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of smog is becoming an increasingly rarer phenomenon and levels of sulphur dioxide are decreasing.[ -Found between 3 peninsulas in the Southern Europe that stretches out in to the Mediterranean Sea Many watercourses and coastal stretches have also been contaminated by industrial and agricultural activity, while due to -shaped like a ball with a length of 1,126.51 km. rising levels Venice has been regularly flooded throughout recent years. Waste from industrial activity is not always disposed -Surrounded by the , Ionian Sea, and of by legal means and has led to permanent health effects on the Mediterranean inhabitants of affected areas, as in the case of the Seveso disaster. The country has also operated several nuclear reactors between 1963 and 1990 but, after the Chernobyl disaster and a -in the North the peninsula is divided by the Alps from the rest of referendum on the issue the nuclear program was terminated, a Europe decision that was overturned by the government in 2008. A deal was signed with in 2009 for the construction of up to four -it has many mountain ranges but is not separated like in Greece new nuclear plants. Deforestation, illegal building developments and poor land management policies have led to significant erosion - The Apennines Mountains strethches from the North and as far all over Italy's mountainous regions, leading to major ecological as the Southern part of Itaky disasters like the 1963 Vajont Dam flood, the 1998 Sarno and 2009 Messina mudslides.

Italy (pronounced /ëëtĽli/ ( listen); Italian: Italia [iëtaëlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a Weather country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the January is generally cold, with the freezing tramontana wind south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, sweeping down from the north. January 29, 30 and 31 are known Ͷ the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea Ͷ as the "giornate della merla" (days of the blackbird) and are and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San supposed to be the coldest of the year. Marino and the are enclaves within Italy, whilst A winter vacation has some advantages, however: once the Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory Christmas holidays are over (after January 6), the sights are 2 of Italy covers some 301,338 km (116,347 sq mi) and is almost deserted and you will find a warm welcome everywhere. influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million In hotels, low season prices apply. inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world. Italians say that February is "corto e maledetto" - short and accursed. It can be almost as cold as January, although winter is Italy's capital, , was for centuries the political centre of traditionally held to be at an end if the weather is good on the Western civilisation as the capital of the . After its Feast of Candlemas (February 2). decline, Italy would endure numerous invasions by foreign Again, tourists are few and far between and cheap flights and peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the and hotel rooms abound. Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy would become the birthplace of the M M , an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that arch weather is notoriously capricious: Italians say " arzo è would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of pazzarello" - March is crazy. It is still chilly, and often windy and European thought. rainy too. The days are getting longer, however, and March 21 officially marks the start of spring. During the last weekend of the month, the clocks go forward, giving more daylight for Geography sightseeing. There begin to be more tourists, particularly if Easter falls early. Environment In April, travelers begin to flock to Italy. Italians say "Natale con i After its quick industrial growth, Italy took a long time to confront tuoi, Pasqua con chi vuoi": Christmas with the family, Easter with its environmental problems. After several improvements, it now whoever you want. Many nationals take a city break at Easter, ranks 84th in the world for ecological sustainability. National adding to the crowds of tourists from overseas. High season rates parks cover about five percent of the country. In the last decade, are charged at hotels everywhere. Italy has became one of the world's largest producers of The weather is a little warmer. renewable energy, ranking as the world͛s fifth largest solar energy producer in 2009and the sixth largest producer of wind power in May is the month of roses, in Italy, with weather that is warm but 2008. not too hot for sightseeing. The major sights are crowded - not only with visitors from abroad but also with Italian schoolchildren, However, air pollution remains a severe problem, especially in the as schools often organize trips at this time of year. industrialised north, reaching the tenth highest level worldwide of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the 1990s. Italy is the Early June is like May, but later in the month the temperature can twelfth largest carbon dioxide producer. Extensive traffic and rise steeply, particularly in the south. June 21 is the longest day of congestion in the largest metropolitan areas continue to cause the year. severe environmental and health issues, even if smog levels have decreased dramatically since the 1970s and 80s, and the presence Seaside resorts begin to fill up after the schools close in the also in Sicily, Puglia and some off-shore exploration off the middle of the month. Adriatic coast. International joint ventures have multiplied in recent years with new gas pipelines being constructed under the July and August are too hot for comfortable sightseeing. Although it is no longer true that everything shuts down in August, the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Italy is the third largest gas market cities are best avoided at this time. in Western Europe with gas accounting for 33 per cent of total energy consumption in 2002. The Italian gas sector has September is a good time of year to visit Italy. Temperatures are experienced significant restructuring following government beginning to drop and the weather is usually dry. Summer resorts are less crowded after the schools open in the middle of the approval of a liberalisation programme, which made room for month. new alliances with Portuguese and Spanish gas firms. The gas Autumn officially begins on September 23. sector is dominated by ENI, a near monopoly that in the past has

October is the best month of all for visiting Rome: the sunny days led to high energy prices, but increased competition in recent are known locally as the "ottobrate romane". In northern Italy and years has led to a fall in average prices for electricity. at higher altitudes, however, temperatures may already be quite low, particularly at night. The evenings are closing in and during the last weekend of the month the clocks go back. Other resources: coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land November is not generally considered to be a good month for visiting Italy. The days are short and it is often rainy, although rarely very cold. In addition, some hotels and restaurants may Definition: This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, close in order to carry out renovation work or allow the owners to hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance. take a holiday. If you do opt for a November vacation, don't miss tasting the new ("vino novello") and chestnuts that abound at this time of year. Rivers found in Italy

In December, the cold weather returns: you can forget about sitting outside on the piazza sipping a cappuccino. The days are at 1) their shortest. With the holiday season, prices begin to rise and hotels to fill up: Po is one of the largest rivers in Italy and it flows through some of book early to avoid disappointment. the most vital cities across Italy such as Turin, Ferrara and If you decide to come to Italy over Christmas and the New Year, Piacenza. This river measures 405 miles in length and 1,650 feet at try visiting some of the less famous sights: you'll see something its width and is definitely small when compared to the Nile river different and avoid the worst of the crowds. or the Yangtze. Around 141 tributaries feed this vast river along with a catchment basin of around 27,000 sq miles that leads to the plains of Val Padana.

