Two Lydian Graves at Sardis Author(s): Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Source: California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 5 (1972), pp. 113-145 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010635 Accessed: 26/01/2009 17:39
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http://www.jstor.org CRAWFORD H. GREENEWALT, JR.
Two Lydian Graves at Sardis For Muharrem Tagtekin
The popular cemetery of ancient Sardis in Asia Minor1 lay around the settlement area, in the foothills of two loftymassifs which rise to the east and west of the Pactolus stream.2 Both massifs are spurs 1 In the preparation of this article, fundamental assistance has been given by several friends, to whom cordial thanks are due. Professor George M. A. Hanfmann, Director of the Sardis Expedition (co-sponsored by the Fogg Museum of Harvard University and Cornell University) permitted and encouraged the publication of the material. The director and officers of theManisa Museum, Kemal Ziya Polatkan, Muharrem Taltekin, Kubilay Nayir, and Attila Tugla, with their customary interest and courtesy,made accessible for study objects displayed in the Manisa Museum. Elizabeth Gombosi made time in a crowded schedule to rephotograph all the objects and to prepare prints. J. K. Anderson suggestedmajor improvements in the text. The plan on pi. 1:2 and the drawings on pi. 4:2, pi. 7:2, and pi. 9:1 were drawn by the writer. The terms "glaze," "slip," and "paint" are used above in the sense usually associated with Greek pottery, and refer to clay-and-water solutions whose significant ingredients, respectively, are iron oxide, primary clay, and pigment; cf. J. V. Noble, The Techniquesof PaintedAttic Pottery (New York 1965) 31ff, 62, 63. The following abbreviations are observed: Hanfmann BASOR (1962) = G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961)," BASOR 166 (1962) 1-57. Butler SardisI = H. C. Butler, "The Excavations, Part I, 1910-1914, "SardisI (Leyden 1922). This article isdedicated toMuharrem Tagtekin, in the year of his retirement from theManisa Museum after twenty-six years of administrative and curatorial service. To members of the Sardis Expedition, which he served as (Turkish) government representative between 1962 and 1969, as well as to compatriot colleagues and associates,Muharrem Bey set an example of decent and dignified behavior, forwhich no less than for conscientious effort and sound judgment his career must be remembered. 2The popular cemetery is not to be confused with the "royal cemetery," Bin Tepe, which is located 5 miles to the north of Sardis, across the Hermus Valley by the southern shore of the Gygaean Lake (the Turkish Mermer Golu). 114 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. of Mt. Tmolus, and consist of sandy conglomerate, which erodes in steep, nearly vertical planes.3 The impressive, facade-like aspect of these cliff scarps in combination with the relatively workable material must have inspired the ancient Sardians to bury their dead in these foothills. The greater number of graves lie in the foothills west of the Pactolus, to which apparently the pre-Hellenistic settlement of Sardis did not extend. East of the Pactolus, however, where lay important sanctuaries and the massif which the Sardians used for their citadel, the necropolis competed for space with the city of the living.4
The Pactolus may be identified with confidence as the Sart Cayt, the only stream which can meet the specifications attested for the Pactolus in ancient literature = (Herodotus 5.101; Strabo 626 13.4.5), i.e., of rising in the Tmolus mountains, flowing through the center (i.e., agora) of Sardis, and emptying into theHermus River. The earliest explicit identification of the Sart Cayt as the Pactolus in post Medieval literature appears to be that of Edmund Chishull made in 1699 and recorded in Travels in Turkey andBack toEngland (London 1747) 15. Did Chishull deduce the stream's identity, orwas the name still being used by inhabitants of the area ?European visitors to Sar dis before Chishull had associated the name Pactolus with a stream at the site, but in their accounts failed to record the stream's precise location. The earliest of these visitors was Cyriacus of Ancona, who came to Sardis in 1446 (and panned for gold in the "Pactolus"); his account appears in a letter written to Andreas Giustiniani-Banca from Phocaea in April of the same year, preserved in Florence, Bibliotheca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Pal. Targioni 49, and partly published in G. Targioni-Tozzetti, Relazioni d'Alcuni Viaggi Fatti in Diverse Parti della Toscana2V (Florence 1773) 451-452. In the early 1670s,Thomas Smith visited Sardis and identified the Pactolus apparently with the Tabak Cayt,whose course runs roughly parallel to that of the Sart Cayt but further to the east and on the other side of the Acropolis massif; cf. T. Smith, Septem Asiae EcclesiarumNotitia (1676) 27. The Tabak Cayt, however, cannot be the ancient Pactolus, for the region through which it flows can have been only the outskirts of pre-Hellenistic Sardis. Smith's identification was denied and Chishull's upheld by Robert Wood and friends, who visited Sardis in 1750; their account, like those of Cyriacus and Chishull, is to be published by J. A. Scott in "Byzantine and Islamic Sardis and Early Europaean Travellers," Sardis MonographsIII; for an account ofWood's travels and notes, C. A. Hutton, "The Travels of 'Palmyra'Wood in 1750-51," JHS 47 (1927) 102ff. 3 For a geological account of these massifs, W. Warfield, "Appendix I. Report on the Geology of Sardis," in Butler Sardis I, 176-177. 4 Graves east of the Pactolus include unrecorded sarcophagus burials in the Acropolis hillslope east of the Artemis Temple, numerous chamber tombs in the north bank of a ravine ca. 500 m. south of the Artemis Temple, chamber tombs in the banks of the ravine in which the "Pyramid Tomb" is located; the pre-Hellenistic "Pyramid Tomb," Butler Sardis I. 155, 167-170, A. and B. Kasper in G. M. A. Hanfmann, SardisReports I (Cambridge,Mass. forthcoming); pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic, and Roman chamber tombs and graves in theAcropolis hill slopes northeast of the Artemis Temple, T. L. Shear, " Sixth Preliminary Report on the American Excavations at Sardes inAsia Minor," AJA 26 (1922) 396-405; Hellenistic and Roman chamber tombs in the east bank of the Pactolus and in Sectors "PC," "PN," and "HoB," G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Excavations at Sardis, 1959," BASOR 157 (1960) 12-18, 22-24; Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 30-33; Early Christian painted TwoLydian Graves atSardis 115 The popular cemetery was the focus of intensive excava tion by H. C. Butler's expedition before and just after the First World War. At that time, 1,154 or more graves were opened. Only some 160 of these, however, yielded objects;5 the rest, and many of those which yielded objects, evidently had been pilfered in Antiquity or more recent times. The unfavorable odds for the recovery of undisturbed grave deposits and the difficulty of differentiating from surface appear ances between intact graves exposed by erosion and pilfered or exca vated graves partially reburied in eroded earth have discouraged the Harvard-Cornell Expedition from excavating in the popular cemetery.6 tombs in the Artemis Precinct, the hillslope north of the "Northeast Wadi," and the east bank of the Pactolus, Butler Sardis I. 174, 181-183, T. L. Shear, supra, 405-406, L. J. Majewski inG. M. A. Hanfmann, J. C. Waldbaum, "The Eleventh and Twelfth Campaigns at Sardis (1968, 1969)," BASOR 199 (1970) 55-58; Byzantine graves in a "tumulus" (?) on the northwest slopes of the Acropolis, Butler Sardis I. 167. The excavated graves west of the Pactolus date from themiddle of the sixth century through Roman Imperial times. For ceramic material from a grave of mid-sixth century date (tomb 720), Butler Sardis I. 118-121; G. H. Chase, "Two Vases from Sardes," AJA 25 (1921) 111-117; H. R. W. Smith, "The Skyphos of Klitomenes," AJA 30 (1926) 432-441; J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters (Oxford 1956) 15 no. 1; BMMA (January 1968) 199 fig. 8. For coins of Tiberius, Sabina, and Marcus Aurelius from graves, H. W. Bell, "Coins," SardisXI (Leiden 1916) 29 no. 279, 31 no. 288, 32 nos. 293-296. Achaemenid goldwork, grave stelai inscribedwith the names of King Artaxerxes and Alexan der, and coins of Alexander and Hellenistic rulers attest the use of the cemetery between the sixth century and theRoman period; cf. C. D. Curtis, "Jewelry and Gold Work," SardisXIII (Rome 1925); W. H. Buckler, "Lydian Inscriptions," SardisVI:2 (Leyden 1924) 1-8, nos. 1-3; H. W. Bell, supra, 7 no. 59, 14 no. 156, 38 no. 345 (etc.). 5These statistics are indicated by the records of G. H. Chase and T. L. Shear, written, respectively, in 1914 and 1922 and now stored at Harvard University in the Busch-Reisinger Museum. The records pertain only to graves which yielded objects; they primarily concern items found in the graves, but also contain information about a few of the graves themselves. Between 1910 and 1914, graveswere designated by the excavators according to one of two systems: a simple numbering system and a systemwhich utilized both numbers and letters of the Latin alphabet, e.g., A1,J(1), G5, SW4, TSW 4. In the simple numbering system, thehighestnumberis 1104; in themorecomplexsystem, twenty-fourgraves are specified. In 1922, graves were designated according to a systemwhich utilized letters of the Greek and Latin alphabets, TOA, T9B, etc. through TOX; then TOX1, TOX2, TOX4: i.e., T for tomb, 0 for the fifth season of excavation, A through X4 for individual graves? If this interpretation is correct, the number of graves excavated in 1922 ought to total at least twenty-six (A-X = 22; XI-X4 = 4). Between 1910 and 1922, then, Butler's mission must have opened at least 1,154 graves: 1,104 + 24 + 26. 6 There is no general plan or map which records the location of graves opened by H. C. Butler's mission. In addition to graves 61.1 and 61.2 reported supra, the Fogg Museum Cornell University mission has investigated a few graves in themassif foothills: three chamber 116 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. During the winter of 1961, however, the excavation guard came upon two ancient graves which recently had been exposed, and found in disturbed earth around them fragments of pottery decorated in Orientalizing and other pre-Hellenistic styles. These fragments he took to the excavation compound and presented to expedition staff members at the beginning of the next excavation season, the following June. In that same month, a salvage excavation was undertaken in the hopes of recovering more pottery and information about Lydian burial customs. The two graves were cleared in a period of two days by a team of three workmen, supervised by the writer. These are the only graves with significant contexts of the pre-Hellenistic period from the popular cemetery of Sardis forwhich there survive adequate records about both grave form and contents. The two graves were situated ca. 1,180 m. west of the Artemis Temple, deep within the complex of ridges and gullies which radiate from the central core of themassif west of the Pactolus (pl. 1:1 and 2). The modern Turkish name for this region is inderesi,"the valley/ torrent bed of the cave(s)," for numerous ancient chamber tombs of cavelike appearance are a conspicuous feature of the foothill scarps. The graves lay buried ca. .40-1.50 m. beneath the surface of a small hillock covered with grasses and thickets of Kermes oak (pl. 2:2). Both graves were of the cist variety, rectangular or oblong depressions designed for single interments, dug vertically into the ground and closed with rectangular slabs of schist. One grave, designated 61.1, was either of very rudimentary type or subsequently despoiled of its construction materials. Excavation revealed only two rectangular cover slabs laid horizontally side by side in a roughly east-west orientation (for a view of one slab in situ, pl. 2:1). In earthy debris directly beneath one of the two slabs (removed from its position in pl. 2:1) were found two pottery vessels, infra nos. 1 and 2, virtually complete and intact. From the same grave, apparently, came also a third pottery vessel, infra no. 3, in fragmentary condition.7
tombs, G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Excavations at Sardis, 1959," BASOR 157 (1960) 10-12: two sarcophagus burials (associatedwith pottery, stone alabastra, and bronze coins of Hellenistic type), Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 20, 31; the "Pyramid Tomb," supra, n. 4. 7The provenience of no. 3 is indicated by the label "grave 61.1" written on the pot during the excavation season of 1961. There is no record of this piece in the field book, and I do not remember having recoveredmore than the two lydia, nos. 1 and 2, from grave 61.1; although these two itemsmay very well have made a special impression because they were preserved intact. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 117 1. Lydion. Plate 3:1. P61.8: 3143. Manisa Museum 2201.
