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Morphological Control on Sediment Dispersal Along the Southern Tyrrhenian Coastal Zones (Italy)

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Morphological Control on Sediment Dispersal Along the Southern Tyrrhenian Coastal Zones (Italy) Geologica Romana 37 (2003-2004), 113-121 MORPHOLOGICAL CONTROL ON SEDIMENT DISPERSAL ALONG THE SOUTHERN TYRRHENIAN COASTAL ZONES (ITALY) Tommaso De Pippo, Carlo Donadio & Micla Pennetta Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT - The study shows the relationship between the coastal zone, the continental shelf-slope system morphology and the sediment dispersal with respect to the coastal dynamics. Three areas along the Tyrrhenian margin are studied: the Gulf of Policastro, the Gulf of Gaeta and the Volturno River mouth. A sedimentological analysis, using also quantitative techniques for sediment distribution and classification, was carried out on bottom samples collected from the Gulf of Policastro in order to identify the morphological control on recent and present-day sediment dispersal. The sediment distribution which derives from cluster analysis shows that the morphological characteristics are related to sedimentary trends. In fact, the groups identified by multivariate statistical analyses evince that the dis- tribution and deposition of sediments are strongly conditioned by the morphology of the area as well as by mor- phodynamic evolution of the main structures. The study of sediment properties, collected from the shelf and the slope of the Gulf of Gaeta, as well as the hydrologic data registered during oceanographic surveys in the area, show that they are related both to the emer- ged and submerged coastal morphological features. The water circulation in this littoral, which mainly determines sediment distribution, shows two separated regi- mes close to the shelf break: a coastal regime, characterised by the formation of secondary cells, and an offshore regime, dominated by the cyclonic gyre of the Tyrrhenian Sea. This differentiation is related to the features of the coastal zone, where three morphological elements affect the circulation: the headland of Gaeta, the structural high to the S of the headland and the area near the shelf break. The modal analysis carried out on the samples collected on the sea bottom in front of Volturno delta complex enabled to identify the presence of 5 granulometric subpopulations and to define their participation degree in the coastal dynamics, as well as to identify the sedimentary transit axes along the entire littoral. The research carried out in front of the Volturno River mouth, in accordance with the analysis of modal isodensity curves, has demon- strated that the sediments move along directions defined by the sea bottom morphological trend. KEY WORDS: Coastal geomorphology, submarine geomorphology, sediment dispersal, seawater dynamics, eastern Tyrrhenian margin, southern Italy. INTRODUCTION ly of Volturno rivers. The gulf represents the northern submerged sector of the Campania Plain, a wide coastal Studies on sediment deposition and dispersal rarely tectonic depression delimited to the E by the Apennine take into account the influence of coastal and gulf mor- chain, originated during the lower Pleistocene. phology. Therefore, this research carried out in three This subsiding coastal graben is filled with thick con- areas along the Tyrrhenian margin (the Gulf of tinental, transitional and marine deposits of Quaternary Policastro, the Gulf of Gaeta and the Volturno River age, interbedded with volcanic sediments from Phlegrean delta) intended to show this important control operated Fields, Somma-Vesuvius and Roccamonfina vents. by the coast, the continental shelf and the slope, under- Finally, the third area is the Volturno River mouth, to lining the relationship between the coastal zone, the con- the S of the Gulf of Gaeta, where the same gently slop- tinental shelf-slope system morphology and the sedi- ing continental shelf is characterised by two orders of ment dispersal, also related to the seawater dynamics. sand bars close to the coastline and by the submerged The southernmost area studied is the Gulf of Policastro, river mouth complex down to - 120 m depth, which is located between the southern Apennine chain and the related to the relict morphology of the late würmian river Tyrrhenian basin. mouth. The Plio-Quaternary uplift, the intense tectonic activi- ty of the Calabrian Arc and the synchronous subsidence of the Tyrrhenian basin governed the complex and var- GULF OF POLICASTRO ied morphology of the Tyrrhenian margin of this area. The physiographic setting of the seabed is conditioned A sedimentological analysis, using also quantitative by morphostructural highs, basins and channels which techniques for sediment distribution and classification, resulted from extensional tectonic activity producing was carried out on bottom samples collected from this step-like blocks sloping down northward and seaward. gulf in order to identify the morphological control on The second and northernmost area is the Gulf of Gaeta, recent and present-day sediment dispersal. furnished by sediment supply of Garigliano and partial- This area (Fig. 