El Derecho Político De La Segunda República

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El Derecho Político De La Segunda República EL DERECHO POLÍTICO DE LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA FRANCISCO AYALA EDUARDO L. LLORENS NICOLÁS PÉREZ SERRANO Estudio preliminar, edición y notas de Sebastián Martín El derecho político de la Segunda República El derecho político de la Segunda República Francisco Ayala Eduardo L. Llorens Nicolás Pérez Serrano Estudio preliminar, edición y notas de Sebastián Martín UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID 2011 Este trabajo recibió una ayuda a la investigación de la Fundación Francisco Ayala y el Ministerio de Cultura. Ha sido elaborado en el marco de los proyectos de investigación DER2008-03069 y DER2010-21728-C02-02 © 2011 Elizabeth Carolyn Richmond de Ayala © 2011 Herederos de Nicolás Pérez Serrano © 2011 Sebastián Martín Venta: Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 – 28015 Madrid Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dykinson.com Diseño: TALLERONCE ISBN: 978-84-9982-229-7 Depósito Legal: M Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo http://hdl.handle.net/10016/11365 SUMARIO SEBASTIÁN MARTÍN – ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR . XI NICOLÁS PÉREZ SERRANO – ESTUDIO ACERCA DEL CONCEPTO, MÉTODO, FUENTES Y PROGRAMAS DEL DERECHO POLÍTICO ESPAÑOL COMPARADO CON EL EXTRANJERO. 1 NOTAS DEL EDITOR . 121 EDUARDO L. LLORENS – NOTAS SOBRE EL CONCEPTO, MÉTODO Y FUENTES Y PROGRAMAS DEL DERECHO POLÍTICO ESPAÑOL COMPARADO CON EL EXTRANJERO . 133 NOTAS DEL EDITOR . 267 FRANCISCO AYALA Y GARCÍA-DUARTE – ESTUDIO ACERCA DEL CONCEPTO, MÉTODO, FUENTES Y PROGRAMAS DEL DERECHO POLÍTICO . 289 NOTAS DEL EDITOR . 367 ÍNDICE GENERAL . 393 SEBASTIÁN MARTÍN ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR SUMARIO: Introducción. La utilidad de unos textos o el género de las memorias de cátedra; I. El especialista; II. Las oposiciones; III. Anatomía humana; IV. Instituciones y textos; V. La enseñanza; VI. Concepto, método y fuentes; VII. Las aportaciones; VIII. La racionali- dad jurídico-política republicana; IX. Epílogo: el destino de tres juristas durante y tras la guerra civil; X. Textos editados y reglas de edición. INTRODUCCIÓN. LA UTILIDAD DE UNOS TEXTOS O EL GÉNERO DE LAS MEMORIAS DE CÁTEDRA ¿Cuál es el estatuto que ha de tener la historia del derecho en la enciclo- pedia de las disciplinas jurídicas?, ¿cuál es la función que con sus inves- tigaciones ha de desempeñar el historiador del derecho en el seno de las facultades de jurisprudencia?, ¿qué posición debe ocupar en el diálogo con sus colegas juristas? La respuesta a estos interrogantes, constitutiva en términos gene- rales del sentido de la historia jurídica como ciencia, acaso pueda asimis- mo señalarnos cuál es la utilidad de los textos que se han editado en el presente volumen y que el estudio que aquí comienza pretende encuadrar. A ellos ya trató de contestar un insigne historiador del derecho, Alfonso García Gallo1, con la sugerencia de que lo que cumple hacer a la disciplina histórico-jurídica es la investigación de cómo se formó el ordenamiento 1 García Gallo, «Historia, Derecho e Historia del Derecho», en Anuario de His- toria del derecho español, XXIII (1953), pp. 5-36, sobre todo epígrafe IV: «La Historia del Derecho, como ciencia jurídica». IX jurídico en vigor, resaltando ante todo las continuidades y permanencias del pasado en el presente. Si el jurista dogmático se ocupa del análisis sistemático de la legislación, para comunicar tono científico a su materia y elaborar un producto atractivo, el historiador del derecho habría de de- dicarse a dilucidar la dimensión histórica de tal legislación, dando cuen- ta de las implicaciones sociales, económicas, religiosas y culturales de su formación y sacando sobre todo al descubierto los factores de pervivencia y continuidad, que suelen ser muchos, pues el derecho, a juicio de García Gallo, responde siempre a necesidades y circunstancias indelebles de la naturaleza humana. En definitiva, solo cabría conceder a la historia del derecho el ran- go de ciencia jurídica cuando «sus temas centrales» sean «los que preocu- pan a los juristas», cuando éstos encuentren «en ella la explicación del Derecho vigente»2. La historia del derecho habría entonces de auxiliar a la dogmática jurídica para el esclarecimiento de su propio objeto, el «Dere- cho vigente». Mas, ¿por qué no habría de servir igualmente para su propia comprensión, para suministrar a la dogmática los elementos necesarios para que se descubra a sí misma? Es éste el giro, a veces denominado lingüístico, del que se parte en estas páginas y que explica su pretendida utilidad. Simplificando al máximo, podría sostenerse que en la dinámica de la producción de un saber, como también lo es el jurídico, hallamos a un sujeto conocedor y a su objeto de estudio. A poco que profundicemos, nos percataremos de que dicho sujeto, al examinar su objeto, está movilizando axiomas y cá- nones interpretativos procedentes de su propia experiencia biográfica, de su inserción en una comunidad concreta de científicos o profesionales, de su pertenencia a instituciones o a colectivos determinados, de su inscrip- ción en tradiciones o constelaciones ideológicas3. Nuestro sujeto imagina- rio terminará así proyectando irremediablemente sobre su objeto dichas «precomprensiones», ofreciendo, pues, una representación de él que ex- cede su aséptica descripción y refleja desde hábitos lingüísticos adquiri- dos hasta inconfesables pero transparentes inclinaciones ideológicas. 