THE lL-\KERS
:\IODERX RO:\IE
THE MAKE~
OF MODERN ROME
IN FOUR BOOKS I. HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW II. THE POPES WHO MADE THE PAPACY III. LO POPOLO: AND THE TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE , IV. THE POPES WHO MADE THE CITY
MRS. OLIPHANT
AUTHOR OP "THE MAKERS or FLORENCE"
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY HENRY P. RIVIERE, A.R.W.S. AND JOSEPH PENNELL
lLonlJon MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK: RICHARD CLAY AJrD SoNS. LnnTED. LONDOII AND aUNGAY. I INSCRIBE THIS BOOK WITH THE DEAR NAMES OF THOSE OF MINE WHO LIE UNDER THE WALLS OF ROME:
AND OF HIM, THE LAST OF ALL, WHO WAS BORN IN THAT SAD CITY:
ALL NOW AWAITING ME, AS 1 TRUST, WHERE GOD MAY PLEASE. F, W. O. M.W.O. F. R. O. PREFACE
NOBODY will expect in this book, or from me, the results of original research, or a settlement-if any settlement is ever possible-of vexed questions which have occupied the gravest students. An individual glance at the aspect of these ques tions which most clearly presents itself to a mind a little exercised in the aspects of humanity, but not trained .in the ways of learning, is all I attempt or desire. This humble endeavour has been conscientious at least. The work has been much interrupted by sorrow and suffering, on which account, for any slips of hers, the writer asks the indulgence of her unknown friends. CONTENTS
BOOK I
HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW 'AG. CHAPTER I ROME IN THE FOURTH CENTURY •
CHAPTER II THE PALACE ON THE AVENTINE • 13
CHAPTER III MELANIA .6
CHAPTER IV THE SOCIETY OF MARCELLA . 37
CHAPTER V PAULA • 57
CHAPTER VI THE MOTHER HOUSE. 77 xii CONTENTS
BOOK II
THE POPES WHO MADE THE PAPACY
CHAPTER I ...ca GREGORY THE GREAT 99
CHAPTER"
THE MONK HILDEBRAND. • 151
CHAPTER III THE POPE GREGORY VII · 193
CHAPTER IV INNOCENT III.
BOOK III
W POPOW: AND THE TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE
CHAPTER I ROME IN mE FOUR.TEENTH CENTURY • 315
CHAPTER" THE DELIVEREIt • • 332
CHAPTER III THE BUOHO SlATO • •. • 354
CHAPTER IV DECLINE AND FALL • • 383 CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER V PAGE THE SOLDIER OF FORTUNE 403
CHAPTER VI
THE END OF THE TRAGEDY . • 409
BOOK IV
THE POPES WHO MADE THE CITY
CHAPTER I MARTIN V.-EUGENIUS IV.-NICOLAS V. · "42 3
CHAPTER II CALIXTUS III.-PIUS lJ.-PAUL 1I.-SIXTUS IV. · 453
CHAPTER III JULIUS II.-LEO X. • 477 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
POPE GREGORY.
COLOSSEUM BY MOONLIGHT, OJ' H. P. Riviere To face page 33
TEMPI.E OF VENUS AND ROME FROM THE COLOSSEUM (1860), fly H. P. Riviere " TEMPLE OF VESTA,- fly H. P. Riviere " 128 ARCH OF CONSTANTINE, fly H. P. Riviere "
THE FORUM, fly H. P. Riviere " 144
ARCH OF TITUS, fly H. P. Riviere. " .08 SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE, OJ' H. P. Riviere "
ARCH OF DRUSUS (1860), fly H. P. Riviere. " "4 ISLAND ON TIBER, fly H. P. Riviere " '40 .68 THE CAPITOL, 6y J. Pennell " PORTA MAGGIORE, fly H. P. Riviere .. '7'
IN THE CAMPAGNA (1860), fly H. P. Riviere .. .88 xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ST. PETER'S AND THE CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO, by H. P. Riviere To .lac, page 304
APPROACH TO THE CAPITOL (1860), 0'y H. P. Rivi,,.. " 320 THEATRE OF MARCELLUS, by J. Pennell " 346 AQUA FELICE, by H. P. Rivi,,., 8 " 3 4 THE TARPEIAN ROCK, by J. Pen",11 " 400
ANCIENT, MEDI£VAL, AND MODERN ROME, by ./. Pennell " 417 MODERN ROME; SHELLEY'S TOMB, by J. Penn"l 426 " FOUNTAIN OF TREVI, by H. P. Rim,,., 2 " 43 SANTA MARIA DEL POPOLO, by H. P. Rivi", " 448 464 PIAZZA COLONNA, by ./. Pennell " OLD ST. PETER's,f"om lite engraving by Campim " 4l!o MODERN ROME; THE GRAVE OF KEATs, by J. Pennell 481 " ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT .... THE COLOSSEUM, by ./. Pennell I
THE PALATINE, FROM THE AVENTINE, by./. Pennell 12
THE RIPETTA, by./. Pennell • 13
ON THE PALATINE, by./. Pennell. 2,
THE WALlS BY ST. JOHN LATERAN, by J. I'enndl
THE TEMPLE OF VESTA, by J. Penndl. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii
PAGE CHURCHES ON THE AVENTINE, by J. Pmnell 37
THE STEPS OF THE CAPITOL, by·J. Penn"! 4-1
THE LATERAN FROM THE AVENTINE, by /. Penn"! 56
PORTICO OF OCTAVIA, by J. Pem,,11 57
. TRINITA DE' MONTI, by /. Pennell 65
FROM THE AVENTINE, by /. Pm",l! . 76
THE CAPITOL FROM THE PALATINE, by /. Pennell. 77
SAN BARTOLOMMEO, by /. Pmnell 84
ST. PETER'S, FROM THE JANICULUM, by /. Pmllell . 89
.ST. PETER'S, FROM THE PINCIO, by /. Pmn"! . 93
.PORTA SAN PAOLO, by /. Pmnell 98
THE STEPS OF SAN GREGORIO, by J. Pennell 99
VILLA DE' MEDICI, by /. Pennell. III
SAN GREGORIO MAGNO, AND ST. JOHN AND ST. PAUL, by/. Pmnell 122
THE PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, by J. Pennell 131
MONTE PINCIO, FROM THE PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, by /. Pennell 140
PONTE MOLLE, by J. Pennell . 150
THE PALATINE, by /. Pennell 151
PYRAMID OF CAIUS CESTIUS, by /. Pennell 165 {) x"iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TRINIT'\' DE' >fONT!, by J. Pennell 174
THE VILLA BORGHE.'E, by J. Pennell .
