Da i u ll y b .

— — h i a O n a Ta a w Re i on . T es n na ax is ss s . g g a g y cl l pa e

thr hth ld r h r m i i r t oug e fie n ea t e easte n a rg n . Coa l s es ricted ° to the wes tern w in of the s nc inal whichdi s 1 0 g y l , p

Wor kable seams are m ore than ten in nu m r Th be . e field

is div ide into tw o the On - awa Th ed t t d by ga g . e fi l o the ea s Of the Onga-gawa ha s sev en w o rkable seams from 2 to 5

feet thick the av era e tota thickn ess bein a r ox imate , g l g pp ly

2 h co is f inf i r ua it b feet. T e a o a n er o u t it conta ins 4 l q l y,

none Of the ca r o-s ilicified wood that occur s e sewher e a nd b , l

' is oc kn w n a ma tm -z a The outcro s x d f l ally o s w . p e ten rom

am a a on the nor th to akino on the s ou th the in e Y g K , l

assin throu hthe Korom atsu Hi ashi a Ots u i a nd a aw a p g g , g y , j K g

o r In th r i c llie ies . e m o e mpor ta nt field west Of the r iver

ou tcro s ar e fou nd a t Be u in On a- o ri and continue p pp g g ,

‘ southwa rd to a awa- ori thr ou h Shinn tt Nokata Shim o T g g g y , ,

’ sak i c - r d h d i a et . in u ra te o i an t e e s I l r z on from , K g ; fi l l l g

’ n h ort to s ou th the w ides t a r t r eachin to 2 r z. her e a r e , p g T

more than ten seam s Of which the three-foot and four-foot 200 NON-METALLIC MINERAL P RODUCTS

' seam s that a rer es ective th -foo t a nd -foot , p ly ca lled e 3 5

s ea ms a re worka e Besides the a ov e the Ka kuseki , bl b , “ “ ” t 2 the Mita ni t 8 the a nkan the ( ( . K

Yos hinota n t h n m s of the chief etc. a re t e a e

seam s fou nd in the v icinit Of l Th coa s from thes e y Se a . e l

w or kin s co nta in 1 nd t 2 c oke g 3 % to 5 % ash a 4 % to 5 % . Southwa rd at Aka ike in Tagawa -gor t the s eams a re the 3 ” fo ot 5-foot a nd Ba nshita ” Goin s ti s outh at Itoda the -foot sea m ecomes the g ll , 3 b " “ “ ” Na na heta (5 an d the 5 -foo t s eam the 8-foot

6 nd s i t - -f s ( a be des here occu r 3 foot a nd 4 oot sea m . O n the s ou th O f Hoshi the coal s ea m s a r e dep ressed by a

f u t r ther s th r d th r e found thr e se m s ru nn a l . Fu ou wa e e ar e a in nea r a ra e to ea ch o ther throu hKawa mi a Na ra g ly p ll l g y , ,

Id h f r r v R s r v -fi ld Th w st r n a a nd t e o m e Na e e e coa e . e e e , y l one of them is w or ked at Kawa m i a a nd Nara showin a y , g s u c e i f t t s im r t th t i h It o li r Aft r c s s on o s ra a ila o a n t e oda c l e y . e s inking u nder the alluv ium the coal reappea r s s ou thOf Taba ra !

thr th i he s m c mes reat infer ior bu t e e e qual ty O f t ea s be o g ly . The middle zone outcr ops in Koma tsuga u ra the ou tcr op co n “ ” tinn in to the Ida co lier w here the 8-fo ot sea m is g l y, cha nged to a natu r al coke by the intrusion Of a ndes ite “ d kes but the o wes t -foo t s ea m reta ins a ood ua it y , l 4 g q l y

- n ds to th v icinit f o d Th foo t ~ e m and ex te e y o S ye a . e 8 s a o f the ea s tern zo ne ru ns s o uthward fr om Ida ; its wor ka ble

or tion is actua a ou t o r feet thick p lly b 4 5 .

r — h R i — hi i r - l Ku a te Ka o e n . s s o fi b. g o T a la ge c al e d n ex t to the a ove embracin the coa dis tr icts Of Nishikawa b , g l ,

ku a s ur u d a ts u n Shaka n Na mazu Ts u n bu et m a o o ta a c. O , T , K , , , ,

A s nc ina a x is as ses throu h the ea stern a r t Of the fied y l l p g p l , a nd coal s ea ms a r e chiefly found in the wes t w ing of the syncline ; bu t n o r th of Miyata outcr op s a r e fou nd in its eas t ° The inclina tion i s 1 and fa u ts are num er , 5 l ous.

202 N N-ME I O TALLIC M NERAL P RODUCTS. W — ( 1. es ter n Ka ho Re i on his u i s g . T occ p e a sm a ll ar ea situa ted to the west of the r ecedin r e ion in the , p g g v icinit of Dai u Th w rk r w - . e o a e s eam s a e t o the foot y b bl , 3 ” 2 ft and the -foot ( .) 5 ( 3

esides the a ove coa -fields a on the On a- awa as in B b l l g g g b ,

there a r e three is o a ted coa -fields kno wn as the as n a the l l K y ,

uki a nd the Mu nak ta K a .

e - — h u . K s n o fi el d is ed occ ies s a y a C a l . T fi l p a ma ll area nor thwes t Of the cit o f aka ta s ur ro unded r anite y H , by g

a nd a aeoz oic r ocks . It ma be descr i ed for co nvenien ce P l y b , sake a ccor din to its na tu ra div ision i nto a nor thern and a , g l s uther n rt the in ter osed a oz oic r ocks The s o pa by p P lae . ea m s in the norther n field sho w a general strike cha nging fro m ' ” W to W a nd f rm a s n in The -f N. o c oot a . S y l e. 3 nd the -fo ot s ea ms tota ft a re w rka e Th hr n 5 . o . e s out e ( l 5 ) ( bl

h E t ike a d e d s ows a S. . s r n a so fo r ms a s n c ine. It fi l , l y l con tains a wo rka le s eam of fro m to feet in thicknes s b 3 5 .

- — h f : Ku ki Coa l fi eld . T is field occu pies a s ma ll

r ea in the en viron s Of oku ra in w hich the Adachi a n a K , d

li r r ed The chief s m is f Koku ra col e ies a e locat . ea 4 eet

h d f r m s s n lin itha str ike chan in from N E t k a c e w . ic a n o y g g . N W to . .

- — M u n aka ta Coa fi el d . his is a sm a a rea o n g . l T ll

h n r th- as of the Ts u ri- aw a in Mu na kata- or i Th t e o e t g g . e coa - ea r in s tra ta a re r em a rka l cu rv ed form in an O o n l b g b y , g bl g

a sin In the v icin it o f Ikeda there ar e tw o wo rka e b . y , bl s a m o f f t nd feet e s 3 ee a 4 .

Collier ies in the Chikuho Coal-field whichp r oduced m or e than tons in 1 900 a r e as follow s - N NON METALLIC MI ERAL P RODUCTS. 203

‘ - TAGA VA GORI, DUZEN.

Tons .

ON( ; CH I KUZEN.

“ ts uj i

A ra te

Uku m O a N .

R TE- RI I K EN KU A GO , CH UZ .

Otoku

- KAH O GORI , CI I I KUZEN.

Na m a zu ta

Tadaku m a

H ou a m i } Shim o-Yamada 2 N N-ME ALLI M NERA 04 O T C I L P RODUCTS.

- of h — o 1- e m re Coa l fi el d s Nor t er n H iz en . C a s a s a

inter ca la ted in the ertia r s tra ta in ita-Matsu ra- or i H i T y K g ,

a shi-Ma ts u ra - or i Nishi-Mats u ra- o ri Kis him a- or i an d Ni g g , g , g ,

’ - - shi Sono i or i in the rovince of izen. The coa s ea m s g g , p H l a re generally thin bu t they a r e p rofitably w orked in nu merou s places o n accou n t Of their good quality and the co nv enience

s r of tra n p o tation . Col lieries in the eas tern por tio n of this district a re l oca ted chiefly in Nishi a nd H iga shi-Mats ur a-gori and in

ma or tions Of Nishi-Ma tsu ra - or i O i- or i and Kis him a s ll p g , g g

i oa s from Nishi a nd i ashi-Mats ura - o r i a r x o r ted g or . C l H g g e e p

r m ar ats u har ou r a nd ar e kno u n as the r ts u c f o K b Ka a oa l s .

The r in ci a col ier ies a re the chi Mutabe Yos hinot p p l l O , , a ni and Choj a a nd the w orkabl e s eam s ar e 7 feet and 3 feet thick hos e of O i a nd Kishima - or i are s hi ed t . T g g pp o

i he P ukum o a ku itak ta Kishim a Na asak . T a Ichim ur g , T , K , , a

i - r t r e the r inci co lier i s The c a nd Shku U a a a p pal l e . oa ls from thes e a re infer ior to ara tsu coa s bu t ein conv eni nt K l , b g e ly situated for trans rota tio n v er thin s eam s ar e w o rked p , y . In 1 899 there wer e 3 8 collier ies w hich pr odu ced altogether

tons .

- — In the coa l regions Of Kita Ma ts u ra gor t and Higashi

Sono i- or i which lie westw ard the coa -bear in er ti r g g , l g T a y s ha e a nd san ds tone a re fre uen t trav ers ed b basalt d k l q ly y y es .

trike is v a ria e a nd fau ts a re n um er o u n l S bl l s . I qu a ity the coa s a r e in fer ior to those of a ka-s him a a nd Ka r ts l T a u . The thickn es s Of s ea ms does not usua ex ceed 2 feet bu t ein lly , , b g conv enient oca ted for tra ns ortion nu merou s s m a co li r i ly l p , ll l e es ha ve been w orked o n hem The m o t t . s pr oductiv e of thes e a r e in the envi rons O f u ku -s him a Im a fuku Shisa Em uk i F , , , a ,

Shikama chi Kosa sa Miua s e a nd Sas ebo . In 1 8 th r , , , 99 e e w ere for t -one co lieries tha t r a is ed m or e tha n y l ton s, their to ta r odu ctio n ein to ns l p b g .

- 206 NON METALLI C MI NERAL P RODUCTS.

while the 5 -foot s eam w hichlies fro m 6 to 1 0 feet below

f rm r is inf r i r in u lit nd is n t or ked a t resent the o e e o q a y a o w p . “ ” The 8-foot coa the Miike coa Of the ma r ket is n ot l , l , quite bla ck bu t g ra yish; it is a highly bitu minou s caking

coa with no s ma l ro or tion o f s u hu r a nd hav in a l, l p p lp , g

r t c o rific ower In the Asiatic ma rkets it is hi h g ea a l p . g ly

es teem ed a s a a s a nd coke- r oducin a nd a n ex c e ent g p g, ll

h i i i r a Mi n ur a en ine coa . T e r nc a coll e ies a r e a t O ur a o g l p p l , y ,

Nanau ra an d Kachida te a nd the dee est eve has a en th , , p l l l g

h i n s of feet. T e da ou t ut is a rox im ate to ly p pp ly , a nd in p rodu ction the Miike s ta nds a t the head of Jap an es e

m in s coal e .

u i P rod ct on .

S TH ERN I LAND OU S S.

