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Wnt/Β-Catenin Pathway in Cranial Bone Progenitor Specification

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Wnt/Β-Catenin Pathway in Cranial Bone Progenitor Specification WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY IN CRANIAL BONE PROGENITOR SPECIFICATION By LAWRENCE HENRY GOODNOUGH Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Radhika Atit, PhD Department of Pathology CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Lawrence Henry Goodnough Doctor of Philosophy candidate for the ________________________________degree *. (signed)___________James Anderson, MD, Phd____________(committee chair) ____________Nicholas Ziats, PhD_________________ ____________George Dubyak, PhD______________________________ ____________Veronique Lefebvre, PhD____________________________ ____________Clive Hamlin, PhD__________________________________ ____________Radhika Atit, PhD___________________________________ (date) ____March 25, 2013___________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE .................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 1 I.A. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................... 2 I.B. EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRANIAL BONES .............................................. 3 I.B.1. CRANIAL BONES .................................................................................................. 3 I.B.2. EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF CRANIAL BONES ........................................................ 4 I.B.3. CELL ORIGINS OF THE CRANIAL BONES ................................................................. 8 I.B.4. MORPHOGENESIS OF THE MAMMALIAN CRANIAL BONES ....................................... 10 I.B.5. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION .................................................................... 13 I.C. MOLECULAR BASIS OF CRANIAL BONE DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE ............................ 14 I.C.1. GENETIC MUTATIONS AND CRANIAL BONE DEFECTS IN HUMANS AND MICE ........... 15 I.C.2. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND CELL SIGNALING IN MOUSE CRANIAL BONE DEVELOPMENT. ......................................................................................................... 17 I.C.3. WNT SIGNALING PATHWAYS .............................................................................. 29 I.C.4. MUTATIONS OF WNT PATHWAY IN BONE BIOLOGY ............................................... 34 I.C.5. WNT SIGNALING AND CONGENITAL CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES ............................ 35 I.C.6. ROLES OF WNT PATHWAY IN MURINE BONE DEVELOPMENT ................................. 36 I.C.5. WNT SIGNALING AND CONGENITAL CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES ............................ 35 I.C.7. ROLES OF WNT PATHWAY IN MOUSE CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT .................... 38 I.C.8. TISSUE-TISSUE INTERACTIONS .......................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 2.TWIST1 MEDIATES REPRESSION OF CHONDROGENESIS BY BETA-CATENIN TO PROMOTE CRANIAL BONE PROGENITOR SPECIFICATION ................................................... 41 II.A. ABSTRACT: ................................................................................................................ 41 II.B. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 42 II.C. RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 46 II.C.1.BETA-CATENIN IS REQUIRED FOR CRANIAL OSTEOBLAST LINEAGE COMMITMENT ...... 46 II.C.2. BETA-CATENIN ACTIVITY IS NECESSARY FOR EXPRESSION OF TWIST1 IN CRANIAL MESENCHYME ................................................................................................................ 52 II.C.3.BETA-CATENIN ACTIVITY PROMOTES EXPRESSION OF TWIST1 IN CRANIAL MESENCHYME ................................................................................................................ 53 II.C.4. BETA-CATENIN FORMS A MOLECULAR COMPLEX THAT ACTS ON THE TWIST1 PROMOTER .................................................................................................................... 55 II.C.5.DELETION OF TWIST1 IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE CHONDROGENESIS IN CRANIAL MESENCHYME ................................................................................................................ 58 II.C.6. BETA-CATENIN AND THE TWIST FAMILY INTERACT IN CRANIAL MESENCHYME IN VIVO. ..................................................................................................................................... 62 II.C.7.TWIST1 BINDS TO SOX9 3’UTR IN VIVO IN CRANIAL MESENCHYME .......................... 67 II.D. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 71 II.E. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 76 II.E.1. MICE AND GENOTYPING ........................................................................................ 76 II.E.2. IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND HISTOLOGY ...................... 77 II.E.3.CELL LINES, PLASMIDS, TRANSFECTION, AND LUCIFERASE ASSAYS ......................... 78 II.E.4.IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) AND REAL-TIME PCR ............................................. 79 II.F. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: .............................................................................................. 80 II.H.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: ............................................................................................. 81 ii CHAPTER 3. SEQUENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CRANIAL ECTODERM AND MESENCHYME- DERIVED WNTS IN SPECIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF OSTEOBLAST AND DERMAL PROGENITORS ................................................................................................................. 82 III.A. ABSTRACT: ........................................................................................................... 82 III.B. INTRODUCTION: .................................................................................................... 83 III.C. RESULTS: ............................................................................................................ 85 III.D. DISCUSSION: ...................................................................................................... 101 III.E. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ................................................................................ 106 III.E. 1. MICE AND GENOTYPING: .............................................................................. 106 III.E.2. IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND HISTOLOGY: ............ 106 III.E.3. ALCIAN BLUE AND ALIZARIN RED STAINING: .................................................. 107 III.E.4. RT-PCR ...................................................................................................... 107 III.F. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ....................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER 4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS ...………………………………………………….110 IV.A. INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................ 110 IV.B. FUTURE DIRECTION #1 ROLE OF TWIST 1 IN CRANIAL BONE PROGENITOR SPECIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 111 IV.B1. RATIONALE ................................................................................................... 111 IV.B2. EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY ............................................................................ 112 IV.B3. INTERPRETATION .......................................................................................... 113 IV.C. FUTURE DIRECTION #2 GENOME-WIDE ROLE OF TWIST1 IN REGULATING CRANIAL BONE PROGENITOR SPECIFICATION ............................................................................ 113 IV.C1. RATIONALE ................................................................................................... 113 IV.C2. EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY ............................................................................. 114 a. RNA-SEQ ............................................................................................... 114 b. CHIP-SEQ ............................................................................................. 115 c. IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES FOR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ................... 116 i. IDENTIFICATION OF TWIST1 TARGET GENES ....................................... 116 ii. DIRECT TWIST1 TARGET GENES ………………………...…….. ……..116 iii. IDENTIFY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS THAT ARE DIRECT TARGETS OF TWIST1. ............................................................................................. 117 iv. IDENTIFY DIRECT TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TARGETS THAT MAY BIND COOPERATIVELY WITH TWIST1 . .................................................. 118 v. DIRECT TWIST1 TARGET GENES ....................................................... 118 IV.C3. INTERPRETATION .......................................................................................... 119 IV.D. FUTURE DIRECTION #3. IDENTIFY A SET OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUFFICIENT FOR DIRECT INDUCTION OF BONE-FORMING CELL FATE FROM DIFFERENTIATED CELLS 119
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