WHERE THE GHETTO STOOD, by J. Pennell
FROM SAN GREGORIO MAGNO, by J. Pennell 19.1
IN THE VILLA BORGHESE, by J. Pennell •
THE FOUNTAIN OF THE TORTOISE, by J. Pennell
ALL THAT IS LEFT OF THE GHETTO, by J. Pennell 31.l
ON THE TIBER, 6y J. Pennell 31S
ON THE PINCIO, by J. Pennell 332
THE LUNGARA, 6y J. Pennell 354
PORTA DEL POPOLO (FLA'''NIAN GATE), 6y J. Pennell .
THEATRE OF MARCELLUS, 6y J. Pennell
THE BORGHESE GARDENS, by J. Pmndl
TOMB OF C~ILlA METELLA, by J. Pennell
LETTER WRITER, 6y J. Pennell • 422
PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, 6y J. Pennell
0" THE PINCIO, 6y J. Pe".nell 4.l7
IN THE CORSO: CHURCH DOORS, 6y J. Pennell 44;
MODERN DEGRADATION' OF A PALACF.., by J. P~nMII 45.l
FOUNTAI" OF TREVI, 6y J. Pmnell 477
A BRIC-A-BR'.C SHOP, 6y J. Pennell 491 INDEX INDEX
A Atbanasius, his life of 51. Antony of the desert, 14; his ~ at ADELAID* of.S~~_.,~·_ . Rome, 15; and in the household of . Agnes, Empress, -183, 196, 200, 233; Albina, i6••. 16; Melania.'s visit to, .JIildelxeDd becoaiei-a:ctviser to, 170; aIieDaied from .Hildebnud, 17.9; Atfta. 100 renoullces ,the: world, 183 Augsburg, Council of, 219; G.ClmBll JUane, 94t 99, 101 nobles impatient to open, 2lg. 230 Albigenses, 1I\0Il)' sects ....ong, ·295 ; Augustine, G~s mstiuctions- to. Pope Innocent's attitude towards, m the making of converts, 130; 297 ; _missionaries sent to, 16.; ern- and for pastDml work, '131. 132; s&de against them, 3C)8~300 . sent on" his missiop to England, '134- Albino, 15.'6. 77 '36 A1bomoz, CardiDa1, 399, 405. 407 Alexander II., .17:1,' l~ 188 . B Alexander VI., 477 •. 478,,482 Allegories, RiellZi's painted, 340-342, BALE, Council of, 432, 435, 436 346 Bavaria, Duke of, 119 , Ambroae, 41 Beatrice of Tusca.oY, 171, 181. 196, 2-15 Angelic:o, Fra. 449, 456 Benedict, Pope, and Fra Monozello, An,eIo, Micl>ae~ 482, .jB6, 4117, 488 3'" . ApoIIiMris. the ...... ,. Of• ..." 4' BeQedict~ order,of, 106, 110 ~ueduc" -.-I. bf.Sixbis IV., 47' .Beacdiet I., ,116 Anmba.ldo, 41 S; jOiOS Rienzi in his Benedict X. See Mincio, Bishop. enterpt;iae, 406 , " , BerengariU! ,of Tours, his heresy, 234, AristOcraCy. RomaiI, its positioD at the "4' . epd Of theJb century. 3, 4; I",,· Bethlehem, convents founded at, by uriousoess the nobles. Sy '6; and Jerome and p ..... 7I of the women, 6, 7;- its charactef- . Bl"ble, Innocent'IU. on the interpreta- istieI in the 14th Century,- -P7~ See tion of, by sectaries, :ag6 . N.obles '.. . . BIaesdIa. 20, 48, 59; her coovemoo, Art, tJle Popes as ~tronB;·of, 42S ; 'that ~ 'SI ; her death and funetal, 55 , . of Rome ImpOt:ted from abroad, 426;, Bollandists" 110 " . art workshops in Rome, 449 Book eol1eetor, Thomas (Nicolas V.) Artists, Roman, 339, ~, 347; em· ... 435, 4J8 .. played uprin tbe Sistine chap
Botticelli, 471 of, 127; G,tl0ry's achievemen18 (or, Bowden, Mr., his life of Gregory VII., 142 ; pretensions to supremacy made 42 5 ?r John of Constantinople, 143,144; Bramante, 479, 4So Gregory's tolerant supervision of, Browning, Robert, 347, 348 145 ; state of, in Germa.ny, 157; rc· Brunhild, Queen, 142 fonns urgently neces!I8ry in, 164; Bruno, Bishop, appointed Pope, 159; effort of Leo IX. for reform in, 164- acts on Hildebrand's advice, 160, 167 ; a new Jaw for the electilffl of 161; his triumphant election at the Popes, 174, 175; Hildebrand',. Rome. 162. See Leo IX. ambition of makmg her a great Buildings, ancient, Gregory accused of arbitrating power, 176, 177; how destroying, 146, 147;' regarded a5 she secured independence in the stone-quarries. 204, 427, 474; re election of the Pope" 179, ISo; first storation of, Book IV., jKlSsim conflict between the Empire and, Buono Stato, secret society formed (or 179- 183; decrees of the Lateran the establishment of. 349. 350; de Council again!lt simony and marriage monstration by the conspiralolS.351, of priests, 198-200; decree againJit 352; its rules, 352. 353. See Rienzi lay investiture, 201 ; real opening of her Mrug~le with the Empire, 218; her position in Gregory's time, and C that of the Scottish Church before the Disruption, compared, 253; her CADALOUS, anti-Pope, ISo, 181, 182 conflict With the Empire inevitahle, Caesarea, Melania arrested at, 31. 32 254, 255; period of her greal~t C2lixlUS III.. 453. 454 power. 257, 258; her relations with Cammora (City Council), Rienzi pro the Empire in the time of Innocent tests against the rapacity of, 339 Ill., 261, 262, Sa Gregory the Canossa, Pope Gregory sheltered· in Great, Hildebrand, andlnnocent [II. the castle of, 222 Cities, Italian, hmllility betw«n, 261 Carinthia. Duke of, 219 Clemmt Ill., appointed t.r. the Em. Castracani, pI peror, 242; calls a council in kome, Celestine, Pope, z65 245; his coronation, 248. &e Celibacy, Jerome and the contr()\:"en;y' Guibert of kavnJna regarding, 51-54; of the clergy. ~ee Clement VI., kienzi'. miMion to, 334, Marriage of priests 335; confirms kienzj's authority, 359 Cencius, the Roman banc.lit, 205. zo6 ; Cluny, the mona"tery of, J 56, • S9 abducts Pope Gregory, 2IJ7 Colfl1ma family, patronise Petrarch, 327. Cerealis, 17 329.3,30; Petrarch's estimate of, J2S, Charities of the Roman ladies, 4B. 49 387 ; character of, 349; rebel again'" Charles IV. and Rienzi. 395. J96 kienzi, 376; their expedition against Christianity, its conjunction with Rome. 377-)80; J89 Paganism in Roman society, 7-9; Colonna, Agapito, 3S'. 372 nominally embraced by the common Colonna, Giordano, 3S6 people, 49; again conjoined with Colonna, Giovanni, pS. ]87; his Paganism during the Renaissance, dealings with kienzi. 334. 336-3]8 434 Colonna, Guk:omo, his fricl'N"l5hip with Church, the, corruption of, 9, 10; Petrarch, 328 J~ome on the daily life of a RomaR Colonna, Ianni. 345. 347. J48. 356. pns, 10, II; fierceness of oon 372 • 37!!". 379 trm-ersy in, 92; her position during Colonna. Sciarra, 3.8. J24; drives out the bubarian conquests of Rome. the Papal lroop& {rom kQlJlC, 318- 100, 101 ; beginning of her po ; crowns Louis of Bavaria, 322 sovereignty, 101, 102; best of the Colonna. Slcfandlo, 356, 372; and hi. Roman youth absorbed by. 102; 500, 410, 41. made no claim to universal authorily Colonna, Stefano della. 324. 328. 35" in the 6th century. l~I, III, 137, 372. 373; Pclr.uch'. drKript ...", of, 1,38; wealth of. used for puhlic pur 354; (meed to leaye kome, 355; poses.. 124; almsgil;ng a principle .'Wean loyaJty to the Buono Swo, INDEX 497