Natural Resources 2) Adige

Oil Adige is considered to be the second largest river of Italy after the Po river and the source of this river is located in Alpine area close Like many of its west European neighbours, Italy has few natural to the Italian border along Austria and Switzerland. One of the oil supplies of its own and is forced to import most of its energy main highlights of this river is the artificial Alpine Lake Reschen needs. The country is highly dependent on imports of oil: in 2002, through which it flows that is situated at the Reschen Pass just over the Inn valley. This lake has a church tower known for the it consumed an estimated 1.87 million barrels per day but village site, which got completely flooded in 1953. produced a meagre 103,000 bbl/d. To reduce its reliance on foreign sources, the Italian government has been investing in 3) Piave domestic production of oil near the Apennine region, in the This river flows through the Northern part of Italy, springing in the Abruzzi and in Sicily. Alps and clearing its water into the . It's called the "Fiume Sacro alla Patria" (River Sacred to the Country) in memory Gas of the hard battles fought on its banks during World War 1, and remembered in many popular songs, chief among them "La Italy has natural gas reserves of 8 trillion ft3 but relies on imports, Leggenda del Piave" (The Legend of Piave). Across its course forms largely from Libya and Norway, for around four-fifths of its total many quaint lakes. Today is one of the principal water sources for the agricultural farms and hydroelectric power station in the consumption, consuming 2,5 trillion ft3 in 2001 but producing plains of Veneto only 550 billion ft3. Natural gas is one of Italy's most important and rapidly declining resources, found primarily in the north but 4) Across western Sicily, the river Belice is located which is around 77 kms in length with its major source located closed to Piana degli Albanesi. From there it runs southwards and westwards for The river Savio is located across northern Italy and has its source around 45.5 kms in the form of right Belice until it is merged with close to Montecoronaro located on Mount Castelvecchio. The the left Balice at 42 kms. Further, it increases across the slopes of source of this river is situated at a height of 1,126 meters, which Rocca Busambra. Before coming into the Strait of Sicily, the Belice has a symbolic iron monument. It has a well-preserved natural proper flows for around 30 kms towards the eastern region of environment across and comprises of The River Savio National Park as the major attraction with different species of Selinus. animals 10) Cenischia 5) Cenischia is a mountain stream that forms a part of the Po river basin and acts as a left tributary of the to form the Tiber is regarded as the third largest rivers of Italy that rises at the valley- Val Cenischia. It sets the boundary along the Apennine mountain range and flows at about 406 kms along the across the Northern region and along the South. The and into the Tyrrhenian Sea. This river is well known main source of this river is located in France and it flows through as one of the vital means of water ways along the city of Rome. the reservoir located close to Grand Croix and enters different The source of Tiber River comprises of two springs located around settlements along this region. 10 meters apart from each other towards . The name Le Vene is given to these springs and they can be found in the beech forest at an elevation of 1,268 meters above sea level. Mountains in Italy It seems that the city of Rome was found on the banks of Tiber in the year 753 B.C. This river was regarded vital for trade and 1) The Alps commerce during the ancient times, as the ships were able to reach upto 100 kms upwards. The Alps (German: Alpen; Italian: Alpi; Lombard: Alp; French: Alpes; Occitan: Aups/Alps; Romansh: Alps; Slovene: Alpe) are one A 6) lcantara of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Alcantara can be found in Sicily, which is one of the largest island Liechtenstein and ; to France in the west. of the Mediterranean Sea surrounded by many other smaller islands. The source of this river is located at the southern side of The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc, at Nebrodi with its mouth located at the Ionian Sea and it is 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft), on the ItalianʹFrench border. All the around 52 kms in length. It seems that thousands of years ago, main peaks of the Alps can be found in the list of mountains of the the river bed was stopped by the flow of lava arising from Mount Alps and list of Alpine peaks by prominence. Etna. The Alcantara river park was created with the intention of protecting the river and also as a recreation and tourist spot for the visitors. The English name Alps was taken via French from Alpes, which may be ultimately cognate with Latin albus ("white"). The German Albe, Alpe or Alp (f., Old High German alpâ, plural alpûn), 7) the Occitan Alp/Aup and the French Alpage or Alpe in the singular mean "alpine pasture", and only in the plural may also refer to the In the region of Italy, the river Arno occupies a prime mountain range as a whole. place and begins at Mount Flaterona along the Casentino region. It drifts towards the western side and passes through , The Alps are generally divided into the Western Alps and the Pisa and Empoli and flows into the Ligurian Sea. It is the second Eastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake largest river of this region with Sieve, Bisenzo , Ombrone, Elsa, Constance and Lake Como, following the rivers Rhine, Liro and Esa, Pesa and Pescia as its main tributaries. Besides, this river also Mera. The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is cross Florence and also passes through Santa Trinita bridge and shorter and curved; they are located in Italy, France and Vechhio. Switzerland. The Eastern Alps (main ridge system elongated and broad) belong to Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, 8) Coghinas Liechtenstein and Slovenia.

Across North of Sardinia, the third longest river after Tirso and The highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc, at Flumendosa can be seen which has a length of 115 km. On the 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft). The highest peak of the Eastern Alps Mountains of Ala, one can come across the Coghina's Spring is Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). Monte Rosa at situated in the province of Olbia Tempio. This river flows into the 4,634 metres (15,203 ft). and Ortler, 3,905 metres (12,812 ft), are Gulf of Asinara through the towns of and . To get the second-highest, respectively. additional water for use in electricity generation, there are two dams created leading to Lake Coghinas and Casteldoria. 2) The Apennines

9) Belice The Apennines or (Greek: ëʋɹʆʆɿʆɲ ëʌɻ, Latin: Appenninus or Apenninus Mons ʹ a singular used in the plural; Italian: Appennini) are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending c. 1,200 km (750 mi) along the 500 huge castles in the mountain towns of this region. The length of peninsular Italy. In the northwest they join with the vibrant and well built churches are an admirable sight. Ligurian Alps at Altare. In the southwest they end at Reggio di Pescara is the main resort of Abruzzo. It is situated on the Adriatic , the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since about coast. It is modern and a large commercial centre. A perfect place 2000 the Ministry of the Environment of Italy, following the to shop and eat, Pescara is a favorite among the visitors and locals recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has alike. Endowed with designer boutiques and fashionable cafés, been defining the Appennines System to include the mountains of the main streets attract many visitors. Towards the north of north Sicily, for a total distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The Pescara, there are also some lovely beaches to discover. In the system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the Ligurian and south between Ortona and the lovely Vasto, with its fascinating Tyrrhenian Seas. historic centre, the road hugs closely to the coast, giving tempting glimpses, through the trees, of the beautiful blue sea. Hillsides, covered in vineyards and olive groves, are a perfect get away for The etymology most frequently repeated, because of its semantic your holidays. appropriateness, is that it derives from the Celtic Penn, "mountain, summit"A-penn-inus, which could have been assigned The rural Abruzzo is rich in traditions of farming and wine making. during the Celtic domination of north Italy in the 4th century BC You might have a feeling of being in an earlier time. It is crowded or before. The name originally applied to the north Apennines. with houses and huts. The highest peak in the Apennines, Gran However, historical linguists have never found a derivation with Sasso pulls a lot of crowd towards this place. The famous towns which they are universally comfortable. Wilhelm Deecke said: include L' and Sulmona. "...its etymology is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian- Celtish Pen or Ben, which means mountain peak." MOLISE

