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Geomorphological Map of the Italian Coast: from a Descriptive to a Morphodynamic Approach

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Geomorphological Map of the Italian Coast: from a Descriptive to a Morphodynamic Approach Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. DOI 10.4461/ GFDQ 2017.40.8 40 (2017). 1-1, 9 figg.; 2 tab. GIUSEppE MASTRONUZZI 1, DOMENICO ARINGOLI 2, PIETRO P.C. AUCELLI 3, MAURIZIO A. BALDASSARRE 4,PIERO BELLOTTI 4, MONICA BINI 5, SARA BIOLCHI 6, SARA BONTEMPI 4, PIERLUIGI BRANDOLINI 7, ALESSANDRO CHELLI 8, LINA DAVOLI 4, GIACOMO DEIANA 9, SANDRO DE MURO 10,STEFANO DEVOTO 6, GIANLUIGI DI PAOLA 11, CARLO DONADIO 12, PAOLA FAGO 1, MARCO FERRARI 7, STEFANO FURLANI 6, ANGELO IBBA 10, ELVIDIO LUPIA PALMIERI 4, ANTONELLA MARSICO 1, RITA T. MELIS 9, MAURILIO MILELLA 1, LUIGI MUCERINO 7,OLIVIA NESCI 13,PAOLO E. ORRÚ 12, VALERIA PANIZZA 14, MICLA PENNETTA 12,DANIELA PIACENTINI 13, ARCANGELO PISCITELLI 1, NICOLA PUSCEDDU 7, ROSSANA RAFFI 4, CARMEN M. ROSSKOPF 11, PAOLO SANSÓ 15,CORRADO STANISLAO 12, CLAUDIA TARRAGONI 4, ALESSIO VALENTE 16 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE ITALIAN COAST: FROM A DESCRIPTIVE TO A MORPHODYNAMIC APPROACH ABSTRACT: MASTRONUZZI G., ARINGOLI D., AUCELLI P.P.C., BALDAS- PUSCEddU N., RAffI R., ROSSKOpf C. M., SANSÓ P., STANISLAO C., TAR- SARRE M.A., BELLOTTI P., BINI M., BIOLCHI S., BONTEmpI S., BRANDOLINI RAGONI C., VALENTE A., Geomorphological map of the Italian coast:from a P., CHELLI A., DAVOLI L., DEIANA G., DE MURO S., DEVOTO S., DI PAOLA descriptive to a morphodynamic approach (IT ISSN 0391-9839, 2017). G., DONADIO C., FAGO P., FERRARI M., FURLANI S., IbbA A., LUPIA PALM- This study was conducted within the framework of the “Coastal Mor- IERI E., MARSICO A., MELIS R. T., MILELLA M., MUCERINO L., NESCI O., phodynamics” Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Phys- ORRÚ P. E., PANIZZA V., PENNETTA M., PIACENTINI D., PISCITELLI A., ical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating 1 Dipart. di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Università degli Studi of the legend for the “Geomorphological Map of Italy”. The WG deals di Bari Aldo Moro with the legend for the coastal areas, focusingits work on marine, lagoon 2 Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Sezione di Geologia, Università degli and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend Studi di Camerino aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk 3 Dipar. di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope assessment,for supportingland-use planning and management. The leg- 4 Dipar. di Scienze della Terra, Università La Sapienza, Roma end allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well 5 Dipar. di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about mor- 6 Dipar. di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Trieste phological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morpholog- 7 Dipart. di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università ical features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative degli Studi di Genova parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate condi- 8 Dipart. di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambien- tions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments tale, Università di Parma carried out by the “Coastal Morphodynamics” AIGeo WG during the last 9 Dipart. di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different 10 Osservatorio Coste e Ambiente Naturale Sottomarino (OCEANS) scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynam- 11 Dipart. di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, ics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications. Pesche (IS) KEY WORDS: coastal dynamics, coastal morphology, cartography. 12 Dipart. di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Univer- sità degli Studi di NapoliFederico II RIASSUNTO: MASTRONUZZI G., ARINGOLI D., AUCELLI P.P.C., BALDAS- 13 Dipart. di Scienze Pure ed Applicate, Università di Urbino, Urbino (PU) SARRE M. A., BELLOTTI P., BINI M., BIOLCHI S., BONTEmpI S., BRANDO- 14 Dipart. di Storia, Scienze dell’Uomo e della Formazione, Università LINI P., CHELLI A., DAVOLI L., DEIANA G., DE MURO S., DEVOTO S., DI di Sassari PAOLA G., DONADIO C., FAGO P., FERRARI M., FURLANI S., IbbA A., LUPIA 15 Dipart. di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università PALMIERI E., MARSICO A., MELIS R. T., MILELLA M., MUCERINO L., NESCI del Salento O., ORRÚ P. E., PANIZZA V., PENNETTA M., PIACENTINI D., PISCITELLI A., 16 Dipart. di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Benevento PUSCEddU N., RAffI R., ROSSKOpf C. M., SANSÓ P., STANISLAO C., TAR- Corresponding author: G. Mastronuzzi, giuseppeantonio.mastro- RAGONI C., VALENTE A., Carta Geomorfologica della costa italiana: da un [email protected] approccio descrtittivo ad uno morfodinamico (IT ISSN 0391-9839, 2017). Questo lavoro è stato condotto nel quadro delle attività che il gruppo It includes subaerial and submarine