- — Coa l fi el d O f the Ya ey a m a i s l a n d s In Ir io m ote

Shim a one o f the ae a m a Is la n ds in Okin a wa r efectu re , Y y P ther e is found a coal s ea m O f 4 feet inter cala ted in Tertia r y

Shale an d sa nds tone It is o f a fa ir ood u alit bu t v er . ly g q y, y

im it d in nt The roducti n ur in he ar l e ex te . p o d g t ye 1 900 was

tons .

- l m — Th al Coal fi e d s o f Ta i w a n (F o r o s a ) . e co s of

a iw n r f und in r i r hal In the n r thern r T a a e o Te t a y s e. o pa t O f the isla nd numerou s coal-s ea m s ca n be traced fro m Kiir u n

o B O-r its u h r f he m os t a rt on 1 r 2 f t y . T ey a e or t p ly o eet

hick a nd ra r e d The s tr ike is N E in h t e x cee feet. . t ly 4 . e - E P 20 NON M TALLl C MINERAL RODUCTS. 7

n rth r n r h E n r B -r itsu The o bu t N . e o . e a t N. C an es to . a p , g y s eams fo rm s everal fo lds a nd dip abou t r a r ely les s tha n They ar e chiefly w o rked in the v icin ities of Ta ihoku and iir u n a nd the r in ci a l collier ies a re a t Ka nk aku K , p p y ,

Moku s n t D n r oko d hk a ku tei a a to e a n S i . , H , y y

Ka k k i nk aku r m s r e n ya u l es n o r th of Su ihe y . Fou s ea a

found h r f i hi k th di E E t e e one o which s feet t c e . S . , 5 ; y p

M ku s i u t d n r h f Kiir T he s ea m s a r e o san i s t a e o t o u n.

° 2 f thi h r r l f a t. ck and di 2 E E T e a e o a o p 5 S . y p b b y

hi her hor izon tha n thos O f K nk a ku g e a y .

atto is to th N E o f Kiir u n The -fo t s ea m her e e . o H . . 3 was fo rmer wo rked b the Chines e Gov er n m en t bes ides this ly y ; , ° two se ms a h1 f t thick a r f u d Th di 1 E a e c oo e o n e E . . S , , y p 5 The Den ryoko collier y lies nea r Kiir u n to the s ou th

Of Hatto At thi la ce a re fo n d thr s e ms the di . s p u ee a ; y p ° 2 E h w f k d i 5 E S . T e lo es t is 3 eet thic a n s p r obably iden tica l w ith the 3 -foot s ea m of H a tto ; a n d the coa l s Of H atto a n d Denryoko a r e O f a higher ho rizo n than that

f M s O oku a n .

Shik kut i li s f hi r a e e S S E. o iir un . The s eam s he y K , g tha n thos e o f Den r oko fo rm an a n ticline The r inc i a y , . p p l sea m s a r e thr ee in n u m r o f w hi h h thck i f e c t e i es t s eet. b , 4 The abov e-men tion ed coal-s ea m s ex tend to Gina ryo a nd

R fi ta nto o n the eas t a n d to Da ndan a i Su ihenk a ku Na n y , g , y ,

' kOShikO TOseika ku etc o n th w es B d hm fi , , , e t. es i es t e we nd coa seam s a t im or i Sa nshOr ei Shin ten a i etc l K p , , g , .

C. L l GNl Tl C COA L .

In ferior i nite r eta inin a wood tex tu re— oca l kno w n l g , g y , l ly ' ' — as zw a kz occur s either in the u er-m os t ho r iz o n O f the , pp Ter tia ry s trata or in the l ow er p a r t of the Qua ter na r y beds ; and it is oca l u s ed s fu The s eam s f li n iti l l y a el . o g c coal a r e most thin r r x edin f t hi a e e ce ee . s coa is m in ed n ly , ly g 5 T l i 2 8 0 PETROLEUM.

cons idera e u antities in the ro v in ces O f Owa r i and Mino bl q p , and a so occur s in the ro vin ces Of Rikuchti Rikuzen K6 z u ke l p , , ,

Awa i and Shodo-shim a j .

D. P EAT.

Peat is fou nd in sev era l pl aces ; the p r incipal localities ar e Akita and Aom ori r efectu res wher e it is ocal ca led P , l ly l

the n ame f ne o or asa by O é k g .

III . P ETROLEUM.

Ou tcrops Of petr oleum a r e fo u nd in s ever al pa rts Of

i n r r tr o eu m for a an m ost er tia te r a nes . Co ectin e J p , ly T y ll g p l use ha s een in v o ue fr om ea r times but the rodu ctio n b g ly , p

f t r l u t I n O i on a la ge s cale w as on y beg n qu ite r ecen ly.

amma e na tu ra a s occu r s a s o in m os t etr o eu m distr icts fl bl l g l p l , bu t its u ti iz atio n is on an in s i ni ca nt s ca le ex ce tin tha t l g fi , p g whichis s ues from etr o eum o r e-holes The m os t roductive p l b . p

O il-distr ict is Echi o and the nex t TOtOm i w hi e okkaido g , , l H ,

U o and Shina no ie d on l a s ma ua ntit Of etr o eu m . g , y l y ll q y p l According to s ta tis tics fu rn is hed by the m in ing a s s ocia tions in Echi o the rodu ction o f c rude Oil in the Em ir e g , p p — dur ing the yea rs 1 895 1 900 w as as follows

P rov i n ce.

' ' ' ' ’ 11?te ' ' n . Aoku . A ol u . I t ol u . I t ohc. A obu .

Echig o

TOtOm i

Other p rov inces .

Tota l

Th to ta l a mo u n f k e t o ero s ene m a nu fac tu red m a y be hl u t a s a out 0 r r ou e cent. Of the cru de il d g y p b 4 p O pr o uced.

2 I O P ETROLEUM.

1 8 It is s id tha t efo re an in un dation in 1 8 the r o 94 . a b 97 p

duction Of Oil w a s m or e tha n 0 koku er m on th bu t s ince 4 p ,

the inu n d i h odu ti h s r t r d The a t o n t e p r c o n a g ea ly dec eas e .

rodu ction in 1 00 w s a ou t koku er m onth The de th p 9 a b 4 p . p

Of the wells v a ries etw een 1 feet a nd 2 feet The b 8 34 .

r i co f hl d N - S e on ns is ts O s a e a nd sa n s tone s tr ikin nea r . . g , g ly ° a n d di n w rd Th il i Of B u and 6 ppi g es twa . e O s 43 a mé 0

n f l - il er ce t O i is u ed fo r . p . t s amp O

m - i hi r — h il-fi l Shu b ets Ats u ta Or I s ka i . T e o ed is , g ,

s itua ted a t Shu m bets- am a Mor i-m u ra to the nor theas t Of y , ,

I hi r i d h U r r o h h i- s ka to w n an o n t e e cou se f t e S a tska r a wa . , p p g This dis trict cons is ts o f s a ndy s hale a nd dark g r ay s ha le

oc ca s ion a ll con tain in nodules of m ar The s tra ta ener y g l . g ally

r \ — r V s t ike N V S E. a nd entl di t w a ds \ Th il i . . o e o s g y p S . co nta ined in the s hale a nd there a re nu merou s o u tcr ops in

the v lle i nc 1 8 ha n -b rin s to et the hav e a y . S e 79 d o g g been

m ade a nd twen t o r thir t w e ls ha ve een bo r ed the , y y l b , dee s t a 2 f The to t l r odu c tion in pe being bo ut 7 0 eet. a p 1 893

s r x im l 2 ' w a app o ate y 5 Ko/cu . Outcr op s of Oil a r e als o fo un d in the follow ing l ocalities

I SH I KARI .

h i n Kota n tsu t - Ori MOrai S atska r a d A a . , , g

i- Na ka o a I s hikar Ori . g y , g

' - O‘ l Eta ibets UI U l . , Y g

u - w KabatO - Or i To k a a . g , g

h- i Naibets ora c i Or . , S g

Ta ru - a w a Ku tta r u - a wa and Ki om -a Y Gba ri- Ori g , g y p , g .

s u is ats oro- O T k a S r i . p , p g

I BURI .

I Ia akita Ka ru m ai Moibcts Mir u ku n nai Shoru m a Kab ti a n d y , , , , , y

Ton ni a t ttts u - Or i . y , p g

I l I DAKA.

H orosa ru H a e a nd Ken m ai ru - Or o Sa i . , y , g P ETROLEUM. 2 I I

- Several laces between Atsubets and P orose Nuka Ori . p p , p g

m shi i Y m k h- Ya ako na a a os i Ori . , g

OSH IMA.

Ni orikawa an d Washinoki Ka abe- Ori g , y g .

I zu misawa a d K d iishi Kam iis - O i n o an o r . , g

NEMURO .

h firu i Me hi- Ori C nas . y , g

UGO .

- - — hi d i s Ni or ika w a M i n a m i Akita Or i . s e e g , g T fi l l

° u 7 2 no r th O f th to w n f Akita Since 1 8 ei hteen abo t 1 e o . 7 3 g

h d I whn i was m ost roductiv e we s av e een u . n 1 8 e t ll b g 75 , p ,

r Bu s s uent the av e ag e da ily p roduction w as 4 koku . t ub eq ly

the o u t u t decreas ed and in 1 00 on koku dai was p , 9 ly ly

t fr o thr ee f u el s ere the r inci a oil- ear in go m or o r l . H p p l b g

s r li d h f f t Th tr tific t atu m s eem s to e a t a ept o 1 92 ee . e s a a

tion is as fo ows : irst su rfa ce s oi 6—1 feet then a ka ll F , l ( 5 ) ,

' ' zwa r ed rock 0 feet and nex t a wo-zwa uish Sha e ( , 3 ) , (bl l ) , which is u nderlaid by a hard san ds tone locally known as

kana za ku .

" - - — h h I z u m i M i n a m i Akita é r i . T is a ce ies a a f n , g pl l l

fr om Akita Since 1 8 8 thr ee w e s o f the de ths of . 7 ll p

a nd 88 feet r es ectivel ha v e een s unk her In 1 8 5 p y b e. 94

the dail rodu ctio n was a ou t koku and in 1 00 on y p b 7 , 9 ly

Th first i tr u w r eachd t koku . e O l s at m as e a the depth f h f o 1 8 feet and t e s econd et ween 20 and 80 eet. 9 , b 4 4

B uish sha e r edomina tes l l p .

- - — i - h Ka m i O u n i U r i Or i . Near ra sa wa mu ra on t e g , g H c oast of the Sea of Japa n s ev en ty s haft-wells hav e been dug

in 8 he a r e fr om 0 to 1 8 feet dee nd th S ce 1 7 4 . T y 9 0 p a e

r f u d l 6 f Th r o il beds ar e gen e ally o n beow 0 eet. e m os t p o 2 I 2 P ETROLEUM .

du ctive we once ieded koku er da but n ea rl all O f ll y l 4 p y , y

d to flo n 1 hr e w er e them have radua cease w . I 00 t e g lly 9 ,

t o r three we ls iedin a v er sma u ntit The only w o l y l g y ll q a y . g r ound m ainly consists O f an a lter na tion of Sha le a nd sand stone a nd the Oil-bea ring bed is a loose sandstone containing

r z nu merou s qua t grains .