The mountains lend their name to the Apennine peninsula, which Molise is situated towards the Centre of Italy, the second smallest forms the major part of Italy. They are mostly verdant, although of the . It was earlier a part of the region of Abruzzi one side of the highest peak, Grande is partially covered by e Molise (with Abruzzo) and now a separate entity. It borders Calderone glacier, the southernmost glacier in Europe and the Abruzzo to the north-west, Lazio to the west, Campania to the only one in the Apennines. It has been receding since 1794. The south, Puglia to the south-east and the Adriatic Sea to the north- southern mountains are semi-arid. The eastern slopes down to east. the Adriatic Sea are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italy's cities are located. The The regional capital is Campobasso. It is a centre of medieval mountains tend to be named from the province or provinces in origin, an earlier part of the Lombard Duchy of Benevento. During which they are located; for example, the Ligurian Apennines are in the 11th and 17th centuries, it also shared the fortunes of the Liguria. As the provincial borders have not always been stable, this Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Later it was united with the Kingdom practice has resulted in some confusion about exactly where the of Italy in 1860. The city was built round a hill with the Castello montane borders are. Often but not always a geographical feature Monforte on its crest. In the oldest part of the town, are the can be found that lends itself to being a border. admirable church of Sant'Antonio Abate and the Romanesque churches of San Giorgio and San Bartolomeo in sixteenth century. Other regional centers are Isernia, Termoli and Agnone. Molise is The Apennines are divided into three sectors: northern (Italian: best known for the production of white truffles. It is also an Appennino settentrionale), central (Italian: Appennino centrale) eminent producer of cheese and dairy products. Among the most and southern (Italian: Appennino meridionale). prominent cheeses are the caciocavallo from Agnone, the pecorino and scamorza. Its "Soppressate", which are a kind of A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of pork salami cured naturally, are a part of local tradition. In the note is European walking route E1 coming from northern Europe hills lamb and mutton are also very popular, along with pork and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. sausages. The Grand Italian Trail begins in Trieste and after winding through Regional dishes include: Abbuoti, envelopes of lamb intestines the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and filled with chopped liver, hardboiled egg, and sweetbreads. The Sardinia. chief yields of this region are the black olives, grapes, garlic, tomato, onion, rosemary and hot peppers. Regions of Italy APULIA ABRUZZA Apulia lies to the southeast part of the Italian peninsula. It is This region stretches from the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, surrounded by the Ionic and the Adriatic seas. Its coastline is hosting the highest and hugest massifs of Central Italy, with surrounded by wheat fields, gardens, olive groves and vineyards. landscapes of rugged beauty, and peaks, often higher than 2,000 Apulia saw inhibition even in 3000 B.C. before the rise of meters. The National Park of Abruzzo, in the western part of the civilization. These ancient inhabitants left behind traces of their region, hosts many animal species and a rich flora. cultures. Apulia in ancient times has remained a home to the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Normans, the French, In Abruzzo, the scenery is spectacular with mountains which are and the Spanish, all of contributed their own styles in enriching sky high. The bees, birds, and cowbells will take you into a this land with their own cities and monuments. different dream world. Layers of snow-capped mountains lie on all Most remarkable structures here are: - its Romanesque the sides of this region. There are National Parks, mountains and cathedrals, the Swabian and Aragonese castles, and the Leccese vibrant, green valleys, with birds and wildlife which seems to be . endless to explore. Watch out the daring rivers with rapids and waterfalls tumbling powerfully to the bottom. There are around Cities of Art and History: BASILICATA & CALABRIA In Bologna, the home of the most ancient Italian university (eleventh century), the monuments of great artistic value are truly Calabrian mountains offer a great beauty. It is mountainous with countless. Here we shall mention just the two ancient spectacular large green reserves. Churches, monasteries, castles, ancient towers of the Asinelli and the Garisenda, both leaning, and Piazza palaces, traditions, art and folklore, languages and dialect differ Maggiore, with its great medieval buildings, and the gothic duomo within the region. Adventure lovers have got a wide range of of S. Petronio, where Charles V was crowned emperor in 1530. options skiing, hiking or extreme sports. Castles and watch towers Outside Bologna, you should not miss the Byzantine masterpieces are characteristic sights along the Tyrrhenian coast. Pythagoras of Ravenna, the medieval baptistery of Benedetto Antelami in founded his school at Crotone. The most prestigious gymnasiums Parma, the Tempio Malatestiano in , the Romanesque of the Olympic athletes of the time were at Sibari and it was here church of S.Mercuriale in Forl", the ancient Palazzo comunale in that Strabo dictated the example that historians were to follow: Piacenza, the seventeenth-century Sanctuary of the Madonna "seventy days were enough to destroy the rich and famous town. della Ghiara in Reggio , the splendid Galleria Estense in In 572 B.C. the people of Croton defeated those of Sibari". In the Modena, or the harmonious and well-preserved historic centre of early 1980s a famous archaeological find became the symbol of Ferrara. Calabria: the Riace Bronzes. They are the two stupendous Greek statues dredged from the sea and exhibited, from the early 1980s, VENEZIA GIULIA in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria, one of the most important archaeological museums of all the Towns of Udine, Tolmezzo, Pordenone, Cividale del Friuli, Gorizia, Italian Peninsula. One of the two bronze statues is attributed to and Aquileia hjave got admirable museums. Architectural Fidia, the master Greek sculptor of the Vth century and famous achievements include the Venetian Gothic of the Palazzo del for the relief of the Parthenon. Since their exposure at the Museo Commune in the centre of Udine. Nazionale hundreds of thousands of visitors arrived in Calabria to Cultural attractions situated at Udine are galleries of historic and discover the marvellous archaeological and historical patrimony of modern art. For example the in Aquileia, a small town this region. which was once an important city of the Roman Empire. Basilicata is a tiny southern region, occupied for the most part by Trieste, in Venezia Giulia, the most "middle-European" of Italian mountains that in places reached by two seas: the Tyrrhenian Sea cities, rich in history and culture, with its important ancient and for a short section of coast line, and the Ionian Sea. It is one of the modern artistic heritage, has been loved and represented by great poorest regions in Italy but it possesses a piece of prehistory in literary figures (James Joyce, Italo Svevo, Umberto Saba and many the modern world: "The Sassi". They are located at Matera, the others). second main city of Basilicata, and UNESCO, the UN organization that deals with education, science and culture, has proclaimed it Grado in the province of Gorizia is the favorite of many tourists to be the "heritage of humanity". The "caves of Matera" are one who regularly return for its sea and particularly healthy climate. of the most peculiar, ancient and extraordinary human settlements in the world, which have drawn the attention of LAZIO scholars and artists from all over the world (the Italian writer Carlo Levi spoke of them in his famous book "Christ stopped at Lazio is enriched with landscapes, long beaches and vast pine Eboli"). In the "caves", the houses have been dug out of the tufa groves, mountains and lakes, hills and plains. This region is rich in rock and the walls constructed with the excavated material. historical, artistic and cultural heritage. It has got Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire, the center of Christianity and capital Inhabited until recently, the "caves" are now empty and have of Italy. Towards the north lies the , called become the object of projects of cultural and tourist revaluation , rich in culture and archaeology. Medieval villages, castles and restoration. A visit to the "caves of Matera" is a truly unique and splendid Renaissance villas can be explored in this region. experience. But it is not the only reason to come to this small, Viterbo is the best preserved medieval city in Lazio. Among the secluded, and beautiful region boarded by two seas: the villas, in Caprarola and the "Park of Monsters" in Tyrrhenian and the Ionian. In Basilicata there are Greek ruins are worth a visit. Towards the east of Rome lies Tivoli, (Metaponto), medieval churches and castles (Melfi, Lagopesole), the renowned thermal spring of the ancient Romans, where the beautiful beaches (Maratea), and serene countryside. ruins of 's Villa and the Renaissance residence