356; Petrarch's account of his ~k council to choose between, 235 j with, 388, 389 this plan abandoned, 236 j RudoWs Colosseum, as the stone-quarry of the case stated before the Lateran ages, 474 Council, iIJ., 237; Gregory pro Como, Bishop of, ]83, 196 nounces his decision, 237-239. See Constantinople, downfall of, 450 Henry'IV. tItUi Rudolf Corsignano, buildings erected in, by Emperors, the rival, Philip and Otho, Pius II., 457 nothing to choose between them, Council of Constantinople, 25, 41 275, 276; Innocent's attitude to Council of Rome, Jerame and, 24t 25, wards, 276, 277; end of their ten 37,41 years' stnlggle, 279. See Philip anti Creighton, Bishop, '.Iuoted, 456, 474.; Olho . on Raphael's artishc aims, 489 Empire and Church, first conBict be Crown, the imperial, 241, 249 tween, 179-183; real opening of the Crusade, Gregory VJI.'s dream of a, struggle, 218; inevitableness of the 223, 291, 292 j encouraged by suc struggle, 254, 255 j in the time of cessive Popes, 292; an expedition Innocent 111., 261, 262. See Henry organised, iD. j how it was diverted IV., Emperor, muJ Gregory VII. from its purpose, 293-295; against England, the Pope's interdict upon, the Albigenses, 298-301; Innocent disregarded, 287 rouses the Italian towns to aid in, Epiphanius, Bishop, 45. 68 309 ; against the Turks, 454, 457- Eugenius IV" 424, 426 ; his aspect and 459 character, 430-432 j Council of Fer Crusaders, Innocent's instructions to rara called by, 436 his, 293; their bargain with Venice, Eulogius, Gregory's letter to, 144 ilJ.; capture Constantinople, i6., Europe, state of. in the time of In· 294 Docent III., 260-262 Curzon, Robert, 259 Eustochium, 21, 48, 67, 72, 75 i 'the plot against, 21, 22 Eutychius, 130 Excommunication often ineffectual, 240. D 241, 278 Ezekiel, Gregory's exposition of, 121, DAMASUS, Bishop, 24, 42, 61 ; Jer9me 122, 148 becomes a counsellor of, 47 Damian, Peter, 168, 182, 183, 187 Dante, 176, 221 F Desiderius, 251 Dinner-parties, Roman, 6 F ABIOLA, 20, 33, 48 j her matrimonial Dominic, 297 troubles, 81 ; her visit to the convent at Bethlehem, ;", 82; does public penance in Rome, 83-86; founds the E 6rst public hospital in Rome, 86 Fabriano, Gentile da, 430 EBER.HARD, Count, 214 Ferdinand of Naples, his advice re· Election of the Popes, int~rference of garding the streets and balconies of Tuscany in, 170, 172, 175; the rival Rome, 467, 468 authorities in, 173-175; Hildebrand's Ferrara, Council of, 436 new law for, 174; first election under France, interdict pronounced upon, the new law, 179, ISo; Rome secures 284-286; alarmed by the revival of complete freedom in, ISo Rome. 361 Emperors, the rival, Henry IV. and Francis of A'tSisi, 272 Rudolf, Gregory's letters regarding Fraticelli. Riemi lakes refuge among, their claims, 230, 231 j treated by 394. 395 the Pope with severe impartiality, Frederic II., Emperor, Innocent acts 233; attitude of the Roman popu as guardian of. 273 lace towards their envoys, ;6.; Frederick, Abbot, elected Pope, 169 Gregory insists upon' holding a Funeral feast, a Roman, 89-91 KK INDEX
G and for pa.~toral work, 131,132; hi~ intercC5,1;ionl and negotiatioJUI (or the GEBEHARD, Bishop, chosen as Pope m(etyof kome, 13J ; amount of hi,.. Victor II., 168 work and responRllrility. i6., 134;. Genseric, 100 welcomes the usurping Emperor l'ho. German prelates, almost independent of cas, 1,34; sends forth Augultine on the Pope. 278 his mi§.'iion 10 England, 134-136; no Gennany, state of the Church in. 157; reason for attributing 10 him a great an anti· Pope chosen by the Church scheme of papal supremacy, 137, 138, in, ISo, 181 145, 146; hiS refonnation in mUlic, Ghirlandajo, 471 1]8, 139; introduc~ changes in the Gihbon quoted, 110 ritual, 140; his daily surroundingJl. Goethe quoted on Raphael'sloggtt, 489 and occupations, ;6., 141; hi" rule", Gordianus. 104- of religious discipline, 141; not a Gottfried the Hunchback, 206, 218 faultleM character, 142; his achieve· Gottfried of Lorraine, 171 menu (or kome and (or the Church, Gratiano. See Gregory VI. ,-/J.; hi.IJ indignation at the aMump Greek Church, 294 . tion of lrupremacy by lOhn of Con. Gregorio, Count. J 70 stantinople. 143; hi. etters on this Gregory the Great, his home and early subject to the Emperor and to the life. [03. 104; enters ,Public life, 104. Eastem Bi!'hop, ;6., 144; hi" Jelter [OS; first result of hJS religious im to Eulogius, 144; tolerant in the pulse, lOS; becomes a monk, 106; supervision of his bi~hop!J, 145; had describes his dou bts and his inten no desire (or political independence, tions, ;6.; legends regarding his mo '-!J., I'¢; 8.CCU1oed of cauAing the de nastic life, 107; his musings in his struction of ancient buildingK, 146, ~rden, loS, 109; had no ecclesias- 147; his last iIIneu, 147; hi" com· tlcal ambitions, 109. [10; receives mentaries on Ezekiel and Jnb. 148 ;. the first orders of the Church. 110; his death. '6.; spob connected with appointed a cardinal deacon, ;6.; his memory. 149. Gibbon's description of him as a GrCJ!oryVI., 155, IS6; how he leCured nuncio, ,.IJ.; his position in the Court hI!! election, 1 S3; deposition of, 16,. at Constantinople, III; in the so ISS ciety of his monk..., 111-116; his Gregory VII. Isa Hildebrand), hiJJ. rommentary on Job. 112, IIJ; it.!; dream of elevating the Church. 