The etro eu m here O tained is v er thick a nd row n p l b y , b ,

da rk ue or near a ck in co ou r and from it 0 or 0 bl ly bl l , 4 % 5 %

f m -oil is ta ined o la p ob . The other l ocalities where ou tcrops of Oil a re fou nd a r e as follows :

Tsubaki Mena ata Iwato awa Kom a ata and Kami-Iwakawa , g , g , g ,

Yamam oto—Ori g .

O u ra Koba ashi F unabashi ra ama Ku rokawa Michika wa g , y , , U y , , ,

So ekawa Kawashiri Naka ma u chi F u na awa R ii e y , , g , g , y g ,

Tsuk o s b s Mi mi-Akita - Ori in ki Ku Odo and Ya a e na . , , g

I shidazaka and To om ki Kawabe- Ori a . y , g

Y ukikawa M O asa wa Katte Michikawa F utako Shim o-H ebita , y g , , , , ,

Kami-Hebita Kam i-I nnai R Ozen i Y okooka Ka meda Ashi , , y j , , ,

kawa O a awa F ukaza wa Kosu eno Y oshizawa Kawa be , y g , , g , , ,

- Su isawa a nd Sarukura Y u ri Ori . g , g

- Kus u Atsu mi Ori . , g

ECHIGO .

The chief Oil-fields of Echi o are in the o rder Of r o g , p

du ctiv eness the Nishi ama the i a s hi a ma the Nu tsu the , y , H g y , , Kubiki r egion (incl uding num er ou s O il districts of small pro du ction in Higashi Naka and Nishi-Kubiki-gori) ; and the fields Of less er impo r ta n ce ar e the env ir ons of Myohoji in

' a riha - or i the env irons of u s u in Sa nto- or i a nd u r o K g , K g , K

' k w it - a r - r i a a in K a K mba a go .

- - — - Ku r ok w a Kita am b a r a ar i . The oil field lies a , K g

2 1 4 PETROLEUM.

° The Oil is ver heav hav in a rav it of a ou t 1 Ba umé y y, g g y b 9 ,

a nd is ver suit for th m u f t r f u ri i oil y able e a n a c u e o l b ca t ng .

H i a s hi m a Ko shi - r i —The im or tant Oil-field a O . g y , g p

° kno wn as Higashiya ma lies a bou t 3 7 2 eas t o f the tow n of

Na aoka in the m ountains ex tendin s ou thwa r ds fr om Niits u . g , g

' The pr oductive r egion ex tending fo r abo ut 1 n from nor th

to south is div ided in to the fiv e dis tr ic ts Of Urase ir e , H ,

a tsu ho atsu r aza w a a nd Ts uba kiz awa but the are co n K , K ; y

ti u ous a nd ca n be co nsider d as on The s ucces s fu l o en g e e. p in f he Th nnu rodu c i n g o t fi eld dates fr om 1 888 . e a a l p t o du r ing recent yea rs has been a s follow s

The nu mber of p r oductiv e w ells in the hole r eg ion w a s hi h re orted on Oct. 2 1 01 a s 2 o f w c 1 1 w er e o red p 5 , 9 3 3 , 9 b we s a nd 1 1 Sha ft-w e s a nd the to ta rodu ction fo r the ll 4 ll , l p

ku Ur ase and ir e r duc u s am e day w as ko . H p o e a bo t eq u al ly a nd together abou t tw o-thirds of the o u tpu t O f the wh e ed The tw o dis tr icts lie s ide b s ide in the s o uth r ol fi l . y e n ex tremit of the eld a nd o cc u to ether the roades y fi , py g b t

or tio n o f it which is a ou t 0 m etres w ide The m s p b 7 0 . o t

roductive o r tio n o f i ashi am a is in ir e w her e m an p p H g y H , y we s each Of which ie ded a t one tim e 0 koku o r mor e er ll , y l 5 p da hav e een bor ed in the n ar r ow s tri o f rou nd o w n ed y , b p g h il om an I th b t e oden O C . n e Ka tsu ho r e ion w hic y H p y g , h

ies no r thO f the a ov e a nd s ta nds n ex t in im c r ta nce ther l b , p , e h -w i h wa s for mer ly a s a ft ell whc p roduced 1 00 koku per da y ; n u merou s s haft-we s ex is t there c osel c ustered whi h ll l y l , c yield 2 1 PETROLEUM. 5

Th il bed nsistin Of on a n av er a e koku er da . e O co g 3 p y , g a oose sa nds tone is reached enera at de ths of 20 to l , g lly p 7

8 0 feet in ir e and the wester n ortion of Urase O f 80 4 H p , 4 to 0 feet in the ea s ter n or tion Of Ura s e an d of 0 to 5 4 p , 5 4 Th 600 feet in Ka tsu bo atsu razaw a and Ts ubakiza wa . e , K

Oil re io n is on a n a ntic ine run nin nea r nor th a nd s ou th g l , g ly , on the to p of which is ex p os ed s oft bluish sa nds tone which u n ie sh i i k l i o er te The der l s ale nter cala t ng thic v o ca n c aggl m a . follo w ing a re the records of ex cav atio n of two well s in the field

The Oil wel NO 2 s ituated n ea r on the a an CO . . J p l , ly bou n dar etween Ura se a nd ir e which once ie d 1 00 y b H , y l koku per day

Su rface

Soft blu ish sa ndstone

Blue clay

Da rk sa n dstone

Blue clay Clay with sa nd

\Vhite s oft

H a rd sa ndston e

White soft

Reddish sa nds tone

White sa ndstone (Oil bed) Clay w ith sa nd

M n l Vell Shin fu so Co Ka tsubo t , .,

Blu ish

Blu ish shale

Blu ish

White rock

Black s hale.

Greasy s hale Coarse san d (Oil 2 1 R M 4 PET OLEU .

° The Oil is v er heav hav in a rav it Of a ou t 1 Ba umé y y, g g y b 9 ,

a nd is ver s uit e for th m nu f tu r f u r i i il y abl e a a c e o l b ca t ng O .

H i a s hi m a Ko s hi - r i —Th im or t nt il-field a O . e a o g y , g p

° kno wn as H ig ashiya ma lies abou t 3 7 2 eas t o f the tow n o f

N a k n h a o a i t e m ountains ex tendin s ou thw ar ds from Niits u . g , g

' The pr oductiv e r egion ex tending fo r about 1 n from n or th to s outh is divided in to the fiv e dis tr icts Of Urase ir e , H ,

atsu ho atsu r aza w a a nd Ts uba kiz aw a but the are co n K , K ; y ti u ou s a nd ca n be considered a s on e The s ucces s fu l o en g . p in O f the d d t fr T n r u c i g fi el a es om 1 888 . he a nua l p od t o n du r ing r ecent yea rs has been a s follows

The nu mber of p roductive w ells in the whole r eg ion w a s

1 2 f whi h r re orted on Oct. 2 01 a s O c 1 1 we e o r ed p 5 , 9 3 3 , 9 b we s a nd 1 1 s ha ft-wels and the tota rodu ction fo r the ll 4 l , l p

w koku Ur as e and ir e r duc u s ame day as . H p o e a bo t eq ual ly a nd together abou t tw o-thir ds of the o u tpu t o f the wh ed The tw o dis tr icts lie s ide b s ide in the s o u ther n ole fi l . y ex tremit Of the eld and O ccu to ether the roades t y fi , py g b

i h res w ide The m s p or tio n o f it whc is abou t 700 m et . o t

roductive o rtio n Of i ashi am a is in ir e w her e m a n p p H g y H , y we s each Of which ie ded a t one tim e 0 ko/Z’ u o r mor e er ll , y l 5 p da hav e een bor ed in the n ar r ow s tri o f rou nd own ed y, b p g i m n In th Ka t u bo r e ion w hich b the oden O l Co a . e s y H p y g ,

ies nor thof the a ov e a nd s ta nds n ex t in im or ta nce ther e l b , p , wa s for merly a sha ft-well whichpr o duced 1 00 koku per da y ; n u merou s s ha ft-we s ex is t there c osel c ustered which ie d ll l y l , y l

2 16 PETROLEUM.

The o il is rather heav the den sit ran in etween y, y g g b ° ° 2 and Bau mé a nd contains a ou t 0 Of a m O il. 7 3 5 , b 5 % l p

ir e r odu ces the est Oil a nd Ur ase the Second est a nd H p b , b , th u i h l r d e q al ty of t e Oi gets w ors e as we pr oceed no thwar .

Ta kez a w a Ko s hi- Or i — A ou t 12 south of the , g . b 4 s outh end of the H igashi-ya ma field and in the sam e r ang e of m ou ntains ies the s ma Oil i tri t f T kez w a At the l ll d s c o a a . m os t r oductiv e er iod in 1 8 a out 20 Oil-we s had een p p , 94, b ll b du nd w ho i d w 2 In 1 01 g a the le y el a s a bou t koku a day . 9 a n insig nificant quantity O f abou t o ne-fifth of a koku per day w as ra ised fro m two w e ls The r ock cons is ts main o f l . ly ° Sha e The rav it Of the Oil is Bau mé and it is Of a l . g y 3 9

ood u it g q al y.

- — d th ow f Am a z e Sa n tO Gr i . Am aze a a cent to e t n o , g , j

i h st f h ea of n inn in Izu m oza ki es on t e coa O t e S a a . e , l J p B g g in 1 87 3 wells were a t fi rs t dug o n the slope Of the hill eas t o f Ama z he were n ot dee er than 0 feet a nd ie ded e. T y p 5 4 y l w h on a bout koku a da . In 1 88 a e wa s tried on t e ly 3 y 3 , ll

ea cha nd it rov ed to be v er su ccessfu Ma n s ha ft-we s b p y l . y ll hav e een du s ince tha t tim e alon the coa s t a nd in 1 8 0 b g g , 9 1 l U hw ther e w ere m ore tha n 0 w e s . to that time o ev er 5 l p , , we s cou ld not be du dee er than 80 feet o win to the ll g p 4 , g

i ine wa ter e o w th t e th n 1 0 t i is s u ng o f s al b l a d p . I 89 hs difficulty was ov erco me by the intr odu ction O f the Am er ica n

m f o rin a nd der r icks wer r h s s te o e e ec ted o n t e sea . y b g , The field w a s in its m o s t pr osperou s condition in 1 894 and

1 8 and a fter tha t tim e the roductio n ra dua ll decr eased 95 , p g y .

