DOCSLIB.ORG

The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation During Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation During Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development brain sciences The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development Edited by Angela Roberts Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Brain Sciences www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development Special Issue Editor Angela Roberts MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Angela Roberts University of Cambridge UK Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Actuators (ISSN 2076-0825) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/special issues/Neuro Emotion). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-702-1 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-703-8 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”The Multi-Dimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during Adulthood and Critical Stages of Development” ................ ix Laith Alexander, Hannah F. Clarke and Angela C. Roberts A Focus on the Functions of Area 25 Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 129, doi:10.3390/brainsci9060129 ................. 1 Stephanie Roughley and Simon Killcross Loss of Hierarchical Control by Occasion Setters Following Lesions of the Prelimbic and Infralimbic Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Rats Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 48, doi:10.3390/brainsci9030048 .................. 34 Dibyadeep Datta and Amy F.T. Arnsten Loss of Prefrontal Cortical Higher Cognition with Uncontrollable Stress: Molecular Mechanisms, Changes with Age, and Relevance to Treatment Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 113, doi:10.3390/brainsci9050113 ................. 50 Camilla L Nord, Alan Gray, Oliver J Robinson and Jonathan P Roiser Reliability of Fronto–Amygdala Coupling during Emotional Face Processing Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 89, doi:10.3390/brainsci9040089 .................. 66 Monique Ernst, Joshua L. Gowin, Claudie Gaillard, Ryan T. Philips and Christian Grillon Sketching the Power of Machine Learning to Decrypt a Neural Systems Model of Behavior Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 67, doi:10.3390/brainsci9030067 .................. 78 Linnea Wilder, Kari L. Hanson, Caroline H. Lew, Ursula Bellugi and Katerina Semendeferi Decreased Neuron Density and Increased Glia Density in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (Brodmann Area 25) in Williams Syndrome Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 209, doi:10.3390/brainsci8120209 ................. 95 Siyabend Kaya and Ciara McCabe What Role Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play in the Processing of Negative and Positive Stimuli in Adolescent Depression? Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 104, doi:10.3390/brainsci9050104 .................108 Katherine S. Young, Christina F. Sandman and Michelle G. Craske Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 76, doi:10.3390/brainsci9040076 ..................117 Kelsey S. Zimmermann, Rick Richardson and Kathryn D. Baker Maturational Changes in Prefrontal and Amygdala Circuits in Adolescence: Implications for Understanding Fear Inhibition during a Vulnerable Period of Development Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 65, doi:10.3390/brainsci9030065 ..................137 Pieter Schipper, Paola Brivio, David de Leest, Leonie Madder, Beenish Asrar, Federica Rebuglio, Michel M. M. Verheij, Tamas Kozicz, Marco A. Riva, Francesca Calabrese, Marloes J. A. G. Henckens and Judith R. Homberg Impaired Fear Extinction Recall in Serotonin Transporter Knockout Rats Is Transiently Alleviated during Adolescence Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 118, doi:10.3390/brainsci9050118 .................157 v About the Special Issue Editor Angela Roberts received her degree in Neurobiology from the University of Sussex and her PhD in neuroendocrine control of reproduction from the University of Cambridge under the supervision of Joe Herbert in the Department of Anatomy. She stayed on in Cambridge and did her postdoctoral training in the Department of Experimental Psychology with Trevor Robbins where she held a Royal Society Research Fellowship from 1992–96. She then took up a teaching appointment in the Department of Anatomy and there began her studies on the prefrontal control of emotion regulation. Currently she undertakes the scientific leadership of the marmoset research centre at Cambridge and is Chair of the steering committee for a new Laboratory of Translational Neuroimaging. She also sits on the Executive committee of Cambridge Neuroscience. She is currently an associate editor for Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, a field Editor for the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology and sits on the council of the British Association of Psychopharmacology. In 2016 she was elected to the Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences. vii Prefaceto”TheMulti-DimensionalContributions ofPrefrontalCircuitstoEmotionRegulationduring Adulthoodand Critical Stages ofDevelopment” The Multidimensional Contributions of Prefrontal Circuits to Emotion Regulation during AdulthoodandCriticalStagesofDevelopment. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and neighbouring anterior cingulate cortex play a pivotal role in regulating our emotions, as shown by the marked alterations in activity within prefrontal and cingulate circuits that accompany mood and anxiety disorders. These regions are functionally diverse. Thus, a critical step towards better stratification of the symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders and more effective individualised treatment strategies is to define their unique contributionstotheregulationofpositiveandnegativeemotions. Since many disorders of emotion have their onset during childhood and adolescence, it is also important to extend our understanding of these prefrontal circuits to the developing brain. This Special Issue brings together the most recent research in humans and other animals that addresses these important questions. Alterations in activity and structural morphology in specific prefrontalcircuitsidentifiedinadultandadolescentclinicalpopulationsareinvestigatedinrodents and monkeys to determine their causal contribution to emotion and cognitive dysregulation. The importance of stress and altered neurodevelopmental trajectories, highlighted as important factorsleadingtosymptomsofanxietyanddepressioninclinicalstudies,isexploredatthesystem, cellular, andmolecularlevelsofprefrontalcircuitsinanimals. Togetherthesepapersillustratethe importanceofthecross-speciestranslationofprefrontalfunctiontoinformourunderstandingofthe psychologicalandphysiologicalmechanismsunderlyingaffectivedisorders. The first set of papers consider the adult prefrontal cortex. The functions of area 25 in humansandmonkeysanditsputativehomologue,theinfralimbiccortexinrodents,arereviewedin Alexanderandcolleaguesalongwiththeirrelevancetoourunderstandingofanxietyandanhedonia. One particular cognitive function, occasion setting, is explored in rats by Roughley and Killcross, specifically focussing on the role of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices. The role of stress in inducingdysregulationwithintheprefrontalcortexisthendiscussedbyDattaandArnsten,drawing upondatafromhumans, monkeysandratstoprovideadescriptionofthemolecularmechanisms thatmaymediatesucheffectsandtheensuinglossofhierarchicalcontrol. Tocompletethissection, theprospectsofusingfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingtodiscoverbiomarkersthatwillpredict an individual’s risk of developing a psychiatric disorder are considered by Nord and colleagues, focussing on fronto-amygdala connectivity. Turning to adolescence, Ernst and colleagues discuss the use of machine learning to test models of brain–behaviour interactions during development. Threepapersthendescribealteredprefrontalfunction,thefirstinrelationtotheneurodevelopmental disorderWilliamssyndrome,involvingreductionsingreymatterwithinarea25associatedwiththe symptoms of anxiety and hypersociability (Wilder and colleagues). A second reviews the altered intrinsicandextrinsicconnectivityoftheprefrontalcortexinrelationtopositiveandnegativeemotion inadolescentssufferingfromdepression(KayaandMcCabe).Theontogenyofstrategiestoeffectively regulateemotionisdiscussedbyYoungandcolleaguesfrombehavioural,psychophysiologicaland neural perspectives considering how their dysregulation may underlie symptoms of anxiety and ix depression in adolescents. The final two papers by Zimmerman and Schipper and their colleagues provide insights into the neurodevelopmental time-course underlying the regulation of threat in rodents focussing on prefrontal–amygdala
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Examining Defensive Distancing Behavior in Close Relationships
    Examining defensive distancing behavior in close relationships: The role of self-esteem and emotion regulation Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Monica E. Lindgren, B.A. Psychology Graduate Program The Ohio State University 2012 Thesis Committee: Professor Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser, Ph.D., Advisor Professor Julian Thayer, Ph.D. Professor Jennifer Cheavens, Ph.D. i Copyrighted by Monica E. Lindgren 2012 ii Abstract The risk regulation model proposes that people with low self-esteem (LSE), but not those with high self-esteem (HSE), react to potential threats to belonging by defensively distancing from their relationships. The present study hypothesized that self-focused rumination following threats to belonging, by forcing people with LSE to spend time considering their self-worth, would enhance this defensive distancing behavior. Participants were asked to recall self-relevant feedback they had received from someone they considered very close, and then completed a rumination or distraction task. Contrary to expectations, LSEs who were instructed to distract from threats to belonging reported more negative behavioral intentions towards their close other than those who were instructed to ruminate. However, in comparison to distraction, there was a trend for rumination to amplify LSEs’ negative affect following the recalled threats to belonging. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for risk regulation theory and for possible future directions. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, for all her support, feedback, and guidance over the past few years.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfactory Sulcus Morphology in Teenagers with First-Presentation
    Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 292 (2019) 1–4 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychresns Olfactory sulcus morphology in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder T ⁎ Tsutomu Takahashia, , Yumiko Nishikawaa, Dennis Velakoulisb, Michio Suzukia, Patrick D. McGorryc,d, Christos Pantelisb, Andrew M. Chanenc,d a Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan b Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia c Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia d Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Gray matter reduction of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been reported in borderline personality disorder Neurodevelopment (BPD), but it remains unknown whether the BPD patients exhibit morphologic changes of the olfactory sulcus, a Orbitofrontal cortex potential marker of forebrain development located on the OFC. We used magnetic resonance imaging to in- Trauma vestigate the length and depth of the olfactory sulcus in 20 teenagers (15 females and 5 males) with first- Impulsivity presentation BPD and 20 healthy controls (15 females and 5 males). While there was no group difference in the Magnetic resonance imaging length of the sulcus, the BPD patients (especially those with a history of trauma) had a significantly shallower right olfactory sulcus compared with controls. In addition, sulcus depth was negatively correlated with the severity of impulsivity and affective instability in the BPD patients. These preliminary findings may suggest a significant role of environmental risk factors (i.e., trauma exposure) during childhood to adolescence in the neurobiology of BPD.