of Villa CAMPANIA d'Este are found. Moving to the south-east of the capital, leads to the region of . Around the mountains of Lazio lies Rieti, a city full of evidences of the medieval ages. Endowed with landscapes, permanently spring-like climate, fertile soil and the wonderful aromas and colors, this region has got There are volcanic lakes, green hills rolling to the beaches, everything to its glory. Appenine Mountains and natural parks to be explored in Lazio. Lazio's coastline is composed of long beaches and beautiful reefs. EMILIA ROMAGNA is Rome's most popular beach and is always crowded. When going take the coastal road that goes from Ostia to , passing The sunny beaches of Romagna lure many people towards it. This by sand dunes and fishing huts. The most fascinating area of is a modern, vibrant and affluent city. The lengthy coastline, coastline is located to the south, the location of Circeo National crowded with tourists drawn by the irresistible trinity sun-sea-fun. Park, which is full of oak forests, coastal lakes and sand dunes. It possesses an astonishing historic, artistic and cultural heritage. Other interesting locations are Terracina, Sperlonga and Gaeta, One of the richest regions of Italy, Emilia-Romagna is a gigantic picturesque sea-facing villages which have become attractive sea treasure house filled with architectural gems and artistic resorts. The territory to the north of Rome is covered by masterpieces, with ancient and famous universities, and modern woodland and includes three splendid volcanic lakes. Lake centres of artistic and cultural learning. Bolsena and are best for water sports. is famous for canoeing, hiking, cycling and horse riding tours and even bird watching. The National Park of Gran Sasso and Laga mountains, hills and beautiful beaches to its credit. Summers are Mountains are located near Rieti. This park has the highest the best time to enjoy the Marche region. summit of the Apennine Mountains (2915 meters). Thermal baths are there to cure from illness. These thermal baths are formed The nearest village is Gualdo. It is, like many of its neighbors, due to volcanic eruption. perched on a hill top, at 652m. Gualdo is a small scenic village which has a café, restaurant, bank (with ATM) and good basic Cuisine without , cheese and wine is impossible here. shopping facilities. Vegetables and pulses are used in loads. Appetizers include the famous Bruschette, toasted bread slices seasoned with a variety The nearest town is Sarnano. The medieval town centre is well of ingredients. Tuscia and Ciociaria residents use lots of soup, in preserved and has steep narrow alleys. It is a spa resort, a winter particular soup with lake fish. Plenty of soups are prepared with skiing resort and a good base for hiking in summer. There are seasonal vegetables. Pasta dishes are carbonara, amatriciana, and many good restaurants in the area. There is a public painting gnochi. Lamb reigns among the meat dishes. The most made gallery also. In the provincial capital and University City of cheese is Pecorino Romano. Macerata an annual international opera festival takes place during July and August, which is visited by many enthusiasts. LIGURIA The best time to visit this region is May and June. Towards the Liguria is a long strip of land which extends on the sides of the autumn, September and October are the best time to be in this Tyrrhenian Sea. Its 340 km long coast is denoted as the Italian place. This charming hill region, full of old country towns could be Riviera. Many long beaches and cliffs form this region. Its capital is the dream place for anyone to be in. In Marche, many towns Genoa. Many popular cities and beach resorts are located along organize outdoor markets, selling appreciable food at reasonable the entire coast of this region. prices. Many towns specialize in specific products. Town of Ascoli Piceno is a center for pottery production, whereas handcrafted With many palms, blooming seafronts, and fishing boats, it looks leather goods can be obtained at Tolentino. Offida is known for like an enlarged garden. Genoa, the capital of the Region is a large olive oil, Fabiano for salami and Matelico for Verdicchio Wine. port. This historical city has some great sights in store. Near to France lies the medieval town of the Riviera di Ponente. The queen of the Ponente is Sanremo, one of the best loved spots of Liguria. The city is Italy's flower capital. The Riviera di Levante Surrounded on three sides by the Alps, including the Monviso, homes some famous cities. Towards the south lies the Cinque where the Po rises, and the Monte Rosa, lays the region of Terre, five small towns. At the tip of the Riviera is the Golfo dei Piedmont. It shares the border with France, Switzerland and the Poeti (Poets Gulf), with the towns of Lerici and Portovenere. Italian regions of Lombardy, Liguria and Aosta Valley. Presence of many peaks in this region makes it a favorite among the skiers. The entire arch of the Ligurian coast is a stretch of sand and Snow covered mountains of this region are perfect for those pebble beaches. The Alps and Apennines offer a great mountain looking forward to be as closest to nature as possible. Some of the environment behind the coast. Liguria's climate is pleasant and peaks of this region are Gran Paradiso, Monte Rosa, and mild year round. Argentera. Trekking and horse-riding are other sports being played on these mountains. The beautiful hill landscapes are Water sports reign along the coast: sailing, windsurfing, kite home to many castles, sanctuaries, abbeys and country churches. surfing, kayaking, scuba diving and water skiing. Parco Nazionale Vineyards are the other popularity of this region. delle Cinque Terre offers landscapes and routes. For hiking, the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri is best. Ligurian cuisine is traditionally This region includes Torino, Italy's first capital. Torino is developed Mediterranean. Very simple ingredients are used. The basis of all but still it has been able to conserve its natural beauty. Minor recipes is Ligurian olive oil, sweet and delicate and herbs. The towns and small centers have conserved their identity, skillfully in most famous specialty in the world is pesto, a sauce made from the form of the architecture of past and present. Culture and art olive oil, pine nuts basil, and garlic. Meat dishes of Ligurian cuisine can be found all over the region: in the abundance. The museums include tomaselle, veal roulades filled with meat, egg and herbs, like the great Egyptian Museum and the ethnographic museums and cima, veal stomach stuffed with a mixture of meat, are a must explore places. Other treasures include the castles, the vegetables and cheese. Fish is popular as well. religious Sacro Monte constructions and the historical and art abbeys. The churches and chapels are worth a visit to both LOMBARDY believers and non believers. It is also popular for musical and theatrical events, as well as the Automobile shows and book fairs. It is situated between the Alps and the River Po. One of the wealthiest and most industrially developed of all the regions of Lake Maggiore is the one to be explored in this region. The tasty Italy, it is densely populated. It is full of cultural, artistic and Piedmontese specialties are made of number of typical products natural heritage flavors. from the region itself. Truffle is the most popular one followed by Monferrato and Asti , cheese and cold meats. Piedmont is MARCHE home to the Slow Food Movement, a global organization which stands against the popular fast food trend. Heralded as the "cure" If you want to experience the real flavors of Italy, then visit the for an alarmingly fast-food world, slow food promotes the purity Marche region. The region of Marche includes the towns and of taste, taste education and food preservation with fairs, events cities of Ancona, Pesaro, Urbino, Ascoli Piceno, Loreto, Macerata, and educational programs and also produces food and wine San Leo and Acqualagna. This region is enriched with architectural guides. and artistic towns, villages, palaces, and religious buildings. Located in central Italy between the Apennines and the Adriatic, SARDINIA the region of beautiful landscapes has got resources like The island lies bordered by the French island of Corsica, the Italian South Tyrol is the region located on the south side of the Alps, Peninsula, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands. Sardinia is surrounded by the stunning Dolomite mountain range in northern divided into four provinces: - Cagliari, Nuoro, Oristano, and Sassar. Italy. The scenery of the Dolomites is amazing. This region has got Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean of Italy. a Mediterranean and alpine climate. It witnesses an amazing 300 It is surrounded by shallow seas, and its coastline measures 1,849 sunny days in a year. If you are looking for outdoor sports and Km in total. The Sardinian coasts are high and rocky. Where the adventures, then this is the perfect place for you. Among the coast is low and leads to plains, the sea seems at times to reach many activities to be enjoyed here are: trekking; mountain inland by means of marshes, wetlands, sandy dunes. The coast is climbing; paragliding; mountain biking; rafting; horse riding and more rugged and broken in large sections in the north-west and sightseeing gondola trips. For the culture seekers, there are more north-east. than 400 historic castles to explore.