Sin ce the dis cov er of the a mada-Na a min e ed the Am y K g fi l , az e

d h s been a mo st n e c d The fo lowi fi el a l gle te . l ng table s ho w s 6 the outpu t Sin ce 1 88 . 2 1 P ETROLEUM. 7

The depths of the bor ed wells in this field ra nged h n f 2 6 f t T e es t w e w s N . betwee 1 500 eet a nd 5 2 ee . b ll a O

6 o f the a an Oil om a It was 1 1 km dee n J p C p ny. 3 p a d produced koku Of Oil fr om February 1 894 to Ju ne

1 Th r ks cons ist m ainl of sh e ter natin wi h 899. e oc y al al g t s d n n r l c i t E h Oil s tr an s to e a nd e e a en S. T e cc r g ly l p g ly . ata o u in s ev eral ho rizo ns a nd the u pper m os t is only from 30 to

h he w N 1 o f th 6 feet from t e s urface T e O. e n 3 . ll 3 Japa

Oil Com a n . enetra ted thirteen Oil s trata within 2 100 fe t p y p e . The Oil-con tent va ries w ithho rizons and generally s peaking i r r in h d r eds A few s outin w e s ha ve s la ge t e eepe b . p g ll b t i d The etr o eum is Of a v er ood een bor ed in hs fiel . p l y g

ua it iedin 80 of a m Oil. q l y, y l g % l p

- — ’ Ku s oz u a n d U s hir oda n i Sa n tO Or i . A ou t 1 i r z , g b - h i southeas t of Iz umozaki is O i O ama . T e v a e Of , g a y ll g

’ KusOzu on the w es ter n side of this mou ntain wa s kno wn in

r tim t r c iner Oil The w ls ar e ex a t d ea ly es o p odu e m al . el cav e upon a s teep anticline fo rmed O i s trata which r es emble v ery 2 1 8 P ETROLEUM.

c osel tho e in m The str ta consist essentia O f l y s A a ze. a lly

r h n t nd t n Th il b d a s oft s a e with s u or di a e sa s o e. e O e g y, l b , w hich is a oose san dstone ies etween the de ths of 60 l , l b p

fe t d t n i Th d e an 1 00 fee a nd a lw a s co ta ns as . e ee es t , y g p

w r d 6 f d Six t o v ent e r s ell ev e ug her e is 3 0 eet eep . y r se y y a ago petroleu m was got by ex ca vating hor iz on tal tu nn els nea r

oil s ee a e Su se uen t to the Zenko i Ea rth u ake in p g s . b q ly j q

1 8 the Oil ceased to flow bu t four o r five ea rs ater it 4 7, , y l r ea e r ed and num erou s shft-we s hav e s ince een du pp a a ll b g .

The m ost roduc tive time wa s dur in 1 8 2—1 8 when the p g 7 74, da il ou t u t a r o ched a hu ndr ed oku One o f the w e ls y p pp a k . l

is s a id to hav e then ie ded 0 koku in a da althou hfo r y l 5 y, g

n h r ri In 1 h w e th ti o a S o t e od. 8 o ev r e Oil r oduc o n ly p 99, , p

dec r eased s o m uch that m a n Of the w e s w ere abando ned y ll ,

and o n l 2 koku dai wer e a ther ed fr om three we s not y ly g ll ,

e h n 0 f t nd s ix u nne Th il i i ht nd d e er t a 0 ee a t s . e o s a p 3 , l l g ,

it is s id th t 0 of a m -oil i O t ined a a 7 % l p s b a .

‘ Us hir oda n i is s itua ted s o u thea s t of Ku sOzu and on the other

- h side Of O i O ama . In 1 8 t er e w er e some s ix kazu sa g a y 99,

ar f-w u f e rodu cin 1 k k d h b e s a o t 00 e t dee 0 o u a a . T e ll b 7 p, p g y

s ot ies o n an an tic ine with N. E. strike and a en t e di p l l g l p .

' M h i K r ih - Or i — hi is s ituated 6 n n or th O O a a . s y j , g T

w z i r om three hundr ed a nd for t ea st Of Kashi a ak town . F y

ea rs a o u nti a ou t ei ht ear s a o w hen wel s wer e r s t y g l b g y y g , l fi

du for the o il etr o eu m ha d een co ected from outcro s g , p l b ll p

h c The industr has continued sin ce and in 1 88 a t t is a e. pl y , 7 w hen it wa s m os t p r osper ous the da ily p r oductio n r ea ched

bo t o u d Bu t the roduction a fterwards radua a u 1 0 k k a a y. p g lly

dec reased a nd in 1 01 the ed w as in s uch a de or a e , 9 fi l pl bl con dition tha t o nly 1 5 koku was obta in ed from some nin e

w e s in th ll a m on . The oil-bea r in g s trata co ns is t chiefly of s hale in tercalated

h a d o Th s r t r i i r N N E. t s t ne e t a a s t ke n ene . . n wi n s . g al a d

2 20 P ETROLEUM.

m r e nd the r e dth 00 m tr s The r oductiv e 1 800 et s a b a 4 e e . p portions lie on the top Of a n anticline with gentle dip

nni in the dir ection Of the n r ax is f h d The ru ng lo ge O t e fiel . fi rs t p roductiv e O il bed is fou nd in a fine-g rained sa nds tone

d th f ou t 6 f et A few w d r tha n at a ep o ab 00 e . ells ar e eepe

f t as is ent in the ed and v ee . G pl y fi l m any wells ha e been bor ed whichs pouted intermittently at first a nd afterwa rd

owed u iet the ied of O il ein not ra re ov er 1 00 fl q ly, y l b g ly I d h h l koku er da . n a ma a t e roduction of eac we p y K , p l decr ea ses m or e ra id than in Na a mine roba owin p ly g , p bly g

t th w s ein too c os e to ether o e ell b g l g . The follow ing a re the bor ing-r ecor ds Of two wells in d the fiel .

N 1 N in a an Oil Co. w e O . a am e. J p , ll , g

Clay

Blu is h soft

Shale

Sandy shale

Shale

Blu is h soft sandstone.

Shale

Bluish soft sandstone (Oil indication )

Shale

Bluish soft sandstone.

Shale

Bluish soft sa ndstone (Gas)

Shale

Gray clay ey sandstone (Oil bed)

N 1 Zao Oil Co. we O. amada . , ll , K

Su rface soil

Sa ndy shale

F ine sandstone Sandy Shale PETROLEUM. 22 I

Feet. — Fin e sandstone 1 5 5 — San dstone (indication Of Oil) 1 7 7 — Conglomerate 1 86 — F ine sandstone 2 1 3

Altem ation of sandstone and —280 — Shale 3 1 2 — Sandy shale 3 57 — Conglomerate 357 37 2 — Sandstone 402 — Sandy 528 — Sha le 564 — H ard sa ndstone 564 582 82— 6 Fine clayey sandstone (Oil and Gas bed) . 5 6 4

The c r ude Oil is heav the avera e dens it for ama a y, g y K d

in Baum nd f N m in be g é a or aga e Bau me.

M a a wa and Us/uhf o a nz — hes e tw o dis tr icts are q g d . T also continu ous a nd a r e s ituated westwar d Of Naga mine nea r t e f Mi t r uc fu he v illag o yagawa on he coa st. The fi st s cess l

r in w s m ad in M w i hr re nine bo g a e iyaga a n 1 894. T e e a bored wells in the r egion fr om which abou t 50 koku ar e

d i he r du i i - f O ta ined a . T o ctiv e o l eds l e 1 80 eet b ly p b , 3 dee The trata di G n th in M nd di . s e t sou i a awa a p p b ly y g , p

NW in Ushir d ni h f t r h . o a . T e o win i h c f t e . llo g s e e ord O

we NO . 2 of the a a n Oil O ll J p C .

Clay

Shale

Gravel

Sha le

Gra vel

Soft sa ndstone

Shale

Sandstone

Gray sa nds tone

Sha le 222 PETROLEUM.

Feet.

— I 0 6 White sandstone , 5

— 1 Shale 1 , O4

— 1 1 O Bluishhard sa ndstone. , 7

Shale

rse sand il — 1 26O Coa (O ,

Shale

The oil is com a ra tive i ht ein of the a vera e p ly l g , b g g ° i f 2 B u m dens ty o 30 a é .

° - i hi - iki - 6 1 i — E w r o Oil fi eld s o f H g a s Ku b g . n ons f

— - M a ts u da i Ma tsu dai lies in the easter n pa rt of Higashi Kubi

’ - - i or i It is an old Oil distr ict. A out twent two ear s a o k g . b y y g th r w er e so me twen t we s one of which ielde 1 koku e e y ll , y d

f il r da At resent it is a mos t a andoned. Na tura o O pe y. p l b l

is f u d h r g as o n e e. Oarato and Koda ni sou th of Ma ts uda i wer e m os t p r o sperous in 1 876 a nd ther e wer e m any very sha llow p r o

h r d i s in i ni n Th du i we s Bu t t e o u ct n i now s ca t. ct v e ll . p o g fi e

Oil strata a re her e sha e or ha rd sands tone and there a r e l , m n r z n f them The Oil is ood a nd a ou t 8 er a y ho i o s O . g b 5 p - n f i o ta in d a s am Oil and 1 0 r cent. s ce t. o it s b e l p pe a v l i i o at le O l. Seepag es Of o il a re fo und in s everal lo ca lities in the

k shit r n u th-ea s t Of a ra to Th r re om Sa a a egio s o O . e e a s e tw w with m roduction of oil elv e ells a s a ll p .

' im w f Matsu da i ies 2 n s t of zu G o es t o 2 ea a su ka . y , , l Y From 1 887 to 1 890 the yield from m ore tha n twen ty wells

o d n 1 here r n l w a s k ku a a . In u e 8 t w e e s eve w e s 3 y J 99, l not dee er than 2 feet rodu cin koku in a da p 3 7 , p g y . The O il-bear ing s tra ta con s ist ma inly Of g ray s hale and h f l — t e r n n tic in f d r nin N. E r o m a a a o u n S. W . . At esent y l l , g p the u er O il- eds a re found dr a nd the r oductiv e s tra t pp b y, p a lie e ow 1 20 feet and u s ua l a t u t 2 0 f b l l y abo 4 eet.

M 224 PETROLEU .

n f u nd t de th of a ou t 00 feet The cr ude has bee o a a p b 7 . ° il is Of 6 Baume o 3 . Sou th of Kitan o ar e found the two hpor tant Old Oil

ri f i nd n o dis t cts O Gendoj a Tate .

' ' ’ — - Gm doj z Reg iam This region lies 2 ir r z sou thea st O f

kat It com r ises the three nei h ou rin dis tricts of Ta a. p g b g

‘ Ma h O idaira GendO i and a . O idaira r oduces er m ont g , j y g p p

o i fro ix t n l 2 - f t d e abou t 30 k ku o f O l m s ee wel s 40 600 ee e p . When it was at the height of its pr osper ity during the yea rs from 1 8 to 1 880 ther e w er e 2 60 w e s with a m onth 7 7 , ll ly

r o uction of koku or m or e. In Gendo t se ara ted p d j , p

a sma va e fr om O idaira the m on thl out ut was in by ll ll y g , y p

Au ust 1 8 1 00 koku fr om 1 2 we s . Gendo i was m os t g , 99, ll j p rosperou s about 1 884 when it p roduced 1 000 koku per

h h r r n M a in u st 1 8 thirt w e s m ont . e e w e e i a Au T y g , 99, y ll

t r 1 m th M rodu ced whichyielded altoge he 30 koku per on . aya p 600 koku per m on th when it w as m os t pr osperous abou t

1 The r ock in thes e r e ions is chie sha e the s tr ata 880. g fly l ;

— N r E — di s u hw rds La nds i s tr k N E A . o . W nd o t a . s i e . . S a ., p l p

t h il r fi r tuface us s nd a re fre uen . T e o st ata a r e ne a o a q , g y s tone a nd coar se reen s ands ton e and the lie in sev era , g , y l h iz s ll d e er ha n 60 f et The resen t r oduc tiv or on a e t e . e , p p p

eds lie etw een 20 feet a nd 0 feet in O ida ir a etween b b 4 5 4 g , b

00 feet and 80 feet in Gendo i a nd elow 20 feet in 7 7 j , b 7 ° M The oil is v r ood o f the dens it o f 0 Ba um a a . e é . y y g , y 4 — Ta le/to Reg ime The Ta ten o r egio n lies 2 % r i so u th

h tow f k ta It w as her th t the di in eas t of t e n o Ta a . e a gg g f r etr leum w fir tr ied in Na ka - u ik - or i Abou t o p o as s t K b i g . 3 5

ears a o a t its m os t r os er ou s tim e the m onth r o y g , p p , ly p

duction r eached 00 or 800 koku . In Au u st 1 8 it wa s 7 g , 99,

d t h re w er then s ix t wel s es timate a on 20 oku . e e ly k T y l , a nd none dee er tha n 20 f et The s tr ata m ain consist p 7 e . ly of Sha e a nd the Oil is contained in sa nds tone in ters tra tified l , h i it it. Th r r l E nd d n l w e s t ta s tri e en e E N. . a e t a k g al y . p g y P ETROLEUM. 22 5

E he u er m st O il bed is f u nd th h w de th S. S . T o o a t e s a o . pp ll p

Of 1 8—2 feet and is s aid to hav e rodu ced a m oderate 4 , p

n it Of tr o u m in f rm t f a rs qua t y pe le o er imes . A ew ye ago the oil was dra wn out Of a bed s itua ted at the depthOf 1 20 feet bu t now it is comm on O ta ined fr om a de th rea ter , ly b p g h n 00 f et t a 3 e .

