Achems XLII April 19 – 23, 2021 Virtual Meeting Program & Abstracts
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AChemS XLII April 19 – 23, 2021 Virtual Meeting Program & Abstracts Monday, April 19, 2021 Monday, April 19, 2021 10:00 - 12:00 PM Welcome & Keynote Lecture Chair(s): Max Fletcher Welcome by AChemS 2021 President. Linda Barlow University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Program Highlights. Max Fletcher The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Awards Ceremony. Nirupa Chaudhari University of Miami KEYNOTE: Mouse Facial Expressions Reflect Emotions and Reveal Subjective Value. Nadine Gogolla Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology Questions & Answers Monday, April 19, 2021 12:00 - 1:00 PM Graduate Students and Postdoc Member Meet & Greet (Graduate Students and Postdocs Only) Chair(s): Jess Kanwal, Kellie Hyde, Kara Fulton Monday, April 19, 2021 1:00 - 3:00 PM Cell Types in Taste Buds and Tentacles 1 Chair(s): Thomas Finger, Sue Kinnamon Cell Types in Taste Buds and Tentacles. Thomas Finger Rocky Mtn. Taste & Smell Ctr. / U. Colo Med Sch This symposium will discuss the current thinking about the diversity of cells within taste buds and chemotactile sensory organs of octopus suckers. While octopus suckers may seem an odd juxtaposition, both taste buds and sucker chemosensory receptor cells share the property of being contact chemosensory organs responsive to sapid chemical cues crucial for eliciting feeding. Both sucker chemotactile sensory organs and taste buds possess different morphological types of receptor cells that correlate with different functional properties. Vertebrate taste buds are classically described as possessing 3 types of elongate taste cells yet recent studies suggest additional cell types exist and raise the question of how to define cell types in any chemoreceptor system. Cannonical Cell Types in Mouse Taste Buds. Courtney E Wilson University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Early ultrastructural studies of mammalian taste buds identified three main taste cell types: Type I, II, and III taste cells. These categories have since been associated with distinct physiological and molecular features. Type I cells wrap around neighboring cells, and express molecular components that may degrade or take up neurotransmitters released from other cell types. In those ways, Type I cells may function as astrocyte-like support cells for Type II and III taste cells. Type II cells express receptors for bitter, sweet, or umami taste qualities, and release ATP as a neurotransmitter via unique channel synapses to activate P2X receptors on the gustatory nerve fibers. Many Type III cells express the proton channel OTOP1 and are thus responsive to acids. Unlike Type II cells, Type III cells transmit this information to nerve fibers via conventional vesicular synapses. As our body of knowledge regarding these cells grows, however, the lines between these cell categories have been somewhat complicated. Multiple cell types may be involved in the transduction of salty stimuli, and some taste cells may respond to multiple taste modalities. Anatomically, we find ultrastructural features that blur the lines between canonical cell types. Type III cells occasionally contain characteristics of channel synapses, which are canonically confined to Type II cells. Rarely, Type II cells contain atypical mitochondria that abut Type I cells, rather than nerve fibers. Type I cells share relationships with innervating nerve fibers that, while not fitting into a known synaptic structure, may nonetheless be important points of communication between the taste bud and afferent nerves. As we uncover more details of taste bud function, we may find that taste cells fit better on a spectrum than into distinct types. Salt-responsive Cells – A Unique Cell Type? Akiyuki Taruno Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Of the five basic tastes – sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty –, the least understood is salty taste comprising two pathways: sodium taste and high salt taste. Sodium taste mediates behavioral attraction to sodium salts, whereas high salt taste mediates aversion to high concentrations of various salts. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) has been established as the Na+ sensor in taste cells dedicated to sodium taste, which we can refer to as sodium cells. High salt taste reportedly recruits bitter- and sour-sensing taste cells; however, the identity of sodium cells and their intracellular signal transduction cascade were unclear until recently. We identified taste cells expressing ENaC and CALHM1/3 as sodium cells, whereby the entry of oral Na+ elicits suprathreshold depolarization for action potentials driving voltage-dependent neurotransmission via a channel synapse involving the CALHM1/3 channel. Each taste bud is considered to consist of three distinct cell types: I, II, and III. To which taste cell type do sodium cells belong? Expression analyses of cell-type marker proteins suggested that sodium cells do not belong to any of the known taste cell types. Remarkably, however, sodium cells and type II cells share the CALHM1/3 channel synapse whose structure has been considered the most characteristic morphological feature of type II cells. Thus, the identification of sodium cells defines a previously unidentified taste cell population, and questions the current criteria of taste cell classification. I will discuss recent data on molecular and functional properties of sodium cells to provide a framework for refining taste cell classification. Non-canonical cell types in Taste buds. Kathryn Medler University at Buffalo The peripheral taste system uses distinct signaling pathways to detect chemicals in potential food items. These signaling pathways are currently thought to be expressed in specific subsets of taste cells with no overlap between them. Bitter, sweet and umami stimuli have complex chemical structures and activate G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways in Type II cells while salt and sour are detected by ionotropic receptors in Type III cells. The canonical taste model states that bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli are transduced by Type II taste cells using GPCRs and a common PLCβ2/IP3R3/TRPM5 signaling pathway. We demonstrated that TRPM4 also has an important role in this pathway and is required for the normal transduction of these stimuli. More recently we identified a new population of taste cells that respond to multiple taste qualities including bitter, sweet, sour, and umami, which we termed Broadly Responsive (BR) cells. Using live cell Ca2+ imaging in isolated taste cells and transgenic mice, we determined that BR cells are a subset of Type III cells that respond to sour stimuli but also use a PLCβ3 signaling pathway to respond to bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli. Unlike Type II cells, individual BR cells are broadly tuned and respond to multiple stimuli across different taste modalities. Behavioral assays and analysis of the nucleus of the 2 solitary tract (NTS) confirm that functional Type II and BR cells are both required for normal taste responses to bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. These data, along with other recent studies, reveal that the taste bud contains non-canonical taste cells that have critical roles in the transduction of multiple taste stimuli. Molecular basis of chemotactile sensation in Octopus. Lena van Giesen Harvard University Octopuses are voracious hunters that search the seafloor for hidden prey using their eight flexible arms. These arm behaviors are supported by a peripherally-distributed nervous system to sense and capture prey inaccessible to traditional sense organs. The sensory receptors employed to mediate these behaviors in cephalopods were unknown. Our investigation in this virtually unexplored ‘touch-taste’ sense led to the discovery of a novel family of chemotactile receptors (CRs) that mediate the octopus’ contact-dependent, aquatic chemosensation CRs are found specifically in cephalopods, expressed in suction cups (suckers) along the arms, and mediate the detection of poorly-soluble terpenoid molecules from natural products which act as ‘touch-taste’ stimuli in aquatic environments. CRs are co-expressed in diverse patterns and form heteromeric ion channel complexes to specify signal detection and transduction, a filtering system suited to the octopus’ uniquely-distributed nervous system. Furthermore, separate chemo- and mechanosensory cells express specific receptors and exhibit discrete electrical activities to encode chemical and touch information, respectively. Monday, April 19, 2021 1:00 - 3:00 PM Satiety-based modulation of chemosensory processing across organisms Chair(s): Thorsten Kahnt, Laura Shanahan SATIETY-BASED MODULATION OF CHEMOSENSORY PROCESSING ACROSS ORGANISMS. Thorsten Kahnt Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine It is well-appreciated that chemosensory perception and feeding behaviors are modulated by satiety, metabolic state, and body weight via central and peripheral brain mechanisms. The goal of this symposium is to bring together researchers who are seeking to understand these complex interactions at complementary levels through their work in organisms ranging from invertebrates to primates. Dennis Mathew will present data on how anorectic peptides modulate the function of olfactory neurons across satiety states in Drosophila larvae, and how dysregulation of peripheral mechanisms influences feeding behavior and animal physiology. Matthew Gardner will present data on how satiety-related changes in choice behavior for food depend on the orbitofrontal cortex. Maia Pujara