This beautiful region has even got a book dedicated to its beauty. Three main regions of South Tyrol are Alta Badia, Val Gardena and The famous English writer, David Herbert Lawrence wrote "Sea Altapusteria. All three regions are very unique and all offer and Sardinia" which has got fine description about Sardinia. spectacular scenery as well as various traditional events and customs to experience and enjoy. There are three main languages The Costa Smeralda and Gennargentu are the popular tourist spoken in South Tyrol - Italian, German and Ladin. Ladin is spoken spots in this region. The town of Alghero, located on the in Alta Badia and Val Gardena and comes from the Ladin Northwest coast of Sardinia is popular for its stunning beaches. population - the most ancient population of the alpine range. The This is slowly turning into a popular holiday spot. An old fishing Ladin culture is different not only in language but also in its proud, town, Alghero is perfect for a beach holiday or a city exploration. secular tradition of agriculture and crafts.

The Lido beach in Alghero is perfect for a beach party. During Alto Adige of this region is a land of castles. Some of them have summers, Lido beach sees a lot of bars, restaurants and pizzerias. been transformed into hotel castles to visit and live in. Many hotels are located in the area with sea views and private sun beds on the beach for residents. Those looking for cultural The following is a list of the names of the oldest castles to visit: enrichment can find a number of churches and historical places to Castel d'Appiano, Appiano; Castel Ganda, Appiano; Castel visit. This is surely the best place for adventure seekers. Roncolo, Bolzano; the episcopal castle of Bressanone; the Tures castle of Campo Tures; Castelbello of Castelbello; Casteldarne of SICILY Casteldarne; Castel Monteleone of Cermes; the convent of Sabiona of Chiusa; Castel Presule of Fié; the abbey of Monte Sicily is divided into nine provinces: Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Marina, Malles; the princely castle of Merano; Castel Forte of Catania, Enna, Messina, Palermo, Ragusa, Syracuse, and Trapani. Ponte Gardena; Castel Rodengo of Rodengo; Castel Badia of St. Sicily is directly adjacent to the Italian region of Calabria, via the Lorenzo; Castel Scena of Scena; Castel Coira of Sluderno; Castel Strait of Messina to the east. Sicily is an island full of strong Font ana of Bolzano; the abbey of Novacella of Varna / Novacella; contrasts, a land rich in history and culture, lively, enticing cities of Castel Velturno of Velturno and Castel Tasso of Vipiteno. art, ancient fishermen's villages where time seems to have come to a standstill and amazing natural wonders, beautiful beaches The nature parks of South Tyrol are rich with natural and cultural and islands where you can relax surrounded by crystal clear landscapes, representative of our region. They are under special . The island is a crossroads for populations who were protection. The value of nature parks lies in their contribution to completely different from one another, who have all left the conservation of nature and landscape, to research and permanent traces of themselves in the island's culture. education. Furthermore, they are important recreational areas, able to offer an immediate experience of nature to their visitors. In ancient times, Sicily was ruled by the Arabs, Byzantines, Greeks, Normans, and Spanish, who all built cities and brought a variation Traditional foods that stem from fresh farmers produce are worth in the habit of people through the centuries. The ancient Greek- your exploration. You might also be interested in finding out the Roman buildings are still found here. The prominent ones include secrets of traditional production methods. the Arabic-Norman fortresses, the imposing Baroque style buildings, and the churches with interiors covered in Byzantine TRENTINO mosaics. Some towns worth the visit are Taormina, Enna, Piazza Armerina, Caltagirone and Catania. Trentino is one of the two independent provinces in which the Trentino Alto Adige region is divided; the other one is the Sicily is fascinating for its thousands of years of history and for its German-speaking Alto Adige (SudTirol in German). These two cities of art but also for the countless natural beauties on the provinces that differ in culture, language and traditions, have a island. Nature here changes deeply, from the majestic sight of legislative and administrative autonomy recognized by the Etna to the gently sloping hills, full of olive groves, vineyards and Constitution of the Italian Republic. The autonomy, a form of citrus fruit groves, from the fine sandy beaches on the Vendicari advanced self-government, is a social condition strongly felt by Reserve, Pozzallo and Isola Bella to the steep cliffs, the amazing the population. Gole dell'Alcantara and the islands, buzzing or quiet, such as Pantelleria, Ustica, Lipari, Stromboli, Favignana, Salina and Situated in the Alps, Trentino is rich in Italian traditions and Panarea. culture. It is gifted with natural beauty. From glorious mountains, valleys to daring glaciers, the list seems to be endless. Trentino Fish is the main food and is prepared in a thousand different shares the Dolomites with Alto Adige. ways, mixing it with herbs and spices. Sicilian cakes like cassata and frutta martorana are famous around the world. Island has a The Dolomites are special mountains because of the glowing special wine d'Avola to its credit. rocks. This is due to the rays of sun. Peaks worth mention are the Torri del Vajolet and Campanil Basso di Brenta. SOUTH TYROL The spires and pinnacles of this region are just awesome. The the famous "Fiorentina" steak, coming from the breed of Dolomites is the most favorite tourist spot both in summeres and cows. In Livorno, the caciucco, a tasty fish soup is likeable. in winters. Come here to enjoy the skiing in winters and drink the goodness of wine in summers. In winter it offers a ski carousel UMBRIA between one ski area and every summer, the event "Vinum Bonum" is organized. More than twenty-five wineries open up Umbria's capital is . Umbria is a region of Central Italy, during this time. Enjoy the tasting along with the performances of bordered by Tuscany to the west, the Marche to the east and several talented musicians. So, pack your bags! All the wine lovers Lazio to the south. This region is mostly hilly or mountainous. and music lovers are welcome. Umbria is also known as ''the green heart of Italy ''.