Form somewhat uneven (small depressions in body surface, undulant rim). Complete and intact, except for small nicks off rim. Clay pale gray-brown; micaceous. Decoration in dark sepia-brown glaze and, apparently, cream slip. Over rim, inside and outside of neck, lower body, and foot, glaze streakily applied. On shoulder, glaze applied in narrow spiralling band or narrow parallel bands, apparently over cream slip. H. .095m. Max. D. body .092m. Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24.
2. Lydion with horizontally-fluted body. Plate 3:1. P61.9: 3144. Manisa Museum 2200.
Surface, especially body and rim, somewhat worn. Complete and intact, except for small nicks off rim, flakes off body. Clay orange-tan; micaceous. Decoration in thin brown glaze. On rim and inside of neck, glaze streakily applied; on body, glaze either streakily or evenly applied. H. .1065m. Max. D. body .096m. Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24.
3. Lekythos-jug. Plate 3:2. Not inventoried. Worn surface.
Broken and mended. Parts of rim, neck, shoulder, all of handle preserved. 118 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Clay orange-brown outside blending to pale gray-brown inside; micaceous; friable.
Decoration in glaze whose color ranges from reddish brown to dark sepia-brown (according to concentration and firing). Over lip and upper part of neck, glaze evenly applied; on handle, glaze applied either evenly or in stripes. Max. Pr. H.. 155m. Est. D. body at lowest Pr. point .18m.
The second grave, designated 61.2, lay 3 to 4 meters south of the first. This grave was a rectangular cist (2.08 m. long, .70m. wide, .80m. deep in interior dimensions) oriented roughly north-south. The cist was lined with four slabs, one slab on each side, and covered with two slabs at the time of excavation (the latter two were laid across the northern end and center and at right angles to the long axis of the grave; their eastern ends projected well beyond the eastern side of the grave (cf. pl. 2:2).8 The southern end of the grave had no cover when first visited by expedition staff members; the uncovered space was approximately as wide as each of the two cover slabs, so probably had been covered by a third slab, which had been removed when the grave was pilfered (a small slab of schist, about one-quarter the size of the cover slabs, was recovered in freshly disturbed earth just southeast of the grave, and may have been part of a third cover slab; cf. pl. 2:3). The earthy debris which filled the grave yielded some twenty items, including pottery, jewelry, shells, sheep knucklebones, wood, and hardware; infra, nos. 4-24. These objects were scattered throughout the debris; their random distribution and the broken con dition of the pottery indicated that the grave interior had been dis turbed after the deposit of the objects. The floor of the grave consisted of tamped earth which contained here and there small deposits of dark, apparently carbonized matter.
4. Skyphos with Orientalizing decoration. Plates 4:1-3, 5:1. P61.1: 3130A. Manisa Museum 2203.
Broken and mended. Rim and handle parts, foot missing. 8 Each of the two cover slabsmeasured 1.60-1.65 m. long, .65m. broad, and .15 m. thick. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 119 Clay orange-tan; soft; micaceous. Decoration in cream slip; glaze which ranges in color from green-sepia to orange-brown (according to firing and concentration); white paint. Inside. Glaze over which two or threemore-or-less evenly spaced narrow bands of white. Outside. Slip, over which ornament in glaze as follows. Over rim, narrow bands. In handle zone: A, two fishes confronted (of one to 1., only parts of head, tail survive), circle-and-dot rosette filling ornament; B, at r., bird to r. ducking head beneath nearer handle root (back side of bird, most of zone to 1.,missing); in center, feet of bird; at 1., indistinct form. Fish, birds drawn in outline; on fish, crosshatching for scales. Beneath handle zone, thin-thick thin bands. On lower body, voided rays in two registers. Beneath each register, narrow band. Beneath lower regis ter band, reserve band and glaze zone (to break). Pr. H. .125m. D. mouth .145m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24, fig. 19 on 26. G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1962)," Tiirk ArkeolojiDergisi 11 (1961) 45, pl. 33 fig. 10. G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "Sardis Lydian, Hellenistic and Byzantine: Excavations into 2000 Years of the City's History," ILN 240 (April 7, 1962) 543 fig. 9. G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Digs Expose Ancient Lydian Capital," Natural History 72 (December 1963) 23.
5. Skyphos with Orientalizing decoration. Plates 4:1-3, 5:2. P61.1: 3130B. Manisa Museum 2202.
Broken and mended. Much of rim (especially on A), handle, lower body parts, foot missing. Thin calcareous deposit on B. Shape and fabric as in no. 4. Inside and outside as in no. 4 with the following differences outside. In handle zone: A, both fish to r. (of r.-hand fish, 120 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. front of head, lower body contour, fins, tail preserved; of 1.-hand fish, rear portions preserved); B, three birds to r., circle-and-dot rosette filling ornament; body of bird at far r. filled with cross-and-triangles motive, head reversed. Beneath upper register of voided rays, pair of narrow bands. Pr. H. .122m. D. mouth .145m. Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24.
6. Skyphos with streaky-glaze decoration. Plate 6:1. P61.3: 3132.
Broken and mended. Small chips off rim, underside of bowl, foot missing. Clay orange-tan; micaceous. Decoration in dilute glaze which ranges in color from dark sepia to reddish-brown (according to concentration); white paint. Inside. Glaze streakily applied in horizontal brush strokes. Over glaze, four narrow bands of white: three below rim, one near bottom of bowl.
Outside. Over handles, glaze applied in broad daubs. On bowl below handle zone, glaze streakily applied in hori zontal brush strokes (handle zone reserved). Over glaze on upper part of bowl, three narrow bands of white. Pr. H. .055 m. D. mouth .079 m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24.
7. Skyphos with streaky-glaze decoration. Plate 6:1. P61.4: 3133.
Broken and mended. One handle, foot, parts of body missing. Form, fabric, and decoration as in no. 6. Pr. H. .061m. D. mouth .082m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 121 8. Skyphos with streaky-glaze decoration. Plate 6:1. Not inventoried.
Broken and mended. Rim, handles, upper part of bowl missing. Fabric as in nos. 6, 7. Decoration in glaze whose color ranges from light orange to dark reddish brown. Inside and outside, glaze streakily applied in horizontal brush strokes. Max. H. .0725 m. D. foot .0424 m.
9. Rosette Bowl. Plate 6:2 and 3. P61.6: 3136. Manisa Museum 2217. Broken and mended. One handle, rim parts missing. Clay pinkish-buff. Decoration in glaze whose color ranges from dark sepia to greenish-brown (according to firing); red paint. Inside. Glaze, over which narrow bands (one below rim, a pair midway to center) and central dot in red. Outside. Ornament in glaze as follows. Over rim, narrow band. In handle zones A and B, central dot rosette flanked by stripes. Beneath handle zones, broad band. On foot, even application. H. .042m. D. mouth .11m. Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24.
10. Band Cup. Plate 7:1 and 2. P61.2: 3131. Manisa Museum 2207. Broken and mended. Foot missing; chips off rim. Certain areas (defined by breaks) worn; other areas covered with calcareous deposit. Clay light reddish-buff; fine, slightly micaceous. Decoration in black, slightly metallic glaze. Inside. Even application of glaze except for narrow (re serve) band beneath rim. 122 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Outside. Even application of glaze except for broad (reserve) band at handle zone with narrow (glaze) band at top; and narrow (reserve) band about halfway down lower bowl. Pr. H. .092m. D. mouth .186m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24 ("Ionian cup").
11. Bowl with spool-shaped attachments. Plate 8:1-3. P61.5: 3135. Manisa Museum 2206.
Broken and mended. Complete except for small piece missing at one side of bowl, random chips. Parts of surface, inside and out, covered with calcareous deposit. Bowl with lightly curved bottom and vertical rim. On the outside, the bottom is flattened at the center and meets the rim in a carinated edge. On the inside, the bottom is very slightly convex at the center and meets the rim in an abrupt curve. Around the upper edge of the rim, a central groove. On the outside of the rim, horizontally set on opposite sides near the upper edge, two semicylindrical lugs of spool-like form, each perforated with a central hole, each with a vertical pointed boss in the center of the upper surface. On the outside of the rim, midway between top and bottom, a narrow beaded band; and, vertically set more-or-less evenly spaced between the spool-shaped lugs and over the band, eight semicylindrical lugs. Clay reddish-tan; soft, micaceous. Decoration in dilute glaze which ranges in color from sepia to pale brown-orange (according to concentration and firing). Inside and outside, bands of marbling and streakily applied glaze. Inside of bottom and rim. Band connecting spool-shaped lugs. Perpendicular to this band, bands overlapping and more-or-less parallel to one another. Of these, those in one half of the bowl are painted over, those in the other half Plate i Greenewalt
Xo , ' % ...... F; \
m AP * -i~s \- BSARIHS V ENVIRONS j-^. _ASIA MINOR or , \ --** l af
1. Map of Sardis region (reproduced from Butler Sardis 1, pl. 1). The narrow rectangle frames the area shown in pl. 1:2 infra.
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the?? loaio ofte reis epe 1. n 1 th loato2.'MoSrseoswghtrnsawsotPcl.ida ofgae
2. Map of Sardis region showing the terrain east and west of the Pactolus A indicates the location of the Artemis Temple, B the location of graves 61.1 and 61.2. Greenewalt Plate 2
- " *I f^ ,.. . -*' . I _
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1. Grave 61.1, with one cover slab in situ, looking north. - : _/i:-.^?;..: ...... ,~..~. , ...... ::....:~,~ ...... *. Grave 61.2afterexcvation:thesouthendi.... lookin ".!'....' ?... .
. ;;:~~~~~~~~ ~:~. .:. .. -. . .&-~: .,...,:.:,.,.,...:...
Grave!. 61.1, wione the sout ind,
~,~.~.'~ . , . .. , . . . ' : , . . -.,...... ;~~.,:::~...... :,:,,,~.<. .1..:..:, . . .. ~ . , ::~.<~..:<~....,:,...?.,
<.~.,.,<;.:~.,.::.::<~~??.. , ? ,...~~ ~:~ . . . . . ,..:,.,.y.,,<.:<, ,~. ~ .~:. Grave after south. 2. 61.2, excavation, '~ ". "~?;~looking"-.x~. ?~'-.'~.*'". ::,, ~;'':~;: r;~:":7":- .~....:~.: -- ??:'~,~,~.? ....:' '~ ...... ~:. "'~?,~<~s~,~,.':: ..... '.<,.~"<''t:.:':<~ ...... :'~':~.:.:~'~i~!' ". ... ' '*""'iii5: ::::,~', ...... '~"~':,:. ~'"::: :"~...... ~ '"::~~..~,
!::::'::E : : '' '",:,%,;:Y:,":.':'':"':'::::: :,';:..::.;.....'~~''~ii::~:~ " '::: ~~i:? ~ ':): , ' i? ~./ j; .:f'.?'"i'':-:~i:,:I:: ~q :.;.~~.... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.::.....:,...:.::::-::..: . 5.,~ <::., :[:.-. ,.,,: ? j. ':,' ? ~ ~ - ,??~.:~,
3. Grave 61.2, after excavation: the south end looking north.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii~;:.:.?,~;...... ; Plate 3 Greenewalt
1. Lydia, nos. 1 and 2 (grave 61.1).
2. Lekythos-jugs, nos. 3 (left; grave 61.1; preserved height .155 m.) and 12 (right; grave 61.2; preserved height without handle .102 m.). Greenewalt Plate 4