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking and Signaling of Parkin-Associated
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Jill Harley Dunham Date Trafficking and Signaling of Parkin-Associated Endothelin-Like Receptor GPR37 By Jill Harley Dunham B.S. The University of Georgia, 2003 Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology ________________________________ Randy Hall, Ph.D. Adviser _____________________________ Allan Levey, M.D., Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ John Hepler, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Lian Li, Ph.D. Committee Member Accepted: ________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ________________________________ Date TRAFFICKING AND SIGNALING OF THE PARKIN-ASSOCIATED ENDOTHELIN-LIKE RECEPTOR GPR37 By Jill Harley Dunham B.S., University of Georgia,
    [Show full text]
  • Ficha Catalográfica
    Naiani Ferreira Marques Guanosina previne alterações mitocondriais, o efeito tipo- depressivo e o déficit olfatório induzido por modelos experimentais da doença de Parkinson Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica do Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de doutora em Bioquímica. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Carla Inês Tasca Florianópolis - SC 2019 Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor, através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC. Marques, Naiani Ferreira Guanosina previne alterações mitocondriais, o efeito tipo-depressivo e o déficit olfatório induzido por modelos experimentais da doença de Parkinson / Naiani Ferreira Marques ; orientadora, Carla Inês Tasca, 2019. 216 p. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, 2019. Inclui referências. 1. Bioquímica. 2. Doença de Parkinson. 3. Guanosina. 4. 6-OHDA. 5. MPTP. I. Tasca, Carla Inês. II. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica. III. Título. Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais Jairo e Cleusa que sempre trabalharam muito para garantir a minha educação e sempre foram meus maiores apoiadores. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente aos meus pais Jairo e Cleusa por toda a base, pelos ensinamentos e pelo apoio incondicional em todas as fases da minha educação e da minha vida. A sabedoria de vocês sempre será meu exemplo em todos os aspectos. Agradeço muito a minha orientadora Profa Dra Carla Tasca pela experiência, pelo conhecimento, pelo seu tempo dedicado ao meu trabalho, pela paciência e por todas as oportunidades que estar em seu laboratório me proporcionaram.
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Differences in Social Distancing and Mask-Wearing in the Pandemic of COVID-19
    1 Individual Differences in Social Distancing and Mask-Wearing in the Pandemic of COVID-19: The Role of Need for Cognition, Self-control, and Risk Attitude Ping Xu Wenzhou University Jiuqing Cheng University of Northern Iowa Version 3 Uploaded on Jan 30, 2021 Accepted by Personality and Individual Differences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110706 Correspondence: Jiuqing Cheng, [email protected] 2 Abstract In the United States, while the number of COVID-19 cases continue to increase, the practice of social distancing and mask-wearing have been controversial and even politicized. The present study examined the role of psychological traits in social distancing compliance and mask- wearing behavior and attitude. A sample of 233 U.S. adult residents were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants completed scales of social distancing compliance, mask-wearing behavior and attitude, need for cognition, self-control, risk attitude, and political ideology. Epidemiological information (seven-day positive rate and the number of cases per 100,000) was obtained based on the state participants resided in. As a result, epidemiological information did not correlate with protective behaviors. Political ideology, on the other hand, was a significant factor, with a more liberal tendency being associated with greater engagement in social distancing compliance and mask-wearing behavior an attitude. Importantly, those who were more risk averse, or had a higher level of self-control or need for cognition practiced more social distancing and mask-wearing, after controlling for demographics, epidemiological information, and political ideology. For mask-wearing behavior, political ideology interacted with both need for cognition and self-control.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Enterococcus Faecalis to Urinary Tract Infection
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 3-29-2018 3:00 PM Contribution of Enterococcus faecalis to urinary tract infection Samantha Ann Whiteside The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Reid, Gregor The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Burton, Jeremy P. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Samantha Ann Whiteside 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons Recommended Citation Whiteside, Samantha Ann, "Contribution of Enterococcus faecalis to urinary tract infection" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5270. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5270 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to increase understanding of enterococcal urinary tract infection (UTI), in particular, the response of Enterococcus to antibiotic prophylaxis in vitro and in vivo and enterococcal communication with the bladder. We studied the in vitro effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and nitrofurantoin, two of the most commonly used antibiotic treatments for the management of both UTI and recurrent UTI (RUTI), on Enterococcus faecalis attachment to urothelial cells. In doing so, we documented increases in bacterial attachment at growth inhibitory concentrations of nitrofurantoin, but not TMP/SMX. This increased virulence did not correlate with increased expression of virulence factors but was correlated with increased expression of three putative genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Self-Distancing on Aggressive Affect, Cognition, and Behavior
