THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF RHODES AND THE BRITISH MUSEUM: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF 19TH-CENTURY EXCAVATIONS Documenting Ancient Rhodes: Archaeological Expeditions and Rhodian Antiquities Edited by Stine Schierup GÖSTA ENBOM MONOGRAPHS Volume 6 101 Documenting Ancient Rhodes: Archaeological Expeditions and Rhodian Antiquities Acts of the International Colloquium held at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, February 16-17, 2017 Edited by Stine Schierup with the assistance of Sanne Hoffmann Aarhus University Press DOCUMENTING ANCIENT RHODES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS AND RHODIAN ANTIQUITIES © Aarhus University Press and the authors 2019 GÖSTA ENBOM MONOGRAPHS General editor: Bodil Bundgaard Rasmussen Amphora attributed to the painter Syriskos, Athens 500-470 BC, Editorial board: Collection of Classical and Near Mark L. Lawall, John Lund, Eastern Antiquities, The National Dyfri Williams Museum of Denmark, i.n. Chr. VIII 320. Published with support from The Foundation of Consul General Gösta Enbom Graphic design: Nina Grut, MDD Printed at Narayana Press Typeset with Stone Serif and Stone Sans ISBN 978 87 7124 987 3 ISSN 1904-6219 Aarhus University Press Langelandsgade 177 DK-8200 Aarhus N White Cross Mills Lancaster LA1 4XS, England 70 Enterprise Drive, suite 2 Bristol, CT 06010, USA www.unipress.dk Front cover: Gold pendant, National Museum of Denmark, inv. no. 861. Photo: John Lee, 2014. Back cover: Kamiros, Rhodes. Photo: Stine Schierup, 2016. Lindos, Rhodes. Photo: Stine Schierup, 2016. Table of Contents 7 Rane Willerslev 133 Christian Mazet Preface Rhodian Orientalizing Jewellery in 19th-Century Collecting Europe 9 Stine Schierup Introduction 145 Andrea di Rosa From Rhodes to Rome: The Archaeological Objects Discovered by Gian Giacomo Porro in the Early 15 Lone Wriedt Sørensen 20th Century The Colossus of Rhodes: A Powerful Enigma 159 Vassiliki Patsiada 35 Nathan Badoud The Archaeological Research of the 19th and Early Early Explorers of Rhodes 1342-1853 20th Centuries in the Ancient City of Kamiros: A Critical Reconsideration 51 John Lund Danish Visitors to Rhodes prior to the Carlsberg 177 Bodil Bundgaard Rasmussen Expedition (1902-1914) Helvig Kinch: A Danish Painter and Member of the Danish Expedition to Rhodes 71 Alexandra Villing The Archaeology of Rhodes and the British 201 Eriphyle Kaninia Museum: Facing the Challenges of 19th Century Following the Footsteps of Karl Frederik Kinch Excavations at Vroulia in Southern Rhodes: Questions and Challenges during a Restoration Project of the Archaic Settlement by the Ephorate of Antiquities 97 Nicholas Salmon for the Dodecanese Archives and Attribution: Reconstructing the British Museum’s Excavation of Kamiros 217 Kristian Göransson The Rhodian Collection at Lund University: 113 Rosemary Jeffreys An Introduction ‘Crowning glory’: Using Archival Material to Inform the Study of a Gilded Wreath in the British Museum 221 Giorgos Bourogiannis Late Geometric, Subgeometric and Archaic Pottery from Rhodes at Lund: A Fresh Look at Some Old 125 Anne Coulié Finds Post-Salzmann Research: A Short Note DOCUMENTING ANCIENT RHODES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS AND RHODIAN ANTIQUITIES 241 Mario Iozzo Gifts and Purchases: Antiquities from Chalke in the National Archaeological Museum of Florence 253 Maria Chiara Monaco Gifts and Purchases: Antiquities from Rhodes in the National Archaeological Museum of Florence 263 Matteo d’Acunto Documenting Italian Excavations in the Geometric Necropolis of Ialysos (1916-1934): Burial Contexts and Relative and Absolute Chronologies 281 Angeliki Giannikouri, Vasiliki Eleftheriou & Maria Pikoula The Sanctuary of Athena Lindia: From its Discovery to the Recent Interventions 293 Bibliographic abbreviations 297 Bibliography 329 List of authors Documenting Italian Excavations in the Geometric Necropolis of Ialysos (1916-1934): Burial Contexts and Relative and Absolute Chronologies BY MATTEO D’ACUNTO 263 DOCUMENTING ANCIENT RHODES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS AND RHODIAN ANTIQUITIES Documenting Italian Ialysos as the focus for future Italian archaeological excavations.2 This choice was suggested by the history Excavations in the Geometric of the former excavations on the island. On one hand, it was not politically expedient to concentrate on Lindos Necropolis of Ialysos and its territory, because of the earlier extensive Danish (1916-1934): Burial Contexts investigations.3 On the other hand, it was clear to the Italians, since L. Pernier and G. G. Porro’s first survey of and Relative and Absolute 1913, that the archaeological condition of the cemeteries Chronologies of Kamiros had been extensively damaged: illegal robbing and smuggling of artefacts off the island had already begun at the time of A. Salzmann, and A. Biliotti’s more or