Another such happening event is "The Sounds of the Dolomit", It might not be as popular and happening as its neighbor, Tuscany which include a number of concerts. It provides a platform for but Umbria is a splendid with its medieval towns and villages. many talented artists to showcase their talent. Innovative and Most of these villages are fruitful with many pine and olive trees. different from usual music can be heard here. The prominent productions of this place include wine, truffles, olive oil and wild boar. This landlocked, hilly region has got people Popular sights include the manor fortresses, which have seen the adept in family run farming and cattle ranching. Umbria is well reins of many eminent and powerful rulers. Many nobles and endowed with parks, too, particularly the lovely Mount Subasio powerful prices have written their names on the stones of their and Mount Cucco parks on the eastern border. manor fortresses. The places to be visited in Umbria are: Trentino is positioned between northern Europe and the Mediterranean. It has got a variety of traditions, museums, castles Assissi - The small town of is Umbria's crowning glory. and churches to flaunt. The castles of this place are worth an Located on the slopes of Mount Subasio, with 22.984 inhabitants, appreciation. This region has also got Madonna di Campiglio a formerly Roman colony and later imperial municipium, feud of the village which also serves as a ski resort. dukes of Spoleto, since 1129 Ghibelline free city, in the 13th century, it subdued to the Church. Tourism is its major TUSCANY resource.Basilica of St. Francis (upper and lower church), Basilica of St. Clare, Pinacoteca Comunale, and Archaeological Museum Tuscany is a region of Central Italy, bordering Emilia-Romagna to with Etruscan and Roman remains. the north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to the east, Lazio to the south-east. The Orvieto - This is a Commune in the , 21.788 capital is Florence. inhabitants. It is well known for its famous white wine, handicraft (ceramics) and tourism. Of Etruscan origin, free town since the Tuscany is famous for its wine, the most famous of which are 12th century, it got under the Church in 1370. Monuments: Chianti, Morellino di Scansano, and Vino Nobile. This region is Cathedral, Pozzo di S.Patrizio, Chiesa di S.Andrea, Museo dell' mostly covered in mountains. It also has got a long coastline along Opera del Duomo. the Tyrrhenian Sea. Florence is the accurate representation of Tuscany, origin of the Renaissance, capital of the region and a city The town of CITTA' DI CASTELLO that has been visited by travelers, artists and scholars from all This is a Commune in the . It is laid on with over the world such as Keats, Goethe, Lord Byron and many traditional ceramic and polygrafic industries. Monuments: Chiesa others. di S.M. Maggiore, Palazzo Comunale, Pinacoteca Comunale. Another appealing city of art with a vital cultural heritage is Siena, VALLEY D AOSTA a city filled with a medieval atmosphere. The famous Palio race is organized here every year. The famous area of Chianti spreads out around Siena. The area is full of other attractive towns like San Valle d'Aosta is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. It is Gimignano, Montalcino, Radda in Chianti, Pienza. bordered by France to the west, Switzerland to the north and the region of Piedmont to the south and east. The land of Tuscany is fertile and yields a variety of substances. The landscapes of this region are amazing, full of nature reserves, Valle d'Aosta just don't seems to be a part of Italy. Its landscape thermal spas and wonderful beaches. The hills are outlined with and architecture resemble that of the Swiss. Its official language is rows of vines. Val d'Orcia and the nearby Val d'Elsa are just as French, and in some valleys the locals, whose ancestors emigrated pretty. The latter is near to Siena, on a road that runs through oak from Switzerland, still speak a dialect based on German. and holm-oak woods. Aosta, the regional capital, is attractive with cobbled streets and Towards the south of Tuscany, comes the Maremma area. good shopping opportunities. As for the countryside, the main Maremma also has wonderful beach, lapped by the crystal clear, valley is for the most part rather bland. blue seawater. Some of the nearby islands are Capraia, Elba and il The eastern valleys are the most visited because they have ski Giglio. Tuscany has got many thermal spas, used for well-being resorts. Beware as the narrow and winding roads of this place and cures. Some of the spas where the waters have beneficial often get jammed with holiday traffic. The valleys in the west, properties are Saturnia, Chianciano Terme and Pitigliano. inside the protected zone of Italy's largest national park, the Gran Paradiso are the best to be explored. The valleys here are the The wines of Tuscany are famous and liked throughout the world. busiest in the peak season and hotels get houseful most of the Siena is famous for panforte cake and ricciarelli almond biscuits. time. Cacio pecorino cheese made in the area to the south of Siena known as "le Crete". The Chianti area is famous for its olive oil and The peaks of Mont Blanc, Monte Rosa, the Matterhorn and a the prominent red wine: Chianti Classico, Brunello di Montalcino dozen other giants attract a lot of ski lovers towards it. The and Rosso di Montepulciano. In Florence the ribollita soup and climate of Val d'Aosta is sunnier and mild. Italy's oldest national park, Gran Paradiso, is also in Valle d'Aosta. Monti is the name of one of the twelve Rioni of Rome, rione I. The It's a perfect place to observe the ibex, a unique mountain goat name literally means mountains in Italian and comes from the fact and such other infrequent animal species. that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and the Caelian Hills belonged to this rione. Its logo consists of Endowed with almost hundred castles, a surprising array of Gothic three green mountains with three tops on a silver background. sculptures, incredible views, glamorous ski resorts, secluded hiking trails, sophisticated and hearty food, and abundant wildlife, this is the perfect holiday get away for the travelers who want Today the Esquilino, and districts do not some thing different from the usual de ja vu! belong to it anymore, but it has kept its former name.