features where ac- di lavoro “Morfodinamica costiera” dell’Associazione Italiana di Geogra- tive physical and biological processes could modify the fia Fisica e Geomorfologia (AIGeo) ha svolto nel più ampio contesto del- physical environment (i.e.: McGill, 1958; Joly, 1997; Finkl, la cooperazione con l’Istituto per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) per l’aggiornamento della legenda della “Carta Geomorfologica 2004). As a consequence, since lithospheric, atmospheric, d’Italia”. In particolare è stata sviluppata una legenda per la realizzazione and hydrospheric processes interact in the coastal zone, di carte geomorfologiche delle aree costiere, anche degli ambienti lagu- influencing biological processes, a very large assemblage nari ed eolici, considerando le forme del paesaggio e i processi tutt’ora in of landforms is still being modelled here (i.e.: Threnaille, atto. La leggenda si propone di individuare, caratterizzare e cartografare 1987; Carter & Woodroffe, 1994; Sunamura, 1992 and ref- le forme del paesaggio costiero con il fine fornire uno strumento che erences therein). permetta di contribuire alla valutazione della pericolosità costiera e di Well-defined morphodynamic processes are typical of supportare la pianificazione e la gestione del territorio. Essa permette la the coastal area, but they donot correspond to well-defined mappatura delle forme del paesaggio costiero in funzione della genesi, della loro evoluzione e della loro dinamica, alle piccole e grandi scale. Le spatial limits over time, whether in the short, medium, or caratteristiche morfologiche relitte e quelle attive sono riportate accanto the long term. These processes donot produce landforms ai parametri quantitativi utili per la caratterizzazione delle condizioni of the same size all along the coast. Inevitably, all togeth- meteomarine dei paraggi considerati. Grazie alle attività ed esperienze er they produce a morphogenetic system with smoothed, condotte dal gruppo di lavoro “Morfodinamica costiera” nel corso degli dynamic, limits with respect to the coastline/shoreline. ultimi anni, alcuni esempi di cartografia geomorfologica a diversa scala All these numerous, different mini-systemsshare the same (1:5.000 e 1:25.000) sono presentati. Essi si concentrano sia sulle piane landforms, but differ in size. They are globally influenced costiere che sulle coste rocciose e, quindi, sulle possibili interazioni con by the relief energy which is continuously changing due to le dinamiche antropiche. climate and sea level changes. Excluding inherited land- TERMINI CHIAVE: dinamica costiera, morfologia costiera, cartografia. forms, currently presentalong coastal zonesresulting from morphogenetic or morphoclimatic systems different from the present ones in the coastal area (i.e.: karstic caves, INTRODUCTION structural slopes, glacial landforms), it is clear that rela- tive sea level changes playa fundamental role in coastal The present morphology of the coastal zone and its or- evolution. This imposes a change, in time and space, of ganization into more or less complex systems is the result the area in which sea, atmospheric and lithological masses of the coexistence of landforms according to the law of unleash their respective energies (i.e.: Mastronuzzi & alii, morphostratigraphic superposition (Dramis & Bisci 1998 2005). Sea level varies according to different time scales and references therein). These landforms, largely shaped in response to eustatic, isostatic, and tectonic factors, so by currently inactive processes, have left their fingerprints that the coastal zone can retain “continental” landforms. in the landscape without being critical for the present-day These are produced during low relative sea level stands, morphogenesis. Whether by antecedence or inheritance, it as well as “coastal” landforms shaped in correspondence is evident that the architecture of the coastal zone is the to high relative sea level stands, and both may have been result of polygenetic processes acting to produce polypha- remodeled. Sequences of coastal landforms are distant sic landforms. A complete approach to the classification from the sea and from the coastal areas, such as in Ca- of coastal landforms should take into account the original labria or in the Basilicataregions, affected by uplift in processes (i.e., including primary landforms), but should the last 125 kyr. On the contrary, “stable” regions show mainly focuson the present processes which interact to superimposition of fossil/inactive landforms of different modify the organization of the coastal area and character- ages at the same altitude, such as in Sardinia or in Apu- ise the modern dynamics. Indeed, time and scale are con- lia. Landforms and deposits formed in the same span of cepts needed to define the coastal area as part of the en- time are well below the present sea level, such as in the vironment, both above and below sea level, which extend Po river delta or in the Gulf of Trieste, due to general- for several kilometers on either side of the shore/coastline.
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