' - l hi - - — - Oil fi e d o f Ni s Ku bi ki 6 r i . H z as/z H z a ma g :g i y . This dis tr ict is s itua ted on the upper cour s e of the Nadachi

° awa a nd is 7 7 dis tant fro m the t w n of Nadachi The g 3 o . Oil collecting beg an in 1 879 a nd s ince then about fifty wells hav e een ned hir d th in 6 — f t Th O e t e e e 0 0 ee . e b p , p b g 3 99 bes t of them pr odu ced abou t 2 0 koku a day and ther e were severa tha t ieded o r koku but afterwa rd the rodu c l y l 3 4 , p tion gr adua lly diminished and the g r eater p ar t Of the wells h ave een a andoned. In Octo er 1 8 on e even we s b b b , 97 , ly l ll wer e r oductiv e da i iedin koku a to ether. p , ly y l g 5 l g

The s tr ata cons istin of a n a ter na tion of sands tone a nd , g l sh e di hi h t w rd E Th rinci oil eds e a o a s E S . e a a r l , p g ly p p l b

enera found e ow 60 feet a nd are m os t lu ish fi ne g lly b l 3 ly b ,

ra ined sandstone The Oil is Of the densit of Ba umé . g . y

’ “ In the u pper pa rt Of the NO v alley 1 } r z sou th-west

Of i ashi- i a ma Old a bando ned we s ar e fou nd a t Mizoo H g H y , ll and M - r aki mu a.

SHI NANO .

- l f T m i r hi -Min o hi - r i —The Oil fi e d O o ku a S m o O . , c g

fied is situated nea r the ou n da r O f Shinano a nd Echi o l b y g , nor thwes t Of Ii ama town The di in e a n in 1 8 1 and y . gg g b g 7 , in 1 8 ther e w er e a t Ma tsu za wa nine wel s n on e o f w hich 79 l , were dee er tha n 0 feet and which ielded koku p 5 7 , y fr h n h w re n d ned B s i om 1 8 1 to 1 88 w e t e e a a o . e des 7 3 , y b , numerous wels w ere o ened at Nakan o Ni o r iike and other l p , g 226 P ETROLEUM .

aces b t ll f them wer a andoned A u ish o se s nd u a O e . o a pl , b bl , l s ton e occu rs a t the depth of 9 feet and nex t com es a bl ue h s a e ov er l in a s econd b uis hsandstone which ea rs the Oil. l y g l , b

il - l i K m i -M i n hi - r i — his e d O fi e d of Sa o a oc O . j , g T fi l

’ ies 1 r z north Of Na ano a nd ex tends ov er Sai o Shisa ri l g , j , shinko t U em ats u etc In for mer tim es nu mer ous we s j , y , . ll w re du a d ied d me uan tit of Oil At resent e g n y l e s o q y . p on n w ls a r f u nd a t Shisa r ishinko i he a re n t ly seve el e o j . T y o de er than feet nd du ce bou t h f a koku m o nth ep 300 a p ro a al a . The rocks a re mainly black s ha le a nd the oil is fou nd in a es n r the c nta th i ar ite pl c ea o ct wi l p .

TO OMI T .

O il -fi eld O f Su e a a H a ib a r a - or i —The s ma g g y , g . ll

° O il-field Of Sugegaya lying 1 7 1 sou thwes t of the tow n of

ra roduc m t il o u tsid f Echi o The Oil in dus tr Saga p es os O e o g . y her e w as e un in 1 8 a nd in the ea rs 1 8 8 and 1 8 b g 73 , y 7 79, when the ed was m os t r oductive the month ied ex fi l p , ly y l ce ded koku Bu t afterw r d th r du io rad a e . a e p o ct n g u lly dec ined a nd in 1 8 the m onth r oduction was r educed l , 95 , ly p to a ou t 2 80 koku a thou h ther e r em ain ed a out a hundred b , l g b w The dee est Of these wels is 0 feet dee A ou t ells . p l 7 5 p . b

e cent of the Oil m a be u sed s l m il The i 65 p r y a a p O . O l bed is fine- rained oose s an dstone ess than feet in thick g , l l 3

i e Oil is O tain ed fr om s ha e Th r t n ess ; somet m s b l . e s t a a of

r hw w a rd nera hi h n sha e di n o t est e at a es . The s tra ta l p , g lly g gl a re fo ded in m an s ma l an tic ines in the nei hou rhood l y l l g b , and ou tcrops Of Oil a r e found in s everal loca lities bes ides u S gegaya.

N TAIWA .

‘ The O ccurr ence o f petr oleum a t ShukkOs ha nea r ByOritsu in the nor ther n pa rt Of the is land w as kno wn from ea rly

228 STONE FOR BUILDI NGS AND MONUMENTS.

from th nins f w a d Izu Granite is much m or e e pe ulas O A a n . se dom us ed in ok o it ein tr ans orted from itachi l T y , b g p H ,

Mik w and rov inces on th I nd a a e n a Sea . , p l

Or namenta s tones are ranite dior ite or h rite ser l g , , p p y ,

entine im esto ne s cha s tein o s idia n a ate and uar tz p , l , l , b , g q ,

ut th f i d di r i u i n The ar onifer ous b ese a re O lim te st b t o . C b

imesto ne of Mino the cr s ta in e imestone of Na ato a nd l , y ll l g

itachi and the ser entine Of i o and Hita chi a re the H , p H g m os t eautifu am on the r n menta stones b l g o a l . The following a re the chief l ocalities Of bu ilding and decora tive stones

Schists hi zat ik - O shi S mo o H i ri Musa . , g ,

ko near okushima Awa in hikoku Sa , T , S

Shimou ra M Osai- ori , y g ,

ishiba ashi Awa - Ori N y , g , - hi Limestone Ma u mi Ta a Ori Hitac . y , g g ,

u ke awa S g ,

u S wa ,

- adaki I nasa Ori TOtOmi . T , g ,

- s ka F uwa Ori Mino . Aka a , g ,

- ki oshi Mine Ori Na ato . A y , g , g

hi Tosa . KOC ,

- - achi H i ashi Mu ro Ori Kn . N , g g ,

- su chi Iwaki Ori Iwaki . Shirat , g ,

- shir u ka awa I wase Ori Iwa o . S g , g ,

- u hi a hichibu Ori M sas . Id , C g ,

u hi- Ori O O enomi a S c T t mi . Am y , g ,

- numa I naba Ori Mino . U , g , - to AnO ori Ise. Misa , g ,

— O i zu mi wa I zu nam i r I . Tann o , g ,

- m hi Yatsuka Ori I zu m o . Ki ac , g ,

- uku i Mihara Ori Awa i . F , g , j

Amano,

akasu N p ,

o Minat ,

- itatomari Itano Ori Awa in Shikoku . K , g , STONE FOR BUI LDINGS AND MONUMENTS. 229

- ama a On a Ori Chikuzen . Y g , g g , Okuma Kaho- Ori , g ,

Meihama Sawara- Ori , g , - Kusubobaba Amakusa Ori Hi o. , g , g h S imoura ,

- - Con lomerate Akutsu H i ashi Oitama Ori zen . g , g g , U - Teshima ShOdO Ori Sanuki . , g , - him F uku am a Matsu mae Ori Os a . y , g , - - Ku made Hi ashi Ta awa Ori zen . , g g g , U - hm uke Ashino Nasu Ori S i ots . , g ,

Karas u ama y ,

Kanuma Kam i-Ts u a- Ori , g g ,

- ake aoka Kimitsu Ori Kazusa . T g , g ,

Kana a y ,

a Awa- Ori Aw onshii T kasaki a in H . , g ,

him ku S osa ma , w u I aibuk ro,

Iri amazu y , - Nanasawa AikO Ori Sa ami . , g , g - Shi e SuntO Ori Suru a . g , g , g

Kuchino,

Tai,

Sawada Kamo- Ori I zu , g , .

F uku i, Echizen .

Oshiko n nami- Ori H arim , I g , a .

Y ushima Kinosaki- Ori Ta ima , g , j . - En o i Iwam i Ori Inaba . g j , g ,

Arashima No i- Ori I zumo , g g , .

oko ama Ku me- Ori Mim asaka . Y y , g ,

Otani ,

Granite Mats u Ashik - da a a Ori Shimotsuke. , g g ,

Na usa g ,

Kamisa a Nuba ru - Ori H itachi y , g , .

I wamakami O Nis hi-Ibaraki- Ori Hitachi g , g , .

Y manO Mak - a abe Ori Hitachi. , g ,

Moto i g ,

H on O Tsuku ba - Ori g , g ,

Na ai g , B I DIN N 230 STONE FOR U L GS A D MONUMENTS.

ta sukuba- o h O T n Hitac i. , g , h- - I waku ra Hi as i Kamo Ori Mikawa . , g g ,

Nakam u ra ,

Ku iidaira gy ,

Akah ara ,

Akatsu H i ashi-Kasu ai- ort Owari , g g g , .

Ka mi-miz u no, Kaizu h - Takas ima ori Omi . , g ,

ChOfuku i GamO- Ori j , g ,

Ta ika e- i b Asak Or Ise. , g , A ki A m - O ra a a ri I a . , y g , g

Terada ,

Shii aku in Oda i - ort a mashiro g , g g , Y .

u mi oshi Muko- O S ri Setts u . y , g ,

a i F u na i- Ori Ta mba Y g , g , .

Waki osa - Ori Tan o . , Y g , g

I nu im ku - a O ori Bizen . j , g ,

H ikt tm a Bitch j , fi .

MukO ima Bin o j , g .

Mu rO ShOdO- Ori Sa n uki , g , .