...... r.. . II
2. Skyphoi with Orientalizing decoration, nos. 4 (right) and 5 (left grave 612), side B.
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3. Skyphoi with Orientalizing decoration, nos. 4 (left) and 5 (right; grave 61.2), figural
friezes: sides A above, sides B below. Plate 5 Greenewalt
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!. Skyphos with Orientalizing decoration, no. 4 (grave 61.2), detail offigural frieze, side A. Hi.~~~~~~~~~~~-. :..-"l:*..:.. *-;M
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2. Skyphos with Orientalizing decoration, no. 5 (grave 61.2), detail of figural frieze, side B. Greenewalt Plate 6
1. Skyphoi with streaky-glaze decoration, nos. 6, 7, and 8 (grave 61.2).
2. Rosette Bowl, no. 9 (grave 61.2); diameter .11m.
3. Rosette Bowl, no. 9 (grave 61.2); height .042 m. Plate 7 Greenewalt ...... ii ...... ::: .:
?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
.... :...... :.. ..:...... :...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :.:i:i::ii: ~ ~~ ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ?.. . : ...... uo. 1ga..i...... e1 ?.. iii:liiil~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiiiliiiii?:iiiii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::':...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:Iiiilli'l'i,,:::::::: ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iiii~i~iiii~iiii~:';i:...... : ::iji::i::i...... I...... j??ii':i?x?'';iiiill':...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_:ii' j' ~ ...... 2iii; " ?...... ~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~':::i::. ~ii:::::' ...... 15~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii:"':'iiij"':':i'::... . . ' ' :.:.''..". ' '"~ .'~~.: ~:''~:.'.':: ~ 'ZZ~.Z ::''"i .. Z"'::Z~ .. '...:j':.:.~.:::? :.i" :"~.. :::::::::::::::::::::::::.:; ZZi::Z:'.~.z i:: I:::i:::::ii:::iii::(::)i '...... i : :::...:::.. i::i: :':::;ii~il: _:__ _ i:::l~s ...... :: : :: I I ::: ,.ii...... 1. ...Cup Bann. ....grave ...1.) ...... orsoe...... 'i ...... i::::::i....',i:i 'ilj ii : ::: i ' ...... :: :: i~~~~irli~~~ii:::::::: ::::::::: :::ijijii~~~~~~~~~~~~lii:::ji:;:liliiiiii;)ii,:::::~...... : : :: : ...... :ii::i~iii i: ; :lli~jl~~l,; i:: ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii:::ll~iiii ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~up,Randi. no.1061.2);(grave foot restored.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
...... 2. Band C~~~~~~~~~~up,no. 10 (grave 61.2), profile.~~...... Greenewalt Plate 8
.065m.
2. Bowl with spool-shaped attachments, no. 11 (grave 61.2); diameter .283 m.
3. Bowl with spool-shaped attachments, no. 11 (grave 61.2). Plate 9 Greenewalt
1. Lydion, no. 13 (grave 61.2), profile.
2. Closed vessels nos. 14 (right; diameter of foot .0705 m.) and 15 (left; diameter of foot .0695 m.; grave 61.2).
3. Alabastron no. 16 (grave 61.2); preserved height .05 m. Greenewalt Plate 10
61.2); length .028m.
..m.
3. Silver pendant in the form of a hawk, no. 23 (grave 61.2); height .03m. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 123 are painted under the band to which they are perpendicu lar. In the latter half, the parallel bands acquire a radial disposition towards the outer edge. Outside of bottom. Bands, more-or-less parallel to one another, oriented on a slight diagonal to the axis of the spool-shaped lugs and acquiring increasing curvature towards the outer edge. Outside of rim, horizontal bands. Both spool-shaped lugs completely covered with streakily appliedglaze. H. (excluding handles) .065m. Max. D. .283m. L. spool-shaped lugs .062m., .055m. D. spool-shaped lug holes .01m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 24, fig. 20 on p. 26; G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "Sardis-Lydian, Hellenistic and Byzantine: Excavations into 2000 Years of the City's History," ILN 240 (April 7, 1962) 543, fig. 10; A. K. Knudsen, "From a Sardis Tomb: A Lydian Pottery Imitation of a Phrygian Metal Bowl?," Berytus 15 (1964) 59-69.
12. Lekythos-jug. Plate 3:2. Not inventoried.
Broken and mended. Rim, most of neck, lower body missing. Clay orange-brown; micaceous; friable. Decoration in glaze whose color ranges from reddish brown to sepia-brown (according to firing). Over handle and shoulder, terminating above body mid-point in irregular line, glaze evenly applied. Max. Pr. H. (without handle) .102m. Max. D. .102m.
13. Lydion. Plate 9:1. Not inventoried.
Very worn surface. 124 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Broken and mended. Parts of rim, neck, body missing. Clay orange-brown; micaceous; soft and friable. Decoration in cream slip, glaze whose color ranges from pale to dark sepia-brown. Over slip on neck, body, foot, glaze streakily applied. Est. H. .1385m. Est. Max. D. body .1295m.
14. Closed vessel with low profiled foot. Plate 9:2. Not inventoried.
Broken and mended. Lower body, foot preserved. Clay orange-brown; micaceous; soft. Max. Pr. H. .0505m. D. foot .0705m.
15. Closed vessel with outflaring ring foot. Plate 9:2. Not inventoried.
Broken and mended. Lower body, foot preserved. Clay orange-brown; micaceous. Decoration in glaze whose color ranges from pale to dark brown (according to firing and concentration). Over body and foot, glaze somewhat streakily applied. On lower edge of foot, glaze in narrow band. Max. Pr. H. .0484m. D. foot .0695m.
16. Alabaster alabastron. Plate 9:3. S61.1: 3134.
Part of upper body, one handle preserved. Max. Pr. H. .05m. H. handle .025m. Wall .0015-.002 m.
17. Shell, Macta corallinaL. Not inventoried.
In center, oval hole.
L. .0565 m. D. hole .019 m. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 125 18. Shell fragments, clam type but not Macta corallinaL. Not inventoried.
L. largest fragment .041m.
19. Sheep knucklebones: 100 intact, 56 fragmentary. Not inventoried.
20. Hunks of carbonized wood. Not inventoried.
Ca. .08 m. by .08 m. by .15 m.
21. Gold bead of melon form with granulation. Plate 10:1. J61.1: 3126. Spherical form perforated with central hole. Outer surface articulated with curving melon-like segments, which terminate at the holes. Granulation in single lines of granules between each segment and in double rings around the holes.
H. .0095m. Weight 2.35 g. Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 27, fig. 23 on p. 28; G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961)," Turk ArkeolojiDergisi 11 (1961) 45, pl. 38 fig. 21.
22. Onyx bead with gold wire attachment. Plate 10:2. J61.2: 3127. Barrel-shaped bead longitudinally perforated with central hole. Wire passes through perforation and around the outside, closely following the bead contour; and makes a small loop rising from the bead midway between the two ends.
L. .028 m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 27, fig. 22 on p. 27; G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961)," Turk ArkeolojiDergisi 11 (1961) 45, pl. 38 fig. 22. 126 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. 23. Silver pendant in form of hawk. Plate 10:3. J61.3: 3128.
Hawk standing on rectangular plinth; on back, ring for suspension.
H. .03 m.
Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 27, fig. 21 on p. 27; G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961)," Turk ArkeolojiDergisi 11 (1961) 45, pl. 38 fig. 23.
24. Iron nails and small L-shaped bar. M61.2: 3137.
Larger nails (three preserved complete; two heads, several shaft sections of incomplete examples): Max. Pr. L. .095m. D. shaft .0125m. D. head .03m. Smaller nail: L. .03m. D. shaft .0015 m. D. head .02m.
Small L-shaped bar: L. of segments .025 m., .035m. D. shaft .05m.
Fragments of at least nine vases were recovered by the excavation guard before recorded excavations, allegedly from disturbed earth by the two graves. The particular grave from which these might have come could not be determined.
a. Rim and handle fragments of at least four skyphoi, fabric and decoration similar to that of nos. 6-8. Some possibly parts of no. 8 ? b. Body fragment of small closed vessel, perhaps a lydion; on exterior, streakily-applied brown glaze. c. Body fragment of small closed vessel; on exterior, streakily-applied brown glaze, over which narrow band of cream paint. d. Lekythos of Lydian-Samian type. Complete and intact except for foot; surface very worn. Clay as in nos. 4, 5. Pr. H. .175 m. TwoLydian Graves at Sardis 127 e. Small arched handle, probably from a lekythos. f. Arched section of strap handle with central rib on upper surface, from an oinochoe or the like.
