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Two Lydian Graves at Sardis Author(S): Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr

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Two Lydian Graves at Sardis Author(S): Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr Two Lydian Graves at Sardis Author(s): Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Source: California Studies in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 5 (1972), pp. 113-145 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010635 Accessed: 26/01/2009 17:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to California Studies in Classical Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org CRAWFORD H. GREENEWALT, JR. Two Lydian Graves at Sardis For Muharrem Tagtekin The popular cemetery of ancient Sardis in Asia Minor1 lay around the settlement area, in the foothills of two loftymassifs which rise to the east and west of the Pactolus stream.2 Both massifs are spurs 1 In the preparation of this article, fundamental assistance has been given by several friends, to whom cordial thanks are due. Professor George M. A. Hanfmann, Director of the Sardis Expedition (co-sponsored by the Fogg Museum of Harvard University and Cornell University) permitted and encouraged the publication of the material. The director and officers of theManisa Museum, Kemal Ziya Polatkan, Muharrem Taltekin, Kubilay Nayir, and Attila Tugla, with their customary interest and courtesy,made accessible for study objects displayed in the Manisa Museum. Elizabeth Gombosi made time in a crowded schedule to rephotograph all the objects and to prepare prints. J. K. Anderson suggestedmajor improvements in the text. The plan on pi. 1:2 and the drawings on pi. 4:2, pi. 7:2, and pi. 9:1 were drawn by the writer. The terms "glaze," "slip," and "paint" are used above in the sense usually associated with Greek pottery, and refer to clay-and-water solutions whose significant ingredients, respectively, are iron oxide, primary clay, and pigment; cf. J. V. Noble, The Techniquesof PaintedAttic Pottery (New York 1965) 31ff, 62, 63. The following abbreviations are observed: Hanfmann BASOR (1962) = G. M. A. Hanfmann, "The Fourth Campaign at Sardis (1961)," BASOR 166 (1962) 1-57. Butler SardisI = H. C. Butler, "The Excavations, Part I, 1910-1914, "SardisI (Leyden 1922). This article isdedicated toMuharrem Tagtekin, in the year of his retirement from theManisa Museum after twenty-six years of administrative and curatorial service. To members of the Sardis Expedition, which he served as (Turkish) government representative between 1962 and 1969, as well as to compatriot colleagues and associates,Muharrem Bey set an example of decent and dignified behavior, forwhich no less than for conscientious effort and sound judgment his career must be remembered. 2The popular cemetery is not to be confused with the "royal cemetery," Bin Tepe, which is located 5 miles to the north of Sardis, across the Hermus Valley by the southern shore of the Gygaean Lake (the Turkish Mermer Golu). 114 Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. of Mt. Tmolus, and consist of sandy conglomerate, which erodes in steep, nearly vertical planes.3 The impressive, facade-like aspect of these cliff scarps in combination with the relatively workable material must have inspired the ancient Sardians to bury their dead in these foothills. The greater number of graves lie in the foothills west of the Pactolus, to which apparently the pre-Hellenistic settlement of Sardis did not extend. East of the Pactolus, however, where lay important sanctuaries and the massif which the Sardians used for their citadel, the necropolis competed for space with the city of the living.4 The Pactolus may be identified with confidence as the Sart Cayt, the only stream which can meet the specifications attested for the Pactolus in ancient literature = (Herodotus 5.101; Strabo 626 13.4.5), i.e., of rising in the Tmolus mountains, flowing through the center (i.e., agora) of Sardis, and emptying into theHermus River. The earliest explicit identification of the Sart Cayt as the Pactolus in post Medieval literature appears to be that of Edmund Chishull made in 1699 and recorded in Travels in Turkey andBack toEngland (London 1747) 15. Did Chishull deduce the stream's identity, orwas the name still being used by inhabitants of the area ?European visitors to Sar dis before Chishull had associated the name Pactolus with a stream at the site, but