    Flies on the wall are less aggressive: Effects of self-distancing on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Dominik Mischkowski Graduate Program in Psychology The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Jennifer K. Crocker (Advisor) Brad J. Bushman William A. Cunningham Copyrighted by Dominik Mischkowski 2012 Abstract People tend to ruminate after being provoked, which is like using gasoline to put out a fire — it feeds the flame by keeping aggressive thoughts and angry feelings active. Previous research has shown that reflecting over past provocations from a self-distanced perspective reduces aggressive thoughts and angry feelings. However, it is unclear whether self-distancing ―in the heat of the moment‖ — immediately after provocation — has similar effects. In addition, no research has tested whether self-distancing reduces aggressive behavior. Two experiments addressed these issues. In Experiment 1, provoked participants who self-distanced had fewer aggressive thoughts and feelings than did provoked participants who self-immersed or were in a control group. Experiment 2 showed that provoked participants who self-distanced were less aggressive than were provoked participants who self-immersed or were in a control group. These findings demonstrate that self-distancing reduces aggression, even in the heat of the moment. ii Acknowledgments First of all, I want to thank Prof. Jennifer Crocker, Prof. Ethan Kross, Prof. Brad Bushman, and Prof. Wil Cunningham their constant advice and support. Without their mentorship and supervision, this thesis would not have been realized.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Perceptions and Experiences of Social Distancing and Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a UK- Based Focus
    Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039334 on 20 July 2020. Downloaded from Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK- based focus group study Simon N Williams ,1 Christopher J Armitage,2 Tova Tampe,3 Kimberly Dienes2 To cite: Williams SN, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Armitage CJ, Tampe T, Objective This study explored UK public perceptions et al. Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation ► A strength of this this study is that it can help inform and experiences of social related to the COVID-19 pandemic. distancing and social social distancing and isolation ‘exit strategies’, since Design This qualitative study comprised five focus isolation during the COVID-19 it provides evidence of how people are likely to be- groups, carried out online during the early stages of the pandemic: a UK- based focus have when these measures are removed or relaxed. UK’s stay at home order (‘lockdown’), and analysed using a group study. BMJ Open ► Another strength of this study is that it is the first thematic approach. 2020;10:e039334. doi:10.1136/ qualitative study of its kind to provide evidence on Setting Focus groups took place via online bmjopen-2020-039334 the current mental health impacts of COVID-19- videoconferencing. Prepublication history for related social distancing and isolation. ► Participants Participants (n=27) were all UK residents this paper is available online. ► Another strength is its finding of the various forms aged 18 years and older, representing a range of gender, To view these files, please visit of ‘loss’ as a new concept through which to under- ethnic, age and occupational backgrounds.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Scent of Human Olfactory Orbitofrontal Cortex: Meta-Analysis and Comparison to Non-Human Primates
    Brain Research Reviews 50 (2005) 287 – 304 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: Meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates Jay A. Gottfrieda,*, David H. Zaldb aDepartment of Neurology and the Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Superior St., Searle 11-453, Chicago, IL 60611, USA bDepartment of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA Accepted 25 August 2005 Available online 6 October 2005 Abstract It is widely accepted that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the main neocortical target of primary olfactory cortex. In non-human primates, the olfactory neocortex is situated along the basal surface of the caudal frontal lobes, encompassing agranular and dysgranular OFC medially and agranular insula laterally, where this latter structure wraps onto the posterior orbital surface. Direct afferent inputs arrive from most primary olfactory areas, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, in the absence of an obligatory thalamic relay. While such findings are almost exclusively derived from animal data, recent cytoarchitectonic studies indicate a close anatomical correspondence between non-human primate and human OFC. Given this cross-species conservation of structure, it has generally been presumed that the olfactory projection area in human OFC occupies the same posterior portions of OFC as seen in non-human primates. This review questions this assumption by providing a critical survey of the localization of primate and human olfactory neocortex. Based on a meta-analysis of human functional neuroimaging studies, the region of human OFC showing the greatest olfactory responsivity appears substantially rostral and in a different cytoarchitectural area than the orbital olfactory regions as defined in the monkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Motivations for Social Distancing and App Use As Complementary Measures to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic: Quantitative Survey Study
    JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH Kaspar Original Paper Motivations for Social Distancing and App Use as Complementary Measures to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic: Quantitative Survey Study Kai Kaspar, Prof Dr Dr Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Corresponding Author: Kai Kaspar, Prof Dr Dr Department of Psychology University of Cologne Richard-Strauss-Str. 2 Cologne, 50931 Germany Phone: 49 221 470 2347 Email: [email protected] Abstract Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic is showing negative effects on human health as well as on social and economic life. It is a critical and challenging task to revive public life while minimizing the risk of infection. Reducing interactions between people by social distancing is an effective and prevalent measure to reduce the risk of infection and spread of the virus within a community. Current developments in several countries show that this measure can be technologically accompanied by mobile apps; meanwhile, privacy concerns are being intensively discussed. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine central cognitive variables that may constitute people's motivations for social distancing, using an app, and providing health-related data requested by two apps that differ in their direct utility for the individual user. The results may increase our understanding of people's concerns and convictions, which can then be specifically addressed by public-oriented communication strategies and appropriate political decisions. Methods: This study refers to the protection motivation theory, which is adaptable to both health-related and technology-related motivations. The concept of social trust was added. The quantitative survey included answers from 406 German-speaking participants who provided assessments of data security issues, trust components, and the processes of threat and coping appraisal related to the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection by social distancing.
    [Show full text]
  • Achems XLII April 19 – 23, 2021 Virtual Meeting Program & Abstracts
    AChemS XLII April 19 – 23, 2021 Virtual Meeting Program & Abstracts Monday, April 19, 2021 Monday, April 19, 2021 10:00 - 12:00 PM Welcome & Keynote Lecture Chair(s): Max Fletcher Welcome by AChemS 2021 President. Linda Barlow University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Program Highlights. Max Fletcher The University of Tennessee Health Science Center Awards Ceremony. Nirupa Chaudhari University of Miami KEYNOTE: Mouse Facial Expressions Reflect Emotions and Reveal Subjective Value. Nadine Gogolla Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology Questions & Answers Monday, April 19, 2021 12:00 - 1:00 PM Graduate Students and Postdoc Member Meet & Greet (Graduate Students and Postdocs Only) Chair(s): Jess Kanwal, Kellie Hyde, Kara Fulton Monday, April 19, 2021 1:00 - 3:00 PM Cell Types in Taste Buds and Tentacles 1 Chair(s): Thomas Finger, Sue Kinnamon Cell Types in Taste Buds and Tentacles. Thomas Finger Rocky Mtn. Taste & Smell Ctr. / U. Colo Med Sch This symposium will discuss the current thinking about the diversity of cells within taste buds and chemotactile sensory organs of octopus suckers. While octopus suckers may seem an odd juxtaposition, both taste buds and sucker chemosensory receptor cells share the property of being contact chemosensory organs responsive to sapid chemical cues crucial for eliciting feeding. Both sucker chemotactile sensory organs and taste buds possess different morphological types of receptor cells that correlate with different functional properties. Vertebrate taste buds are classically described as possessing 3 types of elongate taste cells yet recent studies suggest additional cell types exist and raise the question of how to define cell types in any chemoreceptor system.
    [Show full text]
  • Purinergic Signaling in Cochlear Supporting Cells Reduces Hair
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Purinergic signaling in cochlear supporting cells reduces hair cell excitability by increasing the extracellular space Travis A Babola1, Calvin J Kersbergen1, Han Chin Wang1†, Dwight E Bergles1,2,3* 1The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States; 2Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States; 3Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Abstract Neurons in developing sensory pathways exhibit spontaneous bursts of electrical activity that are critical for survival, maturation and circuit refinement. In the auditory system, intrinsically generated activity arises within the cochlea, but the molecular mechanisms that initiate this activity remain poorly understood. We show that burst firing of mouse inner hair cells prior to hearing onset requires P2RY1 autoreceptors expressed by inner supporting cells. P2RY1 activation triggers K+ efflux and depolarization of hair cells, as well as osmotic shrinkage of supporting cells that dramatically increased the extracellular space and speed of K+ redistribution. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic disruption of P2RY1 suppressed neuronal burst firing by reducing K+ release, but unexpectedly enhanced their tonic firing, as water resorption by supporting cells reduced the extracellular space, leading to K+ accumulation. These studies indicate that purinergic signaling in *For correspondence: supporting cells regulates hair cell
    [Show full text]