The stone-lined cist is a grave form rarely encountered in modern records of ancient graves at Sardis; although itwould seem too simple and natural a form to have been as uncommon as the negative evidence suggests.9 The size of our two graves indicates they were intended for single interments. The disruption of the contents and the disintegration of the skeletal remains would have removed any evidence for reuse; but the simple form and relative remoteness of the graves from the settlement area favors single usage: such graves could have been more easily duplicated than reused.10 The assemblages of funeral offerings may be compared to those of seventh-through-fifth century date from graves opened at Sardis by Butler's mission between 1910 and 1922. Those grave groups were not, and now cannot, because of the disappearance of records and objects, be published; but unpublished object inventories which survive provide some information about the grave contents.1l The numbers of 9Most of the graves of the popular cemetery reported in Butler Sardis I are chamber tombs. Two pre-Hellenistic graves opened by Butler's mission seem to have been of cist type.One was Tomb 23a, a "deep pit, well squared showing remains of ceiling but having no entrance in the side walls (must have been entered through the roof); probably below a tombwhich had eroded away" (notes of G. H. Chase). Tomb 23a yielded thirty-six complete items, including an aryballos of Corinthian warrior type, a canoe-shaped vase with an inscription in Lydian, W. H. Buckler (supra n. 4) 52-54, no. 30, a trick vase with plastic mouth in the form of a ram's head, Butler Sardis I. 120, ill. 126 on p. 119, and some other pottery vessels now inNew York, theMetropolitan Museum of Art. The other grave was apparently a cist lined with architectural terracottas, T. L. Shear (supra n. 4) 395; idem,"Terra-Cottas," SardisX (Cambridge 1926) 6-7, fig. 5. A cist grave lined and covered with shist slabs, apparently double-decker for two interments dating from the Roman period, was exposed in the earth of a tumulus which lies some 3 km. to the south of Sardis in the Tmolus foothills, in 1971; G. M. A. Hanf mann, "The Fourteenth Campaign at Sardis (1971)," BASOR (forthcoming). 10The location of the gravesmust have been determined by the availability of land in the necropolis region, and suggests that the population of Sardis was considerable when the graves were dug. 11For general accounts of the graves, Butler Sardis I. 55ff, 78ff, 115ff, 140ff, 154ff, 157ff. Most of the ceramic objects now known to be in existence are in New York, theMetropolitan Museum of Art; for thismaterial, Chase (supran. 4); Smith (supra n. 4); G. M. A. Richter, TheMetropolitan Museum of Art Handbookof theGreek Collection (Cambridge, Mass. 1953) pl. 32; BMMA (supra n. 4) 197-199. Most of the jewelry and seals are in Istanbul, theArchaeological Museum; for these, Curtis (supra n. 4). 128 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. objects recovered from those graves varied considerably. Of the 160-odd graves from which objects are recorded, some 45 contained between five and ten objects, some 35 more than ten; and, of the latter, 7 con tained more than thirty. These statistics can provide little information about the number of objects regularly deposited with individual inter ments at Sardis, however; for, since themajority of graves were chamber tombs designed to accommodate several bodies and often reused for additional burials, many of the higher numbers must reflect multiple interments; and the smaller numbers may reflect pilfering. Of our two assemblages, conspicuously the richer, of course, is that from grave 61.2. The disruption of thematerials permits no more than speculation about the funereal role of the items: were all intended as personal effects to accompany the deceased, or do some represent the residue of a cere mony held by mourners over the grave ? 12 Of the pottery items, themost unusual are nos. 4 and 5, the skyphoi with Orientalizing decoration, and no. 11, the bowl with spool shaped attachments. Visual features of the clay of nos. 4 and 5 (pl. 4:1-3; pl. 5:1 and 2) suggest tome they were made at Sardis. The skyphoswas themost popular cup form of pre-Hellenistic Sardis, as is attested by the abundant pottery remains recovered at the site.13The mastoid form of the bowls of nos. 4 and 5 (and of nos. 6, 7, and 8) is characteristic. The
12Pyres in the Tomb of Alyattes near Sardis and a tumulus burial dating probably from the sixth century B.C.at Gordion in Phrygia provide some evidence for funeral ceremonies at grave sites in Lydia and the Lydian sphere of influence. For the thick layer of oak charcoal which lies on the limestone ceiling beams of the burial chamber in the Tomb of Alyattes, J. F. M. von Olfers, "fIber die lydischen Konigsgraber bei Sardes und den Grabhugel des Alyattes," AbhBerl (1858) 547; G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Fifth Campaign at Sardis (1962)," BASOR 170 (1963) 55. For the layer of ashy debris containing lydia, lekythoi, and other vases in the tumulus at Gordion (a layer now associated by its excavator, M. J. Mellink, with the tumulus burial, although it rested on a wooden balcony of a mud-brick fortification wall over which the tumulus was heaped), R. S. Young, "Making History at Gordion," Archaeology6 (1953) 164-165; idem,"The Gordion Campaign of 1957: Preliminary Report," AJA 62 (1958) 140-141. 13There is so much that is stylistically Greek in the material culture of Lydian Sardis that one must imagine the deep-bowled skyphos favored there to be of Greek derivation and derived from the Protocorinthian form. It is surprising, however, that deep bowled skyphoi seem to have been used so little by the Eastern Greeks, the logical introducers of Greek culture to Lydia. Very few deep-bowled skyphoi are reported from Eastern Greek sites, where either cups with shallower bowls (e.g., skyphos-bowls, bird and rosette bowls, Ionian cups) or chalices evidently were preferred. For Greek elements in Lydian material culture, C. H. Greenewalt, Jr., "An Exhibitionist from Sardis," Studies Presentedto George M. A. Hanfmann (Mainz 1971) n. 40. TwoLydian Graves atSardis 129 feet of nos. 4 and 5 (and of 6 and 7), now lost,may have had either the distinctive tall conical form which is a familiar and well-publicized feature of Lydian pottery, or the low conical or ring form (like that of no. 8), which seems to have been equally common at Sardis.14 The painted decoration of nos. 4 and 5 ismuch more elabo rate than usual on skyphoi from Sardis. The nearly identical scheme and motives (together with their nearly identical size and form) suggest that they were made as a pair. The decorative scheme, with figural frieze in the handle zone and pattern below, is standard forOrientalizing bowls, and the pattern motives (thin-thick-thin bands, voided rays) are com mon in Orientalizing repertoires. The light-coloured slip and outline drawing, and the filling-ornament motives identify the painting style as fundamentally Eastern Greek; and the glaze is the standard "iron oxide" type of Eastern Greek vase painting.15 The figural friezes (pl. 4:3), however, contain several elements which are unusual in Eastern Greek painting. Fish are very rare in Eastern Greek natural history, and when they do appear, tend to be more schematized-basic forms, often derived from a pair of intersecting arcs and with no render ing of scales-than those on nos. 4 and 5.16 The fat-bellied birds have no precise match in Eastern Greek painting (too much to expect, probably, that they might represent the Lydian francolins which were wont to cry "T'plITOS KaKOVpyOLSKCaKc5").17 The abstract decoration of 14 " The tall foot in the shape of a truncated cone," noted as afavored Lydian form by G. H. Chase inH. C. Butler, "Fifth Preliminary Report on the American Excava tions at Sardes inAsia Minor," AJA 18 (1914) 433, is a feature of many skyphoi, lydia, and lekythoi found and apparently made at Sardis; and of the strainer-spouted vessel from Sardis now in theMetropolitan Museum of Art (forwhich see text and n. 22 infra), a vase of fun damentally Phrygian shape whose "Lydianization" is demonstrated by the conical foot form and marbled decoration. 15 Cf. the distinctive combination of "manganese"- and "iron oxide"-type glazes on "Sardis Style" and other vase-painting styles practiced at Sardis, C. H. Greene walt, Jr., "Orientalizing Pottery from Sardis: The Wild Goat Style," CSCA 3 (1970) 55ff. 16Other Eastern Greek-style fishes appear on a crater or lebes from Sardis, inventoried P60.130: 2408, G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "From the Trojan War to the Time of Tamerlane: Discoveries on the Citadel and in the Ancient City of Sardis," ILJ238 (1961) 537, fig. 11; on a lebes from Samos, R. Eilmann, "Friihe Griechische Kera mik im samischen Heraion," AM 58 (1933) figs. 41, 50, 56; H. Walter, "Fruhe Samische Gefisse: Chronologie und Landschaftsstile ostgriechischer Gefisse," Samos5 (Bonn 1968) 57, 116, fig. 35 on p. 56, pl. 78 no. 428; and on an amphora from Old Smyrna, Izmir Fuar Museum 3360. 17 o{ATrryas, Tetrao orientalis or francolinus (L.) ? for whose Lydian origin and cry, Athenaeus 9.388a; cf.D'A. W. Thompson, A Glossaryof GreekBirds (London-Oxford 1936) 59ff. 130 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. the bird's body on no. 5 (pl. 5:2) is paralleled not in Eastern Greek painting but in another Lydian vase with Eastern Greek stylistic features, on which the bodies of painted deer display abstract decorative pattern.18 The bowl with spool-shaped attachments, no. 11 (pl. 8:1-3), is the subject of a special study by A. K. Knudsen, now Mrs. Khalil.19 Mrs. Khalil's description of the bowl is farmore detailed than the one presented supra; and, although it contains one or two slight errors (corrected in the description, supra), should be considered definitive. Comparanda and other data which suggest the cultural milieu of our bowl are admirably covered in Mrs. Khalil's commentary, and need only be touched on here. The distinctive shape is one which seems to have originated in Phrygia, where it enjoyed a considerable vogue and whence it was transmitted to theGreek world. The form of our bowl ismuch more like that of the Phrygian "originals" than ofmost Hellenic " Phrygianizing" bowls (which lack the horizontal band and vertical lugs). The excep tionally thick lip and possibly the differing lengths of the spool-shaped lugs of our bowl suggest that itmay have been copied directly from one of the numerous Phrygian metal examples, whose bowl parts were cast rather than hammered and whose spool-shaped lugs were cast from individual molds rather than from the same molds. On the other hand, the Phrygian bowls with cast bowl parts seem to be appreciably older than our bowl; whereas those Phrygian-or Phrygian-type-metal bowls whose proposed date is closer to the probable date of our bowl and which include the examples found nearest to Sardis, have thin hammered rather than thick cast bowl parts.20 Bowls of this form also were made of wood, and it is conceivable (whatever may have been the original medium of the type) that our thick-lipped bowl imitates a wooden example.21 18See C. H. Greenewalt, Jr., "Lydian Vases fromWestern Asia Minor," CSCA 1 (1968) 151ff; idem (supra n. 15) pl. 18. 19A. K. Knudsen, "From a Sardis Tomb: A Lydian Pottery Imitation of a Phrygian Metal Bowl?," Berytus 15 (1964) 59-69. 20 Cf. A. K. Knudsen (supra n. 19) 67. The bowls found near Sardis were recovered from a grave near Manisa and are now in Izmir, E. Akurgal, "Bayrakh: Erster Vorlaufiger Bericht uber die Ausgrabungen in Alt-Smyrna," Ankara UniversitesiDil ve Tarih-CoirafyaFakultesi Dergisi 8 (1950) 87, pl. B, fig. 2. 21Three Phrygian-type bowls of pear wood were found in the Tumulus "P" burial at Gordion, R. S. Young, "Gordion 1956: Preliminary Report," AJA 61 (1957) 328-329, pl. 95 fig. 33. The recovery of numerous isolated spool-shaped attachments of at 131 Two Lydian Graves Sardis Like another pottery vessel of Phrygianizing form re covered at Sardis (the well-publicized strainer-spouted pitcher now in New York),22 our bowl is decorated with marbling (the glaze patterning created from the brushing of dilute glaze into patterns which become visible as a result of the glaze's uneven distribution and firing). The marbling pattern on our bowl (and on the strainer-spouted pitcher) is the simplest and most common one: wiggly multiple bands. Marbling is common on painted pottery from Sardis and other sites in Asia Minor where Lydian influence is known or thought to have extended, and probably was a specialty of Lydian vase painters.23 The subject of Phrygian-Lydian connections in pre Hellenistic times has interested many scholars of Asia Minor.24 The Phrygian shapes and Lydian decoration of our bowl and the strainer spouted pitcher in New York together with their excellent state of preservation, make them conspicuous testimonials to Phrygian-Lydian