193 ; moral discursiveness, 114, liS; how hopeJc:5.§nCII of his inJtrumenb, ,6., he was assisted in it by the monks. 194; his Tcfonm, and theeneminrhey 115; his liberality, 117. 124; pro- Taised upagaimt him, 194, 19S; sufter· motion, and popularity as a preacher. ings of his later yean, 195; council J 17; his encounter with the Englmh for the di.!cuslion of quesliOJU bctWttn s1a"'e-childr~ ~.• 118; sets out on Henry IV. and, 196; reconciliation his mission to Britain, 119; com between Henry and, 197; hit letter pelled to return, l.eo; effect upon summoning the fir'" LatCTaft Council, him of the story of Trajan and the 198; his dcaee again5t lay innslj· widow, i/J., UJ; or;anises proces lure, 201, 2OZ; anboloml hirmclf in sions of penitents dunng the plague, a letter 10 H ago, 2OZ; hi. care for 122, 123; his vision 01 the angel, the caUAC' of justice and puMic hon· 12J, 124; elected Bishop of Rome, e51:y, 20'2-2.04; abduction of, by 12S; attempts to escape (rom Ihis Ceuciu. 2O"J; rescued by the popu. responsibility, ill.; bis repugnance 10 lace, 208, 201); IUmmotJS Henry to the cares of office, 120 ; his conviction appear before the papal court, 2.0; that the end of the world was oeaJ', his 1cucr of remonstrance 10 lhe Em ;8.• 127; feeds the starring pool" of peror, 211; council ClJflyoked by Rome, 127. u8; presenes Rome HC1lry for the O'\"crthrow of, 212, from attacks by the barbarians, 128 ; 213; acts and addrCYd agairut, was not a lcamul man, 129. I Y' ; issued by this council, 21.J, 2'4; his bis instroctions to missionaries fOf' rttcpcion of the Emptror's lett~ the making of COD'f'Crts. 1)0- IJI; 215-217; euommurUcatcs the Em- INDEX 499
peror, 217; effect of this step, 218. reconciliation with, 242, 243; leaves 219; agrees to preside over the the Pope to his fate, 244; rescues Council of Augsburg, 220; sets out . the Pope and sacks Rome, 2S0;' for Augsburg, ,./J.;: takes refuge in coriducts Gregory to Salerno, 251, the Castle of Canossa, 222, 223; 252 German bishops make their submis sion to, 223, 224; accepts Henry's promises of amendment, 226; reo Ii ceives him again into the Church, ;6., 227; his attitude towards Henry, HELENA, Empress, 34 228 j hie; letter to the German princes, lIeliodorus, Jerome's epistle to, 39" 229; shut up in Canossa Castle, lb. ; 4" anxious to take part in the settle Helvidius, 52 ment of the Empire, 230; his letters Henry III., Emperor, ]53; patronises on the rivalry of the two kings, il;" Hildeb(3.nd, 1 S6, I S7; appoints . 231 ; sends legates to both kings de three successive Popes, ] 58, 159 manding a safe-conduct, 23[; his Henry IV.. Emperor, his vicious authority disregarded by the rival character. 187, 188; summoned be parties, ;6., 232; treats -both impar fore the papal court, 188; council tially. 233; and the heresy of Beren for the discussion of questions be gariu5, 234; and the Norwegian tween Gregory and, 196; recon king's request for missionaries, '0., ciliation between Gregory and, 197 ; 235 ; insists upon a council to choose rebels against the decrees of the between the rival kings, 235; his Lateran Council, 210; Gregory's reception of the statement of Rudolfs letter of remonstrance to, 21 I ; sum em'oys, 237; appeals to St. Peter to mons a council for the overthrow of judge of his dealings with Henry, the Pope, 212, 213 j acts· and ad 237-239; asserts his claim to uni dresses issued by the council, 2]3, \'ersal authori~y, 239, 240; sends the 214; excommunication of, 217 j imperial crown to Rudolf, 241; abandoned by his friends and sup Henry's council for the deposition of, porters, 218, 219; his princes i6. ; his reconciliation with Guiscard, threaten to elecL a king in his place, 242, 243; council convoked by the 219 j determines to make his sub anti· Pope to reverse his anathemas, mission to Gregory, 220 j his fortunes 245; Henry submits his cause to a begin to revive, 224 j his arrival at council canvoked by, 246; refuses to the castle of Canossa, "6., 225; his make peace with Hen7' 247; con penances, 225 ; his bond of repent fined to the Castle 0 St. Angelo, ance accepted by Gregory. 226; 248, 249; his faith in his mission, received again into the Church, ;6., 249 j brings down the Normans upon 227; his attitude towards Gregory, Rome, 250; his spirit broken by the 228; refuses his consent to the coun sack of Rome, 251 ; his journey to cil of arbitration, 236; Gregory ap Salerno, ;6., 252; revival of his peals to St. Peter to judge of his former energy. 252; the abuses he dealings with, 237-239 ; again ex opposed, and those in the Church of communicated and dethroned, 239; Scotland before the Disruption, com his council for the deposition of pared, 2S3; a martyr to his hatred Gregory, 241 ; chooses an anLi-Pope, of simony, ;!J., 254; his death, 2SS; "6., 242; success of his enterprises, hi." life and achievements, ;6., 2S6, 242; crowned Emperor by his anti 2S8. 302, 424 Pope, 244; seizes the Leonine city, Guelf and Ghibelline, when these 244; submits his cause to a council titles were first used, 272 com'oked by Gregory, 246; this Guglielmo. Fra, 371 council proves fruitless, 247 j be Guibert of Ravenna, 195. 206, 244; comes master of Rome, ;6" 248; elected Pope by the Emperor's evacuates the city. 250. See Em· supporters, 241, 242. See Clement perots, the rival III. Henry VI., Emperor, 273, 274 Guiscard, Robert. 19S, 206 ; Gregory's Henry VII•• 332 K K .2 soo INDEX