Karahits u Kida - Ori , g ,

Mu O im w - Ori uki k a Ka a a San . j , g g ,

I ima j ,

Kashiwa i ma j ,

Oshima I o . , y

Nishi a - hi u ze k wa Ku rate Ori C k n . , g ,

Diorite Ku ram a da i- Ori a mashiro O . , g g , Y - h Mi - uartz or r ts u a I nu kami Ori Omi . Q p p y y y , g ,

Ki osaki y ,

Ser entine Machi a Ku l - OrI H i a hi t c . p y , j g ,

Kam es ku a ,

Takan u ki ,

Okancda Ta a - Ori , g g ,

- F u iwara Tone Ori KOzuke. j , g , - hi Naruse I ru m a Ori Musas . , g ,

K nasaki Chichibu - Ort a , g

Naka m u r s O- Ori a i m a A a T a . , g g , j

Shim o O him -Mashiki- O i S o ri H o . g , g , g

23 2 CLAYS AND NATURAL CEMENTS.

- - Na asato Kita Takaku Ori Hizen . g , g ,

O awarau ra g ,

I z ki a ,

‘ ‘ VII . CLAYS AND NATURAL OEMBNI S.

’ — ' F u ller s Ear th Fuller s ear th is s ometimes found in tufaceous s ha e i a rite and li a ritic tuff O f the er tiar l , l p , p T y age ; but the beds of the ea rth ar e n ot thick enoughfo r ’ r rkin Fu er s ear th occur s in the fo owin p ofitable wo g . ll ll g places

- O amo Kam o Ori Izu . g , g , h- Morimachi Suc i Ori TOtom i . , g , — Kadota OdO Ori Bizen . , J g , - h Mishima TsukubO Ori Bittc ii . , g ,

P or cela in Cla — As the otash-feds ar- ea r in rocks y p l p b g , suchas ranite or h r a nd i a rite ar e wide distr i u ted g , p p y y l p , ly b in a an the ar i aceous m a teria s for the m anufac tu re Of J p , g ll l

o in r f u dant O curr n e Th p rcela a nd ear thenware a e o ab n c e c . e

or ce ain c a s of am a shiro Omi a nd Owa ri a re the p l l y Y ,

roducts of decom os ition of ra n ite and or h r and thos e p p g p p y y, of Amaku sa Ar ita and Izushi come from weathered i a r ite , l p . Less comm o nly decom pos ed sedimen ta ry r ocks a re us ed for “ ” “ the s m ur in iz n- aki a nd Ban kO- aki a e ose as e . p p , B y y ' The kno wn deposits Of p orcelain Clay a nd potter s ea r th a re in the following localities :

- - Taki am a Minami Mu ra a ma Ori zen . y , y g , U - H on O On u ma Ori I washiro . g , g ,

H achim an Kita-Aizu - Ori , g ,

Tsubota F utaba - Ori Iwaki , g , .

- Kinose KO a Ori Omi . , g g ,

Asami a y ,

shim ura Ni ,

Ku i n m - ta n Ye u a Ori Ka a . , g , g A RA M 2 CLAYS AND N TU L CE ENTS. 33

- Seto Kasu ai Ori Owari . , g g ,

- Chita Ori Owari . g ,

- Hatsu Mie Ori I se. , g ,

h ma- Ori a Ma ru bas ira A a I . , y g , g

him - Ori ot Kanam aru Kas a N o . , g ,

u - i hir Ima ama SOrak Or amas o. y , g , Y

- Mihara Ori Awa i. g , j

Tsu na- Ori g ,

hi- Ori a i m I zu shi I zu s T a . , g , j

- Mats u e Yatsuka Ori I zu m o. y , g ,

DaitO Ohara - Ori , g ,

- I so a mi Oku Ori Bizen . g , g ,

ushia e M g ,

- Tasuki To ora Ori Na ato . , y g , g

naku m a Sawara- Ori Chiku zen Na , g , .

oshimatsu Y ,

Koishiwara Asaku ra- Ori , g ,

h-Ma m - ri iz Arita Nis i tsu O H en . , g ,

s ize GotO island , H n .

- Amakusa Ori Hi o . g , g

hara atsu shiro- Ori Bui Hi o. , Y g , g F utam i Ashikita- Ori , g ,

- Ibusuki Ibusuki Ori Satsu ma . , g ,

Kawanabe Ka wanabe- Ori , g ,

Cla —A hdrous s i icate Of a u m ina sometim es y y l l ,

“ ” ‘ know n as ROSeki in Chtt oku occu rs ei her as i g , t v ens cuttin acid v olca nic r ocks or im edded in tufa eous r g b c ocks . Localities a re as foll ows :

Chi I waki- Ori I waki U O . g , g ,

Mitsu ishi Wake- Ori Bizen , g , .

' ' T a bz Ear l/ —Ta bz is i d f r a t L ta a k n o conc ete, in which a natu ra mix ture of sand and ea r th for med b decom l , ( y

osition of ranite or sa n dstone and cla sla te in s u ch p g y , a stage Of w eathering that the feldspa r in the r ock ca n be disso ve m os t effectu a h dric chor ide thou hit is l d lly by y l , g t N 234 P REC OUS STO ES.

not c m etel k oliniz d is em ent d wi h im h chi f o a e c e t e. T e e pl y ) , l loca lities a re

- Maru ama Niwa Ori Owari . y , g ,

- Obuke Mie Ori Ise. , g ,

- Koshinowara asu Ori Omi . , Y g ,

ka am a GamO- Ori O y , g ,

K O O m sh Env irons of t a a iro. y , Y

u ichi ki- Ori Aki F uts ka A . , g ,

o o - O i T ora T ora r Na ato . y , y g , g — Na tu r al Cemen t A certain va r iety of ma r l o r calca re ou s clay can be conv er ted into cement by r oa sting a nd is

know n a s n atura cem ent For the m anu fac ur f cem en l . t e O a t

Of ood ua it how ev er it is necessa r to hav e a cer ta in g q l y, , y

uantit of c a and ime added to the uar ried r th q y l y l q ea . The localities Of such ear thar e

om a i nami- O i T r To r Etchfi . , g ,

nami U ,

u him - O i Y s a Amaku sa ri H o . , g , g

izu Sa ,

VI II . P RECI OUS STONES.

Ma achite c r s ta ameth st sm ok ua r tz and a ate l y l, y , y q g

th chief mi r kno wn as ewe s to the ancients wer e e ne als j l .

The r u sa hi re er a nd to az hav e ecom e know n by, pp , b yl p b

in com a ra tiv e r ecent times . Tou r ma ine a x inite a rn et p ly l , , g ,

v es uv ia n ite etc a re a s o fou nd bu t the a re n either fit fo r , . l , y

hes miner s r o r na m enta l pu rpos es n or abundant. T e al o ccu in pegm a titic dykes or in sedim enta r y r ocks meta morphosed

ra nite intru sion A ate and o a occur in cav ities by g . g p l fill g

i i h hi u i dan n v o ca nic r ocks . O s dian w ic s fo nd n a u n ce is l b b ,

som etim es us ed fo r o rna ments .

The follo wing ar e the chief localities of pr ecious stones in Japan

2 6 3 ABRASIVE MATER1ALS.

IX. ABRASI VE MATERI ALS.

We shall place abra sive materials in two clas ses ; one

consis tin Of s tones suchas are used for mi s tones m orta rs g , ll , , hones or whets to nes and the Other com ris in owders or , , p g p sa n s su ch as arnet sand umice sa nd diatom ea rth a nd d , g , p , , ochr e. For m i stones a nd m or ta rs com a ct varieties of ll , p

ranite diorite a ndes ite or t a r e chiefl us ed. The g , , basa l y ’ n agu r a -ao of Mikawa is a well-know n m ater ial for hon es for

' d - swor s ein a fine ra ined tufi Of li a ritic r ock. , b g g p The only abrasive material for har d s tones in Japan is

arnet sand. It is u sed for rindin uartz a ate ade or g g g q , g , j stones of simi ar hrdn s chr e and tonoko deriv ed from l a es . O

the ishin of meta s ecom osed cla slate ar e a ied to o . d p y , ppl p l g l Diatom ea r th which occurs imbedded in the Tertiar y a nd

uar terna r for mations ranks nex t in im or tance to ar net Q y , p g

‘ hn ria BOShtt sa nd which occurs in sand as a polis i g mate l .

‘ ‘ B htt r w in onshu is the sand deriv ed abunda nce in Os o A a H . from a pumiceou s tuff ; it is largely used for the polishing

f d r h r d materia s o mo e a tely a l . The following a r e the chief localities of abrasiv e m a terials in Japan

- i lstones and mortars Makuraze Kanoashi Ori I wami . M l , g ,

Grindstones

- hir Ki a SOraku Ori amas o . y , g , Y Sa a Kadono- Ori g , g ,

Mume ahata g ,

- l la l Mi s ki Min mi-Ku wa da- Ori Tamba dino s a ea nd s ate a a a . A le t C y : y , g ,

H ienota ,

Hi ashi-Motom ume F u nai- Ori g , g ,

- Go ma zato F unai Ori Tamba . , g ,

Ya i g ’

- - la sla e a nd lade I zuchi Minami Tsu aru Ori Mutsu . C y t S , g g ,

z i hi-Mu m - ri ze a am a H as ra a a O . K , g y g , U n ” - MATERtAL FOR 1NRSTONES OR s zutu t n x . , u s 237

- Niwasaka Shinobu on Iwashiro. , g ,

izu - - hi O mi Nishi Ibaraki Ori Hitac . , g , - Na an u ma Oku Ori Bizen . g , g ,

u h - - him Kaif na S im o A ata Ori Tsus a . , g g ,

u - h S ke awa Ta a Ori Hitac i . g , g g ,

Tak kami n - i h a U akami Or S imOsa . , g ,

Kawai Kita-Shida ra- rt Mikawa o . , g ,

H u Nishi- hi - a ro atsus ro ori Kai. g , Y g ,

Tozawa Kita-Kan ra- Ori Ké zuke , g , .

’ Mih K ki- n a im ara inosa O T a . , g , j Ka - mim u ra Am akusa Ori Hi o. , g , g h Taka ama ,

hi - Ise Garnet sa nd O ac Asake Ori . y , g ,

Anamushi Kit -Kats u ra i- rt a o amato . , g g , Y sh - Sa a O ima Ori SuO. g , g ,

h sand Ota Ku i- Ori Hi hi BOs fi tac . , j g ,

Ohata Awa- Ori Awa , g , .

Korom o Nishi-Kamo- Mi w Ori ka a . , g ,

’ O awa Chita- On wari g , g , O .

Ren e i Ku - wana Ori Ise. g j , g ,

Ishi Ka oshim - ki a Ori Sats uma . , g g ,

' Uda nO KadonO- n h O amas iro. , g , Y

Nis hino ama U i- ort y , j g ,

h ais/za Sakamoto Kaw ka i- Bl l'l Oc re Y a m ort tC fi . ( ) , g ,

Diatom ea rth: Abashiri Abashiri- Ori Kitami , g , .

Nishio Ku m a- ri Hi O o. , g , g Nii im P u mice a Izu . j ,

Mikomoto ima I zu j .

Takase awa Tamana- ort Hi o g , g , g . Mi ako Ki - - O , ta Morokata Ori H ii a y a g , y g .

- X. MATERI AL FOR INKSTONES, OR SUZURI I SHI .