bronze and ivory has suggested that the bowls towhich they belonged were made of perish able material which has disintegrated, most likelywood; cf. J. Birmingham, "The Overland Route Across Anatolia in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.,"AnatSt 11 (1961) 189-190; Knudsen (supra n. 19) 65-66. R. S. Young and Mrs. Kahlil (Knudsen) have argued that the original medium of these Phrygian-type bowls was metal. Might not the prominent forms of the horizontal band and vertical lugs suggest, however, that they originally were designed to bind and hold together a material which readily warps and splays, like wood (asMrs. Birmingham suggested) ? 22Metropolitan Museum of Art 14.30.9, Chase (supra n. 4); Richter (supra n. 11) 192, pl. 32b; BMMA (supra n. 4) 199. 23Outside Sardis, marbled ware has been found in Asia Minor at Old Smyrna (attacked by Gyges, sacked by Alyattes), Daskyleion (a Lydian name? cf. Daskylos, the father of Gyges), Pitane, Larisa, Colophon, "Midas City," and Gordion (allwithin the Empire of Croesus as reported by Herodotus, 1.6, 28); seeJ. M. Cook, "Old Smyrna, 1948 1951," BSA 53-54 (1958-1959) 31 n. 87; L. B. Holland, "Colophon," Hesperia 13 (1944) 140-143; C. H. E. Haspels, "La Citd de Midas, Ceramique et Trouvailles Diverses," Phtygie III (Paris 1951) 29-30, pl. 8b, nos. 4, 5. A few examples of marbled ware have been found at sites in Cappodocia (AlisarHuyiik) and Lycaonia (EmircikHiiyik, Alibey Huyiuk) which lay outside the Empire of Croesus; seeH. H. von der Osten, "The Alishar Huyuk, The Seasons of 1930-1932, 3," OIP 20 (Chicago 1937) 32, fig. 53 on p. 44, pl. 11 ;J.Mellaart, " IronAge Pottery from South ern Anatolia," Belleten 19 (1955) 135, pl. 9 nos. 119-121. Outside Asia Minor, marbling is attested only on lydia (forwhich see infra nn. 27, 28). 24 Cf. G. Radet, "La Lydie et le Monde Grec au Temps des Mermnades (687-546)," Bibliothbquedes lcoles Franaises d'Athees et de Rome 63 (1893) 260ff; D. G. Ho garth, lonia and theEast (Oxford 1909) 75f; C. Roebuck, Ionian Trade andColonization (New York 1959) 47ff; R. S. Young, "Gordion of the Royal Road," ProcPhilSoc107:4 (1963) 361-363; idem,"Old Phrygian Inscriptions fromGordion: Toward a History of the Phrygian Alphabet," Hesperia 38 (1969) 253-256; 0. W. Muscarella, "Phrygian or Lydian?," JNES 30 (1971) 57ff. 132 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. interconnections. These two pieces are so far unique, however, and additional archaeological evidence from Sardis for Phrygian-Lydian connections seems to be slight.25 Among the most common pre-Hellenistic pottery types at Sardis are skyphoi with streaky-glaze decoration and lydia. Innu merable examples similar to our nos. 6, 7, and 8 (skyphoi) and 1, 2, and 13 (lydia) have been recovered from pre-Hellenistic occupation debris throughout the settlement area, from the Acropolis, and from necropolis graves. The popularity of the types at Sardis and the clay of our examples indicate that ours were made at Sardis. As has been remarked, the skyphos was Sardis' most popular cup form, and the painted decoration of nos. 6, 7, and 8 (pl. 6:1) is characteristic: glaze streakily applied inside and out, and overpainted with narrow bands of white.26 The close similarity in size, form, and decoration suggests that nos. 6 and 7 may have been made as a pair. The quantity of lydia27 recovered at Sardis is very much greater than at other sites; this factor, combined with evidence for local manufacture and chronology, suggests that the lydion was an original 25 Muscarella, p. 60, implies more "Phrygianizing" material from Sardis than so far has been recovered and recognized. There are a few bowls and dishes which dis play individual elements of the Phrygian-type bowl, such as vertical lugs and spool-shaped attachments: Sardis Excavations inventory no. P61.221: 3532; Metropolitan Museum of Art 56.51.6 and 14.30.13, the last illustrated in BMMA (supra n. 4) 199. These items, how ever, are much less similar to the Phrygian-type bowl than our no. 11, supra. There also are a few fragments of black-burnished pottery vessels, including at least one whose form is articulated with horizontal faceting reminiscent of pottery from seventh- and sixth-century contexts at Gordion. Fragmentary pottery from Sardis which displays painted bichrome pattern decoration has been dubbed Phrygian by some of the excavators; but the motives and color schemes are not closely paralleled in Phrygian pottery and perhaps are more reasonably associated with the pattern repertoires of Eastern Greek-style vase painting. 26 A few skyphoi of this kind have been found outside Sardis and Lydia at sites which lay within Croesus' empire and evidently attest Lydian influence abroad; see Cook (supra n. 23) 29, pi. 4a; Young (supra n. 12) 164 fig. 8. 27 The name lydion is attested in at least one vase graffito, on an Attic stamnos with red-figure decoration attributed to the Hephaistion Painter, in Berlin (no. 2188); and perhaps also, in abbreviated form (Xv) in another graffito, on an Attic hydria with black-figure decoration attributed to the Leagros Group, inWirzburg (no. 321). For the stamnos, J. D. Beazley, "Some Inscriptions on Vases," AJA 31 (1927) 349-350; idem, Attic Red-Figure Vase Painters2 (Oxford 1963) 297 no. 1; D. A. Amyx, "The Attic Stelai, Part III," Hesperia 27 (1958) pi. 53f. For the hydria, J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-FigureVase Painters (Oxford 1956) 364 no. 50; D. A. Amyx, supra, 293, 294, pi. 53d; idem,"An Amphora with a Price Inscription in the Hearst Collection at San Simeon," University of California Publications inClassical Archaeology 1:8 (1941) 190-191. TwoLydian Graves at Sardis 133 Lydian vase form (designed, apparently, to contain a special product of Lydia).28 A fair number of lydia recovered at Sardis, like many recovered at Greek and Italic sites, have been found in graves: some
Pottery jars of the distinctive form of our nos. 1, 2, and 13, supra, were designated lydia for the first time in publication by Beazley, in J. D. Beazley, F. Magi, La RaccoltaBenedetto Gugliolmi nel Museo GregorianoEtrusco (Monumenti Vaticani di Archeologia e d'Arte 5; Rome 1939) 18, 21. Was Beazley the first person to term such jars lydia?R. S. Young thought he remembered T. L. Shear calling them lydia in the 1930s. In Shear's notes made at Sardis in 1922, however (supra n. 5), such jars are termed "leek-type jars." In G. H. Chase's field notes made at Sardis in 1914, they are termed "skolymoi" (a name coined by Chase?). The sense, or apparent sense (seeAmyx, supra), of the graffiti on the vases in Berlin (AvStaLE(L)wo:t:e, "10 larger lydia, 5," i.e., larger lydia priced at 1/ obol each) and Wiirzburg (Av:Aq/:A,'38 ly(dia?), 30, i.e., lydia priced at ca. 3/4 obol each) does not conflict with data about the jarswhich Beazley called lydia.The average height of such jars is ca. .08-.09 m., but some are appreciably taller, e.g., ajar .243m. high in Philadelphia (Uni versityMuseum MS 4856), E. H. Dohan, "A Lydian Imitation of a Lakonian Vase," The MuseumJournal 23 (1932) 61-63. Average jars of this type had very simple painted decoration or none at all; but some of the average-sized Attic and Etruscan examples had rather elabo rate black-figure decoration which, irrespective of other factors, might have determined a price higher than that for "larger" lydia (i.e., lydiawith greater content capacity); cf. examples with decoration attributed by Beazley to "Elbows Out," Kunstwerkeder Antike, Auktion 26 (Minzen und Medaillen A. G., Basel, 5 October 1963) no. 91, and Fogg Museum (Cambridge,Mass.) nos. 1964.10.1, 1964.10.2; attributed to theWraith Painter by D. von Bothmer, HesperiaArt Bulletin 34 (1965) cover picture; attributed to the Paris Painter and the Tityos Painter by T. Dohrn, Die Schwarzfigurigenetruskischen Vasen aus derZweiten Halfte des sechstenJahrhunderts (Berlin 1937) 41, 47, 147, 149. To the association of the name attested in the graffito or graffiti with jars like our nos. 1, 2, and 13, supra, there need not be objections on chronological grounds. The stamnoswith the "10 larger lydia" graffito and with decoration attrib uted to theHephaistion Painter has been dated "to the years immediately after 480 B.C.," B. Philippaki, "The Attic Stamnos," OxfordMonographs on Classical Archaeology (Oxford 1967) 49. The decoration of the hydria with the "38 ly(dia?) " graffito is attributed to the Leagros Group, whose activity is dated to the last quarter of the sixth century, J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-FigureVase-Painters (Oxford 1956) 354. Although there is no terminuspost quemfor the graffiti, it is reasonable to suppose they would have been scratched within a decade after the completion (i.e., firing) of the vases. The jarswhich Beazley and others have called lydiaseem to have been used in Greek lands predominantly during the two middle quarters of the sixth century; but some still circulated as late as the first two decades of the fifth, as is demonstrated by a grave group from theKerameikos inAthens (grave no. HW 42), which included one lydion(prob ably an import fromAsia Minor) and seven lekythoi, sixwith late black-figure decoration (for this information, I am very grateful to Dr. Ursula Knigge of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens). For a lydion with contexts of the late sixth century from Rhodes, G. Jacopi, "Esplorazione Archeologica di Camiro-I, Scavi nelle Necropoli Camiresi 1929 1930," Clara Rhodos4 (1931) 263-264, fig. 290 on p. 266. 28On the contents and Lydian packaging of the lydion, A. Rumpf, "Ly dische Salbgefasse," AM 45 (1920) 165f; C. Roebuck (supra n. 24) 56. 134 CrawfordH. Greenewalt,Jr. forty-six examples from some twenty-three graves excavated by Butler's mission; others from graves at Bin Tepe (including the Tomb of Alyattes).29 Horizontal fluting is a fairly common lydion feature, usually covering the entire body, as on no. 2 (pl. 3:1), sometimes only the shoulder zone.30 The kinds of simple painted decoration on our lydia-glaze applied in narrow bands or spirals on no. 1, in streaky and even washes on nos. 2 and 13-is characteristic of lydia produced in Asia Minor.31 Nos. 3, 12, 14, and 15 (pl. 3:2; pl. 9:2), the lekythos-jugs and closed vessels, and most of the items designated by lower-case letterswhich were recovered from the grave site before excavation, are either too plain or too fragmentary to warrant comment. The form of (d), the lekythos, is characteristic of lekythoi found at Sardis as well as the Eastern Greek region and Asia Minor in general; many examples from Sardis are decorated with white slip and stripes of marbling.32 Two pottery items which probably were imported to Sardis and not locally made are nos. 9 and 10, the Rosette Bowl and the Band Cup (pl. 6:2 and 3; pl. 7:1 and 2). Both types are rare at Sardis. The scarcity of rosette bowls contrasts with the large quantity of (stylistically-related) bird bowls which have been recovered at the 29For lydia from graves of the popular cemetery, Chase in Butler (supra n. 14) 434 fig. 6; Butler Sardis I. 80, ill. 75b; Shear (supra n. 4) 397-399, fig. 7, pl. 6; BMMA (supra n. 4) 197-199. For lydia from Bin Tepe graves, including the Tomb of Alyattes, von Olfers (supra n. 12) 549, 556, pl. 5: 7, 8, 9; Hanfmann (supra n. 12) 56-57; G. Perrot, C. Chipiez, Histoire de I'Artdans I'AntiquitiV (Paris 1890) 905 fig. 537; G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Sixth Campaign at Sardis (1963)," BASOR 174 (1964) 55-56. 30For very narrow horizontal fluting on lydia of a type probably not made in Lydia, J. B6hlau, Aus ionischenund italischenNecropolen (Leipzig 1898) 35, pl. 8.12; E. Gabrici, "Cuma," MonAnt 22 (1913) 511, pl. 69.4. 31The most elaborate painted decoration of Lydian style on a lydion known to the writer is one from Caere now in Rome, the Villa Giulia Museum (inventoried no. 20836; from the "Tomba dei Vasi Greci"), W. Helbig, Fuhrerdurch die 6ofentlichenSammlungen klassischerAltertiner inRom 34 (Tubingen 1969) 577 no. 2614. The shoulder and underside of the body are decorated with horizontal flutes which are colored alternately with reddish brown glaze and cream-white slip. The smooth middle zone of the body ismarbled. A vase fragment from Sardis (inventoried P63.42: 5013) from the body of a closed vessel which may be a large lydion (max. D. body ca. .20-.22 m; on the size of lydia, supra n. 27) also is decorated with horizontal fluteswhich are colored alternately with dark sepia-to-reddish-brown glaze and cream-white slip. Another vase fragment from Sardis now in New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art (inventoried 26.199.204) from a flattish vessel possibly a lid also displaysmulticolored horizontal flutes, some of which are coloredwith marbling in addition to the dark-to-reddish glaze and cream-white slip. 32Cf. Chase in Butler (supra n. 14) 435. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 135 site.33 The clay and glaze of the Band Cup, no. 10, are not Attic and suggest that, like no. 9, it is a product of the Eastern Greek region.34 Of the nonceramic material, the finest are the jewelry items, nos. 21-23 (pl. 10:1-3). To the gold bead of melon form with granulation and the onyx bead with the gold wire attachment (nos. 21 and 22) there are similar but not exact parallels among the jewelry recovered from graves of the popular cemetery by Butler's mission, and from Eastern Greek sites.35The silver pendant in the form of a "hawk" (no. 23) belongs to a large class of pendants made of precious metals and faience in the form of hawks and other creatures (including ibis, cat, ram, ape, human flautist, Bes) which have been recovered at many sites in the Eastern Greek region and sphere of influence, and may not be specially pertinent to Sardian cults, although "hawks" were asso ciated in Antiquity with an important Anatolian goddess or goddesses who, as Cybele and/or Ephesian Artemis, had a major cult center at
33Cf. Greenewalt (supra n. 15) 56 n. 3. The bowls called "Naucratite" in this footnote are decorated with both birds and rosettes in the handle zone and voided rays on the lower body (and, unlike our no. 9, supra, have button bases). 34Fragments of a few other plain band cups have been recovered from the Sardis region; e.g., one, inventoried P63.80: 5059, from Sardis; another, inventoried P68.94: 7734, from a settlement by the Gygaean Lake, Hanfmann, Waldbaum (supra n. 4) 14.The Skyphos of Klitomenes (MetropolitanMuseum of Art, SL 62.12), recovered from a grave in the popular cemetery at Sardis, shares certain features in common with band cups, Smith (supra n. 4). The site identified asMelie (near Panionion) by its excavators has yielded one fragmentary Band Cup almost identical in form and decoration to our no. 10, and other similar pieces, G. Kleiner, P. Hommel, W. Miller-Wiener, "Panionion und Melie," JdI Erg. 23 (1967) 150, pls. 3, III. 35Beads similar to no. 21 found by Butler's mission are: spherical,made of gold, and covered entirely with granulation; melon-shaped and made of sheet gold in two halves with repousse beading; melon-shaped and made of stone and glass paste with gold wire lining the grooves; melon-shaped and made of gold without granulation; Curtis (supra n. 4) 16-17,20,23,27; pl. 3 figs. 1,3,11; pl. 5figs. 1,2; pl. 6fig. 2 (nos. 25, 33, 42, 43, 52). For beads similar to no. 21 from Ephesus (the Artemision), F. H. Marshall, Catalogueof the Jewellery, Greek,Etruscan, and Roman, in theDepartments of Antiquities,British Museum (London 1911) 77, pl. 9 (nos. 997, 998, 1001, 1003-1005). For barrel-shaped beads similar to no. 22 but lacking gold wire attachments, found at Sardis by Butler's mission and at Lindos on Rhodes, Curtis (supra n. 4) pl. 5 fig. 5 (no. 54); C. Blinkenberg, "Les Petits Objets," Lindos,Fouilles de l'Acropole1902-1914 I (Berlin 1931) 94, pl. 10 (no. 162) cf. 367, pl. 59 (no. 1351). Cf. also P. Amandry, "Les Bijoux Antiques," CollectionHeline Stathatos (Strasbourg 1953) 143, pl. 53 (nos. 310, 311). For other gold jewelrywhich may have been made or in someway associated with Lydia, E. Akurgal, Die Kunst Anatoliens (Berlin 1961) 155, fig. 104 on p. 154, and biblio graphical references on p. 323 n. 91; A. Greifenhagen, "Schmuck und Gerit eines lydischen Midchens," AntikeKunst 8 (1965) 13-19. 136 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Sardis.36No. 21must be one of a series of ornaments, like similar exam ples recovered by Butler's mission, which once were strung together to form a necklace or the like. The companion pieces of no. 21 evidently were removed from grave 61.2 before excavation. Our three jewelry items must have been made either in Lydia or in the Greek world. Which of the two is not easily determined from stylistic evidence as Lydian arts are apt to be strongly Hellenized and their style not significantly different from Greek. Laboratory analy sis of the gold in nos. 21 and 22 might furnish evidence to favour Sardis as the place of their manufacture if they proved to be significantly like that of gold wasters recovered from the sixth-century gold and silver refinery by the Pactolus. The proverbial mineral wealth of Lydian kings, the Pactolus's fabled golden sands, and the specific evidence of the refinery and of an item of sixth-century gold jewelry and a jewelry mold found near the refinery37 strongly indicate, of course, that our jewelry items were made38 at Sardis.