Heresy, the, of the Alhigensest 295; I Innocent's Jetter on, 296; ordinances against J 306 ]SGKI,BURGA, 283. 286 Hermits, Egyptian desert peopled by, Innocent HI., his wide·8pread activity, 30; Melama supports and protects 258; his family, ;6., 2S9; hi" fugitive, 31; self-chastisements of, education, 259; becomes a canon of 37, 38. See Monks St. Peler'A, :zOO; appointed Cardinal, Hildehrand, his wanderings about the 2M; his book on the vanity of life, world, [53, 154; surroundings of 262-264; elected Pope, 265; hi, his early life, JS4, ISS; at the address to the llll'W'lllbly after hi" monastery of Cluny, [56; patronised con!JCcration, 266-269; endeavour" by the Emperor Henry 111., w., to strengthen his hold upon Rome, 157; influence of his experience of 269, 1.70; changea the conlltitution the Church in Gennany upon, 157; of the city, 270; regainA pmlleMion beginning of his public life, ill.; fol of the Papal Statel'J, 271, 272; acta lows the dcJ>OS!hilip, his plan for Bruno's conduct success 276, 277; supports Otho. 277; ful, 161, 162; offices conferred upon, unable to enforce his authority O\'er by Leo IX., 162; sets in order the the German prelat~, 278; eXCQ111· monastery of St. Paul, 163; his municates Philip, w.; his part in the work in Rome under Leo, 168; sew ten yean' Atnlggle between Philip lects a Gennan prelate as Pope, ;6.; and Otho, 279; crowns Otho aOj; becomes adviser to the Empress Emperor, 1.81; Otho breakll faith ~es, 170; solicits the intervention with, 1.81., 283; his dealinglJ with or Tw;Cany in the election 0( the Philip AugtlAtus, :z8.J-:z86; pr,,< Popes, 171, 172, 17S; the actual nounces interdict upon ."rancc, 1.84. possessor o( the power of two weak zSS; his activity, 286, 28]; pro< Popes, 172, 173; holds a council in nounces interdict upon England, 287; Rome, 173; his new law (or the elec excommunicates King John,:zS8; hi. tion ofthe Popes, 174, 17S; hi."ailll5 accrytance of John', oath, :z8g; hi" and purposes, 17S, 176; his dream deahngs with John unworthy of hi" of the Church as disinterested arbi character, 2C}O. 291; hill in5tructi'-IDIJ trator in all quarrels, 176. 177; did to the CruAaden. 293; protC1'U againllt he desire universal authority"1 177; the use made of the expedili(lD. 294 ; begins his reign under Nicolas H., his letter on hereKY, 296; on the in· iJJ.; his letter to a powerful arch terpretation of the liihle by IeClarianll, bishop, 178; secures for Rome com· ill.; his attitude towards the AIiJi. plete independence in the choice of gen.'Ie5, 2CJ7; lends miMionarics to Popes, 179. ISo; his sanction of the them, ;6.; proclaim. a crmade invasion of England by the Normans, agaimt them, 298; hU carreT a 18S; supports the Conqueror's 5JlO failure, JOO-J02; ..rengthened Papal liation of Saxon abbeys, iIJ., 186; aUlhority 01rer ~ Church, JOZ. 303 ; summons Henry IV. to appear before his addreM to the fourth J.ateran the papal court. 188; development Council, J04-J06; and the appeal ..,f o( bis ideal of the Church's llO'\'c tbe Prov~1 nobles, J08; l..drientl.ll reignty.ij•• 11IcJ; chosen and elected Raymond of Tool...... 308. .J09; Pope, 189-191; his abstemious rOll5eS the Italian towns to aid in a habits, '9'. Su Gregory VII. cnuade, J09; hiA death, 3)0; small Historian of Rienzi. 3t6. 317 result of his activities, iJJ.; koman Hospital founded by Fabiola, 86 populace at enmity with, 311; hi, HO$pitaI Santo Spirito rebuilt by Inno- IitiflS to his brother kichard. ;6.; cent, 311,312; and again by Sixlus "uildings erected by, 312; hi. IV., 469. 470 chatactcr, ~.; the grcatoeq 01 his Hugo of Guny. 197. 223. 225; ideals,424- Gregory's letter to. Z02 Innocent VI.. 401 Humanists, ",hooI of. 460. 461 Innocent VIII•• 417. 478 INDEX SOl
J L JERO~fE. 25. 33. 36, 37.58,66; quoted, LADIES. See Women 7. 17.49. 50, 51, 55. 61, 62, 96. 97; Lanciani, Professor, 204, 443, 444 on the daily life of a Roman priest, Langton, Stephen, 287 10, I I; accused of being concerned Lateran Council, the first, Gregory's in Melania's disappearance, 29; his letter convoking, 198; its decrees life in the desert, 38, 39; his Epistle against simony and marriage of to Heliodorus, 39. 40; enters into priests, 198-200; lay investiture pro religious controversy, 40, 41; his hibited by the second Council, 201 ; usefulness recognised by the Church reception of the Emperor's letters by in Rome, 41; lodged in Marcella's Gregory in, 215-217 j demands the palace, 42 ; bis friendship with Paula, excommunication of Henry, 217; 43. 61; his life 8mon~ the Roman decides the case of the rival emperors, ladies, 44-47; his position in Roman 236-239; the fourth, Pope Innocent's society, 47; begins his translation of address· to, 304-306 j ordinances Scripture, iIJ.; popular resentment passed by, 306, 307 ; gives judgment against, 51, 54. 55. 61, 62; engages for de Montfort against the Provens:al in the controversy regarding celibacy, nobles, 307, 308 ' S2; his letter on virginity quoted, 53. Lay investiture, decree against, 201, 54; his letter to Paula. on her 202 daughter'S death, 59-61; forced to Leander, 1I2; Gregory's letter to, [06, retire from Rome, 63 ; his letters to 126 Asella, 63-65 ; joins Paula's caravan Learning. how pursued during the serai, 68; founds a convent at Beth. Renaissance, 434; Nicolas V. as 'a lehem. 7 [; how his translation of· patron of, 441 the Scripture; was finished, 72-76 j Legacies to priests declared illegal, entreats Marcella to abandon the II world, 79; puuled by Fabiola's Leo IV., the Leonine city enclosed by, curiosity, 82 j his judgment in the 444-446 case of a divorced woman. 83 j his Leo IX., confers offices upon Hilde· controversy with Rufinus, 87 brand, 162; his tour of reformation, Jeronimo, Count. 476 164-167; at the Council of Rheims, Jerusalem, 34, 3S 166; his use of the power of excom· Jews, 307 munication, 167; hIS last enterprise Job, Gregory undertakes a commentary and his death, ;6., 168. See Bruno, on, at the request of his monks, lJa Bishop II6 Leo X., 425. 