VENETO In ancient times the rione was densely populated: in Monti there were the Forum Romanum and the so called (meaning Veneto is located in the northeastern part of Italy, bordering on suburbs in Latin): this was the place poor people lived, full of the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy. It lies disreputable locals and brothels. between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea and is crossed by the rivers Po, Adige, Brenta and Piave. In the the situation was completely different: the Its capital is Venice. Veneto is one of the wealthiest and most Roman aqueducts were damaged, and it was very difficult to bring industrialized regions of Italy. Important rivers of Veneto are the water to Monti since it was on the hills. Hence many inhabitants Piave, the Brenta, the Bacchiglione, the Livenza, the Po, and the moved to , a lower level part, where they could Adige. Other small rivers include the Meschio and the Sile. It is a drink the water from the river Tiber. perfect place to experience the magic of thermal bath. The thermal baths at Abano Terme are a major tourist attraction. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century, the Abono is the most soothing thermal bath of this region. rione remained an area full of vineyards and market gardens. Monti was not densely populated because of the lack of water This region like any other Italian region is full of fine example of and because it was quite far from the Vatican, the center of art and culture. Some of the most favorite tourist spots of this Christian culture. The area did not become abandoned thanks to region are listed below. the church of San Giovanni in Laterano and the constant high Venice is the most splendid, and awesome place to be in. It is like number of pilgrims. an open-air museum because you can find the best of art and culture at every nook and corner of this place. Still in the Middle Ages the inhabitants of Monti, called monticiani, developed a strong identity: their Roman dialect was Asolo which is about 30 kilometers from Venice is a small town different from that spoken in the other rioni. Their main enemies full of history and culture standing on the hills near Montebelluna. were the people from the other rione with a strong identity, , and they often used to fight with one another. Treviso, a medieval town that runs alongside the Sile River, stands at about the same distance. Then, with growing urbanization at the end of the 19th century Padua, the city of Giotto and Saint Anthony, is on the other side of after Rome had become the capital of a united Italy, the great Venice. It has a very old, famous university. The Riviera del Brenta changes of the Fascist period completely changed the appearance stands between Venice and Padua. This was the privileged holiday of the rione. In particular, between 1924 and 1936, a large part of playground of the rich, aristocratic Venetian families who had the rione, consisting of small streets and popular houses, was their famous villas built there by Palladio in the 18th century, destroyed to make way for the (the street which were then decorated with frescoes by Tiepolo. artificially dividing the and most of the Imperial forums) and the archaeological buildings of the Forum Romanum Verona is a 30-minute train ride from Padua. This town was the were excavated. setting for the love story of Romeo and Juliet. The town is also full of remains of the splendor of the Roman Empire and was the birthplace of Andrea Palladio. In fact the town is full of palaces and buildings designed by this famous architect.

The principal agricultural products include maize, green peas, is the rione II of Rome. The origin of its name is not clear, vegetables, apples, cherries, sugar beets, forage, tobacco, hemp. but the most accepted possibility is that it comes from the Latin Significant production of grapes occurs in hilly zones, leading to trivium (meaning "three streets"), because there were three the creation of well-regarded wines. Veneto cooking is marked by streets all leading to "piazza dei Crociferi", a square next to the the variety of recipes made with vegetables grown in the region modern Trevi square. Its logo is made of three swords on a red fish and meat. background.

This region has got Colli Euganei or the Euganean Hills. It also has This rione, during the belonged to the third got Abano Terme, which is a town. This town is known to have the region, while during the Roman empire was split up into two hot springs and mud baths which are popular among the tourists. regions: the VI, called Alta Semita and the VII, called via Lata. And these are also the main economical resource.

During the ancient Roman period, in rione Trevi there were large groups of private houses with some monumental buildings. Since that time the area was actually split up into two parts: a lower Regions of Rome one, level and next to the river Tiber, and a higher one on the hills. The first one was one of the center of the activities of the left bank, later Pons ruptus ("broken bridge"), because it was city, while the second one was a rich and peaceful residential already broken in the Middle Ages. In there was a area. port that was used to carry the materials for temples and great works to the Campus Martius. After the fall of the Roman empire, a lot of people moved away from the hills to settle next to the river, in the lower part. The The active life of the area went on during the Middle Ages and the urbanization followed the people: next to the river Tiber the rione modern period, and this activity deleted almost all signs of ancient was full of buildings while almost nothing was built again on the Rome in the rione. The population increased because many hills until the Renaissance. people moved from the surrounding hills to Ponte because of the lack of water in other parts of Rome, since it was then possible to drink the water of the River Tiber. Moreover, the rione was on the In 1600 urbanization, new streets, churches and fountains caused edge of Ponte Sant'Angelo, thus all the main streets of Rome were the rione Trevi to be quite crowded, and it did not change sensibly leading there and the area was full of pilgrims going to the until the end of the 19th century. The , partially Vatican. That is why it was full of locals, restaurants, shops of holy isolated from the crowded part close to the river, was slowly objects, etc. becoming a center of power thanks to numerous buildings belonging to the . During the the rione was very important for its streets; that is why several palaces of the greatest families of Under the domination of , in 1811, the Quirinal Hill was Rome were built according to the projects of famous artists, thus selected to be the center of the imperial power in Rome. The plan making the area very famous. was not completed because of the fall of Napoleon, but the idea remained and was partially achieved after Rome became capital of Italy, after the 1870. In fact nowadays several ministers are A common event in the area was to see a small led by placed in the rione Trevi. a person dressed in black, covering his face, carrying a crucifix on his shoulders. On a wagon there was a chained condemned man kissing continuously another image of . The destination of

the procession was the square in front of Ponte Sant'Angelo, where there were gallows to hang the man. This changed completely the appearance of the higher part of the rione, that was not very crowded but full of small streets, Although Ponte was a quite rich area, it was the most affected churches and monumental buildings. one by the frequent flooding of the River Tiber.

The most famous monument in the rione is . The look of the rione changed completely after Rome became capital of reunited Italy in 1870: the embankments of the river is the III rione of Rome. Its logo is a silver column on a were built to stop the flooding and new bridges were made to red background. rome is a beautiufl place everyone should connect Vatican City and the rione to the rest of Rome. All explore it for these reasons . the narrow streets leading to the river were lost, to make space for the embankments, but it is still possible to see the typical look of the older rione in the inner parts of the area. The Campus Martius (Latin for the "Field of Mars", Italian ), was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about 2 square kilometres (490 acres) in extent. In the Middle Ages it is the VI rione of Rome. was the most populous area of Rome. The IV rione of Rome, Campo Marzio, which covers a smaller section of the original area, Its name comes from the fact that in the area there was a huge bears the same name. ancient wall, maybe belonging to the stadium of Domitianus; the nickname people gave to this wall was Parietone ("big wall" in Ponte is the fifth rione of Rome. Its name (meaning "bridge" in ancient Italian), from which the name "Parione". Its logo is a Italian) comes from Ponte Sant'Angelo, which connects Ponte rampant griffon, a Greek mythological creature with the head of with the rione of . This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian an eagle and the body of a lion. It was chosen as a symbol of pride (and originally named after him Pons Aelius) in 134 AD to connect and nobility. his to the rest of the city. Though changed the rione limits so that the bridge belongs now to Borgo, During Antiquity, it belonged to the IX Augustan region called not to Ponte any more, the area has kept its name. Its logo is Circo . In this area Domitianus built his stadium and an obviously a bridge. Odeon (Odeum in latin), for musical and poetic competitions. Pompey built his curia. In ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Around the 1200 the area was called Parione e S. Lorenzo in Nero built another bridge, that was called Neronianus or Damaso and the population kept on increasing until the 1400, triumphalis because the Via Triumphalis, the Triumphal Way, when it obtained a great importance thanks to the paving of passed over it: Starting with , the victorious Emperors Campo de' Fiori, that soon became an important economic center. celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching through it.