36For pendants made of precious metals, D. G. Hogarth, "The Archaic Artemisia," BritishMuseum Excavationsat Ephesus (London 1908) pls. 3 no. 11; 4 nos. 25, 36; 6 no. 62; 11 nos. 2, 6; Marshall (supran. 35) pl. 10 (no. 1042). For pendants made offaience from Old Smyrna, Chios (Emporio, Phanai), Samos, Rhodes (Lindos, Camirus, Ialysos), Cyprus, Aegina, Athens, Perachora, Berezan, Naukratis, J. Boardman, "Excavations in Chios 1952-1955: Greek Emporio," BSA Suppl. 6 (1967) 241. For the association of" hawks" with goddesses inAnatolia, D. G. Hogarth, supra, 336; M. J. Mellink, "A Votive Bird from Anatolia," Expedition6 (1964) 28-32. The existence of a Temple of Cybele at Sardis prior to 494 B.C. is attested by Herodotus (5.102); the establishment of a cult of Ephesian Artemis at Sardis at least as early as the third century B.C. is indicated by the text of an inscription recovered at Ephesus, D. Knibbe, "Ein religioser Frevel und seine Suihne. Ein Todesurteil hellenistischer Zeit aus Ephesos," JOAI 46 (1961-1963) 176-182; J., L. Robert, "Bulletin tpigraphique," REG 76 (1963) 163-164. For the subject of Cybele and Artemis cults at Sardis in general, G. M. A. Hanfmann, J. C. Waldbaum, "Kybebe and Artemis, Two Anatolian Goddesses at Sardis," Archaeology22 (1969) 264-269. 37The Pactolus still yields gold (cf. Herodotus 1.93; Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.134-145) in spite of Strabo's statement (625-626 = 13.4.5) to the contrary. For an ore sample panned inmodern times and analyzed for its composition, S. M. Goldstein, "The Examination of the Gold Samples from Pactolus North," inHanfmann, Waldbaum (supra n. 4) 27. Minerological investigations carried out in 1963 by M. Saydamer for theMineral Resources Research Institute (Maden Tetik ve Arama Enstituiis) in Ankara demonstrated that the conglomerate of the massifs east and west of the Pactolus contains small flecks of gold. This content and the continuous eroding of themassifs probably accounts for the presence of gold in the stream bed. For gold jewelry from the refinery area, A. Ramage, "City Area: Pactolus North," in G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Tenth Campaign at Sardis (1967)," BASOR 191 (1968) 13, fig. 13 on p. 14. For the refinery and jewelrymold, A. Ramage, " Pactolus North," inHanfmann, Waldbaum (supra n. 4) 18-26. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 137 Alabastra were common grave offerings in the cemeteries of Sardis (as of theGreek world): of the 1,150-odd graves in the popular cemetery from which Butler's mission recovered objects, 32 yielded a total of sixty alabastra (twenty-two of alabaster, like our no. 16; thirty-eight of clay); many alabaster alabastra also have been recovered from tombs at Bin Tepe, including the Tomb of Alyattes.39 Our ala baster alabastron, no. 16 (pl. 9:3) displays no distinctive differences from others of its kind recovered in Asia Minor and the Greek world. The interior cavity was hollowed by gouging or the like, and not merely by simple drilling as in some examples. Of the shells, no. 17 is a salt-water species; the fragments of no. 18 are too small to permit identification and might belong to either a fresh-water or salt-water variety.40 Shells are not recorded in the inventories of objects recovered from graves at Sardis opened by Butler's mission, but whether they were absent from the graves or merely ignored by the excavation recorders is not clear. Numerous flat bivalve shells, like ours, and other forms, like the murex, have been recovered from graves of Archaic and Classical date on Rhodes (at 38The gold bead of melon form and the silver hawk must have been cast (the gold bead by the lost-wax process rather than by piece molds?). Granulation and the making of gold wire, techniques whose familiarity in Lydia is attested by numerous illustra tions in the jewelry recovered by Butler's mission, would have been accomplished by the same processeswhich Greeks used. On jewelry casting, R. A. Higgins, Greekand Roman Jewellery (London 1961) 16-17; E. E. Morrison, "How the Ancients Cast Their Jewelry: An Alternate Theory," National Jeweler (December 1966) 45-50; R. T6lle, "Eine archaische Gussform," Antike und Abendland 12:1 (1966) 91-94. On granulation and gold wire, Higgins, supra, 13ff, 19ff; P. F. Davidson inH. Hoffmann, P. F. Davidson, GreekGold: Jewelryfrom theAge of Alexander (Mainz 1966) 36ff, 45ff. 39For alabastra from graves of the popular cemetery and Bin Tepe opened by theHarvard-Corell mission, Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 30; idem,"The Ninth Campaign at Sardis (1966)," BASOR 186 (1967) 51-52; idem,"The Fourteenth Campaign at Sardis (1971)," BASOR (forthcoming). For alabaster alabastra from the Tomb of Alyattes at Bin Tepe, von Olfers (supra n. 12) 556, pl. 5 nos. 10, 11.Another alabastron from the Tomb is now inOxford, the Ashmolean Museum, inventoried 1919.51; for itsmodern history, A. H. Sayce, Reminiscences (London 1923) 169-170. 40Dr. Peter Rodda, of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, kindly examined the shells.He identified no. 17 and observed that its hole is unlikely to have resulted from natural wear and decay; and that no. 18 might be one of many kinds of fresh water clams or severalmarine oysters. For fossilized sea-shells observed by Xanthos of Lydia in the interior regions of Asia Minor, FGrHist IIIC no. 765.12 (= Strabo 1.3.4). For Medi terranean shells, F. Nordsieck, Die europaischenMeeres-Gehauseschnecken (Prosobranchia). vom Eismeer bis Kapverdenund Mittelmeer (Stuttgart 1968); idem,Die europaischenMeeresmuscheln (Bivalvia). vomEismeer bis Kapverden,Mittelmeer, undSchwarzes Meer (Stuttgart 1969). 138 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Camirus, Ialysos, and Vroulia), Nisyros and Samos, and from Hellenis tic graves atMyrina inAeolis. One bivalve shell fromMyrina had been fitted with a metal hinge and opening lever, and, at the time of re covery, contained traces of red, blue, and white coloring, perhaps raw pigment.41 Our shells might have been deposited in the grave as con tainers, but the hole in no. 17 seems to be man-made and suggests that no. 17was used for some other purpose; perhaps it was a simple orna ment or trinket. Appropriate to Lydia, in view of Herodotus's report (1.94) that the Lydians invented astragal games (and at least one ancient artist's conceit that the Lydian Niobids prior to their untimely end had played at astragals) is the collection of astragals, no. 19.42 Like shells,
41For shells found in graves at Camirus, Ialysos, and Vroulia on Rhodes, on Nisyros, Samos, and at Myrina in Aeolis: G. Jacopi, "Scavi nella Necropoli di Jalisso, 1924-1928," Clara Rhodos 3 (1929) Cuccia grave no. 35, Zambico grave no. 64; idem, "Esplorazione Archeologica di Camiro-I: Scavi nelle Necropoli Camiresi 1929-1930," Clara Rhodos4 (1931)Macri Langoni graves nos. 5, 25, 26, 68, 75, 107, 116, 178, 180, 183; idem,"Esplorazione Archeologica di Camiro-II," ClaraRhodos 6-7 (1932-1933) Papatislures grave no. 20; L. Laurenzi, "Necropoli Ialisie (Scavi dell'Anno 1934)," ClaraRhodos 8 (1936) Marmaro graves nos. 68, 78; K. F. Kinch, Fouilles de Vroulia (Berlin 1914) 43-47, graves p and s; G. Jacopi, "Scavi e Ricerche di Nisiro," Clara Rhodos6-7 (1932-1933) graves nos. 23, 36;J. Boehlau, Aus ionischenund italischenNekropolen (Leipzig 1898) graves nos. 28, 36, 44, 48; E. Pottier, S. Reinach, La Necropolede Myrina (Paris 1887) graves nos. 78, 85, 108, 110. Only a few of these shells were reported identified; identifications included Cypraealurida (Macri Langoni graves nos. 75, 107, 178; Vroulia grave p), Venus,Pecten, Petunculus (Macri Langoni grave no. 107), Cassis saburon(Vroulia grave s). For the hinged bivalve containing the traces of coloring fromMyrina, E. Pottier, S. Reinach, supra, grave no. 85, item no. 625, pp. 89, 591. 42 For the Niobids playing with astragals in a monochrome painting on marble by Alexander theAthenian, fromHerculaneum and now inNaples, E. Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen (Munich 1923) 783-784, fig. 629; A. Maiuri, Roman Painting (Geneva 1953) 104-105. For the principles of astragal games, Pollux, Onomasticum 9.99; L. A. V. Becq de Fouquires, Les Jeux desAnciens (Paris 1873) 325ff; H. Heydemann, "Die Kn6chel spielerin im Palazzo Colonna zu Rom," Hallisches Winckelmannsprogram2 (Halle 1877) 9ff; C. Daremberg, E. Saglio, Dictionnaire desAntiquitis Grecques et RomainesV (Paris 1918) 28ff (s.v. talus). Inscribed astragals, evidently of the Hellenistic period, have been recovered at Gordion in Phrygia (some inscribed "Nike"; two, presumably a pair, inscribed "Achilles" and "Hektor") and Myrina in Aeolis (inscribedwith letters and symbols); R. S. Young, "The 1961 Campaign at Gordion," AJA 66 (1962) 154; E. Pottier, S. Reinach (supra n. 41) 100, grave no. 115. For representations of people playing astragal games in Greek art of the fifth century and later,Heydemann, supra, Iff;H. B.Walters, Catalogueof theTerracottas in the Departmentof Greekand Roman Antiquities, British Museum (London 1903) 324-325; P.Wolters, "Ein Salbgefiss aus Tarent," MJb (1913) 91ff. By the time of our grave 61.2 deposit, astragalsmust have been common gaming pieces and counters throughout the Greek world and Asia Minor. At Gordion in Phrygia, a "large jug full of astragals" was recovered from a storage room in an occupation Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 139 astragals are not recorded from the graves opened by Butler's mission, but whether because absent or ignored is not clear. As in the case of other objects from grave 61.2, our astragals were found scattered at random through the debris inside the grave; if analogous collections from Rhodian graves of the sixth and fifth centuries are pertinent to Lydia, however, their recovery there in clusters would suggest that ours too had been deposited in the grave as a group.43 Our collection of 128 or more is far larger than collections from Rhodes and than all but one collection of astragals from Hellenistic graves at Myrina in Aeolis. One grave atMyrina (apparently a single interment), however, yielded 230 astragals and two graves on Samos yielded nearly 100; and an epigram in the Palatine Anthology (6.308) records the award of 80 astragals as a prize in a writing contest.44 Ours, then, seems likely to have been the personal collection of the deceased. Of no. 24, the iron nails presumably and the iron L shaped bar perhaps were fastenings for some object made of perishable material which has disintegrated. No. 20, the pieces of wood, may be the remnants of that object. The size of the larger nails (.095 m. in