in their accounts failed to record the stream's precise location. The earliest of these visitors was Cyriacus of Ancona, who came to Sardis in 1446 (and panned for gold in the "Pactolus"); his account appears in a letter written to Andreas Giustiniani-Banca from Phocaea in April of the same year, preserved in Florence, Bibliotheca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Pal. Targioni 49, and partly published in G. Targioni-Tozzetti, Relazioni d'Alcuni Viaggi Fatti in Diverse Parti della Toscana2V (Florence 1773) 451-452. In the early 1670s,Thomas Smith visited Sardis and identified the Pactolus apparently with the Tabak Cayt,whose course runs roughly parallel to that of the Sart Cayt but further to the east and on the other side of the Acropolis massif; cf. T. Smith, Septem Asiae EcclesiarumNotitia (1676) 27. The Tabak Cayt, however, cannot be the ancient Pactolus, for the region through which it flows can have been only the outskirts of pre-Hellenistic Sardis. Smith's identification was denied and Chishull's upheld by Robert Wood and friends, who visited Sardis in 1750; their account, like those of Cyriacus and Chishull, is to be published by J. A. Scott in "Byzantine and Islamic Sardis and Early Europaean Travellers," Sardis MonographsIII; for an account ofWood's travels and notes, C. A. Hutton, "The Travels of 'Palmyra'Wood in 1750-51," JHS 47 (1927) 102ff. 3 For a geological account of these massifs, W. Warfield, "Appendix I. Report on the Geology of Sardis," in Butler Sardis I, 176-177. 4 Graves east of the Pactolus include unrecorded sarcophagus burials in the Acropolis hillslope east of the Artemis Temple, numerous chamber tombs in the north bank of a ravine ca. 500 m. south of the Artemis Temple, chamber tombs in the banks of the ravine in which the "Pyramid Tomb" is located; the pre-Hellenistic "Pyramid Tomb," Butler Sardis I. 155, 167-170, A. and B. Kasper in G. M. A. Hanfmann, SardisReports I (Cambridge,Mass. forthcoming); pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic, and Roman chamber tombs and graves in theAcropolis hill slopes northeast of the Artemis Temple, T. L. Shear, " Sixth Preliminary Report on the American Excavations at Sardes inAsia Minor," AJA 26 (1922) 396-405; Hellenistic and Roman chamber tombs in the east bank of the Pactolus and in Sectors "PC," "PN," and "HoB," G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Excavations at Sardis, 1959," BASOR 157 (1960) 12-18, 22-24; Hanfmann BASOR (1962) 30-33; Early Christian painted TwoLydian Graves atSardis 115 The popular cemetery was the focus of intensive excava tion by H. C. Butler's expedition before and just after the First World War. At that time, 1,154 or more graves were opened. Only some 160 of these, however, yielded objects;5 the rest, and many of those which yielded objects, evidently had been pilfered in Antiquity or more recent times. The unfavorable odds for the recovery of undisturbed grave deposits and the difficulty of differentiating from surface appear ances between intact graves exposed by erosion and pilfered or exca vated graves partially reburied in eroded earth have discouraged the Harvard-Cornell Expedition from excavating in the popular cemetery.6 tombs in the Artemis Precinct, the hillslope north of the "Northeast Wadi," and the east bank of the Pactolus, Butler Sardis I. 174, 181-183, T. L. Shear, supra, 405-406, L. J. Majewski inG. M. A. Hanfmann, J. C. Waldbaum, "The Eleventh and Twelfth Campaigns at Sardis (1968, 1969)," BASOR 199 (1970) 55-58; Byzantine graves in a "tumulus" (?) on the northwest slopes of the Acropolis, Butler Sardis I. 167. The excavated graves west of the Pactolus date from themiddle of the sixth century through Roman Imperial times. For ceramic material from a grave of mid-sixth century date (tomb 720), Butler Sardis I. 118-121; G. H. Chase, "Two Vases from Sardes," AJA 25 (1921) 111-117; H. R. W. Smith, "The Skyphos of Klitomenes," AJA 30 (1926) 432-441; J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters (Oxford 1956) 15 no. 1; BMMA (January 1968) 199 fig. 8. For coins of Tiberius, Sabina, and Marcus Aurelius from graves, H. W. Bell, "Coins," SardisXI (Leiden 1916) 29 no. 279, 31 no. 288, 32 nos. 293-296. Achaemenid goldwork, grave stelai inscribedwith the names of King Artaxerxes and Alexan der, and coins of Alexander and Hellenistic rulers attest the use of the cemetery between the sixth century and theRoman period; cf.
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