' The ra g a z z which s erv es for the g rinding O f solid

hine ink i ex c us iv e used in E rn C se s a ste As ia. I , l ly t is ma de

Of sha e cla sla te or scha s tein Of a com a t l , y l p c and homo

eneous tex tur e. Li a rite thou hver rou hi g p , g y g n compa ris on 238 sLATEs. w ith these is et used for the sa me u r os e in schoo s of , y p p l

ower rades ecau se Of its chea ness It is known the l g b p . by name Of tor a or ti ers tone fo r the r ock ha s us ua g , lly

rown ands in a e ow ro und Inksto nes a re m ade from b b y ll g . s to ne qua r r ied at the following localities

Gosho Mi a i- w - h n m I ate Ori Riku c fi . , g , chi Mom - z Oka O Ori Riku en . , g , u zu ri im Mi am i-Kom - ri K i S a n a O a . j , g , Teraba ashi Mina m i- hi ra - ri Mika w S da O a . y , g , H irose Ta kashim a - ri m O O i . , g , ShimbO On fi - Ori Wa kasa , y g , . Ka mi-Sa a Radono- ri a m O ashiro . g , g , Y Morihiro Asa - Or i Na ato , g , g . Taka - ri Tosa Usa oka O . , g , Kita awa Hi as hi- su ki- ri H O fi a . g , g U g , y g

XI . SLATES. — Stone A hard and com pact siliceou s shale is used as touchston e and a s o s erv es as the mater ia for ack , l l bl

i in h ame The bes t L dian s to e known a s p eces t e g o g . y n

- u m es fr m Nachi aw i s h-Mu ro- or i Kn n a rla r o co o a a i . g g , H g g , — Sla te A cer ta in kind of s late in Pa laeozoic a nd Meso z oic for mations is u sed for r oo n and a so for s choo -s ates fi g l l l . The chief localities of s u ch slate a re as follows

hh Mom - ri Riku ze Okac i a ma O O n . , g , - Ika wa Abe Ori Su r u a . , g , g h H t - ri S im onokae a a O Tosa . , g ,

— Stone A m ar ly lim estone o f the Ter tia r y

in li h r h It is h w for m atio n ca n be used t o a . o ever n ot g p y , ,

u h to s r ve for min u te rintin Th r c ompact en o g e p g . e occu r en ce of the r ock is lim ited to the follow ing tw o localities:

an na i Nishi-Ta ma - ri usashi S O M . , g , m w ki - r Ka e a Sa do O i . Sado . , g

240 LIMESTONE.

O ushi Nishi- - e Sono i Ori Hiz n . g , g g , ak h T a ama,

Shim sat h -M h - o o S imo as iki ri Hi o. , gO , g

Sawatari Kami-Mashiki- Ori , g , — Gypsum Gyps um occu rs in r ocks acted upon by hot s rin s o r in minera i This su st nce is found in th p g l vens . b a e follow ing loca lities

- h hi- u m - ri zen Kami Hi as i ama Hi as M ra a a O . g y , g y g , U

Mi z Kami- ri iku zen a aki O R . y , g ,

ishid Iw se- ri Iwashiro Se O a O . , g ,

Mom u Nasu - ri him o s k ra O S t u e. , g ,

Kimiza w - ri I zu Toi a O . , g ,

- To ooka Koma Ori Ka i. y , g ,

Oku amada Takai- Ori Shinano y , g , .

Okawa Ashikita- Ori Hi o , g , g .

T XIII . LIMES ONE.

Limes tone is widely dis tributed in a ll geologica l for ma

n and occurs in m ost rov inces In neiss we find cr st tio s p . g y a l ine imestone in the a aeozoic and Mes ozoic for mations l l , P l fossi iferou s imestone a nd in the er tiar mor e or es s ma r l l , T y l ly va rieties . It is u ar r ied for wa as ter for minera m an r q ll pl , l u e

' and for the manu factu re of s/zzkkui and cemen t.

The impor tant lime-producing distr icts ar e as follows

Hi ashi-Iwai- Ori Rikuchii g g , .

ome- ri Rikuz T O en . g ,

Moto oshi- Ori y g ,

Tam u ra- Ori Iwaki g , .

SOma - Ori g ,

Nishi-Ibaraki- Ori Hitachi g , .

Ta a- Ori g g ,

so- Ori Shimo e A g , tsuk . 2 1 LIMESTONE. 4

- - i anra Ori Kfizuke. K ta K g ,

anO- Ori T g , - - h ishi ma Ori Musas i . N Ta g ,

hichibu- Ori C g ,

- - Nishi Kubiki Ori Echi o . g , I g

' - h onami ri Etc ti . T go ,

' Kami-Niikawa- Ori Etchi g , t

him o-Niikawa- Ori S g ,

- hze Ono Ori Ec i n . g ,

Nan O- Ori j g ,

suru a- ri T g gO ,

u- Ny gé ri .

- n u ori Wakasa . O y g , - - h Minami Saku Ori S inano . g ,

Kami-Ina- Ori g ,

Shimo-I na- Ori g ,

Su wa- Ori g , i -K - K ta oma Ori Kai . g ,

Haibara- Ori OtOmi g , T .

I nasa - Ori g , - F u wa Ori Mino . g ,

Ono- Ori g ,

bi- Ori I g ,

ana- O i Mi w r ka a . Y g , Ats u mi- Ori g ,

Sakata- Ori Omi g , .

n ukam - Ori I i g ,

Inabe- Ori Ise g , .

' Atets u- Ori Bitchti g , .

Kawakami- Ori g ,

Hiwa - Ori Bin o g , g .

inseki- Ori J g ,

Mine- Ori Na ato g , g .

- Tosa Ori Tosa . g ,

H i ashi-Uwa Ori I o g g , y .

Kiku- ri Buz a eu . g ,

a awa- Ori T g g , 2 A A AND AR Z 4 2 FLUORSP R, TALC, M1C QU T .

- ats ushiro Ori Hi o . Y g , g Ashikita- Ori g ,

U XI V. FLUORSP AR, TALC, MI OA AND Q ARTZ.

F luor — u s a r occurs in veins in a cid eru tiv e spa r . Fl or p p

rocks It is u d in th er mic an d s i dustries The . se e c a gla s n . l ocalities Of the m ineral a re as follows

- hiz Omodan i Ono Ori Ec en . , g ,

- Noto H odatsusan Ha u i Ori . , g g , - Obira Ono Ori Bun o . , g , g

Talc occu rs in decomposed ser pentine i n the follo wing l ocalities :

- - Torinomi Hi a shi Iwa i Ori Rikuchii . , g g ,

h - O KOzu ke Aki ata Kanra ri . , g ,

h - hin Soe i Chiisa ata Ori S ano . , g g ,

Ki a - shiw i Min m - ku - O hi n t Ka a a i Sa ri S na o . g , g , - h Misa wa Chichib u Ori Mu sa s i . , g ,

Y or u Ha nzawa- Ori , g ,

Shim ozato H iki- Ori , g , - hfi F utO Awa Ori Awa in H ons . , g ,

i —Or Oki Kawakami H no i H . , g , - Gaku Oe Ori Awa in Shikoku . , g ,

Ni - O I o rakawa am a i ri . A y , g , y

Ku roze ama y , — Mica Mica occu rs chiefly in pegm atitic dykes cutting i m i i i i - hi ra n te a nd neis s s o et mes n s er c tes c s t. La r e cr sta s g g , g y l a re very rar e and the pulv er ized mineral is u sed in the paper m anu f cture o owin ar e the oca ities of th in r a . F ll g l l e m e al

K - Hi h Machi a u i Ori tac i . y , j g ,

Sakasaki Nukada - Ori Mikawa , g , .

Yats uom ote H azu- Ori , g ,

Mikata Mikata - Ori Wakasa , g , .

ushi- ri im Oku ane I z O Ta a . y , g , j

RCELAIN Z AL P I M N M N RALS. 244 PO GLA E, MINER G ENTS MEDICI AL I E

- Tada Kawabe ort Settsu . , g ,

- Seto Kasu ai Ori wari . , g g , O

' - Sakam oto Kawakami Ori Bitchtt . , g ,

hromite Hidakairi- awa H idaka C g , .

Wa shida ni O - n no Ori Bu o . , g , g e m i Ke - h Cinnaba r S ta a sen Ori Rikuc fi . , g ,

Ko a eri da- O m m a U ri a ato . g , g , Y

- Su ii Naka Ori Awa in Shikoku . , g , - - hi Mol bdenite Kadowara Naka Ka mbara Ori Ec o . y , g , g

tsu w - h a Ma ka a Chikuma Ori S in no . , g ,

ibuchi Oha a - O i zu m o A r r I . , g ,

Real a r Ozankei Sa oro- Ori shik I a ri . g J , pp g , h - Osoreza n S im okita Ori Mu tsu . , g , Orpiment

- OnikObe Ta matsuku ri Ori Riku zen . , g ,

Fer u sonite i - O M no Nae Ena ri i . g g , g ,

' ' Medicina l tzer a ls — Ihe fo owin a re the oca ities M . ll g l l some of the m or e imp or ta nt m edicinal minerals

- - - h o Arseni c Kami Su ikawa Naka Kambara Ori Ec i . g , g , g

hara hi su i- O i hii I S t k ri Btc . , g ,

- Kiu ra On o Ori Bun o . , g , g ‘ K w - hfi I ron v itriol and Sakam oto a akami Ori Bitc . , g ,

Kami-Ko iro Atets u - Ori j , g ,

- E om i Tsu daka Ori Bizen . y , g ,

- Ke i Nu ma ta Ori Aki . g , g ,

Alu m u mats u u ri- Ori iku zen Nar o Ta k R . g , g ,

s - him suke Y u m oto Na u Ori S ot . , g ,

M Okozan Naka-Kubiki - Ori Echi o y , g , g .

Be u H a a mi- Ori Bun o pp , y g , g .

G s u m ee u nder the head su yp (S of gyp m ) .

o er v itr o shio so—O i h s C i l : A A r S im ot uke. pp , g ,

Oita ni Kawan u m a- Ori washiro I . , g ,

saru zaw a Ka zu o- Ori Rikuchfi O n . , g ,

K shi him o-I na- O i hi a o S r S nano . , g , h - O Os io Yam a ri I washiro . , g ,

erussite chinokuchi On o- Ori Bun o C U . , g , g SULP HUR.

- Otom i Ono Ori Hida . , g ,

- Ka Alabaster To ooka Kom a Ori i . y , g ,

- Naru o Tamatsuku ri Ori Rikuzen . g , g ,

XVI . SULPHUR.