level apparently destroyed sometime in the first half of the seventh century, Young (supra n. 21) 321. Gaming with astragals in theGreek world is attested in the Iliad, 23.88. For astra gals found inGreek graves of the sixth and fifth centuries at Ialysos and Camirus on Rhodes and atMyrina inAeolis (infra n. 43). For an inscribed bronze weight made in the form of an astragal which had been dedicated toApollo at Didyma, removed by the Persians in 494, and taken to Susa, where itwas recovered inmodern excavations, B. Haussoullier in "Rcherches Archeologiques," Delegation en Perse,Mdmoires 7 (1905) 155ff, pl. 29. For representations of astragals inGreek art,Wolters, supra. For four ceramic boxes made in the form of astragals and decorated in the red-figure technique (by the Sotades Painter, the Syriskos Painter, and others),Wolters, supra, 92 n. 44; G. M. A. Richter, "An Athenian Astragalos," BMMA 36 (1941) 122-123. 43For astragals recovered in graves at Ialysos and Camirus on Rhodesi G. Jacopi and L. Laurenzi (supra n. 41) Zambico graves nos. 164, 200, 208, 233; Macr, Langoni graves nos. 31, 76, 149, 175; Papatislures grave no. 13;Marmaro graves nos. 67, 68. Astragals recovered in groups are specifically reported from the following graves: Zambico nos. 164, 200; Macri Langoni nos. 31, 76; Marmaro nos. 67, 68. 44From the graves on Rhodes, G. Jacopi and L. Laurenzi (supra n. 41), astragals were reported in amounts of one, "some" (Macri Langoni grave no. 31 = ca. four astragals? cf. fig. 106 on p. 116), five, six, "various" (Macri Langoni grave no. 76; = ca. ten astragals? cf. fig. 187 on p. 181), eleven, twenty-two, twenty-four, "numerous." On Samos, astragals were reported found in graves nos. 22, 28, 37, 44; in amounts of two (grave no. 22) and nearly one hundred "in zwei Fallen" (Boehlau, supra n. 41) 21. At My rina, Pottier, Reinach (supra n. 41), astragals were reported found in graves nos. 51, 96, 100, 101, 106, 107, 111, 114, 115; in amounts of one (made of glass), two, three, eight, nine, seventeen, twenty-two, thirty-two, two hundred and thirty. 140 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. length) indicates that they were the fastenings of a large object: rather than a chest, a sarcophagus or a kline?45 Very little may be concluded about grave 61.1. The scanty remains provide no evidence for the identity of the deceased, and the grave goods suggest only a general date for the burial within the last three-quarters of the sixth century and the early decades of the fifth, when lydia like nos. 1 and 2 were in circulation.46 More may be concluded about grave 61.2 if the deposit is understood as a single interment. The size of the grave indicates that it was designed for such; and the simple form and remote situation, as has been remarked, provide arguments against reuse. For the identity of the deceased in grave 61.2 there is no direct evidence in the form of skeletal remains; but the size of the grave, the jewelry, the general similarity of the grave goods to grave assem blages recovered at Sardis by Butler's mission, and the Lydian charac ter of many individual items would indicate that the deceased was adolescent or adult, female, and probably native Lydian.47
45For sarcophagi of terracotta and stone placed within stone-lined cist graves on Rhodes, Jacopi (supra n. 41) Zambico graves nos. 254, 255; Marci Langoni graves nos. 113, 115, 116; Laurenzi (supra n. 41) 14-15. Pieces of wood which might have been remains of a sarcophagus or kline also were recovered in a grave at Bin Tepe whose interiordimensions were somewhat greater than those of our grave 61.2; Hanfmann (supra n. 29) 55 (graveBT 63.2). 46See n. 50 infra. 47 If the evidence of Greek art concerning astragals and of graves containing astragals and shells at Ialysos and Camirus on Rhodes, on Nisyros, and atMyrina in Aeolis is pertinent to Lydian burial customs, the presence of astragals and probably of shells in our grave 61.2 is unlikely to indicate the deceased's age and sex. For the relevant art and graves, Wolters (supra n. 42); Jacopi and Laurenzi; and Pottier, Reinach (supra n. 41). Astragal players of both sexes are depicted inGreek art. Astragals have been recovered in graves of children, adolescents, and adults; and of male and female persons. Papatislures no. 13,Macri Langoni no. 149, andMyrina no. 106were graves of children (in one case of "about six years," in another of "about one year"). Zambico nos. 164 and 200 and Macri Langoni no. 76 were graves of adolescents. Zambico no. 208 andMacri Langoni nos. 31 and 175were graves of adults. The presence of strigils and, in one case, a discus in Zambico nos. 200 and 233 andMacri Langoni no. 31 indicates that these graves belonged to male persons. The presence of female masks and doll-like figurines inMarmaro no. 68 sug gests that this grave may have belonged to a female person; and Myrina grave no. 96 is a woman. reported to have contained the bones of Shells have been found in graves of children, adolescents, and adults; and evidently ofmale persons.Macri Langoni nos. 178 and 173 (with children of five to six years and "not more than one year" respectively), Papatislures no. 20, Nisyros no. 23, andMyrina nos. 68 and no. 85 were graves of infants and children. Cuccia no. 35 and Macri Langoni no. 116 was the of an adult. Macri 180 were graves of adolescents. Macri Langoni grave Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 141 For the date of the grave 61.2 deposit, several of the objects contribute evidence. The most significant is theBand Cup, no. 10,which indicates that the burial may not be earlier than ca. 575 B.c. The deep bowl has been judged an early feature of band cups,48 and that being the case would suggest that no. 10 should be not much later than the middle of the sixth century. The evidence of no. 10 alone, then, would suggest a deposit of ca. 575-540. Most of the other items for which there is chronological information are compatible with this period of time. The form of the bowl with the spool-shaped lugs, no. 11, to be sure, is paralleled most closely by Phrygian metalware which has been dated to the late eighth and early seventh centuries; but the decoration of no. 11 indicates that it was made appreciably later, for marbling otherwise is attested no earlier than the late seventh century, if that early.49 The lydion, no. 13, like nos. 1 and 2, belongs to a typewhich circulated from ca. 575 through the first decades of the fifth century.50 Rosette bowls, like no. 9, seem to
Langoni nos. 25 and 75 each contained a scheletrod'un giovane;and the presence of a strigil in Myrina no. 78 suggests that it also was the grave of a male person. 48 B. A. Sparkes, L. Talcott, "Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C.,"The AthenianAgora XII (Princeton 1970) 90, pl. 18 (especially the remarks on no. 389). 49The earliest contexts with which marbled ware is thought to have been found are two small vases decorated in a style which combines elements ofWild Goat and Fikellura and which are thought to have been recovered togetherwith a smallmarbled fruit dish from a grave inwestern Asia Minor; W. Schiering, "Aus einem ostgriechischen Kinder grab," BerlMus 18 (1968) 2-6. Schiering has dated this group to the last quarter of the seventh century. Painted decoration very similar to that of the two vases in Berlin published by Schiering appears also on vases recovered at Sardis, C. H. Greenewalt,Jr., " Fikellura and 'Early Fikellura' Pottery from Sardis," CSCA 4 (1971) 153-180; and on a skyphos (with animal friezes in several registers) acquired in 1971 by theMuseum inManisa, Turkey. 50The earliest chronological evidence for lydia (of the general form of our nos. 1, 2, and 13) known tome comes from the Sardis region. Two lydia (onewith horizontal fluting, the other with banding or spiral glaze decoration) were recoveredwith a fragment of a Wild Goat-style vase of later seventh-century type from a pre-Hellenistic occupation stratum (probed in a small trial sondage) at Sardis. For pictures of the lydia and theWild Goat-style sherd, G. M. A. Hanfmann, A. H. Detweiler, "New Explorations at Sardis," Archaeology12 (1959) 60-61, figs. 14, 16; G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Sardis und Lydien," AbhMainz 6 (1960) pl. 6 fig. 7. Ch. Kardara has assigned the sherd to the "Arkades School" of the "Classical Camiran" style, RodiakeAngeiographia (Athens 1963) 91-93, no. 9 on p. 93. A rim fragment of a vase which seems to have been a lydion was recovered in earthy debris near the base and deep within the large tumulus at Bin Tepe known locally as KarnayarnkTepe. Whether or not this tumuluswas the Tomb of Gyges, as has been suggested, its size and prominent location in the Bin Tepe cemetery indicate that it is the tomb of a Lydian king, and thereforemust have been heaped before the end of the seventh century, i.e., to commemorate a predecessor 142 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. have circulated for a long time, a half-century or even longer, from the late seventh century (when conventionally dated) to the second half of the sixth.51 of Alyattes (surely the last Lydian king to receive formal burial honors; whose tomb has been identifiedwith another tumulus, known locally asKir Mutaf Tepe, at Bin Tepe). For exca vations inKarmyank Tepe, G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Seventh Campaign at Sardis (1964)," BASOR 177 (1965) 27ff; idem,"The Eighth Campaign at Sardis (1965)," BASOR 182 (1966) 27ff; idem,"The Ninth Campaign at Sardis (1966)" (supra n. 39) 43ff. Other than these two deposits in the Sardis region, however, there is little evidence to suggest that lydia circulated much before ca. 600. ForMiddle Corinthian contexts (cup, skyphos) recoveredwith a lydion (probably made in Italy) from a grave (no. 19) at Taranto, P. Pelagatti, "La Ceramica Laconica del Museo di Taranto," ASAtene 33-34 (1955-1956) 23-25, fig. 17 on p. 22. The latest chronological evidence for Lydia known tome is provided by a grave deposit in the Kerameikos at Athens (supra n. 27) which yielded a lydion (probably made in Asia Minor) and several black-figured lekythoi which have been dated to the first two decades of the fifth century. Other contexts which might be equally latewere recovered from a grave in the popular cemetery at Sardis by Butler's mission. The grave (no. 722) is reported to have yielded nineteen items: one white-ground lekythos, seven lydia (one with horizontal fluting, one with marbling, five with banding or spiral glaze decoration), three lamps, two alabastra, one stone weight, one glass bead, one carnelian scarab engraved with the figure of a boar and mounted in a gold ring, two bronze mirrors, and one iron spear head. The only item which has been published is the scarab, Curtis (supra n. 4) 38, pl. 9 fig. 11, pi. 11 fig. 4 (no. 98); J. Boardman, "Pyramidal Stamp Seals in the Persian Empire," Iran 8 (1970) 45, pl. 8 (no. 195). Of only one of the other items does a photograph survive: of themarbled lydion, whose shape resembles that of our nos. 1, 2, and 13.Brief descriptions or listings of the other items survive in Chase's field notes. The decoration of the lekythos,with "a group of five palmettes with dots between and lotus flowers at either side" has been likened by Hanfmann to decoration attributed to the Diosphos Painter on a lekythos in Athens, National Museum (no. 2213), C. H. E. Haspels, Attic Black-FiguredLekythoi (Paris 1936) pl. 36.5. The activity of the Diosphos Painter has been assigned to the first quarter of the fifth century, G. M. A. Richter, Attic Red-FiguredVases, A Survey (NewHaven 1958) 75, n. 99 on p. 182. 