1) is characterised by sectors with a 114 Geologica Romana 37 (2003-2004), 113-121 DE PIPPO et al. Fig. 1 - The Gulf of Policastro, located in front of the Calabrian Arc and tectonically still active. The gulf is characterised by two different subma- rine morphological sectors: the first with a narrow continental shelf and a -90 m deep shelf break, the second with a wide platform and a -130 to - 140 m deep shelf break. The inherited and present-day morphologies identified along the continental shelf and the slope both control and are recip- rocally influenced by the sediment dispersal. A, B, C, D, E and F represent different cluster groups of sea bottom sediments. narrow continental shelf (less than 3 km), with a -90 m Beyond the shelf break, on the upper slope, variations deep shelf break, and sectors where the continental shelf of inclination due to the presence of marine terraces at is 8 km wide with a shelf break -130 to -140 m deep (De different depths were observed. The upper slope devel- Pippo & Pennetta, 2000). ops with very steep stretches where the shelf is narrow- MORPHOLOGICAL CONTROL ON SEDIMENT ... Geologica Romana 37 (2003-2004), 113-121 115 er, whereas it declines with a gentle slope in correspon- Cluster F: it includes silty-clayey sediments collected dence to the areas where the rivers to the S of the gulf at the base of steeper slopes in correspondence to the debouch. In the latter, the instability phenomena (creep, narrower shelf. Their textural characteristics suggest landslides) are less frequent than in other areas where massive transport (turbidites, creep, etc.). they contribute to shelf break retreat. The morphology of the upper slope, down to the depth The sediment distribution which derives from cluster of -1100 m, is characterised by slope ridges, basins and analysis shows that the morphological characteristics are canyons (Selli, 1970; Selli & Fabbri, 1971; Fabbri et al., related to sedimentary trends. In fact, the groups identi- 1981). The ridges, that reach -280 m depth, are isolated fied by multivariate statistical analyses evince that the and/or aligned according to the structural trend of the distribution and deposition of sediments are strongly Tyrrhenian margin. At the same time they are cut conditioned by the morphology of the area as well as by through by tectonic lines in which the greater canyons morphodynamic evolution of the main structures (De have been scoured. Pippo & Pennetta, 2000). The Basin of Sapri is located in the northern sector of Coarser sediments of cluster A and B are present in the the study area; it is partially limited seaward by the inner portion (<-50 m) of the southern larger continental ridges and landward by a steep slope dissected by many shelf. More specifically, the sediments of cluster A have canyons. The latter, as evidenced by the contour lines a parallel distribution to the coastline with a convexity in and the bottom morphology, would constitute the tribu- correspondence to the river mouths, confirming a clear taries of the basin, while the effluent would open west- connection with the fluvial supply (Fig. 1). ward between the ridges reaching the base of the slope Whereas, sediments of cluster B, showing a scattered (Cocco & De Pippo, 1988). distribution, are autochthonous sediments deriving prob- The sedimentological analysis was carried out on 85 ably from bioclasts, found to the S of the study area. bottom samples collected from the continental shelf and Also cluster C gathers samples collected from the con- the slope (Fig. 1). The data elaboration was developed tinental shelf, mainly in the narrower and steeper north- according to statistical methods (Davis, 1973; Poluzzi et ern areas, secondarily from the wider shelf deeper than - al., 1985) of multivariate analyses (cluster analysis). 50 m. The textural characteristics and the sediment dis- Cluster analysis enabled to identify 6 sediment groups: tribution observed along this border, indicate high ener- gy processes related to waves and currents. These Cluster A: this group is present down to the depth of - processes act on the finest fraction of the samples scat- 50 m. Textural parameters may reflect a deltaic supply or tering it toward the continental shelf. At the same time, a mixing of deltaic and marine sands, moderately to the sediments could be associated to relict deposits. poorly sorted and strongly fine-skewed; Other studies underlined similar sedimentary character- istics at same continental shelf depths (Aguado, 1973; Cluster B: this group is present where the continental Fabbri et al., 1981; Poluzzi et al., 1985; Argnani et al., shelf is wider. Microscopic analysis on calcarenite frag- 1989; De Pippo & Pennetta, 2000). ments (content of carbonate >75%) indicates that they The samples of cluster D represent the complex are related to autochthonous deposits (skeletal grains) of dynamics of the shelf break dominated by strong turbu- continental shelf; lence and/or intense currents able to hold the mud in sus- pension. Cluster C: this group is found in the narrower portions The sediments of cluster E indicate a biogenic and of the continental shelf and rarely in the outer portion clastic deposition.
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