Su hur occu rs rofus e in the v o canic re ions o f a a n lp p ly l g J p .

rom the s olfata ras of ma n a ctive as we as ex tinct v o ca noes F y ll l , s u hur etted v a ou r is co ns ta n t em a natin and su lim ated lp p ly g, b s u hu r is a ctua l in cour s e of de ositio n arou nd the O enin s lp ly p p g , fr o m w hichthe v a ou r issues as in the As o the Kir ishima and p , the akon e v o c n ic di tr icts Su hu r is a so v er Often f un d H l a s . lp l y o as a de os it m ix ed u w ith e ected ma ter ia s ins ide cr ter p p j l a s . By far the m os t interesting depos it of sulphu r is that of

s u r u i- am a no rthof Koma a-dake Rikuchfi where a ncient T g y , g , , s tr ea m s o f s u hu r inter bedded in v o ca nic rocks are m in lp l ed. Bel ow a re the na mes of the pr incipal s ulphu r m ines withtheir productio n in kin in 1 899

Mo o ro Shibetoro- Ori Etorofu - ima y , g , j

Shim a nobori Chichikaribets -m u ra Ku nashiri- ima , , j

I chibishinai Petoka -m u ra , ,

P ontO ,

hiretoko Sha ri- Ori Kitam i S , g ,

Atosa n u u ri Ka waka m i- Ori Kus hiro p , g ,

Aka n Akan- Ori Kushiro , g ,

I waon u u ri Iwa nai- Ori Shiribeshi p , g ,

Osats e Ka abe- Ori Oshim a p , y g ,

a mam oto Ikusa awa -m u ra Kameda - Ori Oshima Y , g , g ,

hi i Kameda - Ori shim a hr kis na O . S i i , g ,

Esa u ,

Tadohokke,

Usori Shim okita- Ori Mutsu , g ,

Ishika rido Taza wa-m u ra Sen boku- Ori U o , , g , g

R O oku y g ,

Sukawa Okachi- Ori U o , g , g 2 46 P HOSP HATES.

- - - Tsuru i ama Its ukushi m ura Nishi Iwai Ori Riku chfi . g y , , g ,

Ara odake Tam atsuku ri- Ori Rikuzen , g ,

OnikObe Ara u , ( y )

Numashiri a ma - Ori Iwashiro , Y g ,

Ku sats u Azuma- Ori KOzuke , g ,

ona o Ka m i-Takai- Ori Shinano Y g , g ,

Um i iri Minami-Sa ku - Ori j , g ,

Shirataki Hachi O- im a , j j

ake am a Kusu Ori Y y , g ,

Ku usan Naori- ori j , g ,

Shiratori Nishi-Morokata - ori H u a , g , y g u

Shim o-Nakats u awa Aira - ori Osu mi g , g ,

I ashima Osu m i w ,

kushim Ya a , Oshima

V HOSPH TE . X II . P A S

hos hates occu r in the er tia r form ations in u a P p T y Hy g ,

Uzen U o a nd other rovinces In the fo rmer the s tra ta , g p .

containin the hos ha tes a re ca careou s sa nds to ne a nd s ha e g p p l l , while in the la tter the phosphates occur in m a r l inter cala ted

h c rdin t . ts uka in tu faceou s s andstone and s a e. Ac o o S l g O , there ar e fou r differ ent m odes of occu rrence O f pho s pha tic

r ocks in a a n : na me J p ly,

1 In n odu a r o r enticu r mass es . l l la ;

2 In hos hatic eds . p p b ;

Im r e nated in f ssi s o r ca s ts of s he 3 . p g o l lls ; i h h In recc ated os atic r ocks . 4 . b p p

Of thes e four ca te or ies the rs t thr ee hav e hi her g , fi g

ercenta es in hos hatic co ntent which is us ua in th p g p p , lly e

i r i i ni T e av er t for m o f apa t te o v v a te. h age conten of phos h h hor ic acid is es s than 1 0 er cen t. t ou it m a som e p l p , g y h im s be a ov e 20 er cent. in v er r ic s ecimens Th t e b p y p . e content of phospho r us is u sually less in calca reous n odu les

e The size of m asses or nodu s m a a tha n in clay y. le y v r y

248 MINERAL SP RINGS.

' Is o s - zu e be u i Ori Kci k . , U g ,

Yabu zuka Nitta - Ori , g , - - Hakone Ashi ara Shimo Ori Sa ami . , g g , g

u awa ra Y g , - Ata mi Ta ata Ori I zu . , g g , I zu san ,

Ma su a t b ra ,

Y u ano g ,

Shu zen i j ,

Y u ashima g ,

- - hi- Ori i Ka mi F uchii Nishi am anas Ka . , Y g ,

— - Anta i Shim o Takai Ori Shinano . , g , Tsun om a ,

- - Sato am abe H i ashi Chikuma Ori Shinano . y , g g ,

' Shim o-Su wa Su wa - Ori , g ,

Y u h Mu i- Ori Mino no ora . , g g ,

' i- ht a mada Ne Ori Etc i . Y , g , hi - i - h O awa S m o Ni kawa Ori Etc fi . g , g , h - Y u wa ki Is ikawa Ori Ka a . , g , g Tats u uchi Nom i- Ori g , g ,

Kishi a wa Kahoku- Ort g , g

a m anaka En um a - OrI Y , g

a mas hiro Y ,

u hi - O o Wa ra Ka s ma ri Not . g , g ,

N fi a e- Ori I T k se. y , g ,

Arim a Arim - i a Or Setts u . , g ,

Y ushima Kin ki i osa Ta ma . , , j

Y oshioka Takakusa - Ori i H Ok . , g ,

I wai I wam i- Ori , g ,

Ta m ats u ku ri Y ats uka - Ori I zu m o , g , .

Y u nots u Nima - Ori Iwami , g , .

Y u nosato ShOnan- Ori Mim , g , asaka .

Y ubara Oba - Ori , g ,

Y Y s hiki- Ori uda o Su O. , g ,

um a To ora - Ori Na at o . Y y , y g , g

H irata H a a mi- Ori Bu n o , y g , g

u h Y no ira ,

ba ma akaku - Ori Hize O . , T g , n 2 MINERAL SP RINGS. 49 — ochi oki Aso Ori Hi o . T n , g , g

u ama Y y , Ha ashi Ku ma- Ori y , g ,

busu k - Ori su ma Rokutanda I u at . , g , S

n u muta Ka wanabe- Ori I , g ,

Ichiki Hioki- Ori , g ,

- - Sul hu retted Take Naka Tsu aru Ori Muts u . p , g g ,

- OnikObe Tam atsuku ri Ori Riku zen . , g ,

- - Atsumi Nishi Ta awa Ori Uzen . , g g ,

Aka u H i ashi-Cita m a- Ori y , g g ,

hi Kita - onu m - O hi o Toc omata a ri Ec . , U g , g - - - ikkO um oto Kami Tsu a Ori Shim otsuke. Y , g g , ‘N Kawara u Azu ma - Ori KOzuke y , g , . hi - h — Ashino u As ara S imo Ori Sa ami . y , g g , g

himo-Takai- Ori Shin o Noza wa S an . , g ,

Ka mi-Suwa Su wa- Ori , g , Bessho Chnsa ata- Ori , g g ,

- Awazu Nomi Ori Ka a . , g , g

u h- - O Y nomine Hi as i Muro ri Kn . , g g ,

Mi mi- k - Ori izen nzendake na Ta aku H . U , g ,

- ama a Kamoto Ori H i o . Y g , g , g

- Id ani Ku wabara Ori Osumi . , g ,

Mi anoshita SO- Ori y , g ,

Mi nowaki ya ,

Tobioka Osu m i- Ori , g ,

Ca rburetted Seki am a Naka—Ku biki- Ori Echi o y , g , g .

' - h Sa im i onami Ori Etc tt . i , T g ,

' - - ht O awa Shim o Niikawa Ori tc t . g , g , E

ho u - ri Ka Matsu dera Ka k O a . , g , g

e Mie- Ori Ise Mitat . , g , - - - Seto Kana ama Nishi Mu ro Ori Kn . y , g ,

Oku -Hira no Mu kO- Ori etts u , g , S .

Su wa ama Kobe y , ,

hm - i M s Ma a Mas i a Or ima aka . g , g ,

- Be u Ha ami Ori Bu n o . pp , y g , g

Hamawaki,

e ishima- Ori Hize Tak o K n . , g ,

reshino F u itsu- Ori U , j g , 2 0 5 MI NERAL SP RINGS.

h i - Ori i Hina u As ik ta H o . g , g , g

N h- o - O H fi a u nom oto is i Mor ka ri . Y , g . y g - Y u nou ra Hioki Ori Satsu ma . , g ,

I riki Sats u ma- Ori , g ,

Su kubo - s m i ta Aira Ori O u . , g ,

Kinofu sa SO- Ori , g , - - Su kawa Minami Mu ra ama Ori zen . ,z y g , U - Hashimoto Date Ori Iwashiro . , g ,

Niwasaka Adachi- Ori , g ,

F k hori Adachi- h o u a Ori Iwas ir . , g ,

Ku satsu Azu m a- O Oz ri K u ke. , g ,

hb u him o- - h S i S Takai Ori S i a no . , g , n Kannaw a H a am i- Ori Bun o , y g , g .

Na ase Kawanabe- Ori t um Sa s a . g , g ,

M s u o i ashi- su a ru - su Sim le at n k Hi T Ori Mut . p , g g g ,

Ta kase I wafu ne- Ori Echi o , g , g .

Y ata Kita-Ka mba ra- OrI , g

Y u zawa Minami- on u m a- Ori Echi o , U g , g .

O u Kita - on u ma- Ori y , U g , - O hi Osu e Ku i ri H itac . g , j g ,

F uku rota , hi -Shim - u moto As ara o Ori Sa am i . Y , g g , g okok ra S u ,

s ashi- aman shi- Ori Ka I wa hita H i a i. , g Y g , - - - h K m i Asa ma H i ashi Chiku ma Ori S ina no . a , g g ,

— s m Shim o A a a ,

- Bessho Chiisa ata Ori Shinano . , g g ,

- Shim om O Nei Ori Etchii . y , g ,

- i se Kom ono Mic Or I . , g ,

a m - fu u Nak - i w mi K i Ari k a Or I a . , g ,

Y u m oto Ots u - Ori Na a o t . , g , g

u machi Y ,

ishO i Asa - Ori J j , g ,

DO o zen - O n ri I o . g , U g , y

Musashi Tsu kushi- Ori hiku ze C n . , g ,

F u ita Y u me- Ori Chiku o j , g , g .

Ku zu o Mii- Ori , g ,

F u ru u O i- Ori Hiz y , g g , en .

GLOSSARY OF JAPANEE WORDS FOUNDON THE NAP

ANDIN THE TEXT.

Bel: or Pets (in Mountain or Peak .

H okkaidO) Cape or P romon tory. w i I Bi or H : Min eral vein . Of eght.

m omme grams.

Gaw a . .See Ka w a .

' ’ Nobor z or Nap u n ( I n H okkaidb)

Gu n/6 Grou p of islands.

' ’ a n a or Erm a or P rom n r Au u n See JVobor i . H o to y. p

E t u Of i l as . Gro p s an ds.

Pon d r k i or Za k: Ca e or rom onto I ke o La e. Sa k p P ry.

Sa n or

S/I ima or j ima Island.

'

S/ um o Lower. - T iw n . i T iw Islan d. Ka tu (in a a ) Cape or P rom ontory. Si m ( n a an)

I slan ds .

a a r Da ? Mou n ta in . K ala or G la La goon . Ta k o l

Ka wa or Ta n i or Da m Valley . - ai n Taiwan Ri Ta or Da o Mountain ass. K (i ) ver . o p

in f i t 1 K o wegh. - Moun tain ass. 560 gram s . p

' o o o MOUII IalII SS o o 00 o o pa .

of a a it Wa n c p c y.

1 k = ltr a ko u 1 8o . 39 . Yu m

' Kar i or Gbr z

w 1 of eight. = M a n 3 7 5 kilog .