51A rosette bowl (with several rosettes, no triglyph stripes, and white banding) was recovered from a grave with context material forwhich a late seventh-century date has seemed appropriate,H. Dragendorff, "Theraeische Graeber," Thera II (Berlin 1903) 64 and figs. 221-225 on pp. 195-196. Rosette bowls reportedly were "common" in the destruction level at Old Smyrna associated by the excavators with Alyattes' attack, an event which might have occurred either in the late seventh or in the earlier sixth centuries, L. H. Jeffery, "Old Smyrna: Inscriptions on Sherds and Small Objects," BSA 59 (1964) 42, pl. 6 a-b (no. 21); Cook (supra n. 23) 25-27. At Emporio on Chios, fragments of rosette bowls were found in the cella of the Temple of Athena in association with its first building period, thought by the excavators to have started around the middle or just after the middle of the sixth century, Boardman (supra n. 36) 170.At Histria and Myrmekion, rosette bowls were " found avec de la ceramique attique a figures noires dans une couche qui peut etre date vers la seconde moiti6 du VIe sicle avant notre ere," S. Dimitriu, M. Coja, "La Ceramique Archaique d'Histria," Dacia 2 (1958) 73. Bowls with low ring feet, like our no. 9, have been considered later in date than those with button bases, Hayes in J. Boardman, J. Hayes, "Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965, The Archaic Deposits I," BSA Suppl. 4 (1966) 44-46, 55-57, pl. 38. For further Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 143 Chronological evidence concerning the silver pendant in the shape of a "hawk," no. 23, and the two skyphoi with Orientalizing decoration, nos. 4 and 5, however, suggests that these items might be appreciably older than the Band Cup; and, indeed, had the Band Cup been absent from the assemblage of grave goods, would have supported a high chronology for the broadly-datable items (bowl with spool shaped lugs, lydia, Rosette Bowl) and indicated a grave deposit of ca. 600 or earlier: several "hawk"-shaped pendants similar in form to ours have been found in association with material of the later seventh or very early sixth centuries;52 the figural decoration of the two Orien talizing skyphoi, with their outline-and-reserve painting technique, "animal-frieze" composition, and filling-ornament motives, may be identified with the Eastern Greek Wild Goat style, which has been thought for good reasons to have obsolesced in the 570s.53Were the bibliography, S. Stucchi, "L'Agora di Cirene, 1," Monografiedi ArcheologiaLibica 7 (Rome 1965) 40. 52Two graves at Ialysos and Camirus on Rhodes yielded hawk-shaped pendants offaience and Corinthian pottery which D. A. Amyx has identified, on the testimony of photographs and descriptions in Clara Rhodos, as Early and Middle Corinthian; see G. Jacopi, "Scavi nella Necropoli di Jalisso 1924-1928," Clara Rhodos 3 (1929) 23-25,figs. 6-8, pls. 6, 7(Zambico grave no. 2); idem,"Esplorazione Archeologica di Camiro-II," ClaraRhodos 6-7 (1932-1933) 84-98, figs. 91-104 (Papatislures grave no. 27). Amyx has advised EC or very earlyMC for the alabastron and EC for the aryballoi from the Ialysos grave; EC for the alabastron, EC-to-MC for the komast and football aryballoi, MC for the plastic squatting man flask from the Camirus grave. For the last item,R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof theTerracottas in theDepartment of Greekand Roman Antiquities, British Museum II (London 1954) 39; J. Ducat, "Les Vases Plastiques Corinthiens," BCH 87 (1963) 431-458. For football aryballoi in general, H. Payne, Necrocorinthia(Oxford 1931) 291. For the threeWild Goat-style oinochoai from the Camirus grave, Ch. Kardara (supra n. 50) 101 no. 1; 109 no. 27; 111 no. 8; all three are classifiedwithin the Classical Camiran style, dated to the last quarter of the seventh century by R. M. Cook, Gnomon (1965) 506. The "basis" of the Artemision at Ephesus, whose contents have been thought to date primarily from the seventh century, yielded a few hawk-shaped jewelry items of gold and silver,Hogarth (supran. 36) 96, 116, pls. 4 no. 36, 11no. 2, 4, 5, 6; P. Jacobsthal, "The Date of the Ephesian Foundation Deposit," JHS 71 (1951) 85-95. Hawk-shaped pen dants of faience have been recovered from a "protocorinthian" deposit at Perachora and a deposit at Emporio on Chios which has been dated ca. 600-550 by its excavator; T.J. Dun babin, Perachorathe Sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limenia II (Oxford 1962) 513, pl. 193 (no. D 788); Boardman (supra n. 36) 241, pl. 96 (no. 582). 53Cook would :'put the end of theWild Goat style in the 570's" (supra n. 52) 505, 506; cf. Gnomon30 (1958) 71; largely, I imagine, because of the distribution of Wild Goat-style and Fikellura pottery in graves on Rhodes. Wild Goat-style pottery was plentiful in Rhodian graves of the later seventh and early sixth centuries; and was replaced in graves of themiddle decades of the sixth century by Eastern Greek Fikellura pottery, which appears to have been a kind of "modernized" Wild Goat-style pottery, R. M. Cook, Greek PaintedPottery (London 1960) 132. 144 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Band Cup high in band-cup chronology, the Orientalizing skyphoi low in Wild Goat-style chronology, and the "hawk"-pendant a one- or two-generation heirloom, the closure of the burial deposit might be set without chronological anomaly ca. 565. Is this, however, the only possible time ? Is the chronological evidence for the silver pendant and the Orientalizing skyphoi sufficiently strong to rule out the possibility of a date compatible with the low chronology of the Band Cup and the broadly-datable items? The potential of jewelry in general for long time circulation as "heirlooms" suggests that the evidence for the silver pendant is not so strong. As for the Orientalizing skyphoi, their figural decoration is sufficiently different from conventional Wild Goat-style animal friezes (in the choice of creatures and filling-ornament motives) to suggest that there also could be differences in chronology; further more, there is some slight evidence provided by Eastern Greek-style pottery from Sardis to indicate thatWild Goat-style pottery may have continued to circulate at Sardis after ca. 575; and there are the Clazo menian Sarcophagi to show that the style somehow survived in northern Ionia as late as the third quarter of the sixth century.54 The Orientaliz ing skyphoi and the silver pendant, then, would seem to permit a date
For internal stylistic reasons, the end of theWild Goat style has been put in the second quarter and middle of the sixth century by W. Schiering, Werkstdttenorientali sierenderKeramik auf Rhodos (Berlin 1957) 8-14; in the second half of the sixth century by Kardara (supra n. 50) 293, 295. 54The drawing style of the figural friezes on our Orientalizing skyphoi (nos. 4 and 5) is similar to a distinctive style of figural painting on pottery from Sardis which I have dubbed the "Sardis Style"; and, like the Sardis Style, has a facile, careless quality which suggests tome that it flourished at a timewhen theWild Goat style had lost its novelty. I have proposed that Sardis-Style pottery was made during the first quarter of the sixth century (supra n. 15) 65-68; but subsequently became aware that fragments of at least one, perhaps four Sardis-Style vases (supra n. 15, nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 ?)were recovered from an ancient heap of pottery together with a plastic vessel for which a date of ca. 547-515 has seemed reasonable (supra n. 13). If the plastic vessel is correctly dated, the context evidence which it affordswould suggest that Sardis-Style pottery circulated later, perhaps much later, than ca. 575. The Corinthian pottery recovered from Sardis has not been studied at the time ofwriting and eventually may be significant for establishing the date of Eastern Greek-style and local material. The question of the lower chronological limit of Wild Goat-style pottery in the Sardis region needs to be resolved; for it is crucial to the historical interpretation of antiquities at Sardis, where Wild Goat-style pottery often is themost distinctive kind of artifact recovered from seventh- and sixth-century occupation debris. If the obsolescence ofWild Goat-style pottery on Rhodes (and southern Ionia in general?) during the 570s was a consequence of the rise of the Fikellura style, the rarity of Fikellura pottery in northern Ionia, Aeolis, and Sardis might be symptomatic of a continued vogue forWild Goat-style pottery in those regions. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis 145 later in the second quarter of the sixth century, perhaps even as late as ca. 540, the lower limit proposed for the Band Cup. To summarize the evidence provided by the contents of grave 61.2 for the date of the grave deposit. The Band Cup (no. 10) establishes the upper chronological limit at ca. 575. That the lower limit might be as early as ca. 565 is suggested by the "early" form of the Band Cup and the later seventh-century traditions to which the figural decoration of the Orientalizing skyphoi (nos. 4 and 5), the Rosette Bowl (no. 9), and the silver "hawk"-shaped pendant (no. 23) belong. Current ambiguities about the lower chronology of these traditional forms, however, suggest that the lower limit might well be somewhat later. A reasonable period for the deposit, therefore, would seem to be ca. 575-540 B.C.
University of California Berkeley
IfWild Goat-style pottery still were circulating in the third quarter of the sixth century, aWild Goat-style tradition in textiles between ca. 575 and 530 no longerwould be required to account for the presence of Wild Goat-style decoration on Clazomenian Sarcophagi, Cook, GreekPainted Pottery (supra n. 53) 138. There is, of course, good evidence for animal frieze-type decoration in textiles of the first third of the sixth century with which Greeks would have been familiar; cf. representations of such decoration inAttic vase painting of Sophilos and Kleitias, S. Papaspyridi-Karouzou, "Sophilos," AM 62 (1937) pl. 51; Chr. Blinkenberg, "Les Petits Objets," Lindos, Fouilles de l'Acropole1902-1914 I (Berlin 1931) pl. 127 (no. 2629); A. Furtwingler, K. Reichhold, GriechischeVasenmalerei (Munich 1900) pls. 1-3; cf. representations in Cypriot painted terracottas, J. A. R. Munro, H. A. Tubbs, "Excavations in Cyprus, 1890," JHS 12 (1891) 150ff, pls. 9, 10.