426 j little troubled by John XXII., ~I8, deposed by the the rebellion against the Papacy, 485, Emperor LoUIS, 323; his supporters 486; his attitude towards I,uther, regain possession of Rome, 324- 487 ; obliged to fight for the Patri John of Constantinople. his pretensions mony, "6. ; amuses himself with his to supremacy over the Church, 143, painters and his court, ;6., 488; 145 ; Gregorys letter to, 144 his patronage of Raphael the chiel John, King of England, and the Pope's element in his. fame, 488; his interdict, 287; excommunicated and career, 490 deposed, 288; swears fealty as a Leo XIII. as Papa Angelico, 177 ". valisal of the Pope, ;6. 289 . Leonine city. Se6 'Borgo OVinian, 52 Leopold of Mainz, 278 ubilee, papal, 335, 399, 400, 440 Lombard League, 271 ullan, Emperor, 7 Lorenzo, Cola's son, his baptism of ulius II •• a ~hting Pope, 478; a blood,384 lpatron of artlSl5, 479, 0482; pulls Louis of Ba,"aria, 318; his recepti(.on in down the ancient St. Peter's. i/J. Rome, 320,321 ; his coronation, 321, 480, 4B4; secures the States of the 322; declares Pope John deposed, Church, 481; employs Raphael, 323; elects a new ~ope, w.; re· 482, 0483 j his portrait by Raphael, crowned by his anti· Pope, ;6., 324; 4083; his death and career, 483-485 his departure from Rome, 324 502 INDEX
Luther, Martin, 486; Pope Leo's at· panied by Rufinu5, i!J., 33, 34; titude towards, 487 founds a mona.fIotery at Jeruulem, 35; LyttoD, Lord, his novel Nuns", 346 the nature of her self·qcrifice, '!J., 36; her quarrel with Paula, 69, 70 Mercenaries. Su Soldiers of Fortune Milman, Dean, 302 M Mincio, Bishop, how he was eJected Pope. 170,171 ; h~ ahdication, 172 MADDALENA, Rienzi's mother, 332 lfi~.!lionarie!l, Gregory'. in1Jlructionli to, Manno, Giovanni, 319 for the making o( converts, I JO, 13 J ; Mantegna, Andrea, 478 and for pastoral work, 131, IJ2 Marcella, early life and marriage of, 16, :Monks, wandering, 32, J3, .54; re 17; becomes a widow, 17; her re sentment of the Roman populace putation for eccentricity, "6., 18; against. 55; GregorilJ following of, forms her community of Christian 111-116 women, 18; her zeal for knowledge, lfonozello, Fra, and Pope Benedict, 24; entreated by Paula and Jerome 320 to abandon the world, 77-79; prefers ~rontma.'K:one, the wine of, 402 II, her useful life in Rome, 79, 80; saves )Jont(ort, Simon de, 299. 300, 307. Principia (rom the Goths, 9S ; tortured 308 by them, 96 ;' her death, 97, g8. See lfonuments, ancient, restored by Paul Marcelia, the Society of 11.,46• Marcella, the Society of. founded, 18; Moreale, Fra, 404; agree. to usiAt in character and position of the Rienzi', undertaking. 406, 4IY1; members, 19; some associates 0(, arrives in kame, 411 ; his atreat and 20-22; a religious and intellectual execution, 413-415 meeting-place, 22; daily life of the )luntz, Mo. qao+ed, 462 members, 23; Thierry quoted on Music, Gregory'. re(onnation in, 1 j8, their occupations. ill., 24; Jerome 1]9; a commenlary on his JJYMe-m, becomes the guest of, 42 -47; wealth a5 adopted by the Germans and Gaul", and liberality of, 48. 49 ; unrestricted 139 life of, SO; shares in the popular reo sentment again&t Jerome, 66; Ja.st days of, 94-96 Jdarcellinus, Ammianus, quoted, 5, 6, 10 . NICOI.A5 II., 172, 178 Marriage of priests, decree of the 6 ... Nicolas V., 323, 426,462, 465; ." a Lateran Council against, 19S-200; laver o( literature. 435; unconAciou~ priests rebel against this mca.sure, of the coming revolution, ill.; hit; 200; effects of the decree OD the origin. iIJ. ; his Jeaming, 436; maket minds of the laity, iIJ. 201 . his reputation, ill., 437; ati a bor.k Martin V., 426, 427, 432; begins the collector. 438; his character, 439 ;: recODSttuction and adornment of a lover of peace. a., 440; his deal· Rome, 430; administers justice, ill. ings with his literary men, 441 ; Martino, F. di, 447 . churches rebuilt byI 447; his addi· Matilda of Tuscany, 171, lSI, 196,215. tionsto the Vatican and to 51. Peter'•• 220,225. %26, 243} 272; her character, 44B; founds the Vatican library. elC.-, 221 449; his work u a builder· Pope. tho. Maurice, EmperOl', 125, 128, 1.}4 450; hi> death-bed """..... 1 to hi> Muimianus. 117 cardinals, 451, 4$2 Medici, Cosimo Nonnans of Southern Italy, 167, 168, entreats Marcella to join her in Beth 178, IB9; Rome sacked by, 250 lehem, 77-79 Nuncio, Gregory as a, 110, Ill, 1I6 Paulina, 21, 48, '66; her death, 88; the funeral feast, 89-91 Paulinian, 87 .0 Paulinus, Bishop, quoted, 91 Peacemakers. 357 OCEANUS, 33, 87 Pelagius II., 119, 124; his letter on Odilon of Cluny, ISS the defenceless state of Rome, 116 Olaf, King of Norway, 234 Pen, silver, used by Rienzi, 339 Ori~e!" 87. Pepino, Count, 391 Omm family, 350, 362, 372, 377, 387; Perugino, 471, 472, 483 r~bel against Rienzi, 375 Petrarch, 321, 338, 362; his friendship Orsini, Bartoldo, 324 with the Colonna family, 328; Orsini, Ranella, 356 crowned Altissimo Poeta, 329, 330 ; Orsini, Robert, 351 quoted, 358, 361, 374, 385, 386, Otho, Philip·.s rival in the Empire, 275 ; 429; his letters to Rienzi,36I, 369. supported by the Pope, 277 ; becomes 386; his faith in Rienzi shaken, 387 ; Emperor, 279; hlS coronation in his letter describing his talk with Rome, 280, 281 ; breaks faith with Stefano, 388, 389; let~er on Rienzi's the Pope, 282, 283. See Emperors, career and downfall, 397, 398; the rival describes how Rienzi's condemnation was reversed, 398. 