2 Ibid., p. 32. 3 Son muchos los historiadores de la ciencia que han subrayado estos extremos, tanto en el caso de las ciencias físicas y naturales —v. Thomas S. Kuhn, La estructura de las revoluciones científicas (1969), México, FCE, 1976— como en el de las ciencias sociales y humanas —v. Georg Gadamer, Verdad y método (19754), Salamanca, Sígueme, 2005—. Por eso hay quien afirma que todos los objetos son en realidad inventados. Sin llegar a tal extremo, pues siempre se parte del registro y contraste de realidades, sí puede desde luego afirmarse que son construidos a través de los esquemas cognitivos propios de cada saber. Y a tal regla no escapa la dogmática jurídica. En efecto, a excepción de su mera paráfrasis, el conocimiento y la exposición sistemática de las normas responde siempre a elementos que no se encuentran en las propias normas, que aporta el jurista al interpretarlas y exponerlas. Y es justo este excedente, cuya procedencia se sitúa en la tradición científica y en un preciso universo textual, el que constituye más propiamente a cada disciplina jurídica en cuanto tal, el que conforma, por así decir, su esencia epistemológica. Por eso, al derecho como ciencia puede interesar tanto la genealogía de su propio objeto, según la indicación de García Gallo, como la formación y desenvolvimiento de sus modos de conocer, interpretar y exponer el derecho. Entre otras, una de las funciones del historiador del derecho ha de ser, efectivamente, la de ponerse al servicio de sus colegas juristas supe- rando cualquier forma de ensimismamiento erudito. Pero partiendo de las observaciones precedentes, cabría deducir que esta función no consis- te tanto en reconstruir (naturalizando) los antecedentes de la legislación vigente cuanto en restituir al jurista los factores que posibilitan su com- prensión del derecho. De la historia a la memoria4 ha sido denomina- do este tránsito en el cometido de la historia jurídica, un desplazamiento que atribuye al jurista-historiador la responsabilidad de dar a conocer a sus compañeros de facultad los pormenores de su tradición científica, las claves constitutivas de su disciplina en su desenvolvimiento histórico, los referentes básicos del discurso del que ellos se sirven para conocer y dar a conocer su objeto de estudio. Este objetivo, aun no agotando las funciones que pudiera desplegar una historia jurídica actualizada5, acaso redoble su importancia en nues- 4 Carlos Petit, «De la Historia a la Memoria. A propósito de una reciente obra de historia universitaria», CIAN 8 (2005), pp. 237-280. 5 Pues la historia jurídica no se agota por los servicios que pueda prestar en el seno de la comunidad de juristas, sino que, en un sentido mucho más ético y general, ha de ponerse al servicio de la entera sociedad, aportando, «para el entendimiento y la supera- ción de nuestro mundo presente, su experiencia jurídica del pasado», según la indicación de Francisco Tomás y Valiente, citada por Marta Lorente, «Anotaciones a una Autobiogra- fía», estudio próximo a publicarse por la editorial Urgoiti precediendo a la reedición de De muchas leyes fundamentales a una sola Constitución. Génesis de la Constitución de 1812. XI EL DERECHO POLÍTICO DE LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA tro presente, en un tiempo de supremacía excluyente de un especialismo estrecho, donde resulta perfectamente concebible la existencia de cons- titucionalistas, penalistas, administrativistas o civilistas expertos en un área muy determinada de su rama de estudio —lo cual es encomiable—, pero desconocedores al fin y al cabo de la globalidad de la fenomenología jurídica y de la inserción concreta de su materia en el universo general del derecho —lo cual es lamentable—. En este sentido, si devolver al jurista las bases y resortes históricos de su propia comprensión puede, en general, enriquecer, y hasta dotar de instrumentos críticos, su propia perspecti- va, mucha más utilidad tendrá si numerosos especialistas del derecho se encuentran cada vez más desconectados del patrimonio intelectual que fueron acumulando sus antecesores y que fue sedimentándose a lo largo de la historia. Hasta no hace tanto existía un ceremonial de iniciación en el que el ingreso de un nuevo miembro a una determinada disciplina suponía
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