less BY MATTEO D’ACUNTO controlled excavations, and had accelerated afterwards.4 It is undeniable that Maiuri’s arrival marked a positive and definite turning point in these deleterious phenomena; this ITALIAN EXCAVATIONS IN THE CEMETERIES OF IALYSOS improvement was expressed in the local conservation and The Italian occupation of Rhodes and the Dodecanese musealisation of the Rhodian, and indeed all Dodecanesian lasted from 1912 until 1947. During this period, archaeological finds.5 archaeological matters as well as Medieval monuments From the point of view of field investigations, Ialysos were at the core of a wider project, whose purpose was was considered less damaged by robbers.6 In general, to make these islands the finest expression of Italian this is true, though uncontrolled and persistent digging stewardship in the eyes of the international community. As had occurred in the preceding decades in Ialysos too, for usually happens with colonial enterprises, archaeologists example in its post-Mycenaean cemeteries.7 Excavations immediately followed in the steps of the military occupation; in the Mycenaean cemeteries of Makra Vounara and theirs was an important task, to justify political imperialism Moschou Vounara started in 1914.8 The first trials in the through historical propaganda and the creation of a post-Mycenaean cemetery of Ialysos were held in 1916 cultural façade. However, both the occupation of the and were followed by wider campaigns in 1922 and 1923, Dodecanese and the associated archaeology were, at least under Maiuri’s direction. Afterwards, extensive excavations in part, a more focused endeavour than other examples of of the Geometric-Classical necropoleis were led by the Italian colonialism. The Dodecanese was truly “white”, as two succeeding directors of the Department: G. Jacopi opposed to the “black” African possessions. Accordingly, from 1924 until 1928, and L. Laurenzi in 1934. They generally speaking, it was not linked to the rhetoric of brought to light a great number of graves, dated mainly race during the age of G. Giolitti and Fascism. In the from the Late Protogeometric until the fifth century BC. Dodecanese and in particular on Rhodes, the enormous A quick publication of most of them appeared in the economic and scientific efforts made by Italy resulted Annuario della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene 1923- in extensive archaeological excavations, among other 1924 and Clara Rhodos III (1929) and VIII (1936).9 A new, enterprises. Most excavations were soon published in updated publication of them is required, in order to the Annuario della Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, make available new photographs and drawings, as well as Clara Rhodos and Memorie dell’Istituto FERT.1 Even now, we are able to study most of these archaeological contexts thanks to these publications, with the further help of the Excavation Diaries (which are now held in the Archive of the 1 On the history of Italian archaeology in the Dodecanese, see Department of Antiquities of the Dodecanese on Rhodes), especially Beschi 1986a, 116-120; Petricioli 1990, 149-167, 200-206; and the careful work of later Greek archaeologists to organise Liviadiotti & Rocco 1996a; Barbanera & Terranato 1998, 100-101, 126-127, 150-152; Petricioli 2000; Mangani 2005-2007; Labanca their finds in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes. 2009; D’Acunto 2014b; Barbanera 2015, 111-112, 132; Santi 2018; In 1914 Amedeo Maiuri, who had just become D’Acunto forthcoming. Director of the Italian Archaeological Mission, chose 2 For the reasons behind Maiuri’s choice, see Maiuri 1916, 271-274. 264 DOCUMENTING ITALIAN EXCAVATIONS IN THE GEOMETRIC NECROPOLIS OF IALYSOS (1916-1934): BURIAL CONTEXTS AND RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGIES Fig. 1. Ialysos, map of the LPG- Archaic cemeteries. Courtesy: Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese. The Rhodian period is described by the author himself in Maiuri 5 Maiuri & Jacopich 1928, 17. 1962, 7-52; Maiuri’s bibliography on Rhodes is reported in Gli 6 Maiuri 1916, 271-274. archeologi italiani in onore di Amedeo Maiuri, 16-18. 7 For a survey of the available information about this uncontrolled 3 Cf. Maiuri 1958, 28. On the history of Danish excavations, see digging, see D’Acunto forthcoming. Rasmussen & Lund 2014, with bibliography. 8 Maiuri 1916, 271-274; for a systematic edition, see Maiuri 1923- 4 Maiuri 1923-1924, 83; Maiuri 1958, 26-29; cf. Petricioli 1990, 1924, 88-247; the up-to-date reference is their new publication by 158. On Salzmann and Biliotti and their extensive investigations on Benzi 1992. Rhodes, see Coulié 2014b. 9 Maiuri 1923-1924; Jacopi 1929; Laurenzi 1936b. 265 DOCUMENTING ANCIENT RHODES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS AND RHODIAN ANTIQUITIES Fig. 2. Map of the necropolis of Ialysos, occupying the