399' Philip Augustus of France and his p wives, 283-286; his threatened in vasion of England, 288 PAGANISM, its conjunction with the Philip of Swabia elected Emperor, Christian r~on in Roman society, 274; Innocent's denunciation of, 7-9; this conjunction Deews again at 276, 277; his success, 279; his the Renaissance, 434 death, i6. Palauo Venezia, 459 Phocas, Emperor, 134, 14,2 Pammachius, 48, 66, 86, 88, 97 Pintore, Antonauo, 473 Papencordt quoted, 374 Pius II., 462, 465; his early career, Pastoral work, Gregory's instructions 454, 455; his character, 455; his rcgartling, 131, 132 writings, 456 j as a builder, i6., 4~7; Paul II. builds the Palazzo Venezia, his en~husiasm for the crusade agalDst 459; Platina's strictures upon, ib., the Turk, 457 -459 460; dismisses the learned men pa~ Platrue i!l Rqme. and the processions lronised by Pius, 460, 461; 1m· 01 penitents, 121-1:24- prisons Platina, 461; his liberality, Platina, his biased account of Paul II., 462; restores ancient monuments, 4~9. 460; protests against Paul's i6.; his magnificent tastes, I'/J •• 463 ; dlSmissal of the learned men, 461; Platina on his private Hfe, 463 j his jmprisoned, i6.; reinstated, 473 humours and vanities, 464 i his death, Poor, the destitute, Gregory feeds and 466 cares for, 127, 128 -Paula, 33. 55; and her family, 20-22, Popes, three rival, in Rome, 153; how 24 j her friendship with Jerome, 43. their conflict was ended, i6.; three 61 ; her character and position, 57. successiv~, appointed by the Emperor S8; how she was attracted to the Henry 111.,158,159; become fight Marcellan Society, S8; Jerome's letter ing princes, 423. 424; ideals of the to, on Blaesilla's death, 59. 60; her greatest, 424; art-patrons among, ahandonment of her home and chil 425; how treated by English writers, dren. 66. 67; her journey tn Jeru iIJ.; success of the builder-Popes, salem, 68. 6c}; her quarrel with 426; their power and influence in the Melania, 69. 70; travels through times of Pius II. and Paul II.• 464. Syria, 70; builds convents and a 465. Su Gregory the Great, Hilde hospice, 71; assists Jerome in the brand, Innocent IlL, Election ofthe IranslatioD of the Scnptuces, 72-76 ; Popes, et jiass;m INDEX Populace, Roman, degraded state of, Rienzi, Cola di, hishi.storian, ,316, 317;' m the 4th century, 4. 5; all nomi. his parentage, 332, 333 j hUI love for nally Christian, 49; their resent the ancient writers, 333; hill early ment against the monks, S5; com life, ib., 334; !lent on a miMlion to pel Gregory to abandon his mission Clement V[., 334; appointed notary to Britain, 119. 120; Gregory feeds to the City Council of kome, ib. ;. the destitute poor, 127, 128; fight success of the mi!J,.'Iion, 335; letter between Papal troops and. 318--320; announcing his succen, ,b., 336;. their reception of Louis of Bavaria, dillgrace and return to favour, 337, 320-322; reception of Fra Venturino 338; protests against the rapacity ot by, 325, 326; unruliness and reck. the City Council, 339; his paintw lessness of, 326, 327; enthusiastic allegories, )40-342, 3406; altitude of over the crowning of Petrarch, 329. the palricl8ns toward!, 343. 345. 330; Rienzi as an ambassador of, to 349; hill address to the Roman Clement VI., 334-336; gi\'e ahso notables. 344; hi. power and late power to Rienzi, 353; begin to prh'ilegcs, 345; and the M!'cret criticise Rienzi, 363; their conflict society, 349. 350; the conspiracy with the Colonna, 377-:J80; resent carried out, 3~ I; addreues the Rienzi's baptism of his son, 384. people on the Capitol, 352 ; a,*,Iute 385 ; had no active share in Rienzi's power given to, hy the people. 3SJ;. downfaU, 392; in"ite him to re drj"es all the nohles out of Rome, assume the government of the city. 35S; compels the no!JI~ to .wear 405; their reception of Rienzi, 410; loyahy to the Buono Statu, i6., 356;. their rising against him, 417-420. his character, 356. 3S7; jWJtice and Su Rome public ufety in kome secured hy, Praetextata, 2J, 22 357. 358• 359' his imogg3 Jetter of reproof to, 386 j Petrarch's lence in, 121-124, 127, 128; pre faith in him shaken, 387 j moderates served by Gregory from barbarian at his magnificence and his arrogance, tacks, 128; heartened by Gregory's 390; sees visions of disaster, 391 j energy, 133; Gregory's achievements his downfall, 39[-393; develops the for, 142, 152 j Gregory accused of character of a conspirator, 393, 394 ; destroying ancient buildings in, 146, takes refuge among the FraticeIli, 147; state of, in the eleventh century, .394, 395; his correspondence with 152, 153'; its outward aspect in the Charles IV., 395; handed over to time of Gregory VII., 204, 205; a the Pope, 396 j condemned to death, portion of, seized by Emperor Henry .i6. ; how he was saved, 397 J 399; IV., 244; Henry withdraws his troops his career and downfall, Petrarch's from, 246; and again occupies. the Jetter on, 397. 398; returns with the city. 247. 248; sacked by Guiscard Pope's legate to Rome, 401, 402 j and the Normans, 250; Innocent III. welcomed in the towns of the Patri. endeavours to strengthen his hold mony. 40S j his enterprise assisted by qpon, r 269, 270; her constitution Moreate and his mercenaries, 406; changed by Gregory, 270; populace -obtains the countenance of the Pope's of, at enmity with Innocent III. ,311; legate, 407; his expedition sets out, buildin~ erected in, by Innocent, il., -408; his hopes and aims, iIJ. j his 312; d1sorderly state of, in the four~ reception by the Roman piltpulace, teenth century, 315, 316; strong 409, 410; change in his outward holds of the great DobIes in, 316,; man, 410 j his expedition, against. fight between Papal troops and the Stefanello, ;6. t 411 j his motives for people of, 318-320; reception of executing Moreate, 412; imprisons Louis of Bavaria in, 320; as arbiter and executes Moreale, 413-415; this of the world, 321; how Fra Venturino act ~enerally approved, 415; but was received in, 325. 