Under Sixtus IV (1471-1484) the rione lost its chaotic look, typical Nero's bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus (meaning "Vatican of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, typical of the Bridge" in Latin), because it connected the to the Renaissance. Recovering buildings, enlarging streets, building the new bridge "" connecting Trastevere and Parione, face of Nimrod. In the 15th century it was moved to its current improved the quality of the area. location, the upper end of Bramante's , which is now usually called in its honour the Cortile della , linking the Vatican and the Palazzo del Belvedere. There it stands Thanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 today under Pirro Ligorio's vast niche at the far end, flanked by a and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew pair of Roman bronze peacocks brought from Hadrian's the front of the greatest buildings: this habit was born in the mausoleum, the Castel Sant'Angelo. northern Italy and was spreading in that period. In 1500 most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de' Fiori to , that was the favorite place since it was wider. The rione is centrally located in the Campus Martius area of ancient Rome. It is roughly square-shaped, extending from the Pantheon on its northwest corner to the on the In 1600, the appearance of Piazza Navona changed vastly, thanks southeast. This relatively small area contains numerous churches to the work of Bernini, Borromini, and Bramante. and palazzi.

From this period until Rome became capital of Italy in 1870 there is the X rione of Rome. In the logo there is the black were no major changes but the opening of Corso Vittorio head of a dragon on a white background. This symbol comes from Emanuele II, a great street having a flexuous track in order to the legend that Pope Silvester I threw out a dragon staying in the avoid the already existing palaces. If one palace was jutting, its Forum Romanum. front was moved backwards to preserve it.

Sant'Angelo is the eleventh historic district or rione of Rome, is the VII rione of Rome. The name comes from Arenula, often written as rione XI - Sant'Angelo. Its is an angel (the name is present in the modern Via Arenula) that was the on a red background, holding a palm branch in its left hand. In name of the soft sand (rena in Italian) that the river Tiber left after another version, the angel holds a sword in its right hand and a the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. The logo of the scale in its left. rione is a rampant deer with a turquoise background.

Sant'Angelo, the smallest of Rome's rioni, lies along the Tiber river During the Roman empire, the area belonged to the Campus east of . Rioni bordering this district, clockwise from Martius. In particular, in the modern Regola there was the north to south, include Regola, Sant'Eustachio, Pigna, Campitelli, Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the triga (a cart with and . Sant'Angelo's western border is the river. three horses) used to train.

The rione's terrain is low and flat and, until recent times, Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions; according to this, the modern Regola belonged to the IX region called Circus Flaminius. particularly susceptible to flooding from the river. In the Middle Ages it entered the IV of the 7 ecclesiastic regions, even if at that time the limits of the rioni were not very clear. Ripa is the XII rione of Rome. The logo is a white rudder on a red background, to remind the port of Ripa Grande, placed in Trastevere, but facing the rione. Also because of the very frequent floods of the river Tiber, the area was unhealthy and it was drained at the end of the Middle Ages. Trastevere is rione XIII of Rome, on the west bank of the Tiber, south of Vatican City. Its name comes from the Latin trans Tiberim, meaning literally "beyond the Tiber". The correct In 1586, when rione Borgo was made, the number of rioni pronunciation is "tras-TEH-ve-ray", with the accent on the second increased to 14, and Regola became the VII with the name of syllable. Its logo is a golden head of a lion on a red background, Arenule et Chacabariorum. In 1875, after the walls to stop the the meaning of which is uncertain. To the north, Trastevere floods of the Tiber were built, the look of the area changed borders on to the XIV rione, Borgo. completely, removing all the things that grew up close to the river during the centuries. Borgo (sometimes called also I Borghi), is the 14th historic district (rione) of Rome. It lies on the west bank of the Tiber, and has a Though small, the rione contains many kinds of buildings: palaces, trapezoidal shape. Its coat of arms shows a lion (after the name hospitals, churches, embassies, run down prisons and dirty poor "", which was also given to the district), lying in front houses. of three mounts and a star. These - together with a lion rampant - are also part of the coat of arms of Pope Sixtus V who annexed Sant'Eustachio is the VIII rione of Rome. Its logo is made of the Borgo as fourteenth rione to the city of Rome. head of a deer (symbol of Saint Eustace) and of the bust of Jesus: the figures are golden on a red background. The Borgo borders the Vatican City ('s Square) to the west, the Tiber to the east, Prati to the north, the quartiere Pigna is the name of rione IX of Rome. The name means "pine to the southwest and Trastevere to the south. cone" in Italian, and the symbol for the rione is the colossal bronze pine cone, the Pigna, which decorated a fountain in The territory of the quarter includes a level part, which is made of Ancient Rome next to a vast Temple of Isis. There water flowed the alluvial sands of Tiber, and a hilly zone, which coincides with copiously from the top of the pinecone. The Pigna was moved first the clayey slopes of the . to the old basilica of St. Peter's, where Dante saw it and employed it in the Commedia as a simile for the giant proportions of the In administrative terms, the Borgo, unlike Trastevere, does not with the rione of Borgo and the quartieri and Della belong to the Center (I Municipio), but to the XVII Municipio, Vittoria (around Piazza Mazzini). together with the rione of Prati and the quartieri Trionfale and (around Piazza Mazzini). The Via is one of the most famous streets in Rome for shops and cafés. The main roads run east-west and (with the noteworthy exception of the modern ) are not named Vie, but Borghi.

Although heavily transformed during the first half of the 20th century, the Borgo maintains its historical importance as a forecourt to Saint Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Palace.

Esquilino is the XV rione, that is historic district, of the city. Its coat of arms bears two figures: a tree and three green mountains, all on a silver background. It is named for the , one of the .

Ludovisi is the XVI rione (historic district) of Rome. Its coat of arms has three golden bands and a golden dragon, everything on a red background. It is the coat of arms of the noble family, which here owned the beautiful villa bearing the same name. The villa and the surrounding gardens, except few annexes, were destroyed at the end of nineteenth century to build the new district.

Sallustiano is the XVII rione of Rome. The name refers to the ancient Gardens of which was located here.

Castro Pretorio is the XVIII rione of Rome. The logo is the golden banner of the on a red background. The rione takes its name by the ruins of the Castrum Praetorium, the barracks of the Praetorian Guard, included in the Walls.

Celio is the XIXth rione of Rome. Its logo is the bust of an African, with an elephant headdress with golden tusks on a silver background, in memory of an African bust that was found in via Capo d'Africa.

Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte . In antiquity, much of the Tiber River trade took place here, and the remains of broken clay vessels (amphorae) were stacked creating the artificial Testaccio hill, which today is a source of much archeological evidence as to the history of ancient everyday Roman life. The rione seal depicts one of these amphorae. In modern times, Testaccio has been a center of activity for butchers and has many nightclubs. The neighborhood is currently gentrifying.

San Saba is the XXI rione of Rome. It was named after the Basilica of , which lies there.

Prati is the XXII rione of Rome. Its logo is the shape of Hadrian's mausoleum, in a blue color on a silver background. Hadrian's mausoleum (the modern Castel Sant'Angelo) was not in this area, but in the rione Borgo, bordering Prati to the south. This is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in Rome.

In administrative terms, Prati, unlike Trastevere, does not belong to the Center (I Municipio), but to the XVII Municipio, together