326,; public ,questIOned by h1s councillors, 416 j safety and justice unknown in, 331, how he raised money to pay the , 350, 351; establishment of the Buono mercenaries, il. ; becomesiuesolute, Stato in, 351-353; public safety se 417 j his final downfall and death, cured in, by Rienzi, 357, 359; ap 417-421 ; estimate of his career, 421, prehensions aroused in foreign coun 4" tries by the revival of, 361 ; her claim "Roads made safe for travellers, 359 to universal dominion, 363, 364; as :Robert, King of Naples, 329 sertion of the claim by Rienzi, 367'- Roland of Panna presents Henry's 369; expedition of the Colonna letters to Pope Gregory, 215 against, 377-380; dream of a double Roman society, state of, at the end of reign of universal dominion in, 395 ; the fourth century, 3 et Sell. ;'irrespon celebraiion of the Jubilee in, 399, 400; sible wealth of the patrician class, 3, anarchy in, after Rienzi's fall. 400. 4; debased state of the populace, 4, 401; possessed no native art, 426; 5 ; luxurious habits of the nobles,S, external state of. at Pope Martin's 6 ; and of the women, 6; conjunction entry, 427-429; restoration and of the old and new religions In, 7-9'; adornment of, begun, 430, 432; relations of the Church with, 9-11 ; restoration and adornment of build jerome's picture of, quoted, 53, 54 j ings in, by Nicolas V., 447-450; art undermined by the ascetic ideals. 92- workshops in, 448, 449; ancient 94- See Aristocracy and Populace monuments restored by Pauill., 462 ; Rome, her two conquests of the world, still disorderly, 467 j King Ferdi. 1,2; transitional period in her history, nand's advice regarding the balconies 2; her position at the end of the and tortuous streets, i/). , 468; his fourth century, 3; believed in the suggestion adopted by Sixtus. 468. fourth century to be the Scarlet See Bargo Woman of Revelation, 91, 92; sacked Rudolf, Duke of Suabia, 196, 219; by the Goths, 94. 95; successive elected King, 230; anxious for the sieges of, 99, 100; no patriot aroused council of arbitration, 236 ; his case to the defence of, 102, 103 j defence stated before the Lateran Council, .less state of, 116; distress and pesti- il., 237; declared King of Germany 506 INDEX by the Pope, 239; Gregory sends the violent temper, 470; all Rome per. imperial crown to, 241; hi. death, vaded by bis work, '6., 471; restorn 242. See Emperors, the rival ·the aqueduct!'!, 471; painters em· Ruflnus travels with Melania, 32, 33. ployed by,for the Sistine chapel. 47', 34; arrives in Rome, 87; his con· 472; his varied aims and activjtie~, troversy with Jerome, ;6. 472, 473; rcinslatel Platina and hill fellow-scholars, 473; enlarge!' the Vatican library. 16.; his wte in art, 474; his favourites, 474 -476 s Soldiers of Fortune, 403, 404; Rienzi procurel the Benices of, 406; how ST. BEXEDICT. See Benedict, order of he raiM-d money to pay them, 4,6 St. Jerome. See Jerome States of the Church, Innocent III. St. John Lateran, the church 0(, 429, regains po!l.~Mion 0(, 271, 272; 470 ; internal revolutions in., 481 1- secured by Julius II., 481 i part of St. Mary, the monastery pf, ISS . them lost again, 487 St. Paul, the monastery of, Hil e· Stefano, Cardinal, 179 brand's monns in, 163 St. Peter, evidence for his presence and execution in Rome, 443, 444 . St. Peter's, the old and the modem T church, 442.443; additions made to, by Nicolas, 4-4B; pulled down by 4ASSO, 221 Julius 11.,479.480; architecture of Taxes imposed by Rienzi, 4.6 the ancient church, 4Bo; completion Tedeschi, the, 271, 271., 320 of the present church, 490 Thehaid, the, 14 51. Remy, consecration of the church TheodoJinda, Queen. 128, 1,30, J 33 of, 16S Thierry, quoted, 19, I.). 24. 7J, 8., St. Stefano Rotondo, church of, rebuilt, 83 447 Thomas of Sarzana. See Nicolas V. St. Teodoro, church of, rebuilt, #7 Toulouse, 297 Salerno, Gregory's arrival at, 252 Trajan and the widow, effect of the San Lorenzo, chapel of, 449 .tory upon Gregory, 120, UJ Savelli, Francesco, 356 Tuscan League, 271, 272 Sa:~.. elli, Luca de, 372 TUJlCany. inkrl'erence of, in the el« Saviello, Jacopo di, 317, 319 tion of the Popes. 170, 172, .S. Scotland, Church of, its position before the Disruption, and that of the Church in Gregory's time, compared, 253 Secret society. the, and Rienzi's addreM to, 349, 350; the conspiracy carried out, 351-353 UTRECHT, Bishop of. 218 5ih'ia, 1Q4.. 107 Simony, 157,188. 193; crusade of Leo IX. against. 164,-167; Hildebrand's hatred of, 176, 194; condemned by V the first Lateran Council, IC)8; Gre gory VII. a martyr to IUs haired 01, VATICAN, its rcronlilruction hegun by 2530 254 Innocent. 3u ; enlarged and adorned Sismondi quoted. 321 by the Popa. 447; addi(loM built Sistine chapel, 471, 472; completion to, by !liicoJas, 44B; library of, of,49O founded by ~icolas, 449; and en· Sinus IV., his pedigree, 466; his pur larged by Sixtus, 473 poses and achievemenl5, ij., 4h7; V mice, drives • t.rgain with the rebuilds the narrow and tortuous crmadns,293 streets, 468 ; builds. bridge over the Venturino, Fra, bis reception in 1Wme,. Tiber, i6.. 469; rec:0nstnJct5 the 325, J26 hos.. ta1 Sanlo Spirilo, 409, 470; IUs Vertol1e. Conte di, 372 INDEX S07 Vespasiano the bookseller, 430, 43] Pope, 191; form part of a couDeii Vico, Giovanni di, 361, 362, 376, 377 called by Gr-egory VII., 196 ,~ Wdmen, Roman, their artificial life, 6, ~ 7; influence of the" conflicting re~ Jigions upon their actions, 8, 9; w Jerome's descriprion of different types of, 53, S4- Su Marcella, the Society WILLIAM' THE CoNQUEROR, -his inn of sian of England sanctioned by Hilde· Worms, Council of, lOOt 212;-214 brand, 18S, ]86 Women, friendships between religious zealots and. 42, 43; harshly spoken Z of by Catholic teachers, 43 j' their success in the art of government, ZARA, capture of, by the ~ui«ders,. 170; take part in the election of a 293 RICHAaD CLAY AND SONS, UMJTaO, LONDON AND BUKGAV.